Carroll Quigley (/ˈkwɪɡli/; November 9, 1910 – Jan- power, in conversion rather than in annihilation, in the in- uary 3, 1977) was an American historian and theorist of dividual rather than in the organization, in reconciliation the evolution of civilizations. He is noted for his teach- rather than in triumph, in heterogeneity rather than in ho- ing work as a professor at , for his mogeneity, in relativisms rather than in absolutes, and in academic publications, and for his research on secret so- approximations rather than in final answers.”[3] [1][2] cieties. Quigley asserts that any intolerance or rigidity in the re- ligious practices of the West are aberrations from its na- ture of inclusivity and diversity. Quigley points to the 1 Life and career tolerance and flexibility in Aquinas’s belief that theolog- ical truth is revealed over time through dialogue within Quigley was born in and attended Harvard Uni- the Christian community, which allows the community versity, where he studied history and earned B.A, M.A., to adapt to a changing world.[4][5] and Ph.D. degrees. He taught at , and then at Harvard, and then at the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University from 1941 to 1976.[1] From 1941 until 1972, he taught a two-semester course at 1.1.2 Institutionalization and the fall of civiliza- Georgetown on the development of civilizations. Accord- tions ing to his obituary in The Washington Star, many alumni of Georgetown’s School of Foreign Service asserted that Having studied the rise and fall of civilizations, “Quigley this was “the most influential course in their undergradu- found the explanation of disintegration in the gradual ate careers”.[1] transformation of social “instruments” into “institutions,” In addition to his academic work, Quigley served as a that is, transformation of social arrangements functioning consultant to the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. to meet real social needs into social institutions serving [6] Navy, the , and the House Select their own purposes regardless of real social needs.” Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration in the 1950s.[1] He was also a book reviewer for The Washing- ton Star, and a contributor and editorial board member of Current History.[2]:94 Quigley said of himself that he was 1.1.3 Weapons and a conservative defending the liberal tradition of the West. He was an early and fierce critic of the Vietnam War, and Quigley concludes, from a historical study of weapons he opposed the activities of the military-industrial com- and political dynamics, that the characteristics of plex. weapons are the main predictor of democracy.[7][8] Quigley retired from Georgetown in June 1976 and died Democracy tends to emerge only when the best weapons the following year.[1] available are easy for individuals to buy and use.[9] This explains why democracy is so rare in human history.[10] 1.1 Major conclusions In the 1800s (peaking in the 1880s), guns were the best weapon available. In America, almost everyone could af- ford to buy a gun, and could learn how to use it fairly eas- 1.1.1 Inclusive diversity ily. Governments couldn't do any better: It became the [9] Quigley’s work emphasized inclusive diversity as a core age of mass armies of citizen soldiers with guns (Sim- [3] ilarly, Periclean Greece was an age of the citizen soldier value of Western Civilization, contrasting it with the [10] dualism of .[3] He concluded Tragedy and Hope with and democracy ). the hope that the West could “resume its development In the 1900s, expensive, specialist weapons (such as tanks along its old patterns of Inclusive Diversity.”[3] From his and bombers) became available, and citizen soldiers be- study of history, “it is clear that the West believes in di- came dominated by specialist soldiers.[11] Quigley notes versity rather than in uniformity, in pluralism rather than that the slaughter of was due to the mismatch in monism or dualism, in inclusion rather than exclusion, between the traditional armies (citizen soldiers) and the in liberty rather than in authority, in truth rather than in available weapons (machine guns used defensively).[12]

