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DICTIONARY OF BATTLES SONNENSCHEIN'S DICTIONARIES OF QUOTATIONS

1. BlsGlASn (Third Edition) . P. U. Dalbiac.

2. CLASSICAL (Secotd Edition) - T. B. Harbottle.

3. FRENCH AND ITALIAN (>S-,f^^W (T. B. Harbottle. Edition) Ip. H. Dalbiac.

4. GERMAN --.... Lilian Dalbiac.

5. SPANISH T. B. Harbottle.

6. WHAT GREAT MEN HAVE SAID

ABOUT GRE.JlT MEN - - W. Wale.

7. CONTEMPORARY [ENGLISH]

QUOTATIONS - - - - H. Swan.

8. FAMOUS SAYINGS AND THEIR AUTHORS E. Latham.

9. DICTIONARY OF HISTORICAL ALLUSIONS T. B. Harbottle.

10. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES - T. B. Harbottle. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

From the Earliest Date to the Present Time

By THOMAS BENFIELD HARBOTTLE

AUTHOR OF "dictionary OF QUOTATIONS*' (cLASSICAl) ; "DICTIONARY OF HISTORICAL allusions"; CO-AUTHOR OF "DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS*' (FRENCH AND ITALIAN')

LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. LTD.

High Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

1904 ^'^^, . 41//37 PREFACE

The sad death of Mr. Harbottle, just as this work was going to press, has thrown upon me the onus of correcting the proofs and preparing the Index. The necessity for hurrying the work through the press has precluded com- parison of the references in every instance with the original

sources from which the Author had taken them ; if there- fore some few printer's errors or varieties of speUing may still remain, they may, I hope, be attributed to the im- perfections of one, who had to step suddenly into the breach caused by the loss of a valued friend and collabora- tor, whose patience in research, depth of knowledge and accuracy in compilation, he could never hope to equal.

October, 1904. P. H. Dalbiac.

DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

head of 18,000 Turks. The French were completely success- Abensberg of (Campaign Wag- ful, two-thirds of the Turkish ram.) troops being killed or driven Fought April 20, 1809, be- into the sea, while 6,000, with tween the French and Bavarians the Pasha, surrendered. under Napoleon, about 90,000 strong, and the Austrians, 80,000 Aboukir (British Invasion of in number, under the Archduke Egypt). Charles. On the French left, Fought March 8, 1801, when Lanne's corps drove back the 5,000 British under Sir Ralph Austrians, after a feeble resist- Abercromby disembarked on ance. In the centre the Ba- the beach at Aboukir, in the face varians were hard pressed, but of a force of 2,000 French under eventually Napoleon succeeded General Friant. The landing in turning the Austrian flank, was effected under a heavy left exposed by the defeat of musketry and artillery fire, their right, and Charles was which cost the assailants 1,100 forced to retreat. The Aus- killed and wounded, and the trians lost 7,000, the French French were driven from their and Bavarians about 3,000 positions with a loss of 500 men. killed and wounded. Aboukir. Aberdeen (Civil War). See Nile. Fought September 13, 1644, Abu Hamad (Soudan Campaigns). between the Covenanters, 3,000 Fought August 7, 1897, when strong, under Lord Burleigh, the Dervish entrenchments out- and the RoyaUsts, about 1,500 side Abu Hamed were stormed strong, under Montrose. The by a Soudanese Brigade, with Covenanters were put to flight, 2 guns Royal Artillery, under and no quarter being given, Major - General Hunter. The they lost heavily before reach- Mahdist garrison was driven ing Aberdeen. The Royalist through the town, losing heavily, losses were insignificant. and their commander, Moham- med Zain, captured. The Egyp- Aboukir (French Invasion of tian loss was 80 killed and Egypt). wounded, including 4 British Fought July 5, 1799, Napo- officers. leon attacking the position held by Mustapha Pasha, who had Abu Klea (Soudan Campaigns). recently landed in Egypt at the Fought January 17, 1885, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES between a British force, 1,500 Accra (First Ashanti War). strong, under Sir Herbert Stew- Fought 1825, between 15,000 art, and 12,000 Mahdists, of .\shantis and 400 British troops, whom about 5,000 actually •wiih. 4,600 native auxiUaries. attacked. The British square The Ashantis were completely was broken at one corner, owing defeated, and the king com- to the jamming of a Gardner pelled to abandon his designs gun, and the Mahdists forcing on Cape Coast Castle. their way inside, a desperate Acragas (Second Carthaginian hand-to-hand conflict followed. Invasion of Sicily). Eventually the assailants were This fortress was besieged driven off, and the square re- B.C. 406 by the Carthaginians British loss was formed. The under Hannibal, the garrison 18 officers, them Colonel among being commanded by Dexippus Fred. Burnaby, and 150 men. the Spartan. Early in the siege In the immediate vicinity of a pestilence in the Carthaginian the square, 1,100 Arab dead camp carried off Hannibal, who were counted. was succeeded by his cousin, Abu Kru (Soudan Campaigns). Himilco. A relieving army of Fought January 19, 1885, 35,000 Syracusans, under Daph- between 1,200 British troops naeus fought a pitched battle under Sir Herbert Stewart, and with the Carthaginians under a large force of Mahdists. The the walls of the city, and suc- Mahdists attacked a short dis- ceeded in seizing and holding tance from the Nile, and the one of their camps, but shortly British square moved towards afterwards dissensions broke out the river, repelling all assaults in the garrison, and many of the successfully till they reached foreign mercenaries deserting, the Nile. The British losses the citizens, after a siege of were 121, including Sir Herbert eight months, left the place en Stewart, mortally wounded. masse. The Carthaginians at This action is also known as the once occupied the fortress. battle of Gubat. Acre (Third Crusade). Acapulco (Mexican Liberal Ris- Siege was laid to this city by ing). the Christians in August, 11 89, Fought August 9, 1855, be- and it was obstinately defended tween the Mexican Government by the Saracens for two years, troops under Santa Anna, and during which the Crusaders are the Liberals under Juarez. said to have lost 120,000 men. Santa Anna was totally routed In June, 1191, the besiegers and fled from the country. were reinforced by an English army under Accra (First Ashanti War). Richard Coenr de Lion, and in the followng Fought 1824, between 10,000 month the garrison surrendered. Ashantis and a force of 1,000 British under Sir Charles Mc- Acre. Carthy. The British were sur- The city remained in the rounded and routed by the hands of the Christians till natives, McCarthy being killed. 1 29 1, when it was captured by DICTIONARY OF BATTLES the Moslems under Malek al while the Hungarians made an Aschraf, Sultan of Egypt. The attempt to turn the allied left. last stronghold in the Holy Both attacks were repulsed, Land thus passed out of the and the battle was undecided. keeping of the Christians. Actium (Mark Antony's Second Acre (French Invasion of Egypt). Rebellion). The city was besieged March Fought September 2, B.C. 31, 17, 1799, by the French under between the fleet of Antony, Napoleon, and defended by the 460 galleys, and that of Octa- Turks under Djezzar, and a vius, about 250 sail, but much small force of British seamen lighter and less well manned under Sir Sidney Smith. An than those of Antony. The assault on the 28th was repulsed battle was fiercely contested, with loss, and then a threatened with varying fortune ; but at a attack by a Syrian army forced critical moment Cleopatra or- Napoleon to withdraw a large dered the Egyptian admiral to portion of his troops. On the make sail, and with 60 galleys resumption of the siege, no less withdrew from the fight. She than seven more assaults were was followed by Antony, and delivered, while the French his fleet, discouraged by his had to meet eleven sallies of the flight, surrendered after ten beseiged, but they were unable hours' fighting. The Octavians to effect a lodgment, and on captured 300 galleys, and 5,000 May 21 Napoleon reluctantly Antonians fell in the action. A raised the siege. The fall of few days later Antony's land Acre would have placed the army of 120,000 men laid down whole of Syria, and possibly of their arms. the Turkish Empire, in the Acultzingo (Franco-Mexican hands of the French. War). Acre (Mehemet All's Second Fought April 28, 1862, be- Rebellion). tween the French, 7,500 strong, Mehemet All having refused under General Lorencez, and to accept the conditions im- the main Mexican army, about posed upon him by the Quadri- 10,000 in number, under Gen- lateral Alliance, Acre was bom- eral Zarag09a. The Mexicans barded, November 3, 1840, by a held a strong position in the combined British and Turkish Cumbres Pass, from which they fleet under Sir R. Stopford, were driven by the French, and the town laid in ruins. and forced to retire upon La Puebla. Acs (Hungarian Rising). Fought July 2, 1849, between Admagetobriga (Gallic Tribal 25,000 Hungarians, under Wars). Gorgey, and the Russo-Austrian Fought B.C. 61 between the army, greatly superior in num- Sequani under Ariovistus, and bers, under Prince Windisch- the Haedui under Eporedorix. gratz. The allies attacked The Haedui were defeated, vrith the entrenched camp of the the loss of the flower of their Hungarians, outside Komorn, chivalry, and were compelled DICTIONARY OF BATTLES to give hostages and pay tribute The battle is also known as that to Ariovistus. of Atherton Moor. /Egina (Third Messenian War). Adnatuca (Gallic Wars). Fought B.C. 458, between the Fought B.C. 53, when a Ro- Athenian fleet, and that of man force of 9,000 men under aided by the Pelopon- Titurius Sabinus was attacked ^gina, nesian States. The Athenians in its camps by the Eburones capturing under Ambiorix. The assault were victorious, 70 ships, and landing they invested failed, but an offer by Ambiorix ^gina, which fell into their of a safe passage to the nearest hands after a siege of a Httle Roman station was accepted. less than two years. On the march the Romans were treacherously attacked by the iEgospotami (Peloponnesian Eburones and cut to pieces, War). Sabinius being among the slain. Fought B.C. 405, between 180 Athenian triremes, under Conon, Adowa (Italian Invasion of and 180 Peloponnesian ships un- Abyssinia). der Lysander. The Athenian fleet Fought March i, 1896, when was lying at ^gospotami, oppo- under General the Italian force site Lampsacus, where Lysander Baratieri attacked the Shoan was stationed. For four days difh- army, strongly posted in a in succession the Athenian ad- cult country, and was routed miral crossed the straits, and with enormous loss. endeavoured, but in vain, to bring on a general action. On Adrianople (Bulgarian Rising). the fifth day Lysander waited Fought April 15, 1205, be- till the Athenians had returned tween the Imperial troops under to their anchorage, and then, Emperor, Baldwin I, the Latin making a sudden dash across and the revolted Bulgarians the straits, caught them un- under their chief, Calo-John. prepared, and seized all but The Bulgarian cavalry fled, and twenty ships, putting to death lured the Latin horse in pursuit. all the Athenians who were cap- Then turning upon them, they tured. This disaster destroyed routed them with the loss of their the naval power of Athens, and leader, the Comte de Blois, and was soon followed by the end of in the end the Imperialists were the Peloponnesian War. completely defeated and the Emperor captured. .^gusa (First Punic War). Fought March 10, b.c. 241, Adwalton Moor (Civil War). between the Roman fleet of 200 Fought January 30, 1643, quinqueremes under C. Lutatius when the Parliamentarians, Catulus, and a Carthaginian numbering 4,000, with a levy of fleet under Hanno despatched armed peasants, were defeated to relieve the town. The action by 10,000 Royalists under New- was fought in heavy weather, castle. Fairfax, who com- and the Roman sailors, being manded the Parliament force, far better trained than their succeeded io reaching Hull. opponents, Catulus gained a DICTIONARY OF BATTLES signal victory, capturing 70 and English lost only 1,600, among sinking 50 of the enemy's ships. whom were the Duke of York The victory ended the First and the Earl of Oxford. Punic War, Agnadello (War of the League Agedincum (Gallic War). of Cambrai). B.C. Fought 52, between the Fought May 14, i 509, between Romans under Labienus, and 30,000 French under Louis XII the Celts under Camalogenus. and Marshal Trioulzio, and Labienus was endeavouring to 35,000 Venetians under General effect a junction with Caesar, Alviani. The Venetians were which the Celts were opposing, defeated with a loss of 6,000 and Labienus, crossing the men and 20 guns, Alviani being Marne in face of their army, taken, and in consequence of inflicted upon them a severe his victory, Louis XII occupied defeat, in which Camalogenus all the territory assigned to him fell. by the League, up to the Mincio. Aghrim(Warsof the Revolution). Agordat (Soudan Campaigns). Fought July 12, 1 69 1, be- Fought December 21, 1893, tween William Ill's troops, between 2,200 Italians, and under Ginkel, and the French native troops, under General and Irish under St. Ruth. The Arimondi, and 11,500 Mahdists English struggled in vain to under Ahmed Ali, who had in- carry St. Ruth's entrenchments, vaded Italian territory. The wliich were protected by a bog, Mahdists were routed with a loss but his flank was at last turned of about 3,000 men. The Ital- by the cavalry, wliich found a ians lost 13, and 225 natives passage through the morass, and killed and wounded. St. Ruth was killed. The Irish then broke and fled, and are Agra (Farokshin's Rebellion). the said to have lost between 6,000 Fought 17 1 3, between and 7,000 in the pursuit. Great Mogul, Jehandar Shah, with 70,000 troops, under Zulfi- Agincourt (Hundred Years' War) kar Khan, and the rebel Mo- Fought October 25, 141 5, be- guls under Jehandar's nephew, tween the French, numbering Farokshin. After a stubborn under the Constable 50,000, fight, the rebels overpowered d'Albret, and about 15,000 Eng- the Imperial troops, and Je- lish, mostly archers, under handar Shah was captured and Henry V. archers pro- The put to death by Farokshin, who tected their front with palisade a ascended the throne. of stakes, w'hich broke the charge of the French men-at- Agra (Second Mahratta War). arms, and the French army was The fortress was besieged routed with a loss of 10,000 slain, October 4, 1803, by the British including the Constable and the under General Lake, and was Dukes of Alen9on, Brabant and defended by a garrison of Sind- Bar, and 15,000 prisoners, in- hia's troops, 6,000 strong, who cluding the Duke of Orleans held the citadel, while seven and Marshal Boucicaut. The additional battalions were en- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES camped in the town. The latter zais. A rush of 3,000 Ghazis force was attacked on the loth was successfully repulsed, and and routed, losing 26 guns, the enemy defeated and driven while the survivors, 2,600 in off, leaving 1,000 dead on the number, surrendered on the field. The British lost 17 only. following day. On the 17 th Ahmednugger (Mogul Invasion the batteries opened fire on the of the Deccan). citadel, and on the i8th the This place was besieged in garrison surrendered 1 599 by the Moguls under Agra (Indian Mutiny). Mirza Khan, one of Akbar's On August 2, 1857, the British generals, and defended by a garrison holding Agra sallied garrison of Deccanis under out to attack a body of 10,000 Chand Bibi, ex-Queen of Bi- rebels encamped within four japur. A practicable breach miles of the city. The Kotah having been effected, the garri- contingent, which formed a son was disposed to surrender, portion of the British force, but Chand Bibi, heading the deserted to the mutineers, and defenders, superintended the the British troops, hard pressed repair of the breach, and suc- and short of ammunition, were ceeding in holding out until a driven back into Agra, and peace was signed by which the forced to take refuge in the fort. Great Mogul agreed to leave In October of the same year Ahmednugger unmolested. Colonel Greathed's column of Aiguillon (Hundred Years' War). four battalions and two cavalry This fortress was besieged by regiments encountered close to the French under John, Duke Agra a force of 7,000 mutineers. of Normandy, in May, 1347, The rebels first held their at and was defended by a small own, but were eventually put English garrison under Sir to flight, and pursued with great Walter Manny, who held out slaughter for ten miles. bravely till the end of August, Ahmedabad (First Mahratta repelling numerous assaults. War). The defeat of Cressy then forced This strong fortress, garri- the Duke of Normandy to lead soned by 8,000 Arabs and his army northward, and he Scinde Infantry, and 2,000 was compelled to raise the siege. Mahrattas, was taken by assault, Aix, He d' (Seven Years' War). after a short bombardment, by Fought March 4, 1758, when a British force under General a British squadron of seven sail, Goddard, February 15, 1780. under Sir Edward Hawke, at- The British lost 106 killed and tacked a French squadron of wounded, including 12 of&cers. five ships of the line and six Ahmed Khel (Second Afghan frigates, convoying forty trans- War). ports, and drove them ashore Fought 1880, when a British on the He d'Aix. This delayed force under General Stewart on the French expedition to North the march to Ghuzni was at- America, and facilitated the tacked by about 15,000 Ghil- capture of Cape Breton. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Aix-la-Chapelle (Wars of the room, the church within the French Revolution). enclosure being the last building Fought March 3, 1795, be- captured, when all the sur- tween the French under Miranda vivors were put to the sword. and the Austrians under the The victory cost the Mexicans Prince of Saxe-Coburg. The 400 killed and many wounded. French were totally defeated, " Remember the Alamo " be- and tied in disorder, with a loss came the watchword of the of 3,500 killed and woundeil Texans. and prisoners. 1,500 Aland (Russo-Swedish Wars). Aiznadin (Moslem Invasion of Fought July, 17 14, between Syria). the Russian fleet of 30 ships of Fought July 13, 633, between the line and 180 galleys under 45,000 Moslems under Khaled Admiral Apraxine, and the and 70,000 Imperial troops Swedish, about one-third of that under Werdan. The Imperial- strength, under Admiral Erin- ists were routed with great schild. The Swedes sought to slaughter, leaving Khaled to prevent the landing of a Russian prosecute the siege of Damascus. force on the island of Aland, The Moslems only admit a loss and fought an unequal combat of 470. for three hours, when they were overpowered and forced to retire. Aladja Dagh (Russo-Turkish Great, who War). The Czar, Peter the was serving under Apraxine as Fought 1877, between the Rear-Admiral, captured Erin- Russians under General Loris schild's flagship. Melikofi, and the Turks under Mukhtar Pasha. The Russians Alarcos (Moorish Empire in were victorious, and Mukhtar Spain). was compelled to take refuge Fought July 19, 1 195, be- under the walls of Erzeroum. tween the Sloors under Yakub el Maasur, and the Spaniards Alamo, Storming of the (Texan under Alfonso VIII of Castile. Rising). The Spaniards were utterly On February 22, 1836, General routed, and very few escaped Santa Anna, with the advance to Calatrava. The Moors guard of the Mexican army, claimed to have taken 30,000 appeared before the walls of prisoners. the Alamo, a fortified mission station held by 145 Texans Albuera (Peninsular War). under Colonel Travis, who re- Fought May 16, 181 1, be- plied to a summons to surrender tween the allied British, Portu- by a cannon shot. On March i guese and Spanish forces, num- the garrison was reinforced by bering 46,000, of whom 7,000 30 men, Santa Anna's force at only were British infantry, the this date being 4,000. On the w^hole army being under the 6th 2,500 Mexicans assaulted command of Marshal Beresford, the fort, and at the third attempt and 33,000 French under Mar- effected an entrance. The shal Soult. The French attacked building was defended room by Beresford's position, and the 8 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Spaniards offering but a poor sallied out to meet Tamerlane resistance, defeat was only in the open field, and suffered a averted by the extraordinary disastrous defeat. They were valour of the British troops, driven back into Aleppo with especially of the FusiUer Bri- the loss of many thousands, and gade, which came into action a few days later the Tartars when the day seemed lost, and sacked the city and captured drove the French from the field. the citadel. Of the 7,000 British, but 1,800 were left standing. The French Aleppo (Ottoman Wars).

