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Rychlobruslení ! RYCHLOBRUSLENÍ Ro"níková práce #kolní rok 2017 / 2018 Autor: Martina Lusková, IX.A Konzultant: Mgr. Lucie Zítková Prohlášení Prohla$uji, %e jsem ro"níkovou práci zpracovala samostatn& a pou%ila jen prameny uvedené v seznamu literatury. Ve Sloup& dne 24.5.2018 Martina Lusková Poděkování Na tomto míst& bych ráda pod&kovala vedoucí práce Mgr. Lucii Zítkové, za ochotnou pomoc a cenné rady p'i vypracovávání ro"níkové práce. Dal$í pod&kování pat'í mé rodin&. Obsah Obsah .........................................................................................................................4 1. Úvod .......................................................................................................................5 2. Charakteristika .......................................................................................................6 3. Historie ...................................................................................................................7 3.1 Za"átky na zimních olympijsk(ch hrách ...........................................................7 4. Ledov( ovál ............................................................................................................8 4.1 Pravidla p'i závod& ...........................................................................................8 4.2 Pr)b&h startu ...................................................................................................9 5. Vybavení ...............................................................................................................12 5.1 Brusle a chráni"e ...........................................................................................12 5.1.1 Zna"ka Viking .........................................................................................13 5.1.2 Zna"ka Maple .........................................................................................14 5.2 Kombinéza .....................................................................................................15 5.3 Br(le ...............................................................................................................15 5.4 Brousící stoli"ka .............................................................................................16 6. Trénink .................................................................................................................17 6.1 Zdravotní rizika ...............................................................................................17 7. Porovnání "as) ....................................................................................................18 8. Moje kariéra a zku$enosti .....................................................................................19 Záv&r ........................................................................................................................20 Resumé ....................................................................................................................20 Seznam pou%ité literatury .........................................................................................21 Zdroje .......................................................................................................................21 Obrázky ....................................................................................................................21 !4 1. Úvod Rychlobruslení v&t$ina z nás zná pouze z televize. V$ichni tenhle sport máme spojen( s Martinou Sáblíkovou "i Karolínou Erbanovou. Málokdo ale ví, co v$echno je k tomuhle sportu zapot'ebí. Rychlobruslení jsem d&lala p'es dva a p)l roku a díky tomuhle sportu mám spoustu cenn(ch zku$eností z akcí, jako jsou nap'íklad závody a mezinárodní soust'ed&ní v N&mecku nebo tréninky se slavnou osobností, jako je Martina Sáblíková. Za"ínala jsem v klubu ASK Blansko. Po té jsem závodila za klub SKP Kometa Brno (Sportovní klub policie Kometa Brno). S na$im oddílem se jezdí na závody do n&meckého Inzellu nebo Erfurtu, kde se zají%dí osobní rekordy a sbírají se zku$enosti. Kdy% jsem poprvé byla na závod& v Erfurtu, bylo to pro m& n&co neuv&'itelného. Zkusila jsem toti% n&co, co jsem vídávala pouze v televizi a to byla v&c, která m& vedla k tomu, abych tenhle sport d&lala aktivn&. V této práci se vám budu sna%it p'edstavit a p'iblí%it tento krásn( sport. !5 2. Charakteristika Rychlobruslení je individuální zimní olympijsk( sport, ve kterém se závodí na speciálních bruslích na "as. Jedná se o velmi rychl( a n&kdy i nebezpe"n( sport, kv)li pád)m ve vysoké rychlosti. Aby se p'i jízd& dosáhlo vysoké rychlosti, jsou závodníci vybaveni kombinézami s kapucí, kv)li odporu vzduchu. Kv)li vysoké rychlosti jsou ovály opat'eny molitanov(mi nebo plastov(mi nafukovacími mantinely. Dále se rychlobruslení rozd&luje na dv& kategorie: long track a