1 2 3 QUIGLEY AND SECRET SOCIETIES

1.2 Style 3 Quigley and secret societies

Quigley’s writing style is dense, influenced by a former One distinctive feature of Quigley’s historical writings history professor of his: was his assertion that secret societies have played a sig- nificant role in recent world history. His writing on this topic has made Quigley famous among many who in- “As we raced along, Goethe was covered vestigate conspiracy theories.[2]:96, 98 Quigley’s views are in fifteen minutes, Schiller in ten, Fichte in particularly notable because the majority of reputable five...he covered any topic simply by slicing it academic historians profess skepticism about conspiracy up into a small number of parts and giving a theories.[18] name to each part. The complex character and achievement of Goethe, for example, were di- vided into six portions, each was given a title, and, ever after, the whole of Goethe could be 3.1 Quigley’s claims about the Milner evoked merely by reciting six words...I should Group like to outdare even my former professor by dividing this greater complexity [Classical cul- In his book The Anglo-American Establishment: From ture] into only five parts.”[13] Rhodes to Cliveden (written in 1949 and published posthumously in 1981),[19] Quigley purports to trace the history of a secret society founded in 1891 by Cecil Quigley’s analytical style is scientific, stemming from his Rhodes and Alfred Milner. Quigley notes that “The or- [14][15] earlier training in physics. ganization was so modified and so expanded by Milner after the eclipse of Stead in 1899, and especially after the death of Rhodes in 1902, that it took on quite a dif- In this book we are concerned with the so- ferent organization and character, although it continued cial sciences...and particularly with the effort to pursue the same goals.”[20] to apply a scientific method of observation, for- mulation of hypotheses, and testing to such The society consisted of an inner circle (“The Society phenomena. The enormous size of this field of the Elect”) and an outer circle (“The Association of has made it advisable to curtail our attention Helpers”, also known as The Milner Kindergarten and the to the process of social change, especially in Round Table Group).[21] The society as a whole does not civilizations.[16] have a fixed name:

This society has been known at various 2 Influence on times as Milner’s Kindergarten, as the Round Table Group, as the Rhodes crowd, as The Times crowd, as the All Souls group, and as the In his freshman year in the School of Foreign Service Cliveden set. ... I have chosen to call it the Mil- at Georgetown, future U.S. President Bill Clinton took ner group. Those persons who have used the Quigley’s course, receiving a 'B' as his final grade in both other terms, or heard them used, have not gen- semesters (an excellent grade in a course where nearly erally been aware that all these various terms [2]:94, 96 half the students received D or lower). referred to the same Group...this Group is, as I In 1991, Clinton named Quigley as an important influ- shall show, one of the most important historical ence on his aspirations and political philosophy, when facts of the twentieth century.[22]:ix Clinton launched his presidential campaign in a speech [2]:96 at Georgetown. He mentioned Quigley again during Quigley assigns this group primary or exclusive credit his acceptance speech to the 1992 Democratic National for several historical events: the Jameson Raid, the Convention, as follows: , the founding of the , the replacement of the with the , and a number of Britain’s As a teenager, I heard John Kennedy’s sum- [22]:5 mons to citizenship. And then, as a student at foreign policy decisions in the twentieth century. Georgetown, I heard that call clarified by a pro- In 1966, Quigley published a one-volume history of the fessor named Carroll Quigley, who said to us twentieth century, titled Tragedy and Hope. At several that America was the greatest Nation in history points in this book, the history of the Milner group is because our people had always believed in two discussed. Moreover, Quigley states that he has recently things–that tomorrow can be better than today been in direct contact with this organization, whose na- and that every one of us has a personal moral ture he contrasts to right-wing claims of a communist responsibility to make it so.[17] conspiracy: 3.2 Citations of Quigley in exposés of purported conspiracies 3

