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Counting and Numbers in German, Roman and Arabic Languages

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Counting and Numbers in German, Roman and Arabic Languages Journal of Media & Mass Communication Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2015 Counting and Numbers in German, Roman and Arabic Languages Abdulkerim Uzağan Department of German Language and Literature, Faculty of Literary, Yüzüncüyıl University, Van, Turkey Email: [email protected] Abstract— In our survey we'll compare and give examples According to the survey made by bio psychologist how the ancient people count before they had Arabic-Indian Onur Güntürkün from Ruhr University Bochum: we have numbers. Only German and Arabic count same. The orientation thinking style. Chicks look at the food right Armenian latest alphabet "k" has the value of nine side see right food and left see left food but left send the thousand. The longest number in Romanic was 3888 information to the right side of the brain and they eat (MMMDCCCLXXXVIII).Our aim to show how difficult was counting before and how difficult is to teach in German small food. Because they thought on the left side got and Arabic languages. After zero was founded and more food. According to this survey our brain functions transferred from India to Europe become counting easier also like that. than before. As a result we found out that most of The asymmetric writing matches with Latin, Cyrillic civilizations used alphabet to count and than most of them and Greek system, but not matches with Semitic they count from big to small numbers unlike Arabic and languages. Arabic and Hebrew writing system are from German. right to left. So what happen in our brain? Counting in Index Terms—counting in different languages, Roman, German and Arabic are similar. Written from left to right German, Arabic, Indian numerals, counting with the but speak from right to left. fingers. Scientist at UCL (University College London) have discovered the area of the brain linked to dyscalculia, a math learning disability. The finding shows that there is a I. INTRODUCTION separate function in the brain used for counting that is essential for diagnosis and an understanding of why When we teach German mostly we have difficulties to many people struggle with mathematics. teach counting. In our survey we found out that not only Germans counting from small to big but also Arabs. In II. GERMAN LANGUAGE other languages we couldn’t find this similarity. To say 21 (twenty one) must say first one and twenty (ein und The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo- zwanzig). In Arabic also same logic: wahidwaishrun (one European language family spoken natively by a and twenty) [1]. In Turkish we count from big to small. population of approximately 500 million people mainly In Hebrew they put ‘and’ when they count after twenty. in North America, Oceania, Central Europe, western and They write from right to left like Arabs but they don’t Northern Europe. There are West, North and East count from small to big. Germans use this counting since Germanic. North Germanic languages are Norwegian, 4000 years ago. Many civilizations were using letters to Danish, Swedish, Icelandic and Faroese. count, but this method made them counting limited. The East Germanic branch included Gothic, The Armenian language has 36 letters and the latest Burgundian and Vandalic. All of East Germanic letters is “k” and got value of 9000 and there was also no languages are death. The last to die off was Crimean zero in old system (Fig. 1). Gothic, spoken in the late 18th century in some isolated Armenian numerals areas of Crimea. German belong to west Germanic ԱA 1ԲB 2ԳG 3ԴD 4ԵE 5ԶZ 6Էē 7Ըə 8Թt 9 languages (German, English, Friesic, Dutch).[2] Ժž10ԻI 20ԼL 30ԽX 40ԾC 50ԿK 60ՀH 70ՁJ 80 In Old High German diutis means people wise. From Ղł90Ճč 100ՄM 200ՅY 300ՆN 400Շš 500ՈO 600 this word developed the word Deutsch which means Չč700ՊP 800Ջǰ900Ռṙ1000ՍS 2000ՎV 3000ՏT German language. It’s spoken primarily in Germany, Austria, major part of Switzerland, Lichtenstein, 4000 Luxembourg, the Südtirol (South Tyrol) region of Italy ՐR 5000Ցc 6000ՒW 7000Փp8000Քk9000 the Opole Voivodship of Poland, parts of Belgium, parts Figure 1. Armenian letters and numeral values of Romania, the Alsace (Elsass) region of France and parts of Denmark. Additionally, several former colonial possessions of these countries, such as Namibia in Africa, have sizable German – speaking populations. There are German – speaking minorities in several eastern Manuscript received December 28, 2014; revised July 25, 2015. ©2015 Journal of Media & Mass Communication 12 doi: 10.12720/jmmc.1.1.12-15 Journal of Media & Mass Communication Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2015 European countries including Russia, and in the United III. ROMANCE LANGUAGES States as well as countries in South America like Romance languages sometimes called Latin languages Argentina. Over 120 Million