DOCSLIB.ORG

European Union Cooperation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
European Union Cooperation European Union Cooperation Official Aid to Mediterranean Countries Financed by the European Commission Budget and the European TABLE A1 Development Fund (EDF) in 2006 s e c i (in millions of euros) Commitments Payments d n e Malta 35 p p Slovenia 4 23 A Croatia 128 97 Bosnia and Herzegovina 57 68 Serbia 340 267 Montenegro 21 14 8 Macedonia 53 47 0 0 2 Albania 44 57 . d e Cyprus - 15 M Turkey 475 310 Syria 22 24 Lebanon 127 101 Jordan 69 49 Israel -2 0 8 3 Palestinian National Authority 206 207 Egypt 129 188 Tunisia 71 95 Algeria 77 38 Morocco 168 263 Own production. Source: Annual report 2007 on the European Community’s development policy and external assistance . http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/reports/europeaid_annual_report_2007_full_report_en.pdf CHART A1 Cooperation of EU 2006 500 millions of euros Commitments Payments 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 l t a y a s a o a a a a n a o a n k a a i i i i i i i i e r p t n e d t u z r a c r o n l i n s n n a b y r g i k y a n a e r c n a a d r v a o e r g p e r n a o s a o g e o S v u B I b d y l G r M n r u o E l b g o T a S e J t T l e A o i C C A e d t e s c n S z L n n M e a r s a o e o M W M H B Own production. Source: Annual report 2007 on the European Community’s development policy and external assistance . http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/reports/europeaid_annual_report_2007_full_report_en.pdf TABLE A2 MEDA Programme. 2006, 2007 Commitments Commitments (in millions of €) under MEDA 2006 under ENPI 2007 Algeria 66 57 Egypt 129 137 Jordan 69 62 Lebanon 32 50 Morocco 168 190 Syria 22 20 Tunisia 71 103 West Bank and Gaza 92 453 Total MEDA Bilateral 649 1076 s e c i MEDA Regional 168 178 d n e Total 817 1254 p p Source: http://domino.un.org/unispal.NSF/bc8b0c56b7bf621185256cbf005ac05f/7abdc950e26ea27c85257328005207b9!OpenDocument A http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/euromed/com08_319_en.pdf TABLE A3 Mediterranean Candidate Countries for Accession to EU PHARE programme and pre-accession financial assistance 2006 Millions of Euros 8 0 Croatia 61 0 2 . Obj. 1: Democracy and rule of law 7.1 d e Obj. 2: Human rights and protection of minorities 4.9 M Obj. 3: Economic criteria 3.1 Obj. 4: Internal market and trade 9.7 Obj. 5: Sectoral policies 18.8 Obj. 6: Cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs 1.3 1 Obj. 7: Supporting programmes 14.1 8 3 Obj. 8: Economic and social cohesion 20 Turkey Pre-accession financial assistance (Part I and II) 369.2 Obj.1: Copenhagen criteria and justice, freedom and security issues 33.7 Obj.2: Social and economic cohesion 177.3 Obj.3: Harmonisation with the acquis communitaire 125.4 Obj.4: Civil Society Dialogue and support for European integration 32.8 Own production. Sources: European Commission http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/fiche_projet/index.cfm?page=415392&c=TURKEY http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/fiche_projet/index.cfm?page=421475&c=CROATIA Provisions for 2007 under IPA (Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance), the New Instrument for Pre-Accession TABLE A4 from 1 January 2007 (in millions of euros) Croatia 141 Macedonia 59 Turkey 497 Albania 61 Bosnia and Herzegovina 62 Montenegro 31 Serbia 190 Kosovo (R. 1244 of the CSNU) 68 Programme of various beneficiaries 109 Source: European Commission http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/planning-ipa_es.htm TABLE A5 Loans of the European Investment Bank to Mediterranean Countries in 2006 Loans by Sector Millions of Euros Croatia 270 Rehabilitation of 52 sections of trunk road with total length of 678 km 60 Construction of final section of Rijeka-Zagreb motorway (Pan-European Corridor Vb) 210 Serbia and Montenegro 277 Rehabilitation of railway lines on Corridor X and upgrading of rolling stock 80 Rehabilitation of roads and bridges 22 Rehabilitation and construction of municipal water and sanitation infrastructures 5 Modernisation, redevelopment and extension of four tertiary care hospital in Serbia 80 Financing of small and medium-scale projects 40 Financing of small and medium-scale infrastructures schemes 50 Albania 31 Construction of new passenger ferry terminal and ancillary facilities at port of Dürres 18 First phase of national plan for improving quality of educational results, expanding secondary s education coverage and preparing for tertiary education reform 13 e c i d Turkey 1827 n e Upgrading and extension of national electricity distribution networks 100 p Construction of high-speed railway line between Istanbul and Ankara 120 p Implementation of first line of rail-based rapid transit system in conurbation of Samsun on Black Sea 65 A Extension of Istanbul’s mass transport system through expansion of Ferry Fleet 42 Purchase of trains to operate commuter services on Bosphorus tunnel and commuter rail system in metropolitan area of Istanbul 400 Fleet renewal and expansion 375 Overhaul