This radical Right fairy tale, which is now ousen. Skousen quotes Quigley’s description of the ac- an accepted folk myth in many groups in tivities of several groups: the Milner Group, a cartel of America, pictured the recent history of the international bankers, the Communist Party, the Institute , in regard to domestic reform of Pacific Relations, and the Council on Foreign Rela- and in foreign affairs, as a well-organized plot tions. According to Skousen’s interpretation of Quigley’s by extreme Left-wing elements ... This myth, book, each of these is a facet of one large conspiracy.[24] like all fables, does in fact have a modicum of The following year, G. Edward Griffin released the doc- truth. There does exist, and has existed for umentary The Capitalist Conspiracy: An Inside View of a generation, an international Anglophile net- International Banking crediting the film: “We wish to ac- work which operates, to some extent, in the knowledge that this film was insipred by Cleon Skousen’s way the Radical right believes the Communists book, The Naked Capitalist which we believe is one of act. In fact, this network, which we may iden- the most important documents of the decade.”[25] tify as the Round Table Groups, has no aver- In 1971, , a spokesman for the John Birch sion to cooperating with the Communists, or Society, published None Dare Call It Conspiracy, which any other group, and frequently does so. I know became a bestseller. Allen cited Quigley’s Tragedy and of the operation of this network because I have Hope as an authoritative source on conspiracies through- studied it for twenty years and was permitted out his book. Like Skousen, Allen understood the various for two years, in the early 1960s, to examine conspiracies in Quigley’s book to be branches of one large its papers and secret records. I have no aver- conspiracy, and also connected them to the Bilderbergers sion to it or to most of its aims and have, for and to .[26] The contin- much of my life, been close to it and to many ues to cite Quigley as a primary source for their view of of its instruments. I have objected, both in history.[27] the past and recently, to a few of its policies... but in general my chief difference of opinion Quigley is also cited by several other authors who assert is that it wishes to remain unknown, and I be- the existence of powerful conspiracies. , whose lieve its role in history is significant enough to work was used as a source by in his film JFK, be known.[23]:949–950 cites Quigley in his book Rule By Secrecy, which describes a conspiracy linking the Milner Group, , the , the Bavarian , the According to Quigley, the leaders of this group were Cecil , and aliens who posed as the Sumerian Rhodes and Alfred Milner from 1891 until Rhodes’ death gods thousands of years ago.[28] 's book in 1902, Milner alone until his own death in 1925, Lionel The New World Order cites Quigley as an authority on Curtis from 1925 to 1955, Robert H. (Baron) Brand from a powerful conspiracy.[2]:98 Conservative activist Phyllis 1955 to 1963, and Adam D. Marris from 1963 until the Schlafly has asserted that Bill Clinton’s political success time Quigley wrote his book. This organization also func- was due to his pursuit of the “world government” agenda tioned through certain loosely affiliated “front groups”, he learned from Quigley.[2]:98 G. Edward Griffin relies including the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the heavily on Quigley for information about the role Mil- Institute of Pacific Relations, and the Council on Foreign [23]:132, 950–952 ner’s secret society plays in the Federal Reserve in his Relations. book The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at In addition, other secret societies are briefly discussed in the Federal Reserve.[29] Tragedy and Hope, including a consortium of the leaders Quigley was dismissive of the authors who used his writ- of the central banks of several countries, who formed the [23]:323–324 ings to support theories of a world domination conspiracy. Bank for International Settlements. Of W. Cleon Skousen’s The Naked Capitalist he stated:

3.2 Citations of Quigley in exposés of pur- Skousen’s book is full of misrepresenta- ported conspiracies tions and factual errors. He claims that I have written of a conspiracy of the super-rich who Soon after its publication, Tragedy and Hope caught the are pro-Communist and wish to take over the attention of authors interested in conspiracies. They world and that I'm a member of this group. But proceeded to publicize Quigley’s claims, disseminat- I never called it a conspiracy and don't regard it ing them to a much larger audience than his original as such. I'm not an “insider” of these rich per- readership.[2]:96, 98 sons, although Skousen thinks so. I happen to know some of them and liked them, although I This began in 1970, when W. Cleon Skousen published disagreed with some of the things they did be- The Naked Capitalist: A Review and Commentary on Dr. fore 1940.[30] Carroll Quigley’s Book “Tragedy and Hope”. The first third of this book consists of extensive excerpts from Tragedy and Hope, interspersed with commentary by Sk- On Gary Allen’s None Dare Call It Conspiracy he said: 4 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY

They thought Dr. Carroll Quigley proved statements recorded by the New York Times in 1902, pro- everything. For example, they constantly mis- claimed that they formed their society for the purpose of quote me to this effect: that Lord Milner (the “gradually absorbing the wealth of the world”.[34] dominant trustee of the Trust and Quigley argued that the Round Table groups were not a heavy in the Round Table Group) helped fi- World Government advocates but super-imperialists. He nance the Bolsheviks. I have been through the stated that they emphatically did not want the League of greater part of Milner’s private papers and have Nations to become a World Government. Yet Lionel Cur- found no evidence to support that. Further, tis, who according to Quigley was one of the leaders of None Dare Call It Conspiracy insists that inter- the , wished for it to be a World national bankers were a single bloc, were all government with teeth, writing articles with H.G. Wells powerful and remain so today. I, on the con- urging this.[35][36] trary, stated in my book that they were much divided, often fought among themselves, had Although Quigley did not overtly condemn the Anglo- great influence but not control of political life American financial coterie that he wrote about, he, ac- and were sharply reduced in power about 1931- cording to an interview he gave, and letters of his that 1940, when they became less influential than were later published by the magazine Conspiracy Digest, monopolized industry.[31] had the plates of his book destroyed against his will by MacMillan, and believed that his work was being sup- pressed. One of the published letters stated the following: 3.3 Criticism The original edition published by Macmil- In and the Rise of Hitler, the Hoover institution lan in 1966 sold about 8800 copies and sales scholar Antony Sutton stated: were picking up in 1968 when they “ran out of stock,” as they told me (but in 1974, when I went after them with a lawyer, they told me Quigley goes a long way to provide evi- that they had destroyed the plates in 1968). dence for the existence of the power elite, but They lied to me for six years, telling me that does not penetrate the operations of the elite. they would re-print when they got 2000 or- Possibly, the papers used by Quigley had been ders, which could never happen because they vetted, and did not include documentation on told anyone who asked that it was out of print elitist manipulation of such events as the Bol- and would not be reprinted. They denied this shevik Revolution, Hitler’s accession to power, until I sent them xerox copies of such replies and the election of Roosevelt in 1933. More to libraries, at which they told me it was a likely, these political manipulations may not be clerk’s error. In other words they lied to me recorded at all in the files of the power groups. but prevented me from regaining the publica- They may have been unrecorded actions by a tion rights by doing so (on OP [out of print] small ad hoc segment of the elite. It is note- rights revert to holder of copyright, but on OS worthy that the documents used by this au- [out of stock] they do not.) ... Powerful influ- thor came from government sources, record- ences in this country want me, or at least my ing the day-to-day actions of Trotsky, Lenin, work, suppressed.[37]} Roosevelt, Hitler, J.P. Morgan and the various firms and banks involved.[32] According to Gary North, in Conspiracy: A Biblical View, Gary Allen received a letter from a friend of Quigley’s F. William Engdahl, in an overview of financial imperi- who stated that Quigley had begun to view the group he alism entitled The Gods of Money, criticized Quigley for profiled as a malevolent influence in political affairs by the stating that the power of international bankers declined end of his life.[38] in the 1930s, and insofar as the influence of interna- tional bankers in America was concerned, suggested that Quigley was confusing “international finance” with Mor- 4 Bibliography gan interests. He suggested, like Sutton, that Quigley’s papers had been vetted. Engdahl argued that it was not the case that the power of “international finance” de- 4.1 Books written by Quigley clined, but rather, Morgan interests fell and were replaced by Rockefeller interests.[33] • The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis (First ed.). New York: Macmil- Quigley stated that the intentions and objectives of the lan. 1961. pp. 281 pages. group he profiled, associated with Wall Street and the City of London and Cecil Rhodes' super-imperialism, • La Evolucion de las Civilizaciones (in Spanish). were “largely commendable”. Members of the group, in Mexico City: Hermes. 1963. 5

