CCrriittiiccaall TTeecchhnnooll ooggyy EEvveennttss iinn tthhee Development of the Abrams Tank Development of the Abrams Tank PPrroojjeecctt HHiinnddssiigghhtt RReevviissiitteedd Richard Chait, John Lyons, and Duncan Long Center for Technology and National Security Policy National Defense University December 2005 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. All information and sources for this paper were drawn from unclassified materials. Richard Chait is a Distinguished Research Professor at the Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP), National Defense University. He was previously Chief Scientist, Army Material Command, and Director, Army Research and Laboratory Management. Dr. Chait received his Ph.D in Solid State Science from Syracuse University and a B.S. degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. John W. Lyons is a Distinguished Research Professor at CTNSP. He was previously director of the Army Research Laboratory and director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Dr. Lyons received his Ph.D from Washington University. He holds a B.A. from Harvard. Duncan Long is a Research Associate at CTNSP. He holds a Master of International Affairs degree from the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, and a B.A. from Stanford University. Acknowledgments. A project of this magnitude and scope could not have been conducted without the involvement of many people. Their cooperation and willingness to recount events that happened many years ago made this paper possible. The Army Science and Technology (S&T) Executive, Dr. Thomas Killion, who requested this study, had the foresight to apply a “Hindsight” approach to specific Army systems, which benefits not only the Army technical and acquisition community but DOD and the other Services, as well. On-site visits were the result of the coordinating efforts of Clay Miller; David Hackbarth and Pearl Gendason; James Ratches; and Michael Audino for visits made to Warren, MI; Aberdeen, MD; Fort Belvoir, VA; and Watervliet, NY (details of the visits are given on p.10 of the text). Each and every person mentioned in Appendix A played an important role by providing valuable technical information and commentary as well as directing us to other contacts. Some, denoted by an asterisk, also reviewed sections in their area of expertise for accuracy and completeness. Also contributing greatly were the full text reviews provided by Robert Baer and Peter McVey (both former Abrams Program Managers), Jerry Chapin, and Wayne Wheelock. Al Sciarretta, working with us under a contractual arrangement, ably assisted us by providing in-depth document reviews and research assistance, as well as providing relevant information based on his field experience while on active duty. Defense & Technology Papers are published by the National Defense University Center for Technology and National Security Policy, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC. CTNSP publications are available online at http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/publications.html. ii Contents I. Introduction......................................................................................................1 II. Background.....................................................................................................3 Project Hindsight ............................................................................................................ 3 U.S. Tank Chronology .................................................................................................... 5 III. Study Methodology........................................................................................9 Scope............................................................................................................................... 9 Approach......................................................................................................................... 9 IV. Armament Related CTEs.............................................................................12 Main Gun ...................................................................................................................... 12 Gun Accuracy ............................................................................................................... 14 Penetrators..................................................................................................................... 15 Sabots............................................................................................................................ 18 Propellants..................................................................................................................... 21 V. Armor and Other Survivability Related CTEs.............................................22 Armor............................................................................................................................ 22 Crew Protection ............................................................................................................ 24 System Testing, Modeling, and Analysis ..................................................................... 27 VI. Engine and Drive System CTEs .................................................................29 Engine ........................................................................................................................... 29 Transmission................................................................................................................. 32 Track and Suspension System ...................................................................................... 34 VII. Vetronics, C4ISR, and Fire-Control CTEs.................................................36 Vetronics....................................................................................................................... 36 C4ISR............................................................................................................................ 37 Thermal Imagery........................................................................................................... 39 Fire-Control System and Related Sensors .................................................................... 41 VIII. Findings and Concluding Remarks .........................................................45 Findings......................................................................................................................... 45 Concluding Remarks..................................................................................................... 47 Appendix A........................................................................................................48 Appendix B........................................................................................................52 iii I. Introduction The urge to remain militarily strong has long been a driver of technological advancement. This interplay between strength and technology, so evident in America’s global military reach, has for decades prompted U.S. defense planners to engage in technology forecasting. Analysis of emerging technologies was, and is, vital to making wise defense investments. Among the preeminent examples of such analysis are the studies undertaken by Theodore von Karman just after the Second World War. The von Karman reports1 represent an exhaustive review of science and technology related to the military services. His analysis projected the importance of unmanned aircraft, advanced jet propulsion, all- weather sensors, and target seeking missiles. A steady stream of other forecasts have followed, such as “Strategic Technologies for the Army of the 21st Century”2 and “New World Vistas—Air and Space Power for the 21st Century.”3 While it is important to assess the needs and challenges of the future, understanding past military technological successes can be equally important to defense science and technology (S&T) investment and management. To complement the above efforts and the many other technology forecasts too numerous to mention, this study is the first in a series that will examine some of the key factors that have led to meaningful technology generation and ultimate incorporation into the U.S. weapons systems we see in the field today. Included here are such factors as where the technical work was performed, funding source(s) for the effort, collaboration between government and non-government laboratories, and management style. This series of studies will focus only on Army weapons systems, beginning with the mainstay of the Army’s armor force, the Abrams tank. Analysis of other Army systems, such as the Apache helicopter and the Javelin and Stinger missiles, will follow. The results of all studies will be compiled in a wrap-up report that will focus on the implications of the findings for today’s S&T environment. We begin the paper by briefly reviewing a project that served as a source of inspiration for this study: Project Hindsight, a 1969 Defense Department (DOD) report.4 Hindsight was an in-depth study sponsored by the Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E) that provided some insights into the development of approximately 20 weapons systems across the DOD spectrum. Following the review of Hindsight, we present a short history of U.S. battle tanks as well as a summary of events leading up to the Army decision to replace the M60 Patton tank with