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Tank Gunnery

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Tank Gunnery MHI Copy 3 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL TANK GUNNERY DEPARTMENtOF THE ARMY · MAY 1957 DEPARTMENI OF THE ARMY * MAY 1951 *FM 17-12 FIEL) MANUIAL? DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY -No. 17-12 5 \\ASHINGTON 25, D. C., 21 May 1957 TANK GUNNERY Pilragraphs PNge PART O.E:.GENERI.AL CIIAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ......................... ... 1,2 3 PAnT Two. MATERItEL CHAPTEu 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF TANK ARIMA- MIENT, TURRETS, AND CONTROLS Section I. Introduction ................................... 3,4 5 11. Tank guns and gun mounts ..................... 5-9 7 CHAPTEr 3. TANK GUN AMMUNITION AND BAL- LISTICS Section I. Introduction ................................... 10-12 9 II. Projectiles and fuzeos ............................ 13-20 11 III. Machinc-gln ammunition ...................... 21-23 17 IV. Ballistics ...................................... 24-27 18 PART THaRE. FUNDAMENTALS OF TANK GUNNERY CHAPTER 4. TANK FIRE-CONTROL EQUIPIMENT Section I. Introduction .................. ................ 28,29 21 II. The mil and mil relation ...... 3.................30-33 21 III. Binoculars ..................................... 34-37 28 IV. ])irect-fire sighlts ............................... 38-44 33 V. Sight adjustment ................... 4...........4549 38 VI. Tank-mounted auxiliary fire-control ecqipment.. 50-54 43 VII. Aiming circle ................... 5...............5-61 46 VIII. Compass ...................................... 62-65 58 IX. Miscellaneous fire-control equipment ............ 60-70 62 CHAPTER 5. RANGE DETERMINATION Section I. Introduction ................................... 71, 72 66 II. Methods of range determination ................ 73-79 66 PAnT Fi;n. CONDUCT OF FIRE CIIHAIT 6. INTRODUCTION ............................ 8-86 73 7. DIRECT FIRE Section 1. Introduction ................................... 87,88 76 II. Initial fire commands ........................... 89-99 77 III. Sensings ....................................... 100-102 83 IV. Adjustmlent of fire on stationary targets ......... 103 108 87 *T1ii nlannuaMsup,,rsdis :FM 17-12, 30 Nov-emnber 1950, irmdiulg C 1. 1:1 Novembe r 19.51, C 2. 3I June 1953, amid C , 10 August 1951. TAGO 10129-B, Mny 1 Pnragraphs Pilge Section V. 'Adjuatment of fire on moving targets ............ 109-114 97 VI. Firing tank machine guns ....................... 115-120 102 VII. Firing from a moving tank ...................... 121-126 107 VIII. Techniques of target destruction ............... 127-136 109 IX. Range cards ................................... 137-141 124 X. Firing at night or willh poor visibility........... 1,2-146 128 XI. Massed fire .................................... 117-151 131 CHAPTER 8. SECONDARY FIRE MISSIONS Section I. Introduction ................................... 152-157 136 II. Indirect fire of the tank platoon ................ IiS-161 1¶17 III. Initial fire request .............................. 162-164 156 IV. Initial file commanls for indirect fire ............ 165-173 159 V. Adjustment of tank indirect fire ................. 174-10S 161 VI. Indirect fire of tank platoon in conjunction withll artillery ...................................... 181-187 166 VII. Single tank in defiladc .......................... 188-191 170 'PART FIVE. TRAININGC: AND TESTING CHI1ATEIt 9. INTRODUCTION ...................... ...... 192-194 173 10. NONFIRING EXERCISES Scction I. Introduction ................................... 195,196 177 II. Individual training of the tank gun crew ........ 1!)7-203 177 11I. Range determination training ................... 201-207 184 IV. Range finder training ........................... 208-214 187 V. Training in target acquisition ................... 215-217 194 CHAITEn 11. FIRING EXERCISES Section I. Introduction ................................... 218,219 196 II. Preliminary subcaliber firing exercises .......... 220-224 197 III. Gunnery qunlification .......................... 225-228 201 IV. Standard familiarization course ................. 229,230 202 V. Crew moving tank exercise (stationary target)... 231,232 205 VI. Crew field firing exercisec....................... 233, 234 207 VII. Tank crew gunnery proficiency test.............. 235-240 212 CHAPTER 12. ESTABLISHING AND CONDUCTING TANK FIRING RANGES Section I. Introduction ............................ ....... 241,242 221 II. Establishing tank firing ranges .............. 243-246 221 III. Conducting tank range firing ................... 247-254 227 A P\ ENxDIx ........................................ ............ ....... 235 I nDEX ................... ................ ............. ............ 