Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet
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Chapter 2 Wood As a Construction Material
Chapter 2 Wood as a Construction Material David Trujillo 2.1. Introduction: Timber in the Climate Emergency 2.2. Macroscopic Characteristics of Wood 2.3. Microscopic Characteristics of Wood 2.4. Physical Properties of Wood 2.5. Mechanical and Elastic Properties 2.6. Durability of timber 2.7. Variability 2.8. Behaviour in Fire References Chapter 2. Wood as a Construction Material CHAPTER 2. WOOD AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL David Trujillo, School of Energy, Construction and Environment, Coventry University Acknowledgement The author would like to thank Dr Morwenna Spear from Bangor University for sharing her knowledge about microscopic characteristics of timber. 2.1. INTRODUCTION: TIMBER IN THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Masson- Delmotte, 2018), a 1.5 °C increase in annual global temperature since pre- industrial times as a consequence of man-made climate change will place a lot of pressure on numerous natural, human and managed systems as defined. Nevertheless, trying to limit temperatures increases to just 1.5 °C will require a very significant and rapid change to our global economy and our consumption patterns. The IPCC presents four possible pathways for this transition. Some of these pathways rely strongly on Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), which fundamentally consists of using plants to capture carbon, then transforming the biomass into energy but ensuring that the CO2 released is captured and stored permanently on land or in the ocean. When this scenario is coupled with UN projections that there will be 2.3 billion more urban dwellers by 2050 (United Nations, 2018), it is likely that this rapid urbanisation will require a great expansion in housing, buildings 96 Chapter 2. -
UK OAK DOORS How to Curve Or Bend Wood
UK OAK DOORS How to Curve or Bend Wood How to curve or bend wood 1 If you want to soften or plasticize wood, there are two methods that you can use. Steaming is a popular method for bending wood for making chair parts or staircase banisters, and is also sometimes used to make canoes, baskets, and musical instruments. Kerfing, on the other hand involves making a series of cuts into the wood to make the wood easier to bend. Kerfing weakens the wood but is often used for decorative purposes. How to Steam Wood The best wood to work with, when it comes to steaming, is wood that already has a fairly good moisture content. Choose a hardwood over a soft wood. If the wood is not already moist, then you should pre-soak it. Woods that are damp cope better with heat transfer. Wood is steamed in a steam box, which is connected to a steam generator using a hose. A steam box can be made from either wood or PVC, and must be big enough to accommodate the entire piece of wood to be steamed. Large boxes have racks inside them to support the wood. The box is almost completely airtight, but there must be a couple of small holes to allow some of the steam to escape. It is possible to make a DIY steam generator using a simple kettle, but there are specialist products that can be purchased for the purpose as well. If you are making a DIY steam generator, make sure that the hose fits over the end of the kettle tightly, and is properly secured. -
The Complete Illustrated Guide to Shaping Wood / Lonnie Bird
The COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED Guide to ShapingWood LONNIE BIRD ➤ Squares, Circles, and Ellipses ➤ Edge Treatments and Moldings ➤ Coves, Reeds, and Flutes ➤ Bent and Laminated Curves ➤ Turned and Carved Shapes The COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED Guide to ShapingWood TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping Wood W:9.25”xH:10.875” Wood TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping 175L EX 128White A M/A(D) The COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED Guide to ShapingWood LONNIE B IRD t TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping Wood W:9.25”xH:10.875” Wood TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping 175L EX 128White A M/A Magenta(D) Text © 2001 by Lonnie Bird Photographs © 2001 by Lonnie Bird Illustrations © 2001 by The Taunton Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Pp The Taunton Press, Inc., 63 South Main Street, PO Box 5506, Newtown, CT 06470-5506 e-mail: [email protected] DESIGN: Lori Wendin LAYOU T: Suzi Yannes ILLUSTRATOR: Mario Ferro PHOTOGRAPHER: Lonnie Bird LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA: Bird, Lonnie. The complete illustrated guide to shaping wood / Lonnie Bird. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-1-56158-400-0 ISBN-10: 1-56158-400-2 1. Woodwork. I. Title. TT180 .B57 2001 TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping Wood W:9.25”xH:10.875” Wood TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping 175L EX 128White A M/A Magenta(D) 684’.08--dc21 2001027430 Printed in Thailand 1098765 About Your Safety: Working with wood is inherently dangerous. Using hand or power tools improperly or ignoring safety practices can lead to permanent injury or even death. -