lost over 8,000, including five Fought 1 5 16, between the generals. Turks under Selim I, and the Egyptians under the Mameluke Alcantara (War of the Spanish Sultan, Tooman Beg. After a Succession). sanguinary engagement, the Fought 1706, when a force of Egyptians were utterly routed, British and Portuguese under and Selim added the whole of Lord Galway attacked and Syria to the Ottoman domin- drove out of Alcantara the ions. garrison, consisting of a portion of Marshal Berwick's army. Alesia (Gallic War), Ten French battalions laid down Siege was laid to the town by their arms, and 60 guns were the Romans under Caesar, captured. B.C. 52, and it was defended by the Gauls, numbering 80,000 in- Aleppo (Moslem Invasion of fantry and 15,000 cavalry under Syria). Vercingetorix, the Romans be- This place was besieged by ing about 50,000 strong. An the Moslems under Abu Obeidah attempt was made by the Belgi, and Khaled in 638, and the city with an army of 260,000 warriors, almost immediately surrendered, to relieve the town, but they but the garrison retired to the were met and routed by Labi- citadel, where under Youkinna enus with terrific slaughter. it maintained a stubborn de- Tliis disaster so discouraged fence for five months, and caused the garrison that the town im- heavy loss to the besiegers. At mediately surrendered, Vercin- last the citadel was taken by getorix being sent a prisoner to surprise, and Youkinna became Rome, where five years later a convert to Mohammedanism. he was beheaded as a rebellious This was the last serious resist- subject of Rome. ance offered in Syria to the invading Moslems. Alessandria (Wars of the French Revolution). Aleppo (Tartar Invasion of Fought June 18, 1799, be- Syria). tween the French, 14,000 strong Fought November 11, 1400, under Moreau, and the Imperia- between the Tartars under lists under Bellegarde. The Tamerlane, and the Turks under French gained a signal victory, the Syrian Emirs. Instead of the loss of the Imperialists being standing a siege, the Emirs 1,500 men and 5 guns. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Alexandria (Moslem Invasion and the Covenanters under of Egypt). General Baillie. Bailhe crossed This city, the capital of Egypt, the Don to attack Montrose, was besieged by the Moslems, whom he imagined to be in under Amrou, in 638, and after retreat, but who was really a defence of fourteen months, in waiting for him in a well-chosen the course of wliich the besiegers position. The attack was re- lost 23,000 men, surrendered, pulsed, the Covenanters being leaving the victors undisputed routed with heavy loss. masters of Egypt. Algeciras Bay (Napoleonic Wars). Alexandria (British Invasion of Fought July 8, 1801, between Egypt). a British squadron of 7 ships Fought March 21, 1801, be- of the line, i frigate and i brig, tween the French under General under Sir James Saumarez, and Menou, and the British expedi- a French squadron of 3 line-of- tionary force under Sir Ralph battle ships and i frigate, under Abercromby. The French Admiral Linois. The French cavalry charged the British were aided by the Spanish gun- right, but were repulsed, and boats and the shore batteries, after hard fighting the French and Saumarez lost the Hanmbal, were defeated and driven uniler which ran ashore, and was cap- the walls of Alexandria. tured by the French. The Among those who fell was Sir British lost 121 killed and 240 Ralph Abercromby, mortally wounded. The French lost 306 wounded. killed. On July 12, the French squadron, wliich had been re- Alexandria (Arabi's Rebellion). inforced meanwhile by 5 Spanish Arabi Pasha having refused ships of the Une, was again to cease work upon the forts of attacked by Sir James Saumarez, Alexandria, the Admiral, Sir who succeeded in capturing the Beauchamp Seymour, who had St. A ntoine and blowing up the under liis fleet of command a Hermcnegilda. The British lost 8 battleships and 5 gun- only 17 killed and 100 wounded ; boats, decided to shell them. the alUes, 2,000, chiefly in the fire morning He opened on the Heymenegilda. of July II, 1882, and the bom- bardment continued till the Algheri. evening of the 12th, when the Fought 1353, between the forts were totally destroyed, Aragonese under Pedro IV (the and the garrison abandoned Great ) and the Genoese. Pedro the city. The gunboat Condor, won a complete victory, driving under Lord Charles Beresford, the Genoese out of Sardinia, the particularly distinguished her- whole of which island became self, running close in under the an appanage of the crown of forts, and doing considerable Aragon. damage. Algiers. Alford (Civil War). This town was attacked July Fought July 2, 1645, between 8, 1775, by a Spanish force of the Royalists under Montrose, 51 ships of war and 26,000 men lO DICTIONARY OF BATTLES under Don Pedro de Castijon alarmed by the approach of a and Count O'Reilly. After a strong relieving army under severe conflict, the Spaiiiards Ferdinand, raised the siege. their opponents, failed to dislodge Alhandega (Moorish Empire in and retired, v-ith a loss of over Spain). 3,000 killed and wounded. The Fought 939, between the Algerines lost about 5,000. Moors under Abd al Rahman, Christians under Ra- Algiers, Bombardment of. and the miro II of Leon. The Moors, In 1 8 16 Lord Exmouth, in strong, were besieging command of 19 British war 100,000 they were at- ships, and accompanied by 6 Zamora, when aided Dutch ships under Van Capel- tacked by Ramiro, who, of the garrison, lan, bombarded the forts of by a sortie them. In the Algiers, mounting 500 guns. utterly routed The bombardment lasted for battle 20,000 Moors fell, and about eight hours, and resulted 40,000 are said to have been in the destruction of the forts drowned in the moat surround- and a large part of the city. ing the city. The Dey then gave way, and Alicante (War of the Spanish agreed to the total abolition of Succession). Christian slavery in his do- On June 29, 1706, Alicante minions. The loss of the alUes was taken by a British squadron to killed and amounted 885 of 5 ships under Sir George Byng. that of the Algerines wounded ; The fleet attacked the city walls, to over 6,000. while the suburbs were occupied by a landing party of marines Alhama (War of Granada). under Sir John Jennings. The This fortress, one of the ring place was captured with a loss of strong places protecting the to the British of only 30 killed Moorish capital, Granada, was and 80 wounded. surprised by a small party of Spaniards, under Juan de Or- Aligurh (First Mahratta War). tiga, in the early morning of This fortress, the arsenal of February 28, 1482. They Sindhia of Gwalior, was cap- scaled the ramparts unper- tured August 29, 1803, by the ceived, and opened the gates 76th Highlanders under Colonel to the Spanish army. The Monson, forming part of General garrison continued to defend Lake's army. The place was the streets most obstinately, and strongly fortified and surrounded it was only after hard fighting by a ditch 100 feet wide, con- that the Spaniards mastered taining 10 feet of water. The the town. An attempt was Highlanders carried the fortress made to recapture the place by storm, blowing in the main by Abul Hasan, King of Granada, gate, and fighting their way who set down before it, with from room to room till the place 50,000 Moors. March 5, 1482. was captured. Two hundred The garrison, under the Marquis and eighty-one guns were taken. of Cadiz, made a gallant defence, The British loss amounted to and on the 29th, Abul Hasan, 223 killed and wounded. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES II

Aliwal (First Sikh War). and the French, in about equal Fought January 28, 1846. strength, under Brune. The between the British, 10,000 action began by the Russians strong, under Sir Harry Smith, driving in the French advanced and 20,000 Sikhs under Runjur posts. Meanwhile the Duke of Singh. The troops of the York had outflanked them, and Khalsa withstood three charges as soon as he was in position a of the British cavalry with simultaneous attack on the splendid bravery, but at last French left and centre forced of his broke and fled, losing many Brune to abandon the key drowned in the Sutlej, besides position, Alkmaar. which was those left on the field. The at once occupied by the allies. British captured 67 guns. Allia, The (First Invasion of Aljubarotta. the Gauls). Fought August, 1385, be- Fought July 16, 389 B.C., be- tween the Castilians, under tween the Romans, 40.000 strong, John I, in support of the claim under Quintus Sulpicius, and of Beatrix of Castile to the the Gauls, about equal in num- throne of Portugal, and the bers, under Brennus. The Portuguese under the Regent Romans took post on the Allia John. The Portuguese in- to check the advance of the flicted a crushing defeat upon Gauls on Rome. Here they the Spaniards, and John I was were attacked by Brennus, who compelled to withdraw his routed the right wing, where troops, and renounce his sister's the younger soldiers were posted, claim. and then broke the Roman left, putting them to Alkmaar (Netherlands War of centre and Independence). flight with enormous loss. was laid to tliis place Siege Alma (Crimean War). by 16,000 August 21, 1573, Fought September 20, 1854, Spaniards under Don Frederico between the Russians, 40,000 de Toledo. It was defended by strong, under Prince Mentschi- a garrison of 800 soldiers and koff, and the alhed British and armed burghers. On Sep- 1,300 French armies, 26,000 strong, assault was tember 18, an under Lord Raglan and Marshal delivered, which was repulsed, St. Arnaud. The bulk of the with a loss to the besiegers of fighting fell upon the British 1,000 men, while only 37 of the Second and Light Divisions and garrison fell. The opening of the Guards, who carried the at last rendered the the dykes heights held by the Russians at position of the Spaniards most the point of the bayonet, and precarious, and on October 8 utterly routed them. The Rus- the siege was raised. sians lost 1,200 killed, and left Alkmaar (Wars of the French 4,700 prisoners, many of them Revolution). wounded, in the hands of the Fought October 2, 1799, be- alUes. The British loss amount-