236 2 TACO 10129-B, May PART ONE GENERAL CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose The purpose of this manual is to- a. Provide a general guide for tank gunnery training. b. Treat in detail those elements of tank materiel and gunnery not covered in publications pertaining to specific models of tanks. c. Outline principles, methods, and techniques which will insure full and effective use of tank weapons, both in training and in combat, under all foreseeable conditions. d. Promote uniformity and high standards of training. e. Provide ia practical reference book for all echelons of command in learning, teaching, and supervising tank gunnery. 2. Scope a. This manual contains five parts as follows: (1) Part one outlines the pulrpose and scope of this manual. (2) Part two presents general characteristics of tank armament, turrets, and controls applicable to all tanks. It also discusses tank gun ammunition and ballistics. (3) Part three explains the fundamentals of tank gunnery, to in- elude fire-control equipment, range determination, and tank gunnery principles applicable to all tanks. (4) Part four covers conduct of fire. It presents in detail the prin- ciples, methods, and techniques of direct fire. It also discusses indirect fire. (5) Part five covers tank gunnery training and testing of individual tank crewnmen, sections, and platoons. TAGO 10129-B, May 3 b. This manual is general in scope and covers only those principles, methodsr-techniqucs, training exercises, and proficiency tests applicable to all types and models of tanks. For details pertaining to any particular item of mlatcriel, refercnce mllust be made to the specific public:ations for that tank. c. The material presented Ihclcrin is apl)licalle without modifications to both atomic and nonatomnic warfare. 4 TACO 10129-B, May PART TWO MATERIEL CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF TANK ARMAMENT, TURRETS, AND CONTROLS Section I. INTRODUCTION 3. Background The family of tanks includes three types-a light-gun tank, a medium- gun tank, and a heavy-gun tank. As the gun designation implies, these tanks are produced to fulfill certain roles according to their firepower capabilities. However, all tanks, regardless of type, have many common characteristics. The tank, being basically an offensive weapon, depends upon its mobility, armor-protected firepower, and shock action to accomplish its mission. Mlobility refers to the ability of the tank to negotiate various types of terrain and to move rapidly from place to place on the battlefield. How well a tank moves over the ground depends largely upon its power plant, its suspension system, and its crew. Armor- protected firepower refers to the tank's ability to shoot rapidly and accurately in any direction with a multiplicity of weapons, at the same time furnishing adequate armor protection for the crewmen. The speed and accuracy of fire depend upon the turret and gun controls, the sights and fire-control instruments, anrd the skill of the tank crew. Shock action is obtained by properly employing mobility and armor-protected firepower. 4. Characteristics of Tanks Regardless of the gun's size or the tank's mission, tanks have the conl- mon characteristics indicated in a through Ic below. a. The crewmen stationed in the turret include the tank commander, who commands the tank, fires the turret- (or cupola-) mounted machine gun, and directs the actions of all the other crewmen; the gunner, who aims, fires, and adjusts the fire of the main gun and the coaxial machine gun(s); and one or more loaders, who load(s) the main gun and coaxial machine gun(s). TAGO 10129-B, May 5 b. The turret, mounted on the turret ring, can be rotated by the gunner continuously and with variable speed in either direction by both manual and power controls. This permits firing in any direction without moving the tank. Slow or rapid traverse and immediate reversal of direction are possible. In addition, on some tanks, the tank commander is provided with a means for overriding the gunner's power control for rapid laying on targets. c. The main gun is mounted on trunnions in the forward part of the turret. As the turret traverses, the gun traverses; but for elevation the gun must move independently of the turret. This is accomplished by use of a gunner's manual and/or power elevation system. As in traverse, the tank commander has, on some tanks, a means of overriding the gunner's power elevation controls. d. At least one machine gun is mounted coaxially with the main gun and is aimed with the same direct-fire sights. e. A turret- or cupola-mounted machine gun is provided for use by the tank commander against aerial and ground targets. f. The main gun is fired either manually or electrically by the gunner, and electrically by the tank commander. It is provided with a manual safety to prevent accidental firing. g. The main gun is normally mounted in a recoil mechanism. Some recoil mechanisms have one cylinder concentric with the gun tube; others are multiple-cylinder
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