and capacity increase of mobile telephone network of second-largest Turkish operator 400 Development and production in Bursa of small, light commercial vehicle for European market 175 8 Creation of 6,800 IT classroom in around 5,100 primary schools throughout Turkey 50 0 0 Financing of small and medium-scale projects 100 2 . Morocco 290 d e Phase II of final part of rural electrification programme in Morocco 170 M Construction of wastewater collection and treatment facilities 40 Equity and quasi-equity investments in infrastructure sector 10 Renovation and modernisation of healthcare services and medical equipment 70 Tunisia 154 Construction and operation of dual-fired combined-cycle power plant in Gannouch 114 Upgrading and extension of wastewater collection networks and treatment plants in various cities 40 2 Egypt 550 8 3 Construction of gas transmission pipeline between Abu Qurqas and Asyut in south of Egypt 50 Financing of industrial pollution abatement schemes, mainly in Greater Alexandria and Greater Cairo 40 Construction of two natural gas-fired combined cycle-power generation units in El Atf and Sidi Krir 260 Design, construction and commissioning of world-scale methanol plant on Greenfield site at industrial port of Damietta on Mediterranean coast 200 Syria 45 Water and sanitation networks in 14 municipalities 45 Own production. Source: EIB www.eib.org/attachments/general/reports/st2006en.pdf CHART A2 Evolution of Loans from the European Investment Bank (2003-2006) (in millions of euros) Syria Egypt Tunisia Morocco Turkey Albania Serbia and Montenegro Croatia 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 Own production. Source: EIB www.eib.org/report European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR) in the Mediterranean Countries. Funds Allocated for TABLE A6 the Execution of Macro-Projects (2006) Campaign 2 Campaign 3 Campaign 4 Fostering a Promoting the Advancing equality, Total allocation culture of democratic tolerance of funds in (in euros) human rights process and peace 2006 (in euros) Western Balkans and Candidate Countries Albania 250,000 0 152,500 402,500 Bosnia and Herzegovina 380,000 0 235,000 615,000 Macedonia 250,000 00250,000 Serbia and Montenegro 300,000 0 235,000 535,000 Turkey 150,000 0 235,000 385,000 Mediterranean and Middle East s e c i Algeria 250,000 515,000 0 765,000 d n Egypt 250,000 515,000 0 765,000 e p p Israel 380,000 0 235,000 615,000 A Jordan 250,000 515,000 0 765,000 Lebanon 105,000 175,000 0 280,000 Morocco 300,000 650,000 0 950,000 Syria 250,000 00250,000 8 Tunisia 100,000 175,000 0 275,000 0 0 2 Palestinian Authority 380,000 800,000 0 1,180 . d Own production. Source: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/projects/eidhr/pdf/eidhr_annual_work_programme_2006_annex_ii_en.pdf e M TABLE A7 European Agency for Reconstruction Projects 2006 (in millions of €) Commitments Contracts Payments 3 Serbia 154 56.3 18.4 8 3 Montenegro 20.7 16.2 8.7 Kosovo 46.5 40.6 15 Macedonia 33.4 21.2 8.9 Own production. Source: www.ear.eu.int TABLE A8 EU Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO) Areas Millions of Euros MENA Algeria (Western Sahara) 10.9 Lebanon (not including Palestinian refugees) 50.0 Middle East (Palestinian refugees) 84.0 Total 144.9 Own production. Source: ECHO Annual Review 2006 http://ec.europa.eu/echo/pdf_files/annual_reviews/2006_en.pdf.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of European Union Accession in Democratisation Processes
    The role of European Union accession in democratisation processes Published by Democratic Progress Institute 11 Guilford Street London WC1N 1DH United Kingdom www.democraticprogress.org [email protected] +44 (0)203 206 9939 First published, 2016 DPI – Democratic Progress Institute is a charity registered in England and Wales. Registered Charity No. 1037236. Registered Company No. 2922108. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee or prior permission for teaching purposes, but not for resale. For copying in any other circumstances, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable.be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable 2 The role of European Union accession in democratisation processes Contents Foreword: ...................................................................................5 Abbreviations: ............................................................................7 Introduction: ..............................................................................8 I. European Union accession and democratisation – An overview .............................................................................11 A) Enlargement for democracy – history of European integration before 1993 ........................................................11 • Declaration on democracy, April 1978, European Council: .........................................................12 B) Pre accession criteria since 1993 and the procedure of adhesion ..........................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • The Measures of Phase I of the Accession of Serbia and Montenegro to the European Union Within the Stabilization and Association Process
