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Semanas Medievales 2004 Semanas Medievales 2004.Qxp XXXI Semana de Estudios Medievales Estella, 19 a 23 de julio de 2004 GUERRA Y DIPLOMACIA EN LA EUROPA OCCIDENTAL 1280-1480 Título: Guerra y Diplomacia en la Europa Occidental 1280-1480. (Actas de la XXXI Semana de Estudios Medievales de Estella. 19 al 23 de julio de 2003). © Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Cultura y Turismo. Institución Príncipe de Viana Diseño portada: Ana Jaurrieta Fotocomposición: Pretexto. Imprime: Gráficas Lizarra, S.L. I.S.B.N.: 84-235-2762-X Dep. Legal: NA-510/2005 Promociona y distribuye: Fondo de Publicaciones del Gobierno de Navarra (Dirección General de Comunicación) C/ Navas de Tolosa, 21 31002 PAMPLONA Teléfono: 848 427 121 Fax: 848 427 123 [email protected] www.cfnavarra.es/publicaciones Índice PRESENTACIÓN ....................................................................................... 9 MIGUEL ÁNGEL LADERO QUESADA, Guerra y paz: teoría y práctica en Europa occidental. 1280-1480 .......................................... 21 AGOSTINO PARAVICINI BAGLIANI, Bonifacio VIII, la pace e la guerra: autorappresentazione e ritualità ............................................ 69 EDUARDO AZNAR VALLEJO, La guerra de allende. Los condiciona- mientos mentales y técnicos de la nueva frontera ................. 83 PHILIPPE CONTAMINE, Guerre, État et société: une révision à la lu- mière de la crise politique et militaire dans la France du deuxième quart du XVe siècle ................................................. 117 KENNETH FOWLER, Great Companies, Condottieri and Stipendiary Soldiers. Foreign Mercenaries in the Service of the State: France, Italy and Spain in the Fourteenth Century ............... 141 NADIA COVINI, Guerra e relazioni diplomatiche in Italia (secoli XIV-XV): la diplomazia dei condottieri .................................. 163 EMILIO MITRE FERNÁNDEZ, Castilla ante la Guerra de los Cien Años: actividad militar y diplomática de los orígenes del conflicto al fin de las grandes treguas (c. 1340-c.1415) ....... 199 ANNE CURRY, Henry V’s conquest of Normandy 1417-1419: the siege of Rouen in context ......................................................... 237 MIGUEL ÁNGEL LADERO QUESADA, La guerra del Estrecho ................ 255 7 ÍNDICE LUÍS MIGUEL DUARTE, Um País de besteiros e castelos (A guerra em Portugal na Baixa Idade Média) ............................................ 295 BERTRAND SCHNERD, Anglais et Écossais dans les armées des ducs de Bourgogne au début du XVe. siècle ................................... 323 MICHAEL JONES, War and Diplomacy in the Making and Unma- king of the Medieval Duchy of Brittany, c. 1286-1491 .......... 337 BRUNO ANATRA, Guerra e diplomazia di Alfonso il Magnanimo nel Mediterraneo ...................................................................... 361 ELOÍSA RAMÍREZ VAQUERO, Estrategias diplomáticas del rey de Na- varra en el tránsito al siglo XV ............................................... 373 MARCELINO BEROIZ eÍÑIGO MUGUETA, Guerra y diplomacia en el Occidente Europeo. Aproximación bibliográfica ................... 423 8 Presentación La Semana de Estudios Medievales de Estella se ha ocupado en su trigésimo primera edición de un tema de máxima actualidad, tanto para la historiografía del período medieval como para el propio interés de nuestro presente: Guerra y Diplomacia en la Europa Medieval (1280- 1480). Dos caras, quizá, de un único quehacer, la difícil armonía entre los poderes políticos de la Baja Edad Media, sus entresijos, problemas y avatares, desde los años finales del siglo XIII hasta las postrimerías del siglo XV, sin aventurarse todavía en los misterios de las tensiones «pre- modernas». Como viene siendo habitual en el desarrollo de estas jornadas de tra- bajo estellesas, el tema se articuló una vez más en torno a dos grandes ejes esenciales, el de los marcos generales, teóricos, conceptuales y de ancho horizonte, y el de los casos más específicos, modelos de impres- cindible atención y sugestiva reflexión: los escenarios realmente operati- vos tanto de la guerra como de la diplomacia. Unos y otros suscitaron el debate y el diálogo, así como el fecundo intercambio entre profesores y alumnos, que es, sin duda, uno de los mejores logros que aspiramos a conseguir. Desde estas coordenadas metodológicas el Comité Científico, compuesto por los profesores D. Ángel Martín Duque (presidente), D. Juan Carrasco Pérez (vicepresidente), D. Ángel Sesma Muñoz, D. Juan Ignacio Ruiz de la Peña Solar, D. Pascual Martínez Sopena (vocales) y Dña. Eloísa Ramírez Vaquero (secretaria), articuló unas sesiones donde ha sido posible contar una vez más con la intervención de especialistas de primer orden, así como con la asistencia y fructífera participación de otros colegas, doctorandos, alumnos y público interesado en general. La apertura de la Semana, el día 19 de julio, contó con la asistencia de la Sra. Alcaldesa de Estella, Dña. Ma. José Fernánez Aguerri, que in- tervino con las siguientes palabras: 9 PRESENTACIÓN Excelentísimo Consejero de Cultura y Turismo-Institución Príncipe de Viana, don Juan Ramón