• A Evolucao das Civilazacoes (in Portguese). [3] Carroll Quigley (1966). Tragedy and hope: a history of Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fundo de Cultura. the world in our time. Macmillan. pp. 1227–34. Re- 1963. trieved 20 May 2013. • The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduc- [4] (26 October 2006). Summa Theologiae: tion to Historical Analysis (PDF) (ISBN= 0- Volume 1, Christian Theology: 1a. 1. Cambridge Uni- 913966-56-8 (hardcover), ISBN 0-913966- versity Press. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-0-521-02909-4. Re- 57-6 (paperback), Second ed.). Indianapolis: trieved 20 May 2013., quoted on p1230 of Tragedy and LibertyPress / Liberty Fund. 1979. pp. 444 Hope pages. Full text. [5] Harry J Hogan, p18 of the foreword to Carroll Quigley (1979). The evolution of civilizations: an introduction to • Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our historical analysis. Liberty Press. ISBN 978-0-913966- Time (PDF) (Reprinted by Rancho Palos Verdes: 56-3. Retrieved 26 May 2013. GSG & Associates, 1975, ISBN 0-913022-14-4 and [6] Harry J Hogan in the foreword (p17) and Quigley in the ISBN 0-945001-10-X ed.). New York: Macmillan. conclusion (p416) to Carroll Quigley (1979). The evolu- 1966. pp. 1348 pages. Full text. (pp. 62–63 miss- tion of civilizations: an introduction to historical analysis. ing) Liberty Press. ISBN 978-0-913966-56-3. Retrieved 26 May 2013. • The World Since 1939: A History (A reprint of the second half of Tragedy and Hope ed.). [7] Foreword, written by historian Harry J Hogan in 1982, to New York: Collier Books. 1968. pp. 676 Quigley’s Weapons Systems and Political Stability pages. [8] see also Chester G Starr, Review of Weapons Systems and Political Stability, American Historical Review, Feb 1984, • The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to p98, available at carrollquigley.net Cliveden (PDF) (Reprinted by Rancho Palos Verdes: [9] Carroll Quigley (1983). Weapons systems and political sta- GSG & Associates, date unknown, ISBN 0-945001- bility: a history. University Press of America. pp. 38–9. 01-0 (paperback) ed.). New York: Books in Focus. ISBN 978-0-8191-2947-5. Retrieved 20 May 2013. 1981. pp. 354 pages. ISBN 0-916728-50-1. Full text. [10] Carroll Quigley (1983). Weapons systems and political sta- bility: a history. University Press of America. p. 307. • Histoire secrète de l'oligarchie anglo- ISBN 978-0-8191-2947-5. Retrieved 20 May 2013. américaine (in French). Paris: Le Retour aux [11] Carroll Quigley (1983). Weapons systems and political sources. 2015. stability: a history. University Press of America. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8191-2947-5. Retrieved 20 May 2013. • Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History [12] Carroll Quigley (1983). Weapons systems and political (PDF). Washington, DC: University Press of Amer- stability: a history. University Press of America. p. 53. ica. 1983. pp. 1064 pages. ISBN 0-8191-2947-X. ISBN 978-0-8191-2947-5. Retrieved 20 May 2013. Full text. [13] Evolution of Civilizations, pp278-9

• Quigley, Carroll; Lucchese, Adriano (August 2015), [14] foreword (by Harry J Hogan) to Evolution of Civilizations, Carroll Quigley: Life, Lectures and Collected Writ- pp.13-14 ings, New York, NY: Discovery Publisher. [15] see also Evolution of Civilizations, chapter 1: Scientific Method and the Social Sciences

4.2 Articles about Quigley [16] Evolution of Civilizations, p.47

• [39] [17] Clinton, Bill (July 16, 1992). “Acceptance Speech”. Democratic National Convention (Full text ed.). New • McLemee, Scott (December 1996). “The Quigley York, NY. Cult”. George 1 (10): 94–98. [18] Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Raab (1970). The Poli- tics of Unreason. Harper & Row.; Ted Goertzel (1994). “Belief in Conspiracy Theories”. Political Psychology 15: 5 References 733–744. doi:10.2307/3791630. Retrieved 2009-02-26. [19] Carroll Quigley. The Anglo-American Establishment: [1] “Obituary”. The Washington Star. January 6, 1977. p. From Rhodes to Cliveden. Books in Focus, Incorporated. B-4. ISBN 978-0-916728-50-2. Retrieved 26 May 2013., written in 1949 and published posthumously in 1981. [2] Scott McLemee (Dec 1996). “The Quigley Cult”. George 1 (10): 94, 96, 98. [20] The Anglo-American Establishment, ch.1 6 6 EXTERNAL LINKS

[21] The Anglo-American Establishment, ch.1. p. 5.] [39] “Obituary”. The Washington Star. January 6, 1977. p. B-4. [22] Carroll Quigley (1981). The Anglo-American Establish- ment: From Rhodes to Cliveden. New York: Books in Fo- cus. ISBN 0-916728-50-1. 6 External links [23] Carroll Quigley (1966). Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. New York: Macmillan. • Quotations related to Carroll Quigley at Wikiquote [24] W. Cleon Skousen (1970). The Naked Capitalist: A Re- • view and Commentary on Dr. Carroll Quigley’s Book “A site dedicated to Professor Quigley, including on- “Tragedy and Hope”. Salt Lake City, UT: privately pub- line copies of his books”. CarrollQuigley.net. lished. pp. 1–6, 38–44 (communists), 6–24 (bankers), 26–38 (Rhodes and Milner), 45–48 (IPR), 50–57 (CFR).

[25] Vol. 1 (1971). The Capitalist Conspiracy: An Inside View of International Banking (credit at 1m:39s) (Documen- tary). American Media. OCLC 5558340.