people speak German as are modern languages that evolved from spoken Latin their native language. German is the third most popular between sixth and ninth centuries A.D. and thus form a foreign language thought worldwide, and the second branch of the Italic languages within Indo-European most popular in Europe. Italian language belongs to Indo-European language If you are an English speaker unfamiliar with German, family. Latin was the language of Roman Empire. you may be surprised to learn that English and German Today, more than 800 million people are native are closely related languages and share many words that speakers worldwide, mainly in Europe and Americas. are very similar. For example: Additionally, the major Romance languages have many This week, my father is with my brother in the city non-native speakers and use as a lingua francas. This is Diese Woche ist mein Vater mit meinem Bruder in der especially the case for French. Central, North and West Stadt Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius use French language. Note also the general similarity of sentence structure The five most widely spoken romance languages by with English. The only real difference in the German is number of native speakers are Spanish (410 million), that the verb is moved forward in the sentence. However, Portuguese (216 million), French (75 million), Italian (60 there are many German sentences in which a verb form is million) and Romanian (25 million). There are around 57 the last word in the sentence. There are eight basic Million speakers Italian. [4] grammatical functions: case, gender, number, tense, To count before they use each letters maximum three person, mood, voice and comparison. times to count and more than three times they didn’t use. German has genders every noun is masculine, For example: to say 83 LXXXIII must write the character feminine or neuter (der, die, das). looks like that. Because they didn’t have zeroed counting Germans count from left to right and they put “and” and had got limit to count. Multiply, divide, minus and between two numbers after twenty. After hundred plus was difficult. After zero enter Europe counting become opposite little bit. First speak hundred and then become easier than before. one and twenty (hunderteinundzwanzig) or Counting from one to ten not change so much, but zweihundertfünfundsechzig (265) [3]. after ten become like German and English. They speak When we count in German over thousand, it’s also First one and then ten (undici). It means they count first different than English or other languages. English use small numbers and then big. After sixteen it changes to counting same like German until 19 from small to big. ten seven (diciassette) until twenty. In German they Fourteen, fifteen, sixteen etc. Before they said also one count after thirteen (dreizehn) until twenty first small and twenty: an andtwentig, but later on it changed to then big numbers. It continues until hundred from small twenty one. For example: 1995 to big counting. (neunzehnhundertfünfundneunzig) it means 19 hundred Celtic influence can be found in the system of five and ninety or they can say also counting in French. In the most French speaking tausendneunhundertfünfundneunzig. When we say countries there are no words for 70, 80 and 90. Instead for 70 to 79 they combine tens with tens. Soixantedix thirteen “dreizehn” after entering Romanic counting into (70), soixantedix at onze (71), soixante-douze (72). 80 to Indo-Germanic even writing this number XIII first ten 89 combine the number 4 with the numbers 20 and one. and then three but pronounce was like that IIIX. For example in French 80 is 4 20s. 81 is 4 20s plus one Fünfhundertfünfunddreißig (535) and so forth. The current number symbols were brought into For numbers 90 to 99 they combine the numbers 4 and Western culture from India via Arabia. They reached 20 and 10. For example: 90 is four 20s plus 10 (quatre- Italy 1200, Germany 1500. (Fig. 2) vingt- dix). 91 is four 20s plus eleven (quatre-vingt-onze). 11 to 29 German numerals [5] elf 11 Roman numeral zwölf 12 einundzwanzig 21 dreizehn 13 zweiundzwanzig 22 vierzehn 14 dreiundzwanzig 23 fünfzehn 15 vierundzwanzig 24 sechzehn 16 fünfundzwanzig 25 siebzehn 17 sechsundzwanzig 26 achtzehn 18 siebenundzwanzig 27 neunzehn 19 achtundzwanzig 28 zwanzig 20 neunundzwanzig 29 Figure 2. Counting in German language ©2015 Journal of Media & Mass Communication 13 Journal of Media & Mass Communication Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2015 To say in Romanic fifty must write L and to write 49 they are called the Hindu-Arabic or Indo-Arabic must be XLIX. It means must minus on the left numbers numerals. from big number on the right. On the right sight symbols Before the Arabs also using letters for counting and must be added. (Fig. 3) each letter have a numeric value. Alif first letter in Arabic has a value 1 and the letter ghayn biggest value uno 1 equal to 1000.Let us count in jafr and abjad.
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