Corpas, distinguido Sr. Presidente del Co- mité Científico de la Semana de Estudios Medievales don Ángel Martín Duque, distinguido señor conferenciante don Miguel Ángel Ladero Quesada, señoras y señores semanistas, un año más nos es grato reci- birles a todos ustedes en nuestra acogedora ciudad de Estella-Lizarra que les ha preparado no sólo saber, sino también entretenimiento para que puedan degustar la vida de una ciudad que durante una semana se vuelca en revivir una época que para Estella-Lizarra fue de gran es- plendor tal y como lo demuestra nuestro patrimonio artístico. Ustedes han elegido para éste año un tema de cruda realidad, la guerra. Nuestra ciudad, como enclave fronterizo, situada a la vera de un imponente castillo, ha vivido en numerosas ocasiones conflictos bé- licos y en nuestros alrededores se han visto cruentas batalla, las últimas hace poco más de cien años, en la tercera guerra carlista. El mismo edificio que alberga estas jornadas es famoso por la representación del combate del gigante Ferragut contra el paladín francés Roland. En sus capiteles también podemos encontrar luchas de guerreros con toda su impedimenta militar. La guerra la concebimos hoy, casi universalmente, como azote y ca- lamidad colectivos; sin embargo, fue mirada desde antiguo, paradóji- camente bajo una motivación positiva: encuentro armado del bien y el mal, con el objeto de destruir éste e imponer en su lugar el orden, la ar- monía y la prosperidad. De ahí la alta valoración de las castas de gue- rreros, estimulada también por el poder que éstas han detentado. En la práctica la historia se ha escrito al dictado de los poderosos y éstos lo han sido por su posesión y empleo de las armas. La guerra se es- timó como ocupación honrosa y benéfica para el pueblo (le protegía de las agresiones externas), concibiéndose como un ejercicio aristocrático, alarde de sus virtudes predilectas: valentía, vigor físico, resistencia, des- treza. Alfonso X el Sabio en «Las Siete Partidas» nos dice que cuatro son las virtudes que ha de tener un caballero: cordura y fortaleza y mesura y justicia. Se crea un mundo en el que la guerra parece menos guerra, la violencia medida por la elegancia de unas maneras que, sin embar- go no oculta que la misma es terrible y así lo atestiguan los textos, las epopeyas de la época medieval. Curiosamente la fastuosidad de la cere- monia de la ordenación caballeresca, el rito social que establece una iniciación solemne pasaría a la ficción de los libros de caballerías, si- guiendo su vigencia social como signo de afirmación de la clase noble. Signo del cambio de los tiempos, Cervantes, agudamente, le dio el golpe 10 PRESENTACIÓN mortal al contar la grotesca ceremonia de la venta, en donde don Qui- jote recibió la orden de caballería de manos de un pícaro ventero (que bien sabía lo que tenía que remedar) y delante de unas rameras. Es curioso hablar de guerra y de caballerosidad, tal vez fuese cierto en aquella época pero creo que como decía Voltaire la guerra siempre es abominable «por ser contraria a la razón y enemiga de la vida. Nin- guna guerra será, pues justa». Para el escritor francés lo «maravilloso» de ésta empresa infernal era que cada jefe de los soldados hacía bende- cir su bandera o invocaba a Dios solemnemente antes de ir a extermi- nar a su prójimo. Terminada la guerra y destruido el enemigo se man- da cantar un «Te Deum», la misma canción sirve para celebrar matrimonios, nacimientos y los homicidios. Tal vez, la sinrazón de la guerra y el hecho de que la tecnología mi- litar igualaba a todos ante el horror (léase la ballesta o la pólvora), lo cierto es que el hombre trató de humanizar la contienda estableciendo normas que permitiesen ser menos cruentas. La Diplomacia, la pala- bra, trató incluso de prever la contienda y si no lo conseguía, poner fre- no a la brutalidad. Pero hubo tiempos en que estimular la cólera fue casi una forma de arte: «La ira es mucho más dulce que un panal de miel», decía Homero. La furia divina se solía admirar como algo heroi- co. Por desgracia estos tiempos, a pesar de la Diplomacia, no están leja- nos. La violencia entra en nuestros hogares casi de manera cotidiana. La voluntad destructiva de algunos líderes mundiales sigue en plena vi- gencia y al igual que anteriormente la guerra arrastra siempre en su séquito la peste y el hambre, el odio y el deseo de venganza. El conocimiento del pasado ha de servir, gracias a ustedes, los es- tudiosos, para que seamos más conscientes de nuestra brevedad y de la necesidad, casi utópica de vivir en paz. Durante la Edad Media no existió una literatura utópica, ojala hoy ocurriese lo mismo y la ra- zón primase sobre los intereses que, al fin y al cabo, sólo fomentan el odio. Los seres humanos hemos seguido desarrollando odio de la misma manera que nos hemos enamorado, por una reacción visceral, o dan- do cuenta, por supuesto, que esa enemistad es consecuencia inevitable de la manera como está hecho el mundo. Pero, fabricar enemigos es una de las industrias más antiguas y atareadas y su materia prima po- dría no ser otra cosa que el orgullo herido y la cólera.
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