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Avrupa Bġrlġğġ Su Çerçeve Dġrektġfġ Ve Merġç Nehrġ Örneğġ

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Avrupa Bġrlġğġ Su Çerçeve Dġrektġfġ Ve Merġç Nehrġ Örneğġ T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SOSYAL ÇEVRE BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI AVRUPA BĠRLĠĞĠ SU ÇERÇEVE DĠREKTĠFĠ VE MERĠÇ NEHRĠ ÖRNEĞĠ Doktora Tezi Tuğba Evrim MADEN Ankara-2010 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SOSYAL ÇEVRE BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI AVRUPA BĠRLĠĞĠ SU ÇERÇEVE DĠREKTĠFĠ VE MERĠÇ NEHRĠ ÖRNEĞĠ Doktora Tezi Tuğba Evrim MADEN Tez Danışmanı Doç.Dr. Aykut Namık ÇOBAN Ankara-2010 ii ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ........................................................................................................... iv HARĠTALAR ............................................................................................................ viii KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................ ix GĠRĠġ ........................................................................................................................... 1 BĠRĠNCĠ BÖLÜM ..................................................................................................... 18 ULUSLARARASI ĠLĠġKĠLER VE SINIRAġAN SULAR ...................................... 18 1.1.Realizm ve Neoliberal Kurumsalcılık .............................................................. 27 1.1.1.Realizm ..................................................................................................... 27 1.1.2. Neorealizm - Neoliberal Kurumsalcılık ve ĠĢbirliği Sorunu .................... 36 1.1.3. SınıraĢan Su Havzalarında ĠĢbirliği Sorunu ............................................. 45 1.2. SınıraĢan Suların Kullanımına ĠliĢkin Teamüllerin ve Doktrinlerin GeliĢimi 52 1.2.1.Faydalanma Hakkı ve Doktrinler .............................................................. 53 1.2.1.1. Mutlak Ülke Egemenliği Doktrini (Harmon Doktrini) ..................... 53 1.2.1.2. Doğal Durumun Bütünlüğü Doktrini ................................................ 55 1.2.1.3. Ön Kullanım Üstünlüğü Doktrini ..................................................... 55 1.2.1.4. Hakkaniyete Uygun Kullanım Doktrini ............................................ 56 1.2.2. Uluslararası Su Hukuku ........................................................................... 58 ĠKĠNCĠ BÖLÜM ........................................................................................................ 65 AVRUPA BĠRLĠĞĠ SU ÇERÇEVE DĠREKTĠFĠ ...................................................... 65 2.1. Avrupa Birliği Çevre Politikalarının GeliĢim Süreci ...................................... 65 2.2. Avrupa Birliği Çevre Politikaları: Su Ġle Ġlgili ÇalıĢmalar ............................. 69 2.3. Avrupa Birliği Su Çerçeve Direktifi ............................................................... 73 2.4. Avrupa Birliği Su Çerçeve Direktifi ve SınıraĢan Sular ................................. 83 iv 2.4.1. Avrupa Birliği Sınırlarını AĢan Sular ...................................................... 87 2.4.2. Peipsi Gölü Havzası ................................................................................. 88 2.4.3. Tuna Nehri Havzası ................................................................................. 98 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ................................................................................................. 115 MERĠÇ NEHRĠ HAVZASI .................................................................................... 115 3.1. Meriç Nehri Havzasında YaĢanan Sorunlar .................................................. 119 3.2 Meriç Nehri KıyıdaĢları ve Su Politikaları..................................................... 127 3.2.1. Bulgaristan ............................................................................................. 127 3.2.2. Yunanistan ............................................................................................. 130 3.2.3. Türkiye ................................................................................................... 135 3.2.3.1. Türkiye‟nin AB Su Çerçeve Direktifi Uygulama Süreci ................ 139 3.2.3.2. Türkiye‟nin SınıraĢan Suları ve Politikaları .................................... 145 3.3. Meriç Nehri Ġle Ġlgili AntlaĢmalar ............................................................... 152 3.3.1. Yunanistan ve Türkiye Arasında Yapılan AntlaĢmalar ......................... 152 3.3.2. Bulgaristan ve Türkiye Arasında Yapılan AntlaĢmalar ......................... 155 3.3.3 Bulgaristan ve Yunanistan Arasında Yapılan AntlaĢmalar ..................... 157 3.4. Meriç Nehri Havzası Projeleri ...................................................................... 160 3.5. Meriç Nehri Havzası‟nın AB Su Çerçeve Direktifi Bakımından Bugünü ve Geleceği................................................................................................................ 