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Mustafa S. AKPOLAT*

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Mustafa S. AKPOLAT* EFD / JFL Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi / Journal of Faculty of Letters Cilt/Volume 26 Say›/Number 2 (Aral›k /December 2009) Haçl› Seferleri S›ras›nda Önem Kazanan Bir Ortaça¤ Kalesi: Ravanda A Medieval Castle Which Gained Importance During the Crusades: Ravanda Mustafa S. AKPOLAT* Öz Mimarl›k tarihinin önemli ve ilginç yap›lar› aras›nda yer alan Ortaça¤ kaleleri sald›r› ve savunma silahlar›n›n geliflmesine koflut bir geliflme gösterirler. Günümüzde ifllevlerini tamamen kaybetmifl olmalar›na ra¤men, çok önemli tarihsel olaylara sahne olmufl olan bu kaleler tüm insanl›¤›n vazgeçilmez kültür miras›d›r. Araflt›rmam›z›n as›l konusunu oluflturan Ravanda Kalesi, Kilis kentinin kuzeybat›s›nda, kente 28 km. uzakl›ktad›r. Ravanda kalesine iliflkin en erken tarihli belgeler 11. yüzy›la aittir. Tarihçiler Kalenin Bizansl›lar taraf›ndan infla edildi¤ini bildirmektedir. 1097 y›l›nda Haçl›lar›n Türklerden ald›¤› kale, 1144 y›l›na kadar Urfa Haçl› Kontlu¤u’nun (1098 – 1144) bat› s›n›r›nda Urfa-Antakya yolu üstündeki önemli bir geçidi kontrol etmekteydi. 1176 da Eyyubilerin eline geçen Ravanda Kalesinde, 1176 – 1181 y›llar›nda Selahattin Eyyubi önemli inflaat etkinliklerinde bulunmufltur. Kalenin girifl kap›s›n›n üstünde bulunan Selahattin Eyyubi dönemine ait onar›m kitabesi 1969 y›l›nda çal›nm›flt›r. 1268 de Memluklular›n hakimiyetine geçen kale, daha sonra 1516 y›l›nda Osmanl›lar›n topraklar›na kat›lm›flt›r. Kale bu tarihten sonra askeri önemini ve ifllevini kaybetmifltir. Günümüzde ise terkedilmifl ve harap durumdad›r. Yaklafl›k yuvarlak planl› kale, konik bir tepenin üstünde konumlanmaktad›r.110 m. çap›ndaki kalenin beden duvarlar›, girifl bölümü ile birlikte de¤iflik biçimlerdeki 10 kule ile güçlendirilmifltir. Kalenin sonradan eklenen girifl bölümü aç›k avlu ile birbirine ba¤l› iki dikdörtgen mekandan oluflmaktad›r. Kalenin içinde güney ve bat›s›nda baz› yap›lar k›smen görülebilmektedir. Yap› kal›nt›lar›ndan en dikkat çekeni Selahattin Eyyubi öneminde infla edilmifl olan, enlemesine planl› mescittir. Kalenin güney beden duvar›na bitiflik infla edilmifl olan enlemesine planl› mescidin kal›nt›lar›, ilginç bir mimari ö¤e olan üç dilimli kemerin yan›s›ra temiz kesme tafl iflçili¤i ile de dikkat çekmektedir. Mescidin do¤usunda ve bat›s›nda da –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– * Doç. Dr., Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Sanat Tarihi Bölümü [email protected] © 2009, Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters. All Rights Reserved 17 Haçl› Seferleri S›ras›nda Önem Kazanan Bir Ortaça¤ Kalesi: Ravanda yap› kal›nt›lar› görülmektedir. Kalenin çeflitli yerlerinde üç tane büyük sarn›ç vard›r. Kalenin içinde dikkat çeken di¤er bir yap› ise, kalenin inflas›ndan önce burada bulunan gözetleme karakolunun günümüze gelmifl olan beden duvarlar› ile yuvarlak payandalar›d›r. Toprak alt›nda kalm›fl olan di¤er yap›lar›n ortaya ç›kar›lmas› için bilimsel kaz› yap›lmas› gerekmektedir. Ayr›ca girifl bölümünde ve baz› kulelerde acilen müdahale edilmesi gereken büyük çatlaklar bulunmaktad›r. Anahtar sözcükler: Kale, Ortaça¤, Bizans, Haçl› Seferleri, Urfa Kontlu¤u, Eyyubiler Abstract The Medieval castles which are considered among the important and interesting buildings of