    The Measures of Phase I of the Accession of Serbia and Montenegro to the European Union within the Stabilization and Association Process Non-Technical Summary Authors Prof. Jurij Bajec, Prof. Nebojsa Savic, PhD Nikola Fabris, MSc Jelena Galic, Dragana Petrakovic, Milan Kovac After the tragic events in South Eastern Europe (war, disintegration of the former Yugoslavia, sanctions, economic collapse and the instability of the region) and in an attempt to encourage the stabilization of the region, the EU initiated the Stabilization and Association Process (SAP), which was proposed for the West Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) by the European Commission in May 1999. Bearing in mind the long-standing instability of the region, a special arrangement for the accession of these countries to the EU was conceived. Namely, apart from satisfying the general (Copenhagen) criteria, it insists, above all, on the political stability of these countries and on their interlinkages. The process also anticipates the conclusion of the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) – a new type of contractual relationship with the EU, which is aimed at stabilizing the countries in this region through their convergence towards European integration processes. Serbia and Montenegro lost ten precious years and its excellent initial position for accession to the European Union. After the long period of isolation, the present state union is only at the beginning of establishing a contractual relationship with the EU. The political changes on 5 October 2000 opened a new phase in the relations between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the European Union, characterized by the declarative and practical expression of the need for closer contacts with the EU, thus establishing a partner relationship.
    [Show full text]
  • Normative Power Europe in a Changing World: a Discussion
    Normative Power Europe in a Changing World: A Discussion André Gerrits (ed.) December 2009 NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CLINGENDAEL CIP-Data Koninklijke bibliotheek, The Hague Gerrits, André (ed.) Normative Power Europe in a Changing World: A Discussion / A. Gerrits (ed.), L. Aggestam, I. Manners, T. Romanova, A. Toje, Y. Wang – The Hague, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. Clingendael European Papers No. 5 ISBN 978-90-5031-148-9 Desk top publishing by Cheryna Abdoel Wahid Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael Clingendael European Studies Programme Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague Phone number +31(0)70 - 3245384 Telefax +31(0)70 - 3282002 P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl The Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael is an independent institute for research, training and public information on international affairs. It publishes the results of its own research projects and the monthly ‘Internationale Spectator’ and offers a broad range of courses and conferences covering a wide variety of international issues. It also maintains a library and documentation centre. © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. Clingendael
    [Show full text]
  • Has Turkey Fulfilled the Copenhagen Political Criteria?
    CENTRE FOR CEPS POLICY BRIEF NO. 48 EUROPEAN POLICY APRIL 2004 STUDIES HAS TURKEY FULFILLED THE COPENHAGEN POLITICAL CRITERIA? MICHAEL EMERSON CEPS Policy Briefs are published to provide concise policy-oriented analysis of contemporary issues in EU affairs. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed are attributable only to the author in a personal capacity and not to any institution with which he is associated. Available for free downloading from the CEPS online bookshop(http://www.shop.ceps.be) © Copyright 2004, Michael Emerson HAS TURKEY FULFILLED THE COPENHAGEN POLITICAL CRITERIA? CEPS POLICY BRIEF NO. 48/APRIL 2004 * MICHAEL EMERSON ABSTRACT The next few months are the last opportunity for Turkey to take steps that could influence the European Commission’s recommendation in October on whether the Copenhagen political criteria have been met, and therefore whether to open accession negotiations, with the European Council due to take the decision in December. Following a brief summary of the Copenhagen political criteria and illustrations of how they were applied in the current enlargement, this short paper draws on a detailed review of Turkey’s progress in relation to the most sensitive areas covered under the Copenhagen criteria (the role of the military, human rights, minority rights and the judiciary). It identifies 20 steps that could conceivably be taken in the next few months by the Turkish government with a view to securing a positive decision. Several but not all of these points have already been raised in the Commission’s ‘2003 Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress towards Accession’. * Associate Senior Research Fellow, Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Brussels.