[26] Gary Allen with Larry Abraham (1971). None Dare Call It Conspiracy. Rossmoor, CA: Concord Press. Quigley is cited on pp. 12-13, 39, 42, 57, 59, 79-82, 85; his photo is on p. 52.

[27] For example, a quotation from Quigley is displayed on the back cover of John F. McManus (2004). The Insiders: Architects of the New World Order. Appleton, WI: John Birch Society.

[28] Jim Marrs (2000). Rule By Secrecy: The Hidden His- tory that Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freema- sons, and the Great Pyramids. New York: HarperCollins. Quigley is cited on pp. 7, 84, 86-89, 109.

[29] G. Edward Griffin (1994). The Creature from Jekyll Is- land: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve. California: American Media. ISBN 978-0-912986-39-5.

[30] Wes Christenson (Mar 1972). “Quigley ... making Birchers bark”. Georgetown Today 4 (4): 12–13.

[31] Rudy Maza (March 23, 1975). “The Professor Who Knew Too Much”. Magazine 1 (10): 17, 22, 26–28.

[32] http://www.reformed-theology.org/html/books/wall_ street/chapter_12.htm

[33] Engdahl, F. William. The Gods of Money: Wall Street and the Death of the American Century. Wiesbaden, Germany: Edition.engdahl, 2009. pp. 81-135

[34] “MR. RHODES'S IDEAL OF ANGLO-SAXON GREATNESS; Statement of His Aims, Written for W.T. Stead In 1890. He Believed a Wealthy Secret Society Should Work to Secure the World’s Peace and a British-American Federation”. The New York Times. April 9, 1902.

[35] http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/19jan/leag119.htm

[36] http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/19feb/leag219.htm

[37] Letter to Peter Sutherland, December 9, 1975; reprinted in Conspiracy Digest (Summer 1976), and reprinted again in American Opinion (April 1983), p. 29.

[38] http://reformed-theology.org/ice/books/conspiracy/ html/6.htm 7

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text

• Carroll Quigley Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley?oldid=680359331 Contributors: Ronz, Bogdangiusca, Jerzy, Tim- Bovee, Tom harrison, Neutrality, DMG413, Jayjg, David Schaich, Dbachmann, Bender235, Mateo SA, Yasis, Verement, PWilkinson, Alansohn, PaulHanson, Arvedui, Dismas, Crosbiesmith, Tabletop, SDC, Lawrence King, Kane5187, Wikix, Rjwilmsi, Bgwhite, Russ- Bot, Hydrargyrum, Nick, Nikkimaria, SmackBot, Kintetsubuffalo, CSWarren, ThaThinker, Yakuman, GoodDay, Writtenright, G716, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Mattflatin, Robofish, Edwy, Meco, Location, JettaMann, RoddyYoung, Themightyquill, Cydebot, Jack O'Lantern, Hkyriazi, Doug Weller, Whiskey Pete, DumbBOT, Thijs!bot, Id447, RobotG, L0b0t, Kjdillon, XyBot, Bearly541, Parsecboy, MastCell, Yakushima, JaseFace, Waacstats, Nyttend, Froid, Cgingold, SSZ, Goiobre, Beit Or, All Is One, DD2K, Piglosi, 1000Faces, Aboutmovies, Justmeherenow, KathrynLybarger, Pejagr2000, Sfan00 IMG, Badger Drink, TelaP, PixelBot, Eeekster, Muro Bot, NJGW, Cacohema, XLinkBot, Addbot, Bender21435, Stwalkersock, Cst17, Acclark, TaBOT-zerem, Ah Poh, AnomieBOT, T34CH, Goodtimber, Indefiance, Obersachsebot, Omnipaedista, Grandthefttoaster, Flaviusvulso, FreeKnowledgeCreator, Citation bot 1, I dream of horses, Oracleofottawa, RjwilmsiBot, Wujiewiki, Vlad Akila, Whywhenwhohow, John of Reading, Cheguevara0012, SERVANT OF LORD SHIVA, RJFF, Help- ful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, BattyBot, Torsade de Pointes, Throughme, Hoyawiki, Monkbot, KasparBot, Stevedawards and Anonymous: 78

7.2 Images

• File:Carroll_Quigley_(1970).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/78/Carroll_Quigley_%281970%29.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: http://www.carrollquigley.net/photographs.htm Original artist: ?

7.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0