tween 30,000 British and Rus- ed to 3,000 killed and wounded ; sians under the Duke of York, that of the French to i.ooo. 12 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Almanza (War of the Spanish Alresford (Civil War). Succession). Fought March 29, 1644, be- Fought April 25, 1707, be- tween the Royalists under the tween the French under Marshal Earl of Brentford and Sir Ralph Berwick, and the British and Hopton, and the Parhament- Portuguese under Lord Galway arians under Sir William Waller. and the Marques das Minas. The Parliament forces were Galway, though inferior in victorious, but their losses were cavalry, attacked at first with so severe that Waller was unable success, but the Portuguese on to follow up his advantage, and the right broke and fled, and the Royalists made an orderly the British centre, attacked in retreat. • front and flank simultaneously, Alsen (Schleswig-Holstein War). was routed and forced to sur- This island, in which the render. As a consequence of Danish garrison of Diippel had this defeat, the whole of Spain taken refuge, was captured by was lost to Charles with the the Prussians, who crossed from exception of Catalonia. the mainland in boats on the Almenara (War of the Spanish night of June 29, 1864, and Succession). under a heavy fire carried the Fought July 10, 17 10, when Danish entrenchments, and com- the British contingent of the pelled them to surrender. This Archduke Charles' army, under was the last engagement of the General Stanhope, attacked and war. defeated the Spaniards under Altendorf (Thirty Years' War). Philip V, after severe fighting. Fought August 24, 1632, be- So complete was the rout that tween Gustavus Adolphus, with Philip's army was only saved 40,000 Swedes and Germans, by the fall of night from com- and the Imperialists, of about plete destruction. equal numbers, under Wallen- Almorah (Gurkha War). stein. Wallenstein was very Fought April 25, 18 15, when strongly posted on the hill and 2,000 British regulars under in the ruined castle of the Alten- Colonel Nicolls and a force of wald, and after a day spent in irregular troops under Colonel fruitless assaults, the King was Gardiner assaulted and captured forced to retire, having lost the heights of the town of Al- about 2,300 in killed and wound- morah. The result of this vic- ed. The defenders admitted a tory was the surrender of the loss of 70 officers and 2,000 men province of Kumaon and all its killed, besides wounded and fortresses. prisoners.

Alne (Scottish Wars). Alto Pascio (Guelfs and Ghibel- Fought November 13, 1093, lines). between the Scots under Mal- Fought 1325, between the colm Canmore and the English. GhibelUnes under Castruccio The Scots were totally defeated, Castracane of Lucca, and the and Malcolm and his" eldest son Florentine Guelfs. The Floren- Edward slain in the battle. tines were defeated with heavy DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 13

loss, among the trophies taken of Arcot, 20,000 strong, and the by Castracane being the car- combined forces of Muzuffer roccio of Florence. Jung and Chunda Sahib, aided by a French contingent under Amakusa (Revolt of the Chris- M. d'Auteil. Anwar-ud-din tians). was defeated and slain, and In 1638, the castle of Ama- Muzuffer Jung assumed the kusa, held by 30,000 rebels under title of Subahdar of the Deccan, Masada Shiro, was captured Chunda Sahib that of Nawab after very hard fighting by the of Arcot. troops of the Shogun, under Matsudaira Nobutsuna. The Ambur. defenders set fire to the castle, This strong fortress was held and perished to the last man, by a garrison of 500 Sepoys, either in the flames or by the under Captain Calvert, and a sword. detachment of Mysore troops under Mukhlis Khan. This man Amalinde (Kaffir Wars). had assumed the status of an Fought 1 81 8 between the independent chief, but being Gaikas and the forces of Ndla- suspected of intriguing with mbi, in which the former were Hyder AH, was arrested by utterly routed. Calvert. Hyder laid siege to

Amatola Mountain (Kaffir Wars). the place November 10, 1767 ; Fought 1846, between the but Calvert, now secure from Kaffirs under SandilU, and the treachery within, held out with British and Cape troops under his small garrison till December Colonels Campbell and Somerset. 6, when the approach of a re- SandilU was totally defeated, lieving force obliged Hyder to but, rallying his forces, he made raise the siege. a successful attack on the Brit- ish baggage train, the loss of Amida (Persian Wars). which forced them to retire. This fortress, defended by a Roman garrison, was besieged, Ambate (Conquest of Peru), and after a vigorous defence Fought 1532, between the taken by storm by the Persians two Peruvian chiefs Atahualpa under Sapor II in 359. The and Huascar, in which the latter garrison and inhabitants were suffered a complete defeat. put to the sword. The siege, lasted days, cost the Ambracian Gulf. which J2> Persians 30,000 men, and so Fought B.C. 435, when a weakened Sapor that he was Corinthian fleet of 75 ships compelled to relinquish his de- attempted the relief of Epidam- signs the Eastern Empire. nus, which was besieged by upon fortress was again be- the Corcyreans, and was defeated The sieged by the Persians under with heavy loss by 80 Corcy- Kolsad in being defended rean triremes. 503, as before by a Roman garrison. Ambur. After a defence of three months, Fought 1749, between the which cost the besiegers 50,000 army of Anwar-ud-din, Nawab men, a weakly defended tower 14 nrcTiox ih'Y OF n.irrLFS

was surpriscil at ni,s;ht. .uul on Amphipolis (Peloponnesian War). tho follow ing dav Iho Persians, Fought March 4^^ p.c. be- headed by their Kinj;. scaled the tween 1.500 Athenians, with a walls, and massacred 80.000 of contingent of aUies under Cleon. the garrison and inhabitants. and tlie Spartans, r.ooo hop- lit es, besides light armed trc^ops, Amiens (Franco-German War). under Brasidas. Cleon ad- I'oiii^ht Xoven\ber 2~. 1870. vanced to attack Ampliipolis, between the l'"rench under but finding the garrison prepar- General Fanre. and the C.ernians ing for a sortie, wheeled about under Manteutlel. Ihe French and commenced to retreat. were compelled to abandon the He was at once assailed by city, but the Germans failed to Hrasidas, and his left tied with- secure a decisive victory. The out striking a blow. The Athe- French lost 1.383 killed and nian right and centre otlered wounded, and i.ch.xi missini; ; some resistance, but in the end the Germans. ~o ollicers and were routed with heavy loss, I. J 10 men. l^oth Brasidas ami Cleon fell, Amoaful (Second Ashanti War). the latter while fleeing from the

i; \- l-'ou h t 1 a n u a r ;\ , 18,-4. lieKi. when the British oxpeditionarv Ainstetten (Campaign of the force under Sir (.larnet Wolselev Danube). defeated the Ashantis after a I\Mii;ht November 5, 1805, desperate resistance, which cost when the Russians retiring on the assailants 10 otVicers and X'ieiina fought a rear-guard 174 men killed and wounded. action against Murat's cavalry The 4.'nd Regiment, which led aiul a portion of Lannes" corps, the attack, lost o ollicers and in which they were defeated 105 men. with a loss of i.(.xio killed, Amorium (Moslem Invasion of wounded, and prisoners. Asia Minor). Anaquito Peru). iHiught 83S. between the (Conquest of Fought be- Moslems under the Caliph Alo- January 8, 1546, tween tassem. and the Cheeks under the troops of the Vicerov. Blasco NuAez, ami those of Theophilus. I'liirty thousand Persian horsen\en, serving imder Gonzalo nzarro. nzarro gaiu- eil a signal victory, the N'icerov the Fmperor. succeeded in being the slain, breaking the Moslem hue. but among and in the Greeks themselves were consequence the Government of Peru fell overthrown by the Moslems, into Hzarro's hands. and the ilay ended in a com- Ancona (Unification of Italy). plete rout of the Imperial armv. Tliis place was attacked. Motassem then laid siege to September. i8cx">. by the Hed- Amorium. aud after a defence montese tleet of 13 warsliips of 55 days, wliich cost the be- under Admiral Persano. and the siegers 70.000 men. the gates army of General Cialdini. It were opened by treachery, and was defended by a sn\all Papal 3o.i.x")o Christians were massa- garrison under La Moricidre, cred. and after a resistance of over a DICTIONARY OF BATTLES IS

week, at the end of which time Angostura (Paraguayan War). Persano forced the boom guard- Fought December 22 to 27, ing the harbour, La Moricidre 1868, between the Paraguayans capitulated. under Lopez, and the allied armies of the Argentine Repub- Ancrum Moor (Scottish Wars). lic, Brazil, and Uruguay. Lopez Fought February 17, 154S, held his position for six days between the English under Sir against the greatly superior Ralph Evans, and the Scots forces of the allies, but was then under the Earl of Angus. The compelled to retire, leaving in Borderers who had joined the the hands of the enemy 1,000 English deserted during the prisoners and 6 guns. action, with the result that the Antietam (American Civil War). Scots were completely victo- Fought September 17, 1862, rious. between the main Confederate under General Lee, and Ancyrae. army the Federals under General Fought B.C. 242, between the the morning of Syrians under Seleucus Callin- M'Clellan. On the 17th Lee had only 35.000 icus, and the rebels under his ground against brother Hierax, aided by a large men on the M'Clellan's The Feder- contingent of Gauls. After a 95,000. strongly attacked Lee's left, desperate struggle, in which als and after a stubborn fight drove Hierax nearly lost his life at the it back, but reinforcements hands of his barbarian auxil- arriving, Lee resumed the offen- iaries, Seleucus was utterly recovered his lost routed. sive, and positions. On the following day Angora (Tartar Invasion of Asia neither side was disposed to Minor). resume the struggle, and the Fought June 30, 1402, be- battle was therefore indecisive. tween the Tartars under Tamer- The Federals lost 12,460 men ; lane, and the Turks under the Confederates about 9,000. Bajazet I. The numbers en- Antioch. gaged are variously estimated Fought B.C. 244, between the at to two millions, from one Syrians under Seleucus Callin- Tamerlane, it is said, having at icus and the Egyptians under least 800,000 men in the field. Ptolemy Energetes. Seleucus were totally defeated, The Turks was routed and compelled to Bajazet and one of liis sons take refuge within the walls of captured, while another being Antioch. son was killed. Antioch (Aurelian's Expedition Angostura (Americo-Mexican to Palmyra). War). Fought B.C. 272, between the Fought February 21, 1847, Palmyrenians under Zenobia, between the Mexicans under and the Romans under the Santa Anna and the Americans Emperor Aurelian. Zenobia's under General Scott, when the heavy cavalry defeated and Mexicans were totally defeated. drove from the field the Roman i6 DICriO\'AI

