Official Positions of the Applicant Countries
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The Role of European Union Accession in Democratisation Processes
The role of European Union accession in democratisation processes Published by Democratic Progress Institute 11 Guilford Street London WC1N 1DH United Kingdom www.democraticprogress.org [email protected] +44 (0)203 206 9939 First published, 2016 DPI – Democratic Progress Institute is a charity registered in England and Wales. Registered Charity No. 1037236. Registered Company No. 2922108. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee or prior permission for teaching purposes, but not for resale. For copying in any other circumstances, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable.be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable 2 The role of European Union accession in democratisation processes Contents Foreword: ...................................................................................5 Abbreviations: ............................................................................7 Introduction: ..............................................................................8 I. European Union accession and democratisation – An overview .............................................................................11 A) Enlargement for democracy – history of European integration before 1993 ........................................................11 • Declaration on democracy, April 1978, European Council: .........................................................12 B) Pre accession criteria since 1993 and the procedure of adhesion ..........................................................................15 -
Reports of Cases
Report s of C ases OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL JÄÄSKINEN 1 delivered on 13 September 2012 Case C-547/10 P Swiss Confederation v European Commission (Appeal — Actions for annulment — Swiss Confederation — Admissibility — Locus standi — Examination of the Court’s own motion — EC-Switzerland Agreement on Air Transport — Objectives of the agreement — Exchange of traffic rights — Regulation (EEC) No 2408/92 — Access of Community air carriers to intra-Community air routes — Articles 8 and 9 — Scope — Commission’s powers of review — Exercise of traffic rights — Decision 2004/12/EC — German measures relating to the approaches to Zurich Airport — Principles inherent in the freedom to provide services — Principle of non-discrimination — Proportionality) I – Introduction 1. The appeal brought by the Swiss Confederation seeks to have set aside the judgment of the General 2 Court of the European Union of 9 September 2010 (‘the judgment under appeal’). The General Court 3 dismissed the action brought by the Swiss Confederation for the annulment of Decision 2004/12/EC on a procedure relating to the application of Article 18(2), first sentence, of the Agreement between 4 the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on Air Transport (‘the Air Transport 5 Agreement’) and Regulation (EEC) No 2408/92 . By that decision, the Commission found that the Federal Republic of Germany could continue to apply the national measures which were the subject of the decision at issue, which aimed to establish procedures for landings and take-offs at Zurich Airport (Switzerland). 1 — Original language: French. 2 — Case T-319/05 [2010] ECR II-4265. 3 — Commission Decision of 5 December 2003 on a procedure relating to the application of Article 18(2), first sentence, of the Agreement between the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on air transport and Council Regulation (EEC) No 2408/92 (OJ 2004 L 4, p. -
Presentation Kit
15YEARS PRESENTATION KIT TURKISH POLICY QUARTERLY PRESENTATION KIT MARCH 2017 QUARTERLY Table of Contents What is TPQ? ..............................................................................................................4 TPQ’s Board of Advisors ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Strong Outreach ........................................................................................................ 7 Online Blog and Debate Sections ..........................................................................8 TPQ Events ...............................................................................................................10 TPQ in the Media ..................................................................................................... 11 Support TPQ .............................................................................................................14 Premium Sponsorship ............................................................................................ 15 Print Advertising .......................................................................................................18 Premium Sponsor ...................................................................................................19 Advertiser ................................................................................................................. 20 Online Advertising ................................................................................................... 21 -
Central Library-Activity Report 1999
Rapport 20 pp EN 9/06/00 15:00 Page 16 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Education and Culture Central Library Activity Report 1999 Rapport 20 pp EN 9/06/00 14:57 Page 2 CONTENT Foreword 1.Highlights: Creation of a Documentation Centre Unit 2.The European Commission's Central Library in 1999 - library activities - services to readers - data processing 3.European Documentation Centres (EDC) 4.SCADPlus 5.Programme and outlook for 2000 Annexes - Annexe 1: Mission statement - Documentation Centre Unit - Annexe 2: Main staff responsibilities - Documentation Centre Unit - Annexe 3: Resource fact sheet - Documentation Centre Unit - Annexe 4: Budget resources 1993-2000 - Central Library - Annexe 5: Cataloguing - language distribution 1999 Central Library Activity report 1999 Rapport 20 pp EN 9/06/00 14:57 Page 3 2 Central Library | Activity Report 1999 Rapport 20 pp EN 9/06/00 14:57 Page 4 FOREWORD Without doubt 1999 was a year of great changes for the European Commission : twenty new Commissioners took up their posts in the institution under the authority of President Romano Prodi. The Central Library of the European Commission is now under the authority of Commissioner Viviane Reding, who is responsible for Education and Culture. I became Director General for Education and Culture on 1st January 2000, and therefore am privileged to write this introduction. The citizen is at the heart of the new Commission policy, particularly in the fields of educa- tion, training, respect for culture and language, and access to knowledge generally. It is vital to encourage the development of libraries and the dissemination of information for use by the discerning citizen. -