Using Local Woodlot Lumber Sara J
Extension F-9-03 FSchoolSchool ofactSheet Natural of Natural Resources, Resources, 2021 2021 Coffey Coffey Road, Road, Columbus, Columbus, Ohio Ohio43210 43210 Using Local Woodlot Lumber Sara J. Gurney Wood Products Marketing Specialist Introduction resistance to decay, ease of working, weight, hardness, color, Ohio’s Appalachian hardwoods are unique in their variety, grain, and resistance to splitting are particularly significant. quality, and beauty. Ohio’s forests contain well over 100 different When selecting lumber for a specific project, consider how the hardwoods and 25 different softwood tree species. Historically, characteristics of the wood species will meet the requirements humans have used wood and wood products for shelter, fire, of the job. For example, joists for a shed should use a wood with and in war, making wood an integral part of our civilization. We good stiffness and bending strength. Since many sheds are not use wood because it is easy to work with, inexpensive, durable, heated, wood with good dimensional stability and the ability to and readily available. Early settlers relied heavily on old growth hold nails should also be considered. Once the requirements for yellow poplar to make barn siding. Old growth yellow poplar the project have been identified, select a wood species with the made excellent decay resistance siding for log homes due to the most appropriate attributes. naturally occurring tannins in the wood. Yellow poplar boards Often the job requires wood that is decay resistant. Keep in were easy to hand hue and resisted warp and shrinkage. Today, mind that the heartwood found in the center of the log contains yellow poplar is still used for siding due to its availability, low less moisture and higher concentrations of decay resistance cost, paintability, and resistance to warp and shrinkage, as seen chemicals than the younger sapwood. -
Materials & Processes
Mahogany Spruce Ash Dark red White Light brown Easy to work with Not very durable tough/flexible Uses - bars, veneers, Uses - kitchens, Uses - tool Indoor furniture. Indoor work, handles, sports Red pine Beech furniture equipment, Pale red Light colour ladders Heavy / strong Hard Use - structural Easy to work with Uses - furniture, toys Oak Softwood Tool handles, can be Light brown steam bent Hardwood Difficult to work Natural with Uses - high MATERIALS WOOD class furniture, beams Hardboard Bonded under high Manufactured board pressure Chipboard Strong + thin Wood particles + Similar to MDF Plywood Flexi-ply resin Laminated (layered) (see ugly/weak/cheap MDF veneers set at a 90* plywood) *often covered in a Sawdust + resin angle. Able to veneer, this makes Damaged by Natural finish + grain bend it stronger + more moisture Uses - interior and aesthetically * Takes paint well exterior. pleasing *Easy to finish *Smooth surface PROCESSES Laminating Type1 This is quite an accurate method of shaping wood. It involves building up a curved form with layers. The layers may be thin veneers, thicker constructional veneers or saw-cut strips. They are assembled so that the grain of each layer is running in the same direction, following the curve . The layers are glued together with a strong adhesive and are sandwiched between the waxed faces of a former or a jig using cramp pressure. The layers bend to the shape of the jig and ‘set’ together. Another way of producing curved laminates is to use a ‘bagpress’. Type2 Creating larger board of wood from natural timber by gluing them together side by side. -
PHYSICAL and MECHANICAL PROPERTIES of HEAT TREATED WOOD from Aspidosperma Populifolium, Dipteryx Odorata and Mimosa Scabrella
ISSN impresa 0717-3644 Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 18(1): 143 - 156, 2016 ISSN online 0718-221X DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2016005000015 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAT TREATED WOOD FROM Aspidosperma populifolium, Dipteryx odorata AND Mimosa scabrella Solange de Oliveira Araújo1,♠, Benedito Rocha Vital2, Braulio Oliveira2, Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro2, Ana Lourenço1, Helena Pereira1 ABSTRACT Heat treatment improves some wood properties namely: equilibrium moisture, dimensional stability and durability and mechanical properties. In this study, the heat treatment was applied to woods of three natural species from Brazil: Aspidosperma populifolium (peroba mica), Dipteryx odorata (cumaru) and Mimosa scabrella (bracatinga). The woods were heated in an oven under vacuum and under nitrogen, at 180, 200, and 220°C for one hour. The untreated and heat-treated woods were characterized in relation to equilibrium moisture content, basic density, shrinkage, Janka hardness, and bending MOR and MOE according to NBR 7190 standards. All the thermal rectified woods showed a reduction in the hygroscopic equilibrium content, especially when the heating was under vacuum from 13-15% in the untreated woods to 1-3% for vacuum treatment at 220 °C. The dimensional stability was improved to only a small extent e.g. volumetric shrinkage tended to decrease with increasing temperature. The mechanical properties were affected differently for the three wood species. Heat-treated cumarushowed increased Janka hardness, MOR and MOE; and peroba mica increased MOR and MOE but not Janka hardness; while bracatinga was less influenced by the heat treatment. Keywords: Aspidosperma populifolium, Dipteryx odorata, equilibrium moisture content, mechanical properties, Mimosa scabrella, nitrogen heat treatment, vacuum heat treatment. -