hori'^. but her infantry wa.'i whom H.cxxi axe said to have unable to withJttand the charge perished. This event is knov/n of the legionaries, and she was as the Spanish Fury. totally defeated. Antwerp (Liberation of Bel- Antioch (First Crusade). gium). The city was besieged, Octo- When Holland refused to ber 21, 1097, by the Crusaders recognize the f^ondon Protrx,ol under Godefroi dc Boiiillon, creating Belgium into an inde- and defended by a Saracen pendent State, the French la.id garrison under liaghasian. The siege to Antwerp, November, siege was unskilfully conducted, 1832. The city, which was and provisions and munitions defended by Chasse, held out ran short in the Christian camp, till December 23, when, the with the result that the place citadel being demolished by the held out till June 3, 109B, when French fire, it was forced to it was taken by stratagem. capitulate. An indiscriminate ma^ssacrc Aong (Indian Mutiny). followed, in which ro.cyjrj of the Fought July 15, 1857, be- defenders perished. On the tween the British relieving force 28th of the same month the under Havelock and the muti- Crusading army was attacked neers who were opposing their outside Antioch by a force of advance on Cawnpore. The Saracens under Kirboga. Kir- rebels were defeated and driven boga concentrated his attack from their entrenchments. against one wing of the Chris- Aquae Sextiae (Cimbric War). tians, and outflanked it, but was then assailed by the main f-ought B.C. 102, when the undc-r the king.Teuto- bofly, and driven off with heavy Teutones loss. bofl, were totally routed by the f

Aquileia (Eugenius' Usurpa- between 47,000 Macedonians tion). under Alexander the Great, and Fought September 6 and 7, the Persian army, three or four 394, between Theodosius, Em- times as numerous, under peror of the East, and Eugenius, Darius Codomannus. Alex- the usurping Emperor of the ander, who led the Macedonian West, whose army was com- right wing, forced a passage manded by Arbogastes. 'J'lie between the Persian left and first day's fighting went against centre, and attacked the centre Theodosius, who was only saved on the flank. After a stubborn by dari

Aras (First Mahratta War). Arcis-sur-Aube (Allied Invasion Fought May 18, 1775, between of France). Raghunath Rao, the claimant Fought March 21, 1814. be- to the Peshwaship, with 20,000 tween 23,000 French under Mahrattas, and 2,500 British Napoleon, and 60,000 allies troops under Colonel Keating, under Schwartzenberg. The and the army of the Mahratta French made a gallant stand chieftains, 25,000 strong under against superior numbers, and Hari Pant Phunhay. Rag- in the end effected an orderly hunath's undisciplined levies retreat, with a loss of about fled, line and threw the British 2,000. The allies' losses were rallied, into confusion ; but they considerably heavier. and after hard fighting repulsed the Mahrattas with heavy loss. Areola (Napoleon's Italian Cam- The British lost 222, including paigns). 1 1 officers. Fought November 15. 16, and 17, 1796, between the main Arausio (Fourth Gallic Inva- Austrian army under Alvinzi, sion). and the French under Napoleon. Fought B.C. 105, when the Napoleon's object was to drive Gauls under Boiorix totally back Alvinzi before he could routed two consular armies effect a junction with Davido- under Caepio and Cn. Mallius wich, who was descending from Maximus. It is said that the Tyrol. The village of Areola 80,000 Romans fell. was occupied on the 15th, after Arbela (Alexander's Asiatic severe fighting, in which Napo- Campaign). leon was in great personal Fought October 31, 331 b.c, danger on the^bridge, but it c DICTIONARY OF BATTLES was evacuated during the night. the loss of all their guns and lost On the 1 6th Napoleon again baggage. The British 346 attacked the village, but the killed and wounded. This Austrians held their ground. victory ended the Second Mah On the 17th he turned the posi- ratta War. tion, and Da\'idowich still re- Argentaria (Invasion of the was maining inactive, Ahanzi Alemanni). driven back, ^\^th losses vari- Fought May, 378, between ously estimated at from 8,000 the Romans under Gratianus The French also lost to 18,000. and the Alemanni under Priarius. heavily. The Alemanni were overwhelmed Arcot. by the Roman legionaries, This fortress was captured by though they stood their ground Clive, with a force of 200 Euro- bravely, and only 5,000 escaped peans and 300 Sepoys, in August, from the field. Priarius was slain. 175 1. The garrison, 1,100 strong, offered no resistance, but Argentoratum, Clive's approach. marched out on Fought August, 357, between In the course of the autumn 13,000 Romans under Julian, Arcot was beleaguered by an and a vastly superior army of army of 10,000 natives, and Alemanni under Chnodomar. 1 50 Frenchmen under Chunda The Romans attacked the Ger- Sahib, the French nominee man Unes shortly before night- of for the Nawabship Arcot. fall, after a long march, and force, Against this overwhelming though the right ^^'ing, under been Clive, whose garrison had JuUan, was at first driven in, they reduced by sickness to 120 were rallied by their general, Europeans, and less than 200 and the left and centre pressing Sepoys, held out for seven on, the Alemanni were totally weeks, till the approach of a routed, with a loss of 6,000, in forced Mahratta army Chunda addition to those who fell in the Sahib to raise the siege. The flight. The Romans lost 4 tri- garrison had 45 Europeans and bunes and 243 soldiers only. 30 Sepoys killed. Chnodomar was taken prisoner. Argaum (Second Mahratta War). Arginusae (Peloponnesian War).

Fought November 28, 1803, Fought B.C. 406, between 1 50 between the British under Athenian triremes under Thra- Wellesley (the Duke of Welling- syllus and other generals, and ton) and the forces of the Rajah 120 Peloponnesian ships under of Berar, under Sindhia of Callicratidas. The Pelopon- Gwalior. Three of Wellesley 's nesians were routed, with a loss battalions, which had previously of 70 vessels, sunk or taken, fought well, on this occasion and CalHcratidas slain. The broke and fled, and the situation Athenians lost 25 ships -with was at one time very serious. their crews, and the generals Wellesley, however, succeeded were brought to trial for not in rallying them, and in the end having taken proper steps to defeated the Mahrattas, with rescue the men of the disabled DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 19

ships. They were convicted, Arkenholm (Douglas Rebellion). and six of them, inchiding Fought May 12, 1455, be- Thrasyllus, executed. This tween the troops of James II of victory temporarily restored to Scotland and the rebels under Athens the command of the the Douglas brothers. The sea. rebels were completely defeated. Archibald Douglas was killed, Argos (Roman Invasion of Hugh captured, and James, Greece). Earl of Douglas, forced to take Fought B.C. 195, between refuge in England. Nabis of Sparta, with 15,000 men, and 50,000 Romans and Arklow (Irish Rebellion). Macedonians under Flaminius. Fought 1798, when General Nabis was totally defeated, Needham, with about 1,400 and though allowed to retain Militia and Volunteers, defended Sparta, was compelled to restore the town from the attack of to the Achaean league all his 27,000 rebels led by Father foreign possessions. John Murphy. The rebels were beaten off with great slaughter, Arikera (Second Mysore War). and their intended advance on Fought May 13, 1791, be- Dublin prevented. tween the British under Lord CornwalUs, and the forces of Armada, The Invincible. Tippu Sahib. The latter was The fight with the Spanish encamped between Arikera and Armada in the Channel began Seringapatam, and was attacked on Sunday, July 21, 1588, and by Cornwallis, who attempted lasted with intervals until the to surprise him by a night 30th. The Armada consisted

march, but was foiled by heavy of 1 30 ships, many of large size, rain. A frontal attack on under the command of the Tippu's position was, however, Duke of Medina Sidonia. The successful, and, aided by a English fleet numbered 197 in flank movement under Maxwell, all, but only 34 were Queen's resulted in the total defeat of ships, and of these but 8 the Mysore troops, with a loss were over 600 tons burden. of over 2,000. The British Lord Howard of Effingham loss amounted to 500. This is commanded, with Drake and also known as the battle of Hawkins as his Ueutenants. Carigat. The English vessels hung on to the flanks of the Spanish ships Arius, The. as they sailed up channel, harass- Fought B.C. 214, between the ing them in every way, and Syrians under Antiochus the doing considerable damage, Great, and the Parthians and until the Armada anchored in Bactrians under Arsaces III, Calais roads. Here many of and Euthydemus. Antiochus their finest vessels were cap- was severely wounded, but tured or destroyed by fire-ships, remained at the head of his and finally on the 30th, Medina troops, and completely routed Sidonia decided to attempt to the enemy with enormous loss. escape northwards. His fleet 20 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES was scattered by storms, and 1857, defended by Mr. Boyle, many ^\Tecked on the Scotch with 16 Englishmen and 60 and Irish coasts, and in the Sikh police, against the attacks end only about one-half of the of three revolted native regi- Armada returned to Spain. ments, led by a Zemindar named Kur Singh. This small garrison Arnee. held out from July 25 till Fought 1 75 1, shortly after August 3, when they were the of Arcot, between relief relieved by a small field force 900 British troops, under under Major Vincent Eyre. Clive, -with 600 Mahratta horse under Basin Rao, and a French Arras (Wars of Louis XIV). force of 4,800, including 300 This place, held by a French Europeans, who were in charge garrison, was besieged August, of a convoy of treasure. Clive 1654, by the Spaniards under took up a position in swampy the Great Conde. On the 24th ground, crossed by a causeway a relieving army under Turenne along which the convoy must attacked the Spanish lines, and pass. The French were thrown totally routed them with a loss into disorder, and forced to of 3,000 men. Conde succeeded retreat, but night saved them in ralljdng the remainder of his from complete destruction. The army, and made a masterly treasure was captured. retreat to Cambray.