the history of architecture display an improvement parallel to that of the arms of attack and defense. Although Medieval castles no longer perform their original functions, as buildings which witnessed important historical events, they are indispensable from the cultural heritage of mankind. Ravanda Castle, the main theme of our research is located 28 km.s to the northwest of Kilis. The earliest documents on Ravanda date back to the eleventh century. Historians state that the Castle was built by the Byzantines. The Castle which was taken over by the Crusaders from the Turks in 1097, controlled an important pass on Urfa-Antakya road, near the western border of the County of Edessa (1098 – 1144). After the Castle was conquerred by the Ayyubis, Saladin Ayyubi carried out important construction and repair activities in 1176 – 1181.The inscription on the top of the entrance gate, belonging to the period of Saladin Ayyubi, was stolen in 1969. The castle which was taken over by the Mamluks in 1268 was included in the Ottoman territory in 1516. After then, the Castle lost its military importance and function. The Castle was abandoned later and is in a dilapidated state today. The Castle which has an almost circular plan was located on a conical hill. The curtain walls of the Castle with a diameter of 110 metres, were fortified by the entrance section and ten towers of different forms. The existing entrance section of the Castle which was added later was composed of an open courtyard and two rectangular spaces connected to each other. Inside the Castle, remains of some buildings can be seen in the southern and western sections. The most conspicuous one is the mesjid, with an oblong plan, that was built in Saladin Ayyubi’s period. The mesjid which was built adjacent to the southern curtain walls of the Castle include an intersting architectural element; a trefoil arch. The remains display fine craftsmanship of ashlar masonry. Other remains can be seen both on the east and west of the remains of the mesjid. There are three big cisterns at different locations within the Castle. Another remarkable remain inside the Castle is the curtain walls with circular butresses of the military lookout station which existed prior the construction of the Castle. Scientific expeditions should be carried out to unearth the other buildings resting under the ground. Furthermore, the big cracks observed in the entrance section and on some towers need to be repaired urgently. Keywords:Castle, Medieval, Byzantine, the Crusades, County of Edessa, Ayyubis 18 Mustafa S. AKPOLAT Girifl Türkiye, tarihin her döneminden kalan tafl›n›r ve tafl›nmaz kültür varl›klar› ile zengin bir kültür mozayi¤ine sahiptir. Gerek tafl›n›r kültür varl›klar›, gerekse tafl›nmaz kültür varl›klar› Türk ve yabanc› bilim insanlar› taraf›ndan incelenmekte ve de¤erlendirilmektedir. Ancak bu zengin kültür miras›n›n az incelenen ve az bilinen türlerinden birisi kalelerdir. Bunun nedeni ise kalelerin, müze olarak veya benzer kültürel amaçl› kullan›lan birkaç› d›fl›nda, ifllevsiz kalmalar›d›r. Son y›llarda devlet, kaleler de dahil olmak üzere, Türkiye’nin hemen her yerinde bulunan tafl›nmaz kültür varl›klar›n›n restorasyon projelerini ihale yolu ile elde etmeye bafllam›flt›r.1 Restorasyon projelerini haz›rlayan ekipler yap›n›n özelliklerine ba¤l› olarak çeflitli disiplinlerdeki uzmanlardan oluflmaktad›r. Bu makalenin yazar› da