Chapter 3--Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood
Chapter 3 Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood William Simpson and Anton TenWolde he versatility of wood is demonstrated by a wide Contents variety of products. This variety is a result of a Appearance 3–1 spectrum of desirable physical characteristics or properties among the many species of wood. In many cases, Grain and Texture 3–1 more than one property of wood is important to the end Plainsawn and Quartersawn 3–2 product. For example, to select a wood species for a product, the value of appearance-type properties, such as texture, grain Decorative Features 3–2 pattern, or color, may be evaluated against the influence of Moisture Content 3–5 characteristics such as machinability, dimensional stability, Green Wood and Fiber Saturation Point 3–5 or decay resistance. Equilibrium Moisture Content 3–5 Wood exchanges moisture with air; the amount and direction of the exchange (gain or loss) depend on the relative humid- Sorption Hysteresis 3–7 ity and temperature of the air and the current amount of water Shrinkage 3–7 in the wood. This moisture relationship has an important Transverse and Volumetric 3–7 influence on wood properties and performance. This chapter discusses the physical properties of most interest in the Longitudinal 3–8 design of wood products. Moisture–Shrinkage Relationship 3–8 Some physical properties discussed and tabulated are influ- Weight, Density, and Specific Gravity 3–11 enced by species as well as variables like moisture content; Working Qualities 3–15 other properties tend to be independent of species. The thor- oughness of sampling and the degree of variability influence Decay Resistance 3–15 the confidence with which species-dependent properties are Thermal Properties 3–15 known. -
Design Ireland
At-a-glance LIVE TALKS | IN-STORE DEMONSTRATIONS | HANDS ON WORKSHOPS March 8 TH TUESDAY MEET THE MAKER John Hanly, Weaving Craft 1-2pm & 6-7pm 9 TH WEDNESDAY DEMO Adam Frew, Throwing Pots MEET THE MAKER Catherine Keenan, Glass Craft 1-2pm & 6-7pm 10TH THURSDAY DEMO Adam Frew, Throwing Pots MEET THE MAKER Catherine Keenan, Glass Craft 1-2pm & 6-7pm 11TH FRIDAY DEMO Adam Frew, Throwing Pots MEET THE MAKER Catherine Keenan, Glass Craft 1-2pm & 6-7pm 12TH SATURDAY DEMO Bunbury Boards, Wood Turning 13TH SUNDAY DEMO Bunbury Boards, Wood Turning 7th March – 14TH MONDAY DEMO Bunbury Boards, Wood Turning 24th April 2016 Joe Hogan The Great Heal’s Adam Frew Bodging Race 15TH TUESDAY DEMO me&him&you, Screen Printing FEATURING MEET THE MAKER John Hanly, Weaving Craft 1-2pm & 6-7pm 16TH WEDNESDAY DEMO me&him&you, Screen Printing MEET THE MAKER Scribble & Stone, Jewellery Design 1-2pm & 6-7pm Design Ireland 196 Tottenham Court Road, 17TH THURSDAY DEMO Joe Hogan, Basket Making 11am-9pm; MEET THE MAKER Scribble & Stone, London W1T 7LQ 7th – 28th March Jewellery Design 1-2pm & 6-7pm; PARTY Heal’s Craft Market Party 6-9pm 18TH FRIDAY DEMO Joe Hogan, Basket Making www.heals.com MEET THE MAKER Scribble & Stone, Jewellery Design 1-2pm & 6-7pm Modern Craft Market TO BOOK WORKSHOP TICKETS VISIT www.heals.com/events 01 Heal's MCM Brochure - 6pp Cover.indd 1 17/02/2016 11:44 19TH SATURDAY DEMO Joe Hogan, Basket Making 7 TH THURSDAY DEMO CSWA_, Domestic Cup Casting 12.30-2pm & 5-8pm 20TH SUNDAY DEMOWelcome Arran Street East, Throwing Pots 8 TH FRIDAY WORKSHOP -
Bending Wood Free
FREE BENDING WOOD PDF "Fine Woodworking" Magazine | 128 pages | 01 Sep 1989 | Taunton Press Inc | 9780918804297 | English | Connecticut, United States Bending Wood Part I - Kerf Bending You must remember one thing when it comes to bending wood, you must give it time. Wood is naturally flexible despite being high in moisture but once it is cut or after felling, the wood starts to lose moisture and begins to harden. When this happens, it may take a lot of time, and effort, for wood to bend to different shapes. The following techniques do not use heat or steam but can take time to bend wood. The lamination method uses a Bending Wood or a special kind of glue to bend wood. You Bending Wood be using a form or a pattern where the wood will be set in order to take up the form. The laminate will then be added in order to force the wood to take up the form. Cut the length of the wood strips longer than the final measurement. You need to do this because this technique will shorten the length of the wood. Draw a diagonal line using a pencil and a ruler across the bottom of the stock. This is done should the wood strips become dropped or rearranged. You will be able to tell which piece fits to where. Cut the wood strips using a straight-grained edge. Use a cork liner to line the form. The cork acts Bending Wood an anchor for the lamination. It will still even out any irregularities when the wood Bending Wood in its sawn form. -