Arnee (First Mysore War). Arretium (Etruscan War). An indecisive action fought Fought B.C. 283, when the June 7, 1782, between the Brit- consular army of L. Caecilius ish under Sir Eyre Coote, and Metellus, marching to the relief the Mysore troops under of Arretium, w^hich the Etrus- Hyder Ali. cans were besieging, met with a disastrous defeat. Thirteen Arques (Eighth Civil War). thousand, including ]\Ietellus, Fought September 23, 1589, were slain, and the rest made between 5,000 Huguenots under prisoners. Henri IV, and 30,000 Leaguers under the Due de Mayenne. Arroyo Grande (Uruguayan War Henri had taken up a strong of Independence). position, defended by marshy Fought 1842, between the ground, and of such a nature Argentine troops under Oribe, that Mayenne could only bring and the Uruguayans under against the king 5,000 troops Ribera. Ribera was totally de- at a time, thus neutralizing the feated, and Oribe proceeded to disparity of numbers. He lay siege to Montevideo. repulsed attack after attack, Arsouf (Third Crusade). with heavy loss to the assailants, Fought 1 between the and eventually Mayenne was 192, English Crusaders under Richard forced to withdraw, with the Cceur de Lion, and the Saracens, loss of about half his army. 300,000 strong under Saladin. Arrah (Indian Mutiny). The Saracens made a desperate A house in Arrah was, in onslaught on the English, and DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 21 both their wings gave way, but one of the wings, the Danes, the centre under the king stood after a desperate conflict, which lirm and finally drove back the lasted throughout the day, were Moslems in great disorder, with finally put to flight, having lost a loss of 40,000 men. one of their kings and five jarls.

Ascalon (First Crusade). Ashtee (Third Mahratta War). Fought August 19, 1099, Fought February 19, 18 18, between the Crusaders under between the army of the Pesh- Godefroi de Bouillon, and the wa, Baji Rao, under Gokla, and Saracens under Kilidj Arslan. the British under General Smith. The Crusaders gained a signal The Peshwa fled before the victory, and for a time the action began, and Gokla, charg- Moslem resistance to the Chris- ing at the head of his cavalry, tian occupation of the Holy was killed, whereupon the Mah- Land came to an end. rattas broke and fled in con fusion. Asculum (Pyrrhus* Invasion of Italy), Asirghur (Third Mahratta War). Fought B.C. 279, between This fortress, held by Jes- 45,000 Romans under Sulpicius wunt Rao, with a strong Mah- Saverrio and P. Decius Mus, ratta garrison, was besieged by and the Epirots, with their a British force under Sir John Italian allies, in about equal Malcolm and General Doveton, force. The Romans fought to March 18, 18 19. On the 21st raise the siege of Asculum, but the garrison was driven into the were finally routed by the Epirot upper fort, and after a con- cavalry and elephants, and tinuous bombardment, Jeswunt driven back to their camp with Rao surrendered April 7. The a loss of 6,000. The Epirots British loss during the siege was lost 3,000. 313 killed and wounded ; that of the garrison somewhat less. Asculum (Social War). Fought B.C. 89, between Askultsik (Ottoman Wars). 75,000 Romans under Strabo, Fought 1828, between 30,000 who was besieging the town, and Turks and the Russians, 17,000 60,000 Italians under Juda- strong, under General Paskie- cilius, who had marched to witch. The Turks were routed, its relief. The Romans were and their camp, with all artil- victorious, but Judacilius suc- lery and baggage, captured. ceeded in throwing a consider- Paskiewitch then laid siege to able portion of his army into the town, which was defended the beleagured city. by a garrison of 50,000 men, and after a siege of three weeks, Ashdown (Danish Invasion). carried it by storm, August 28. Fought 871, between the West Saxons under iEthelred and the Aspendus. Danes under Bag Secg and Fought B.C. 191, between the Halfdene. Largely owing to Syrian fleet of Antiochus the the brilliant leading of Alfred Great, under Hannibal, and a (the Great), who commanded Rhodian squadron under Euda- 22 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

mus. Though Hannibal was in the course of the battle, the superior force, he suffered a English were defeated, and severe defeat. shortly afterwards Knut was proclaimed King of England. Aspern (Campaign of Wagram). Fought May 21 and 22, 1809, Assaye (First Mahratta War). between 36,000 French under Fought September 23, 1803, Napoleon, and 70,000 Austrians when General Wellesley (the under the Archduke Charles. Duke of Wellington) with 4,500 The battle commenced about British and native troops routed four p.m. on the 21st by an the army of Sindhia of Gwalior, attack on the French position over 30,000 strong. All the at Aspern, and at nightfall the camp equipment and 100 guns Austrians had established a were taken. The Duke always lodgment in the village. On considered this the bloodiest the 22nd, both armies having action, for the numbers en- been reinforced during the night, gaged, that he ever witnessed. the combat was renewed round The British loss amounted to Aspern, which was taken and 1,566, or more than one-third of retaken ten times, while Essling Wellesley's entire force. was the scene of an equall}' desperate conflict. Towards Astrakhan. evening the bridge by which Siege was laid to this town, Napoleon had crossed the 1 569, by the Turks under Danube was swept away, and Selim II, who required it as a Napoleon was compelled to base for his projected invasion retire. Each side lost about of Persia. It was held by a 20,000 men, and both claimed small Russian garrison, which the victory. Among the French made an obstinate defence, and who fell were Marshal Lannes was finally relieved by an army and General St. Hilaire. despatched to its assistance by Ivan the Terrible, which attack- Aspromonte (Garibaldi's Rising). ed the Turkish lines, and utterly Fought August 29, 1862, routed them. between a small force of " Red Shirts " under Garibaldi, and Atahualpa (Conquest of Peru).

the royal troops under General Fought 1 53 1, between 160 Pallavicini. After a short en- Spaniards under Pizarro, and gagement, in which Garibaldi 30,000 Peruvians, forming the was wounded, the " Red Shirts," escort of the Inca, Manco- largely outnumbered and sur- Capac. The battle was nothing rounded, laid down their arms. but a butchery, Pizarro, who had invited the Inca to visit Assandun (Danish Invasion). him, falling upon the unsuspect- The last of the five battles ing Peruvians, seizing Manco- fought in 1016 between the Capac, and slaughtering 4,000 English under Edmund Iron- men, without the loss of a single side and the Danish invaders Spaniard. under Knut. Owing to the treachery of ^dric, who crossed Atbara (Soudan Campaigns). over with the Hereford men in Fought April 8, 1898, between DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 23

the British and Egyptian army, Auray. 14,000 strong, under Sir Herbert Fought September 27, 1364, Kitchener, and 18,000 Mahdists between the partisans of John under Mahmad. The Mahdists de Montfort, and those of occupied an entrenched zareeba Charles of Blois, the rival on the Atbara, where they were claimants to the Dukedom of attacked and utterly routed, Brittany. The Enghsh party, with a loss in the zareeba of under Sir John Chandos, were