There Has Been No Bulgarian Tradition of Any Long-Standing Resistance to the Communist Regime
There has been no Bulgarian tradition of any long-standing resistance to the communist regime. There was neither any political opposition, nor any other kind of an influential dissident movement. Bulgaria never went through the purgatory of the Hungarian uprising of 1956, or the “Prague spring” of 1968. It is indeed difficult to find any counter arguments whatsoever against the cliché that Bul- garia was the closest satellite of the Soviet Union. The fundamental contradictions within the Union of Democratic Forces (SDS) coalition were present from the very first day of its inception. There were Marxists who were longing for “socialism with a human face”, intellectuals with liberal ideas, social democrats and Christian democrats, conservatives and radical demo- crats, monarchists and republicans. The members of the center-right coalition did not delude themselves about their differences; they rather shared the clear un- derstanding that only a painful compromise could stand some chances against the Goliath of the totalitarian Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP). It was this unani- mous opposition to the communist regime and its legacy that made the coalition possible. But only for a limited period of time. The United Democratic Forces (ODS) government under Prime Minister Ivan Kostov (1997-2001) completed the reformist agenda of anti-communism. At the end of the ODS term of office, Bulgaria was a country with a functioning market economy, stable democracy, and a clearly outlined foreign policy course towards the country’s accession to the European Union and NATO, which was accepted by all significant political formations, the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) included. -
Chronology of Key Events
Chronology of key events 1990 13 July 1990 With a Declaration of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bulgaria accepts the invitation extended by NATO to establish regular diplomatic liaison. Mrs. Lea Cohen, Bulgarian Ambassador to Belgium, is authorized to maintain diplomatic liaison with NATO. 1991 4 April 1991 Establishment of the Atlantic Club of Bulgaria, the first non-governmental Atlantic association outside NATO member states. Since October 1992, the Atlantic Club of Bulgaria has been associated with the Atlantic Treaty Association (ATA), initially as an observer and later as an associate member. 12-14 June 1991 Dr Manfred Wörner pays the first official visit of NATO Secretary General to Bulgaria. 20 December 1991 Bulgaria participates as a co-founding state in the inaugural meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC). 1994 14 February 1994 The President of Bulgaria, Zhelyu Zhelev, signs the Partnership for Peace Framework Document at NATO Headquarters. 25 November 1994 Bulgarian Deputy Foreign Minister Todor Churov visits NATO Headquarters. Bulgaria’s PfP Individual Partnership Program with NATO is formally accepted. 1995 28 September 1995 Bulgaria participates in a meeting at NATO Headquarters for a presentation of the conclusions of the Study on NATO Enlargement to NACC and PfP Cooperation partners. 16 October 1995 Bulgaria accedes to the Status of Forces Agreement between the NATO member states and the PfP countries (ratified by the National Assembly on 5 April 1996). 1996 1996-1998 Bulgaria participates in a number of meetings with NATO within the Intensified Dialogue with interested partners on NATO membership issues. 2-3 May 1996 NATO Secretary General Javier Solana visits Bulgaria. -
University of Birmingham Chronology
University of Birmingham Chronology Galpin, Charlotte DOI: 10.1111/jcms.12588 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Galpin, C 2017, 'Chronology: The European Union in 2016', Journal of Common Market Studies. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12588 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Eligibility for repository: Checked on 28/7/2017 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. -
The Res Publica Party in Estonia
Meteoric Trajectory: The Res Publica Party in Estonia REIN TAAGEPERA Formed in 2001, Res Publica won the Estonian parliamentary elections in 2003, and its leader became prime minister. It failed to win a single seat in the European Parliament in 2004 and was down to 5 per cent in opinion polls in 2005 when it dropped out of the cabinet. The founding chairperson of the party analyses here the causes for Res Publica’s rapid rise and fall, reviewing the socio-political background and drawing comparisons with other new parties in Europe. Res Publica was a genuinely new party that involved no previous major players. It might be charac- terized as a ‘purifying bridge party’ that filled an empty niche at centre right. Its rise was among the fastest in Europe. For success of a new party, each of three factors must be present to an appreciable degree: Prospect of success ¼ Members  Money  Visibility. Res Publica had all three, but rapid success spoiled the party leadership. Their governing style became arrogant and they veered to the right, alienating their centrist core constituency. It no longer mattered for the quality of Estonian politics whether Res Publica faded or survived. Key words: new parties; Estonia; Res Publica; rightist politics Democratization includes developing a workable party system. Around 2000, I would have told anyone who cared to listen that Estonia had too many parties. A study by Grofman, Mikkel and Taagepera1 also noted that no major new player had entered the field since 1995. We characterized the party constellation in the early 1990s as kaleidoscopic, but gave figures to show that the party system in Estonia seemed to stabilize. -
Confronting Planetary Emergencies – Solving Human Problems