Northeastern Loggers Handrook
./ NORTHEASTERN LOGGERS HANDROOK U. S. Deportment of Agricnitnre Hondbook No. 6 r L ii- ^ y ,^--i==â crk ■^ --> v-'/C'^ ¿'x'&So, Âfy % zr. j*' i-.nif.*- -^«L- V^ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 6 JANUARY 1951 NORTHEASTERN LOGGERS' HANDBOOK by FRED C. SIMMONS, logging specialist NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION FOREST SERVICE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE - - - WASHINGTON, D. C, 1951 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 75 cents Preface THOSE who want to be successful in any line of work or business must learn the tricks of the trade one way or another. For most occupations there is a wealth of published information that explains how the job can best be done without taking too many knocks in the hard school of experience. For logging, however, there has been no ade- quate source of information that could be understood and used by the man who actually does the work in the woods. This NORTHEASTERN LOGGERS' HANDBOOK brings to- gether what the young or inexperienced woodsman needs to know about the care and use of logging tools and about the best of the old and new devices and techniques for logging under the conditions existing in the northeastern part of the United States. Emphasis has been given to the matter of workers' safety because the accident rate in logging is much higher than it should be. Sections of the handbook have previously been circulated in a pre- liminary edition. Scores of suggestions have been made to the author by logging operators, equipment manufacturers, and professional forest- ers. -
Effect of Thermal Treatment on Fracture Properties and Adsorption Properties of Spruce Wood
Materials 2013, 6, 4186-4197; doi:10.3390/ma6094186 OPEN ACCESS materials ISSN 1996-1944 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials Article Effect of Thermal Treatment on Fracture Properties and Adsorption Properties of Spruce Wood Koji Murata 1,*, Yasuhiro Watanabe 2 and Takato Nakano 1 1 Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Canon Inc., Ota-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-75-753-6235; Fax: +81-75-753-6300. Received: 8 July 2013; in revised form: 2 September 2013 / Accepted: 16 September 2013 / Published: 18 September 2013 Abstract: The effect of thermal treatment on spruce is examined by analyzing the fracture and hygroscopic properties. Specimens were heated at temperatures within the range 120–200 °C for 1 h. Fracture energy was measured using a single-edge notched bending test and the strain-softening index was estimated by dividing the fracture energy by the maximum load. Adsorption properties were estimated using adsorption isotherms. Fiber saturation points (FSPs) were estimated by extrapolating the moisture adsorption isotherm curve. Langmuir’s adsorption coefficient and number of adsorption sites were obtained using Langmuir’s theory and the Hailwood-Horrobin theory, respectively. The fracture energy, FSPs, and specimen weights decreased at temperatures higher than 150 °C, but the critical point for the strain-softening index and the number of adsorption sites was shown to be 180 °C. -
Fplgtr113.Pdf
Abstract Summarizes information on wood as an engineering material. Presents properties of wood and wood-based products of particular concern to the architect and engineer. Includes discussion of designing with wood and wood-based products along with some pertinent uses. Keywords: wood structure, physical properties (wood), mechanical properties (wood), lumber, wood-based composites, plywood, panel products, design, fastenings, wood moisture, drying, gluing, fire resistance, finishing, decay, sandwich construction, preservation, and wood- based products On the cover: (Left to right, top to bottom) 1. Research at the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, contributes to maximizing benefits of the Nation’s timber resource. 2. Testing the behavior of wood in fire helps enhance fire safety. 3. The all-wood, 162-m (530-ft ) clear-span Tacoma Dome exemplifies the structural and esthetic potential of wood construction (photo courtesy of Western Wood Structures, Inc., Tualatin, Oregon). 4. Bending tests are commonly used to determine the engineering properties of wood. 5. Engineered wood trusses exemplify research that has led to more efficient use of wood. 6. The Teal River stress-laminated deck bridge is March 1999 located in Sawyer County, Wisconsin. 7. Kiln drying of wood is an important procedure Forest Products Laboratory. 1999. Wood handbook—Wood as an during lumber manufacturing. engineering material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL–GTR–113. Madison, WI: 8. Legging adhesive (photo courtesy of Air Products U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products and Chemicals, Inc., Allentown Pennsylvania). Laboratory. 463 p. Adhesive bonding is a critical component in the A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the performance of many wood products.