5,000 killed and i ,000 prisoners, besieging Auray, when they while many more fell in the were attacked by the French, pursuit. Mahmad was cap- who were led by Bertrand du tured. The Anglo-Egyptian Guesclin. Chandos' position, losses were 570 lulled and however, was very strong, and wounded, including 29 British the French were unable to make ol'licers. any impression upon it. Mean- while they were thrown into Athenry (Conquest of Ireland). utter confusion by an attack Fought 1 316 between the on their flank, and were ulti English under William de mately routed, with heavy loss, Burgh and Richard de Berming- Charles of Blois being among ham, and the O'Connors unAvaricum (Gallic War), in number, under Laserna. The This place was made the head- latter were routed with a loss of quarters of the revolted Gauls 2,100 killed and wounded, and under Vercingetorix, B.C. 53, over 3,500 prisoners, including and was besieged by Caesar, Laserna, in addition to 15 guns. with 50,000 Romans. The The Patriots lost 979. This place was strongly defended, engagement, which is also know but supplies ran short, and as the Battle of Candorcanqui, Vercingetorix attempted to practically decided the question withdraw his troops. In this of South American indepen- he was unsuccessful, and the dence. Romans, delivering a vigorous assault, took possession of the Aylesford (Jutish Invasion). town, and massacred the garrison Fought 456, between the Jutes and inhabitants. under Hengist and Horsa, and the Britons under Vortigern. Avus (Second Macedonian War). Horsa was slain in the battle, but Fought B.C. 198, between the Jutes were victorious. 20,000 Macedonians under Philip, and two Roman legions Azimghur (Indian Mutiny). under T. Quinctius Flamininus. Fought April 15, 1858, be- A force of 4,000 legionaries tween a British column, com- penetrated to the rear of Philip's posed of three regiments of camp, and when Flamininus infantry and three of Sikh attacked in front, they fell upon cavalry, under Sir Edward the Macedonian rear, and com- Layard, and the Dinapur muti- pletely routed them, with a loss neers, about 5,000 strong, under of 2,000. Kur Singh. The rebels were routed and dispersed, Kur Singh Axarquia (War of Granada). falling mortally wounded. Fought March 20, 1483, be- tween a Spanish force of 3,000 Azores. knights, and about 2,000 in- In 1 59 1, a fleet of 7 ships fantry, under the Marquis of under Lord Thomas Howard Cadiz, and a strong Moor- was driven from Floris by the ish force under Abul Hasan. Spanish fleet under Don Alfonso The Spaniards were marching Bassano. The action was chief- through the defile of Axarquia, ly remarkable for the gallant on their way to attack Malaga, fight made bjf Sir Richard Gren- when they were assailed in front ville in the Revenge, which DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 25 maintained an unequal struggle man. Curio being amongst the for nine hours, when her gal- slain. This victory left the lant commander was mortally Pompeians masters of Africa. wounded, and she surrendered (Seven Years' War). at daybreak. Bahur Fought August, 1752, be- B tween the French, numbering Badajos (Peninsular War). 2,500, including natives, under On March 17, 1812, this for- M. Kirkjean, and 2,000 British tress, held by a garrison of troops, with 4,000 of Mohammed French, Hessians and Spaniards, AU's levies, under Major Law- 5,000 strong, under Phillipon, rence. The French were totally was invested by Wellington. defeated, losing heavily in men, The breaches were declared to guns and stores. This victory be practicable on April 5, and determined the Mahrattas, who an assault was ordered. After were wavering, to throw in their terrible slaughter, the town was lot with the British. taken, with a loss to the assail- War). ants of 3,500, the total British Balaclava (Crimean losses during the siege exceeding Fought October 25, 1854, Russians under 5,000. Fearful excesses were between 30,000 the committed after the assault, Prince Mentschikoff, and Raglan. and for two days the troops British under Lord driven were completely out of hand. The Russians, having the Turks from their redoubts Baduli-ki-Serai (Indian Mutiny). at Kadikoi, entered the valley a Fought June 8, 1857, when of Balaclava, where they were British force, under Sir Henry encountered and driven back Barnard, defeated a large body by the Heavy Cavalry Brigade of mutineers, who were opposing under General Scarlett. Later their to Delhi. All the march in the day, acting under a rebels' guns were captured. mistaken order. Lord Cardigan at the head of the Light Brigade, Bagdad (Tartar Invasion of Russian guns at Mesopotamia). charged the of the valley, and This city was captured by the head batteries. Being, the Tartars under Tamerlane, captured their however, shelled from all sides, July 23, 1401. he was compelled to retire with Bagradas (Civil War of Cssar heavy loss. Of this famous feat of arms. General Pehssier and Pompey. ) said, " C'est Fought B.C. 49, between the is reported to have Caesareans under Curio and the magnitique, mais ce n'est pas la Numidians under Juba and guerre." Another feature of Saburra, who adhered to the this singular battle was the fortunes of Pompey. The Ro- repulse by the Highland Bri- man cavalry was cut to pieces, gade, in Une, of a charge of the before the legionaries could Russian cavalry. The British the come to its assistance, and even- losses were small, except in tually the Romans were sur- case of the Light Brigade, whose rounded, and cut down to a casualties amounted to 272 out 26 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES of 673 who took part in the several months, was taken by charge. storm. Genghiz, who had seen a favourite grandson killed Balls Bluff (American Civil War). during the progress of the siege, Fought October 21, 1861, gave orders that neither woman between the Federals under nor child was to be spared, and General Stone, and the Con- the whole city with its inhabi- federates under General Evans. tants was wiped out. The Federals crossed the Poto- mac to attack the Southern Banda (Indian Mutiny). position, but were repulsed, Fought April 19, 1858, be- and driven back over the river tween a force of rather over in confusion losing 1,100 killed 1,000 British troops under and wounded, 700 prisoners and General Whitlock, and 7,000 the only three guns which they mutineers under the Nawab of had succeeded in taking across. Banda. After an obstinate The Confederates lost 155 only. conflict the rebels were totally routed. Ballymore (Irish Rebellion). Islands (Wars of the Fought June 3, 1798, when Banda Colonel Walpole, with 500 Royal French Revolution). troops, on the march to Ennis- These islands, forming part of corthy, was surprised and over- the Dutch East Indian posses- powered by a body of rebels sions, were captured March 8, under Father Murphy. Walpole 1796, by a British squadron and the majority of his force under Admiral Peter Rainier. were cut to pieces. Bands, The (Danish Invasion). Baltimore (Second American Fought 961, between the War). Scots under their king, Indulph, This city was attacked Sep- and the Danish pirates. The Danes were defeated, but In- tember II, 1 8 14, by a British fell in the battle. fleet of ten sail, under Admiral dulph Sir Alexander Cochrane, and a Bangalore (Second Mysore War). land force of 3,270 under General This place was besieged by Ross, who fell during the action. the British under Lord Corn- The Americans, 17,000 strong, waUis, March 5, 1791, and not- under General Winder, were withstanding numerous efforts defeated, but the British retired to relieve it on the part of Tippu on the evening of the 13th. Sahib, it was taken by storm on The British lost 46 killed and the night of the 21st, Tippu's 300 wounded, the Americans, final attempt being beaten off 20 killed, 90 wounded, and 200 by the reserve with heavy loss. prisoners. The British casualties were few. Bamian (Tartar Invasion of Bannockburn (Scottish Wars). Kharismia). Fought June 24, 13 14, be- This city was invested by tween the Scots under Robert the Mongols under Genghiz Bruce, and the English inva- Khan in 1221, and after an ders under Edward II. Bruce's obstinate defence, lasting position was partly covered by DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 27 a marsh, and further strength- net, but Edward came out dur- ened by pitfalls, in which the ing the night and took up a English cavalry were entrapped, position opposite Warwick un- and defeated with great loss. seen. The left of the Yorkists The king escaped with difii- was outflanked and beaten, culty and the invasion was but their right outflanked and abandoned. defeated the Lancastrian left, and then fell upon and routed Bapaume (Franco-German War). the centre. Warwick was slain. Fought January 1871, be- 3, The losses on the two sides are tween the French under General said to have amounted in all to Faidherbe, and the Germans 1 ,000 killed. under Von Goeben. The result was indecisive, and though the Barosa (Peninsular War). French gained some tactical In the course of the opera- successes, the result strategi- tions for the relief of Cadiz, cally was an advantage to the General Graham, with 4,000 Germans, as General Faidherbe British troops, defeated Marshal was compelled to desist from Victor with 9,000 French, his attempt to raise the siege of March 5, 181 1. The French P6ronne. The Germans lost 52 lost 2,000 killed and wounded, officers and 698 men ; the French including two generals, 6 guns, 53 officers and 15 16 men killed 2 eagles, and 400 prisoners. and wounded, and 550 prisoners. The British losses amounted to officers and 1,160 rank and Barbosthenian Mountains (Wars 50 hie. A large Spanish force of the Achaean League). under La Pena stood idly by, Fought 192 B.C. between the and took no part in the action. Spartans under Narbis, and the Achaean League under Philo- Barquisimeto (South American poemen. Nabis was totall}^ War of Independence). routed, loss of three- with the Fought 1 81 3, between the fourths of his troops. Colombian patrots under Simon Bolivar, and the Spanish Barcelona (War of the Spanish Royalists, Bolivar gaining a Succession). complete victory. This city, which was held for PhiUp V of Spain by a Spanish Basing (Danish Invasion). garrison, was besieged Sep- A victory of the Danish in- tember 14, 1705, by the British vaders in 871 over the West under the Earl of Peterborough. Saxons. After a short bombardment, Bassano (Napoleon's Italian the place surrendered, October 9. Campaigns). Barnet (Wars of the Roses). Fought September 8, 1796, Fought April 14, 147 1, be- when Napoleon, who had on the tween the Yorkists under Ed- previous day destroyed the ward IV, and the Lancastrians Austrian vanguard at Primo- under the Earl of Warwick. lano, fell upon the main body Warwick prepared to attack of Wurmser's army. The assault the king as he issued from Bar- on the town of Bassano was 28 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

delivered by Augereau's divi- doned the town, and occupied a sion on the right, and Massena's strong position at Fort Cornelius, on the left, and the French in the immediate neighbour- utterly routed the Austrians, hood. The British stormed the Wurmser narrowly escaping entrenchments, with a loss of capture. Six thousand men 872 killed and wounded, where- laid do\vn their arms, and when upon the survivors of the garrison Wurmser collected his scat- laid down their arms. tered forces, he had but 16,000 Batoche (Kiel's Second Re- left out of the 60,000 with which bellion). he had commenced the cam- paign. Fought May 9 to 12, 1885, when 750 Canadians under Bassein (First Mahratta War). General Middleton gradually This place, held by a Mah- drove back and finally defeated ratta garrison, was besieged by Kiel's force of half-breeds and a British force under General Indians, with a loss of 224. The Goddard, November 13, 1780. Canadians lost only 54 killed A serious attempt was made to and wounded. Kiel surrendered relieve the garrison, but the on the 15 th. defeat of the relieving force by Batowitz. Colonel Hartley at Dugaar, on Fought 1653 between 40,000 December 10, completely dis- Poles under II, and the couraged the defenders, and John Wallachians under Bogdan. The they surrendered on the follow- ing day. Poles, who were waiting to intercept the passage of the Bassorah (Arab Revolt). Wallachians, were thrown into Fought in 665 between the disorder by a furious charge Caliph Ali, at the head of 29,000 headed by Bogdan in person, Moslems, and the rebel Arabs and almost completely annihi- in superior force, under Telha lated. and Zobin. The rebels were Bautzen (Campaign of Leipzic). defeated with heavy loss, Telha Fought May 20 and 21, 181 and Zobin being slain, and 3, between French under Ayesha, the widow of the pro- 150,000 Napoleon, and the Prussians and phet, who had espoused their Russians, strong, under cause, captured. This victory 100,000 Blucher and Count Wittgenstein. is known to Moslems as the Day The allies were strongly posted of the Camel, 70 men, who in in and around Bautzen, while succession held the bridle of the camel on which Ayesha was their front was protected by the Spree. the 20th Napo- mounted, being killed in the On leon forced the passage of the fight which raged round her. Spree, and seized Bautzen after Batavia (Napoleonic Wars). severe fighting, driving the This town was captured by allies from their first line of the British under Sir Samuel defence. On the 22nd he at- Auchmuty, with 10,000 troops, tacked the second hne, while a August 26, 181 1. The French flank march of Ney's corps and Dutch garrison had aban- drove in their right flank, and DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 29 captured all their positions. 1690, between a combined Eng- The allies retired in good order, lish and Dutch fleet of 73 sail lack of cavalry preventing under Torrington, and a French Napoleon from pushing his fleet of 78 ships under de advantage. The allies lost Tourville, which had been 15,000 killed and wounded in despatched to create a diversion II in Ireland. the two days ; the French, in favour of James 1,300. The allies were defeated, the Dutch losing six and the British Bavay (Gallic War). one ship. Fought B.C. 57 between the Romans, 50,000 strong, under Beauge (Hundred Years' War). Caesar, and a large force of Gauls, Fought March 22, 142 1, be- drawn from the Nervii, Viroin- tween the English under the and\u, Atrebates and other Duke of Clarence, and the tribes. The Gauls attacked as Armagnacs, aided by the Scottish the Romans were pitcliing their mercenaries, resulting in one of camp on the banks of the the few defeats sustained by the Sambre, but, although surprised, English during the French wars. the legionaries stood their The Duke and his immediate ground, and utterly routed their following, charging ahead of assailants. The Nervii, in par- his troops, vigorously attacked ticular, were practically annihi- the Scottish outposts, and, be- lated. coming separated from the main body, was surrounded and slain, Baylen (Peninsular War). all his gentlemen being either Fought July 19, 1808, be- killed or captured. The bodies tween 15,000 Spaniards under were afterwards recovered by Castaiios, and 20,000 French the English archers, but the under Dupont. The French defeat was complete. were totally defeated with a loss - of over 2,000 men, and Dupont Beaumont (Franco German surrendered with his whole War). army. Fought August 30, 1870, be- tween the Fifth French Corps Baza (War of Granada). d'Armee under General de This fortress, one of the out- Failly, and the Fourth and posts of Granada, was besieged Twelfth German Army Corps by Ferdinand, with 95,000 under the Crown Prince of Spaniards, in June 1489, and Saxony. The French were sur- was defended by a strong prised in their cantonments, Moorish garrison under Sidi and were driven back upon Yahye. The town was very Monzon, with a loss of 4,800 men strong, and was gallantly de- and 42 guns. The Germans lost fended, and the siege lasted until about 3,500. December, when the place was Beaune-la-Rolande (Franco- surrendered on honourable terms. German War). Beachy Head (War of the Fought November 28, 1870, Revolution). between 9,000 Germans under A naval action fought June 30, the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, 3