    [Show full text]
  • The Adoption of the Euro in the New EU Member States: Repercussions of the Financial Crisis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE EIPASCOPEprovided by Archive 2009/1 of European Integration Ex mis etebatrum res? Ceridest viridepsena omaximil Ceridest res? Ex mis etebatrum in the New EU Member States of the Euro Adoption The The Adoption of the Euro in the New EU Member States: Repercussions of the Financial Crisis Miriam Allam* The new EU Member States are under the legal obligation to introduce the euro as soon as they meet the convergence/Maastricht criteria. However, their status as “Member States with a derogation” (Art. 122 TEC) gives them some leeway in setting the target date. In 2007, Slovenia was the only country of this group that joined the euro-area; Malta and Cyprus followed in 2008, and the latest Member State to adopt the euro was Slovakia in 2009. For the other Central and East 27 European Countries (CEEC) the timing is still unknown; official announcements are not consistent and target dates vary from 2010 to 2015. This article discusses the obligations related to the European Monetary Union (EMU) during the different stages of the EU and eurozone accession process, whilst also reflecting upon the impact of the financial crisis on eurozone enlargement and addressing the current debate on unilateral euroisation. Introduction The new Member States that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 analysis of the implications of EMU upon and after EU ac- have to adopt the euro as soon as they meet the Maastricht cession. It then concludes with a discussion on the financial criteria since adoption of the euro is part of the requirement crisis and its repercussions on the new EU Member States’ for EU accession.
    [Show full text]
  • The Enduring Nature of National Identity
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Political Science Department -- Theses, Dissertations, and Student Scholarship Political Science, Department of 4-2010 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, IDENTITY, AND NATIONAL SELF INTEREST: THE ENDURING NATURE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY Tyler R. White University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/poliscitheses Part of the Political Science Commons White, Tyler R., "EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, IDENTITY, AND NATIONAL SELF INTEREST: THE ENDURING NATURE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY" (2010). Political Science Department -- Theses, Dissertations, and Student Scholarship. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/poliscitheses/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Department -- Theses, Dissertations, and Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, IDENTITY, AND NATIONAL SELF INTEREST: THE ENDURING NATURE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY By Tyler R. White A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Political Science Under the Supervision of Professor Patrice McMahon April, 2010 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, IDENTITY, AND NATIONAL SELF INTEREST: THE ENDURING NATURE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY Tyler R.
    [Show full text]
  • Homogeneity of the European Territorial Layout from the Perspective of the European Union
    Marián LUKÁČ, Roksolana ŠČUROKOVÁ Technical University of Košice, the BERG faculty, Department of Geotourism HOMOGENEITY OF THE EUROPEAN TERRITORIAL LAYOUT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION “What we have is the fi rst non-imperial empire...We have twenty-seven countries that fully decided to work together and to pool their sovereignty. I believe it is a great construction and we should be proud of it.” José Manuel Barroso Abstract: The boundary is a dynamic value in terms of time. The EU enlargement process is now for its citizens the substitute of the history, which Europeans always understood as progress, linear progression from one to the other tees. During the feudal period state borders often united heterogeneous territories, the convergence of which had been ensured by “dei gratia” legitimacy of monarchs. When the “Spring of Nations” in the mid-19th Century occurred, other aspects of the territorial organization came to the fore: ethnic, linguistic or religious. Today, the Union is riddled with many geographic, economic, cultural, mental boundaries yet. Where is the fi nal frontier expansion? Will Europe respects similar entities as herself - Islamic world and Russian Eurasia, or try to build a bridgehead in them? So far, valid response can be found in Article 49 of the Maastricht Treaty from 1992 in conjunction with the European Council Declaration, containing so called Copenhagen criteria (1993). The criteria defi ne the principles of enlargement as follows: the right of access belongs to any country that shares concrete (political, legal, economic) values, and is in the same time geographically European country.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Balkan Countries on the Road of European Integration: Results and Tendencies
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Morari, Cristina Article Western Balkan Countries on the Road of European Integration: Results and Tendencies CES Working Papers Provided in Cooperation with: Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Suggested Citation: Morari, Cristina (2012) : Western Balkan Countries on the Road of European Integration: Results and Tendencies, CES Working Papers, ISSN 2067-7693, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Centre for European Studies, Iasi, Vol. 4, Iss. 3a, pp. 574-583 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/198201 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen
    [Show full text]
  • Enlargement of the European Union and European and Monetary Union: Maastricht Meets Copenhagen
    Hermann Remsperger: Enlargement of the European Union and European and Monetary Union: Maastricht meets Copenhagen Speech by Prof Hermann Remsperger, Member of the Directorate of the Deutsche Bundesbank, at the annual meeting of ELEC, Frankfurt, 7 December 2001. * * * I. Introduction1 The accession of ten central and east European countries as well as Malta and Cyprus presents the European Union with one of the greatest challenges in its history.2 In June 2001 the Gothenburg European Council clearly stated that the process of European enlargement is irreversible. It has already been foreseen that the first of the accession countries will participate in the European Parliament elections in 2004. What currently looks possible is that there will be a “Big Bang”, an initial major enlargement involving ten candidate countries. The new EU member states also commit themselves to adopt the euro at a later date. Contrary to the United Kingdom and Denmark there will be no “opt out” clause. This means that two to three years after enlargement of the European Union there could already be a far greater number of countries participating in European Monetary Union. In my opinion, however, it is actual progress in convergence rather than pressure to keep to a political date which should be the prime focus of the ongoing process of integration. I would like to start today by describing some fundamental economic facts concerning EU enlargement. I then propose to outline the challenges for the candidate countries and the current EU member states in the enlargement process. II. Economic background to EU enlargement The accession of twelve candidate countries to the EU first of all means that the population of the EU is set to rise by more than 100 million, in other words by more than one-quarter.
