A Comparative Study of Urban Spaces Between Samarkand City in the Timurid Period and Isfahan City in the Safavid Period
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Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning 2020; 5(3): 46-54 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/larp doi: 10.11648/j.larp.20200503.11 ISSN: 2637-4358 (Print); ISSN: 2637-4374 (Online) A Comparative Study of Urban Spaces Between Samarkand City in the Timurid Period and Isfahan City in the Safavid Period Shahin Mirhosseini Vakili Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Art, Architecture and Urbanism, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran Email address: To cite this article: Shahin Mirhosseini Vakili. A Comparative Study of Urban Spaces Between Samarkand City in the Timurid Period and Isfahan City in the Safavid Period. Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning . Vol. 5, No. 3, 2020, pp. 46-54. doi: 10.11648/j.larp.20200503.11 Received : January 21, 2020; Accepted : March 4, 2020; Published : October 27, 2020 Abstract: The present study aimed to study the evolution of urban spaces in the Timurids and Safavids. In present study, first, Samarkand city built in the Timurid era and Isfahan city built in the Safavid era were compared in terms of urban spaces and then, the differences, similarities and the effects of each city on the other one were mentioned. Finally, the main components of urban space were studied in the two cities. In this regard, with a descriptive-historical approach, data were collected using historical sources and texts, images, maps, and the results of studies carried out by contemporary researchers. The two cities of Samarkand in the Timurid period and Isfahan in the Safavid period had the same natural, climatic, social, cultural and economic characteristics, which had significant effects on the formation of urban spaces in both cities. The features of Timurid urban spaces can be mentioned as several principles: the establishment of gardens within and outside the city, the construction of main urban roads using various buildings and varies land uses, the spread of urban complexes using a square. Then, in the Safavid era, urban spaces were flourished by following the Isfahan school. Then, with the development of social, political, economic and cultural grounds and composition of them in the urban spaces, the ideal city of Isfahan was realized in the Safavid era. It seems that the principals of physical and semantic formation of urban spaces of Isfahan city in the Safavid era had aimed to create the heavenly paradise in the present world. Keywords: Urban spaces, Samarkand, Timurid Period, Safavid Period 1. Introduction Like the Mongols, the Timurids took the government by had significant economic prosperity due to its very favorable creating a lot of chaos and killing many peoples in different climatic conditions, as well as the presence of important trade parts of Iran, but they were quickly attracted to the Iran's routes, especially the Silk Road [34]. culture and civilization [29]. In the early sixteenth century (the tenth century AH), the Since its main capital was Samarkand, artists, craftsmen, Safavids established a Shiite government in Iran that was scholars and famous persons of the conquered cities were considered to be a very important event not only for Iran, but moved to Samarkand, especially many artists were moved also for its neighbors and, in general, the outside world [10]. It from Shiraz to there. Timur chose Samarkand as his capital seems that according to the Safavid belief, the city is a place for some reasons. Samarkand is a beautiful city that has been for the realization of ideals and beliefs. It is a place for the mentioned as good city in travelogues. For example, Estakhri presence and expression of symbols (market, Ivans, garden, says, "Samarkand has the best climate, soil and the land... axis, square, etc.) which represent the power of the ruling state and in it, people permanently try to acquire knowledge and and give identity to the city. The preservation and stability of grace and they are generous. In Transoxiana, there is no land these symbols were of particular importance. The most better than Samarkand”. Samarkand city has a very ancient important symbols were gardens and vegetation. Therefore, the historical and cultural background. It has been important and Safavid has provided the necessary ground for the stability of 47 Shahin Mirhosseini Vakili: A Comparative Study of Urban Spaces Between Samarkand City in the Timurid Period and Isfahan City in the Safavid Period gardens and vegetation. Respect for human equality, respect in the old (interior) and partly in the middle parts. These for followers of the religions having religious texts and principles are including the principles of spatial integration, creation of suitable collective spaces (Naghsh-e-Jahan Square the continuum between residential units and urban elements, and Chaharbagh Street) are considered as the most effective spatial enclosure, scale and proportion (human scale), factors in strengthening social relations in Safavid garden city. territory and composition [41]. It seems