short track. Short track se koná na hokejov(ch stadionech, které mají dráhu dlouhou pouze 111 metr). Také brusle jsou rozdílné od rychlobrusla'sk(ch klapa"ek. Mají dlouhé no%e, které jsou v$ak k bot& p'ipevn&ny napevno. Jeliko% je short track velice rychl( sport a dochází p'i n&m k fyzick(m kontakt)m, musí b(t závodníci short tracku vybaveni helmou a chráni"emi. Brusla'i se v zatá"ce p'i velkém náklonu opírají rukou o led. V této práci bych se ale necht&la zab(vat short trackem, ale rychlobruslením, neboli kategorií long track. Long track (rychlobruslení) se jezdí na ováln(ch ledov(ch plochách, tzv. oválech, dlouh(ch 400 metr). Závodí se v r)zn(ch disciplínách na vytrvalost i na sprint (500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3 km, 5 km, 10 km nebo víceboje). Obr. 1 !6 3. Historie Za kolébku rychlobruslení se pova%uje Nizozemsko a Skandinávie. Nizozemci za"ali pou%ívat zamrzlé kanály k p'eprav& z jednoho místa do druhého pomocí bruslí ji% ve 13. století. Bruslení ale neslou%ilo jenom k p'eprav&, ale i pro zábavu. Za"ali pou%ívat “kostní brusle” vyrobené ze zví'ecích kostí, p'ipevn&n(ch na botu, vyrobené ze zví'ecí k)%e. Brusle se postupn& zdokonalovaly. Postupem "asu se pak rozli$ily dv& disciplíny: rychlobruslení a krasobruslení. První mistrovství sv&ta v rychlobruslení se konalo ji% v roce 1889 v Amsterdamu. Obr. 2 3.1 Začátky na zimních olympijských hrách Rychlobruslení se stalo olympijsk(m sportem roku 1924 na ZOH v Chamonix. Zpo"átku mohli závodit pouze mu%i. *enám bylo povoleno sout&%it a% v roce 1932, byla to ale pouze ukázka sportu. *enské rychlobruslení m&lo b(t na programu ZOH v roce 1940, ty byly ale zru$eny kv)li druhé sv&tové válce. Oficiální za'azení rychlobruslení %en do olympijského programu bylo tedy pozd&ji, a to na ZOH v Squaw Valley roku 1960. Tam závodili na tratích 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m a 3000 m. Tra+ na 5000 metr) byla do olympijského programu za'azena a% pozd&ji. !7 4. Ledový ovál 100m Ledové ovály b(vají kryté i otev'ené s um&l(m ledem. Jsou dlouhé 400 metr), skládají se ze dvou rovinek 100 metr) dlouh(ch a dvou zatá"ek také dlouh(ch 100 metr). D&lí se na t'i dráhy, kde je ka%dá dráha $iroká 4 metry. Led je udr%ován rolbami. Dráhy jsou rozjezdové, vnit'ní a vn&j$í. Rozjezdová dráha slou%í závodník)m, kte'í se p'ipravují na start k rozje%d&ní, a aby nep'eká%eli závodícím brusla')m. Dráhy vnit'ní a vn&j$í jsou 100m 100m ur"eny k závod&ní. 100m 100m 100m 100m 100m Obr. 3 4.1 Pravidla při závodě Závodníci závodí ve dvojicích, kde ka%d( závodník má svou dráhu. Rozhoduje v(sledn( "as. Jeden ú"astník startuje ve vnit'ní dráze a druh( ve vn&j$í dráze. T&sn& p'ed startem dostane ka%d( závodník barevnou pásku, podle toho, v jaké dráze startuje a "ip. Ten, kter( má bílou pásku, startuje ve vnit'ní dráze a ten, kter( dostal pásku "ervenou, startuje v dráze vn&j$í. Barvy pásek nemusí b(t pouze bílé a "ervené. Jedná se pouze o rozd&lení vn&j$í a vnit'ní dráhy. Jakmile jsou závodníci p'ipraveni na startu, 'ídí se podle pokyn) startéra. !8 4.2 Průběh startu 1. “Go to the start!”, v překladu: “Jděte na start!”. Tento pokyn říká závodníkům, aby se přesunuli ke startovní čáře. Jakmile závodníci stojí v klidu a jsou připraveni, následuje druhý pokyn startéra. Obr. 4 2. Na pokyn “Ready!“, neboli “Připravte se!” se závodníci připraví do startovních pozic a nehybně čekají na výstřel. Pokud se ale některý ze závodníků před výstřelem pohne, start je přerušen a následuje druhý pokus. Obr. 5 !9 3. Jako další krok následuje výstřel ze startovací pistole, na který se závodníci vydají na trať. Obr. 6 Obr. 7 !10 Každý ze závodníků musí jet ve své dráze, ale na protilehlé rovince si závodníci dráhy vymění, aby se kompenzoval rozdíl délky vnitřní a vnější dráhy. V případě, že některý závodník nevystřídal dráhu, je automaticky diskvalifikován. Místo startu a cíle se liší podle toho, jaká se jede trať - viz. obr. 8. Obr. 8 !11 5. Vybavení V tomhle sportu nejde pouze o rychlobruslařskou techniku, ale i o vybavení k tomuhle sportu určené a na vyšší úrovni potřebné. Narozdíl od short tracku zde nemusí být helma a holenní chrániče, protože zde nedochází k fyzickým kontaktům. Patří sem brusle s dlouhými noži, kombinéza, chrániče, brousící stolička a další. Jelikož se vybavení stále zdokonaluje, překonávají se rekordy. 5.1 Brusle a chrániče Rychlobruslařským bruslím se říká klapačky. Skládají se z boty a nože. Nůž je k botě připevněný pouze u špičky. Zadní část nože je volná a k botě ho přitahuje jen kovová pružinka a díky tomu při pohybu klape. Nůž je dlouhý 42 až 44 cm. Brusle jsou lehké, s tvrdým nízkým karbonovým skeletem vypolstrovaným kůží a jejich výška sahá těsně nad kotník. Mezi nejčastější značky bruslí patří značka Viking nebo Maple. V minulosti ale brusle nevypadaly stejně jako dnes. Nůž byl k botě připevněn
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