    [Show full text]
  • Croatia and Albania's EU Accession Process Through the Copenhagen
    Fordham International Law Journal Volume 37, Issue 5 2014 Article 8 From Rags to Riches: Croatia and Albania’s EU Accession Process through the Copenhagen Criteria and Conditionality Genta Stafaj∗ ∗Fordham Law School Copyright c 2014 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj COMMENT FROM RAGS TO RICHES: CROATIA AND ALBANIA’S EU ACCESSION PROCESS THROUGH THE COPENHAGEN CRITERIA AND CONDITIONALITY Genta Stafaj INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1684 I. THE CRITERIA FOR EU MEMBERSHIP AND THE PROCESS OF ACCESSION FOR WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES .................................................................... 1687 A. The Development of the EU Accession Process ........ 1688 1. Political Criteria ..................................................... 1689 2. Economic Criteria .................................................. 1692 3. Legal/Acquis Criteria ............................................. 1693 B. The “Uniqueness” and Accession Process of the Western Balkan Countries ......................................... 1695 1. The Accession Process for Western Balkan Countries .............................................................. 1696 2. Why the Western Balkan Region Presents a Unique Case ......................................................... 1700 II. PLACING IT ALL IN CONTEXT: ACCESSION IN CROATIA AND ALBANIA .............................................. 1702 A. Balancing Mutual
    [Show full text]
  • The EU Enlargement Process and the External Dimension of the EU JHA Policy
    red The EU Enlargement Process and The External Dimension of The EU JHA Policy EXTERNAL DIMENSION 3 green 1 Chapter 1: EU ENLARGEMENT The European Union 3. 1 Enlargement Process Tool Box I: The Fundamentals »»» The EU Enlargement Process and The External Dimension of the EU JHA Policy Chapter 1 Enlargement of the European Union I. Introduction Basic conditions for enlargement can be found in the EU Treaty Article 49 “Any European State which respects the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and EU ENLARGEMENT PROCESS fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law may apply to become a Member of the Union”. The country concerned lodges its application to join the EU with the Council which acts unanimously after consulting the Commission and securing the assent of the European 3.1 Parliament (whose vote must be decided by an absolute majority). The EU was originally founded by six States: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. They were joined by Denmark, Ireland and the UK in 1973, Greece in 1981, and Spain and Portugal in 1986. (In 1990, the new East German Länder were incorporated.) In 1992, the Member States formed the European Union, which was enlarged in 1995 to include Austria, Finland and Sweden. Official applications for EU membership were lodged by Turkey in 1987, Cyprus and Malta in 1990, and by all ten Central European and Baltic States (CEBS) in 1994, 1995 and 1996. In December 2002, the Copenhagen Summit completed accession negotiations with Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.
    [Show full text]
  • Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Diversity and the European public sphere: the case of the Netherlands van de Beek, J.H.; van de Mortel, S.A.; van Hees, S. Publication date 2010 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van de Beek, J. H., van de Mortel, S. A., & van Hees, S. (2010). Diversity and the European public sphere: the case of the Netherlands. (Eurosphere country reports; No. 3). Eurosphere. http://eurospheres.org/files/2010/06/Netherlands.pdf General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:30 Sep 2021 EUROSPHERE COUNTRY REPORTS Online Country Report No. 3, 2010 Diversity and the European Public Sphere The Case of the Netherlands Jan H.
    [Show full text]