169 3.6 Meriç Nehri Havzası‟nın Değerlendirilmesi .................................................. 179 DEĞERLENDĠRME VE SONUÇ ........................................................................... 192 KAYNAKÇA ........................................................................................................... 207 EKLER ..................................................................................................................... 240 ÖZET........................................................................................................................ 248 v SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 249 vi TABLOLAR Tablo-1 Su Çerçeve Direktifi‟nin Uygulanması Zaman Çizelgesi ....................... 82 Tablo -2 Peipsi/Chudskoe Gölü Özellikleri .......................................................... 90 vii HARĠTALAR Harita-1 Tuna Nehri Havzası ................................................................................ 99 Harita-2 Meriç Nehri Havzası ............................................................................. 118 Harita- 3 Arda ve Tunca Nehirleri Ana Kolları Üzerinde Bulunan Bulgaristan Barajları ............................................................................................................... 123 Harita- 4Türkiye Sınırları Ġçinde Kalan Meriç Nehri Havzası Bölümü .............. 151 viii KISALTMALAR a.g.e : adı geçen eser AB : Avrupa Birliği ABD : Amerika BirleĢik Devletleri AEK : Avrupa Ekonomik Konseyi AET : Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu AT : Avrupa Topluluğu Bkz.: Bakınız. BM : BirleĢmiĢ Milletler BMGS : BirleĢmiĢ Milletler Genel Sekreterliği CBC : Cross-Border Cooperation ( Sınır Ötesi ĠĢbirliği) DPT : Devlet Planlama TeĢkilatı DSĠ : Devlet Su ĠĢleri Ed : Editör EĠEĠ : Elektrik ĠĢleri Etüt Ġdaresi EU : European Union (Avrupa Birliği) EUWFD : European Union Water Framework Directive (Avrupa Birliği Su Çerçeve Direktifi) FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Dünya Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü) GAP : Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi GEF : Global Environmental Facility (Küresel Çevre Fonu) ICPDR : International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (Uluslararası Tuna Nehri Koruma Komisyonu) ix ILA : International Law Association (Uluslararası Hukuk Birliği) MoEW : Ministry of Environment and Water (Çevre ve Su Bakanlığı) M.Ö. : Milattan Önce MRDPW : Ministry for Regional Development and Public Works (Bölgesel GeliĢme ve Bayındırlık Bakanlığı) M.S : Milattan Sonra MW : Mega Watt s. : Sayfa SÇD : Su Çerçeve Direktifi SSCB : Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği TC : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti TESAV: Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Siyasal AraĢtırmalar Vakfı TUĠK: Türkiye Ġstatistik Kurumu TÜSĠAD: Türkiye Sanayicileri ve ĠĢadamları Derneği UÇES: Ulusal Çevre Stratejisi UHD: Uluslararası Hukuk Derneği UHE: Uluslararası Hukuk Enstitüsü UN: United Nations (BirleĢmiĢ Milletler) UNECE: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (BirleĢmiĢ Milletler Avrupa Ekonomik Komisyonu) UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Culturel Organization ( BirleĢmiĢ Milletler Eğitim, Sosyal, Kültürel Örgütü) UNDP: United Nations Development Programme (BirleĢmiĢ Milletler Kalkınma Programı) x WFD : Water Framework Directive (Su Çerçeve Direktifi) WWF : World Wild Fund For The Nature (Doğal Hayatı Koruma Derneği) vd. : ve diğerleri xi GĠRĠġ Su, insan yaĢamının en önemli ihtiyaçlarından biridir. Su, insan vücudunun ihtiyacı yanında uzun yıllardır tarım, endüstri ve teknoloji gibi alanlar da büyük ölçüde kullanılmaktadır. Dünyada bulunan toplam su miktarının yaklaĢık %3‟ü tatlı sudur ve bu miktar dünya üzerinde dengeli bir Ģekilde dağılmamıĢtır. Ayrıca su, istenilen yer ve zamanda ekonomik olarak elde edilememektedir. Su dağılımının dengesizliği yanında nüfusun artması, ülkelerin geliĢmiĢlikleri ile doğru orantılı olarak suyun diğer alanlarda da kullanılmaya baĢlanması, geliĢen teknoloji ve sanayinin su kaynaklarını kirletmesi ve değiĢen iklim koĢullarının su kaynakları varlığını olumsuz bir Ģekilde etkilemesi ile dünya üzerinde çeĢitli bölgelerde su kaynaklarının yetersizliği, su sorunu yaĢanmasına neden olmuĢtur. Su sorunu yalnız bir ülkenin sosyal yapısını veya ekonomisini etkileyen bir sorun olmaktan çıkmıĢ artık aynı havza içinde yer alan ülkelerinde dıĢ politikalarını etkileyen önemli bir unsur haline gelmiĢtir. II. Dünya SavaĢı sonrası arka arkaya ortaya çıkan çevresel sorunları karĢısında, Avrupa ve dünyada çevre politikaları oluĢturulmaya baĢlamıĢtır. 1970‟li yıllarda Roma Kulübü1; nüfus artıĢı, ekonomik büyüme ve doğal kaynakların aĢırı tüketiminin gelecek yıllarda çok ciddi sorunlara sebep olacağına dair “Büyümenin Sınırları” baĢlıklı bir rapor hazırlamıĢtır. Hemen akabinde, BM, Stockholm‟da
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