that the Safavid has paid significant attention to the historical core of the city due to their belief in the vitality of 3. Samarkand City in the Timurid Period the whole city, the prevention of the transhuman expansion of the city and the use of the economic (market) and social At the end of the eighth century, Timur chose Samarqand potentials (Atiq Square and Jame mosque) of the ancient city as his capital and has made great efforts to construct and nucleus (Seljuq) of the city [20]. develop it. He wanted to make it the largest city in the world. The Zarafshan (Kuhak) river was located on the north of 2. Urban Spaces in Iran Samarkand, and a large number of watercourses and streams irritated the areas around the city, and because of these rivers In Iranian cities, there were many spaces which were built and watercourses, this city has been always lush [15]. with the purpose of endowment for the public use and to Traditional methods influenced by the Islamic mystic pursue satisfaction in God. A glance at the list of public perspectives, as well as modern methods, were more buildings in the history of Iran shows that such buildings commonly used in the construction of mosques and schools, have been always built in order to meet the needs of but in public buildings, the modern methods were applied [32]. inhabitants and had two distinct aspects: Generally, in this period, the buildings had the forms and 1. Providing free services to those without financial ability structures popular in the Seljuk period, but due to the 2. Providing free services to passengers (Ibn as-sabil) dominance of Mongols, new scale and magnificence appeared The civilization of Iran faced ups and downs during its in them, and decoration of the buildings has been specially long historical period and experienced a variety of collective paid attention. Most of the buildings were constructed in a 4- activities in spaces. Some of these main spaces were those iwan form with tall iwans having the portals ornamented by located in the cities and known to the people [39]. The design Muqarnas and the ornaments mainly included very beautiful principles of urban spaces in Iran include old or interior, and magnificent Qashani tileworks, especially "Seven Colors" middle and new parts and the entire urban complex. Among (Haft Rang) and Moaraq (flora) tiles [7]. them, the principles of spatial organization are more visible Figure 1. Isfahan Downtown in Safavid Period. The enthusiasm and cultural genius of the Timurians brought a new definition for many aspects of the urbanization Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning 2020; 5(3): 46-54 48 and urbanism of that era. Changes in the architectural gardens were influenced by Samarkand city [42]. structure of many buildings of this age, along with social, cultural and religious changes, make a new form of urbanism. The growing support of art and artist and the 6. Differences Between Samarkand City creation of new places for the spread of culture and art along in the Timurid Period and Isfahan with religious beliefs influenced by the Sufi thought of that City in the Safavid Period time undoubtedly make the Timurid urban spaces one of the milestones of urbanism [28]. The main difference between Samarkand city and Isfahan city during the reign of Shah Abbas is that there is no 4. Isfahan City in the Safavid Period comprehensive plan in the medieval plan of Samarkand. Although each of the gardens was designed according to the The political and social changes that gradually took place in geometric style of Iranian garden, their relationships with each Iran after the Mongol invasion have led to continuous changes other and the city were formed coincidentally [26]. The order in the architecture and urbanism of Iran. Among these changes, and spatial organization governing the Isfahan garden city are those began from the reign of Shah Tahmasb and reached their geometric and pre-designed, while spatial organization peak points in the reign of Shah Abbas, should be considered governing the gardens in Samarkand (the areas within and as a milestone leading to the establishment of the Isfahan outside the fortification) was organic and formed over time and School. The most important indicators of this school were the during different periods, with the emphasis on connection concentration of power in the king, bureaucracy and goals and consistent with its historical identity [19]. government involvement in most of the activities. This concentration and relative political and economic stabilities in the long period provided the possibility of large-scale 7. The Effects of Samarkand City in the development and urbanization activities [14]. Timurid period and Isfahan City in It seems that the physical identity of the Isfahan garden city the Safavid Period on Each Other follows the Iranian garden and is the result of the interaction between water, soil and plant, along with the semantic, It seems that the garden cities built in the Timurid period geometric and aesthetic system (physical organization and (Herat and Samarkand) have also been effective in the design landscaping) and the functional system, from the micro of the Safavid garden cities.