son üç y›l içinde Gaziantep, Ravanda, Korykos, Saimbeyli, Harun Reflit, Payas Cinkule ve Feke gibi kalelerin restorasyon projelerini haz›rlayan ekiplerde mimarl›k tarihçisi olarak görev alm›flt›r. Baflta da belirtti¤imiz gibi, kaleler en az araflt›r›lan yap›lar aras›nda yer almaktad›r. Bu nedenle, Ravanda Kalesi konusunda yapt›¤›m›z araflt›rmay›, Feke Kalesi örne¤inde oldu¤u gibi, bilim ortam›na sunmay› yararl› gördük.2 Yapt›¤›m›z araflt›rmalarda Ravanda Kalesini konu alan Demirkent’in makalesi ile Hellenkemper’in kitab›ndaki üç sayfal›k k›sa bölüm bulunmufltur. Demirkent, kalenin ve bölgenin tarihini ayr›nt›l› olarak incelemifltir. Hellenkemper ise kalenin k›sa tarihini ve k›sa mimari betimlemesini vermifltir. ‹ki araflt›rmac› da yaz›lar›n› sadece foto¤raflarla desteklemifller fakat kaleye iliflkin herhangi harita veya mimari çizime yer vermemifllerdir. Ravanda Kalesinin Tarihçesi Ravanda Kalesi hakk›nda yaz›l› kaynaklar›n verdi¤i en erken tarih 11. yüzy›la aittir. Gerek Arap gerekse Latin kaynaklar, bu kalenin varl›¤›ndan ilk defa Haçl› Seferleri s›ras›nda bahsetmektedir. Kalenin ismi Arap kaynaklar›nda er-Ravendan, Haçl› belgelerinde Ravendel, Ravandel, Ravenel, Ermeni belgelerinde ise Areventan olarak geçmektedir (Demirkent, 1992, s. 372, Hellenkemper, 1976, s.44). Kalenin ilk infla tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, kalenin Afrin vadisine hakim topo¤rafik konumu, burada ilk ça¤lardan itibaren bir kalenin bulunmas› gerekti¤ini düflündürmektedir. Bilinen en erken dönemlerde, bu bölgeye Hititler sahip olmufllard›. Hititlerin Yurdu adl› kitapta, Afrin vadisine ayr›lan bölümde, yüksek bir tepe üzerinde, etraf› üzüm ba¤lar› ve dut a¤açlar›yla çevrili bulunan Ravanda’n›n Ortaça¤da yap›lm›fl bir kale oldu¤u belirtilmektedir.3 Ortaça¤da ise ‹slam fethine kadar bu bölgeye –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 Restorasyon projeleri, il özel idareleri ve Vak›flar Bölge Müdürlükleri taraf›ndan ihaleye ç›kar›lmaktad›r. 2 Kilis Ravanda Kalesi Rölöve, Restitüsyon, Restorasyon, Elektrik ve Çevre Düzenleme Projesi” müellifi Yük. Mimar Restorasyon Uzman› Umut Bilgiç’e plan, kesit ve cephe mimari çizimleri ile 10 adet foto¤raf› yay›mlamama izin verdi¤i için teflekkür ederim. 3 Demirkent’in makalesi, s.373 ve ayn› sayfadaki 8 numaral› dipnot. 19 Haçl› Seferleri S›ras›nda Önem Kazanan Bir Ortaça¤ Kalesi: Ravanda Bizans ‹mparatorlu¤u hakim durumdayd›. Ancak Bizans kaynaklar›nda kalenin ad›na rastlanmamaktad›r. Hiç de¤ilse, 6. yüzy›lda Justinianus (hd 527 – 565) zaman›ndaki büyük imar etkinliklerini tan›tan ünlü tarihçi Procopius’un “De Aedificiis” adl› kitab›nda Arap s›n›rlar›nda infla veya tamir edilen kaleler aras›nda Ravanda’n›n da bulunmas› gerekirdi. Fakat ne Procopius, ne de sonraki Bizans yazarlar›n›n metinlerinde bu kaleden bahsedilmektedir (Demirkent, 1992, s.373). 7. yüzy›l ortalar›nda bafllayan ve h›zla yay›lan ‹slam fetihleri Suriye ve Irak’tan sonra Anadolu’da Toros da¤lar›na ulaflm›fl ve Toroslar Bizans ile ‹slam devletinin s›n›r›n› oluflturmufltu. Bu s›n›r›n güneyinde ve do¤usunda birçok kale tamir ve infla edilmifltir. Ancak bu kaleler aras›nda da Ravanda ismi bulunmamaktad›r. Bununla beraber, 1097 y›l›nda Haçl›lar taraf›ndan Türklerden al›nd›¤› kesin olarak bilinen kalenin 11. yüzy›l sonlar›nda Bizansl›lar taraf›ndan infla edildi¤i söylenebilir (Demirkent, 1992, s.
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