NEW APPROACHES TO ECONOMIC CHALLENGES (NAEC) Confronting Planetary Emergencies – Solving Human Problems Biographies Opening Session Session 1: Economic Thinking and Acting after Covid-19 Session 2: Session 2: NAEC - Rejuvenating the Debate Session 3: Lessons from Covid-19 to Address Future Threats Session 4: Closing Session 9 October 2020 Virtual meeting at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris Further information: William Hynes – [email protected] NEW APPROACHES TO ECONOMIC CHALLENGES (NAEC) Angel Gurria Secretary General of the OECD As Secretary-General of the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) since 2006, Angel Gurría has firmly established the Organisation as a pillar of the global economic governance architecture including the G7, G20 and APEC, and a reference point in the design and implementation of better policies for better lives. He has broadened OECD’s membership with the accession of Chile, Estonia, Israel, Latvia and Slovenia, and has made the Organisation more inclusive by strengthening its links with key emerging economies. Under his watch, the OECD is leading the effort to reform the international tax system, and to improve governance frameworks in anti-corruption and other fields. He has also heralded a new growth narrative that promotes the well-being of people, including women, gender and youth, and has scaled up the OECD contribution to the global agenda, including the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals Born in Mexico, Mr. Gurría came to the OECD following a distinguished career in public service in his country, including positions as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Finance and Public Credit in the 1990s. -
The Measures of Phase I of the Accession of Serbia and Montenegro to the European Union Within the Stabilization and Association Process
The Measures of Phase I of the Accession of Serbia and Montenegro to the European Union within the Stabilization and Association Process Non-Technical Summary Authors Prof. Jurij Bajec, Prof. Nebojsa Savic, PhD Nikola Fabris, MSc Jelena Galic, Dragana Petrakovic, Milan Kovac After the tragic events in South Eastern Europe (war, disintegration of the former Yugoslavia, sanctions, economic collapse and the instability of the region) and in an attempt to encourage the stabilization of the region, the EU initiated the Stabilization and Association Process (SAP), which was proposed for the West Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) by the European Commission in May 1999. Bearing in mind the long-standing instability of the region, a special arrangement for the accession of these countries to the EU was conceived. Namely, apart from satisfying the general (Copenhagen) criteria, it insists, above all, on the political stability of these countries and on their interlinkages. The process also anticipates the conclusion of the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) – a new type of contractual relationship with the EU, which is aimed at stabilizing the countries in this region through their convergence towards European integration processes. Serbia and Montenegro lost ten precious years and its excellent initial position for accession to the European Union. After the long period of isolation, the present state union is only at the beginning of establishing a contractual relationship with the EU. The political changes on 5 October 2000 opened a new phase in the relations between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the European Union, characterized by the declarative and practical expression of the need for closer contacts with the EU, thus establishing a partner relationship. -
Report of the 2019 High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development Convened Under the Auspices of the General Assembly
A/HLPF/2019/2 United Nations Report of the 2019 high-level political forum on sustainable development convened under the auspices of the General Assembly New York 24 and 25 September 2019 A/HLPF/2019/2 A/HLPF/2019/2 Report of the 2019 high-level political forum on sustainable development convened under the auspices of the General Assembly New York 24 and 25 September 2019 United Nations • New York, 2020 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. Report of the 2019 high-level political forum on sustainable development convened under the auspices of the General Assembly [26 February 2020] Contents Chapter Page I. Resolution adopted by the forum .................................................. 4 II. Organization of work and other organizational matters ................................ 10 A. Opening and duration of the meeting ........................................... 10 B. Attendance ................................................................ 10 C. Election of officers other than the Chair ........................................ 11 D. Adoption of the agenda ...................................................... 11 E. Documentation ............................................................. 12 III. Plenary segment ................................................................ 13 IV. Leaders’ dialogues .............................................................. 14 A. Megatrends impacting the achievement -
EUROCONTROL History Book December 2010
EUROCONTROL History Book December 2010 By John McInally Head of Organisational Development 1991 - 2010 EUROCONTROL Table of content Introduction 5 Executive summary 9 History of EUROCONTROL - Timeline 1910-2008 17 Part 1 1958-1966 25 Genesis of EUROCONTROL, original vision, sovereignty defined Part 2 1966-1986 75 EUROCONTROL continues with revised/reduced mandate Part 3 1986-1997 119 Amended Convention proves insufficient, matse takes key decisions, EUROCONTROL acts to revise Convention Part 4 1997-2008 191 Early Implementation, EUROCONTROL Adapts to Single European Sky, Growing Concentration on the Network Annex 1 Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Permanent Commission 293 Annex 2 Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Committee of management 295 Annex 3 Directors General of the Agency 298 Annex 4 Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Provisional Council 299 Annex 5 Chairmen of the Civil-military Coordination Committee and military ATm Board 300 Annex 6 Ratification of the revised Convention 301 3 Introduction Introduction This History is a description of the key institutional, legal and organisational events and decisions that have determined the progress of the EUROCONTROL Organisation and its Agency through the past fifty years. It is a record, in one document, of the circumstances surrounding these events and the nature of the performance of EUROCONTROL against what was required of it. Who makes up the audience for this history? It is principally aimed at those past and present Eurocontrollers, including State representatives, as well as those who have been involved with EUROCONTROL at different times through the consultation groups and working arrangements. The reader should note therefore that this is a “History”.