30 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

and 60,000 French under General Turks, under Mustapha II, and Crouzat. The French assailed the Imperialists, when the Turks the German position, but, not- gained a complete victory. withstanding the disparity of numbers, the Germans suc- Belgrade (Ottoman Wars). Siege was laid to this city ceeded in maintaining their by a large Turkish ground, after a desperate en- army under II, the defence being counter, driving off their assail- Mohammed in the hands of ants with a loss of 8,000 men. John Hunyady. After a gallant resistance of The Germans lost 37 officers and 40 days, the Turks were compelled 817 men only. to raise the siege, September 4, Beausejour (Seven Years' War). 1456. This was Hunyady 's last This fort in Nova Scotia, held exploit, and he died a month by a garrison of 460 men under later. Mohammed was wounded Duchambon de Vergor, was in the course of the siege. invested June 4, 1755, by 2,000 Massachusetts volunteers and Belgrade (Ottoman Wars). a small force of regulars under Fought August 16, 1 7 17, be- Colonel Monckton. On the 14th tween 40,000 Austrians under Prince Eugene, and 180,000 the besiegers opened lire, and on Turks the i6th the garrison surren- under the Grand Vizier, Ibrahim dered. Pasha. The Turks were entrenched in and around Beaver's Dam Creek. See Seven Belgrade, and were attacked by Days' Battle. Eugene at night. His right Bedr (Mohammed's War with wing lost touch and were in the Koreish). danger of being overwhelmed, Fought in 623, and notable as but was rescued by the Prince. the first military exploit of The main attack was completely successful, and the Turks were Mohammed, who, with only 3 1 followers, routed a force of 950 driven out of their positions Koreish, who had been sent out with a loss of 20,000 killed and to meet and protect a caravan wounded, and 166 guns. The of 1,000 camels, with which was Austrians lost almost as heavily, their chief, Abu Sophian. After among those who fell being his victory, Mohammed pur- Marshal Hauben. sued captured the caravan. and Belgrade (Ottoman Wars). Bedriacum (Revolt of Vitellius). On October 8, 1789, the city Fought April 14, 69, between was surrendered by the Turks, the legions of the Emperor Otho after a brief siege, to an Austrian and the VitelUans under Valens. army under General Laudon. The Imperial troops were utterly Belle Isle (Seven Years' War). routed, and driven back to Fought November 20, 1759, their camp, which they sur- between a British fleet of 27 rendered to the Vitellians on ships of the line and 6 frigates the following day. under Sir Edward Hawke, and Bega (Ottoman Wars). a French fleet of 20 ships of the Fought 1696, between the line and 6 frigates under Ad- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 31 miral de Conflans. The French attack, which cost the assailants were completely defeated, losing 28 officers and 270 men. The 6 ships and a large number of Boers lost about 300 killed and men. The British lost 2 ships wounded, and 50 prisoners. ashore, and 58 killed and 251 Benburb (Great Irish Rebellion). wounded. Fought June 5, 1646, when Belle Isle (Seven Years' War). 5,500 Irish rebels under O'Neill, On June 7, 1761, the island totally routed the Scottish army was captured by 8,000 British under Monro. The Scots left troops under General Hodgson, 3,000 dead upon the field, and convoyed by the fleet under the fugitives were ruthlessly Admiral Keppel. After a first butchered by the Irish in their repulse, the troops made good flight. their landing, and the garrison Bender (Ottoman Wars), of Palais, the principal town, at This place, held by a Turkish once capitulated. garrison, was besieged by the Belle Isle (Wars of the French Russians under Count Panin, Revolution). August, 1768. After a defence of Fought June 23, 1795, be- two months, the place was taken tween a British fleet of 17 battle- by storm, and the garrison put ships under Lord Bridport, and to the sword. a French squadron. The French Benevento (Italian Wars). endeavoured to escape, but the Fought February 26, 1266, British chase, gave and captured between the Neapolitans, under three ships, with a loss of killed 3 Mainfroy, the usurper of the and 113 wounded. The French crown of the Two Sicilies, and lost about 700. the French under Charles of Bellevue (Franco- German War). Anjou. After a sanguinary en- gagement, in Mainfroy Fought October 7, 1870, when which Marshal Bazaine attempted to was slain, the NeapoUtans were break through the hnes of the utterly routed, and Charles of Germans investing Metz. He Anjou remained in undisputed possession of the throne. was . unsuccessful, and was driven back into the city \\'ith a Beneventum (Pyrrhus' Invasion loss of 64 officers and 1,193 men. of Italy). The Germans lost 75 officers and Fought B.C. 275, when Pyr- 1 ,703 men. rhus with a strong force of Belmont (Second Boer War). Epirots and Italians made a Fought November 23, 1899, night attack upon the consular between a Boer commando, army of M. Carius Dentatus, about 3,000 strong, occupying encamped in a strong position a strong position on the hills near Beneventum. Pyrrhus was near Belmont, and Lord repulsed with considerable loss, Methuen's division of j\ bat- including eight elephants. En- talions of infantry and a regi- couraged by this success, the ment of cavalry. The Boer Romans shortly afterwards position was carried by a frontal advanced to meet Pyrrhus ig 32 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES the open plain, and were at first his way through the American driven back by the elephants, lines. but rallying, they drove these Berea (Kaffir Wars). back through Pyrrhus' lines, and Fought December disordered the Epirot phalanx, 20, 1852, between the British under and a charge of the legionaries General Cathcart, about 2,500 completed the rout. This was strong, and the Basutos, many Pyrrhus' last serious attack thousands in number, under against the Roman power, and Moshesh. The British, after hard he soon afterwards left Italy. fighting, succeeded in holding Beneventum (Second Punic War) their ground, but were obliged on Fought B.C. 214, between the following day to retreat to 18,000 Carthaginians under the entrenched camp on the Hanno, and 20,000 Romans Caledon, having suffered a loss under Tiberius Gracchus. Han- of 37 killed and 15 wounded. no's troops were routed, his in- Beresina (Moscow Campaign). fantry being cut to pieces, and On November 28, 1812, the he himself escaping with diffi- French Grande Armee, in re- culty, with a portion of his cavalry. treat from Moscow, was attacked by the Russians under Tchit- Beneventum (Second Punic chakoff and Wittgenstein. The War). former on the right bank, Fought B.C. 212, when a assailed Napoleon, who had Roman consular army under already crossed the river, while Cn. Fulvius, stormed Hanno's Wittgenstein attacked Victor's camp, three miles from Bene- corps, which formed the French ventum, at daybreak, and sur- rear-guard. The attack on prising the Carthaginians, routed Napoleon was repulsed, but on them with heavy loss and cap- the other side of the river the tured all the corn and supplies Russian onslaught caused a intended for the revictualhng of panic among those who were Capua. waiting to cross, and though the rear-guard made a brave resist- Bennington (American War of the losses the Independence). ance, among stragglers and others were enor- Fought August 10, 1777, be- mous. The official Russian re- tween a British force under port says that 36,000 bodies Colonel Baum, and the New were recovered from the Bere- Hampshire troops under General sina after the thaw. Stark. Baum had been ordered to seize the American magazines Berestecko. at Bennington, but found the Fought 1653, between the place too strong, and asked for Poles. 100,000 strong under reinforcements. Meanwhile they John II, and a large army of were surrounded and attacked Wallachians, Lithuanians, and by Stark. The British fought till Ukraine Tartars, 300,000 in all, their ammunition was exhausted under Bogdan of Wallachia. and then surrendered, while After a sanguinarj' battle, the Baum was killed trying to cut Poles were completely vie- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 33 torious, defeating Bogdan with on the 9th, as there was no enormous loss. prospect of ultimate success, the assailants retired, having (Seven Years' War). Bergen suffered a loss of 300 killed and April be- Fought 13, 1759, 1,800 prisoners, many of whom under the tween the French were wounded. Due de Broglie, and the Han- overians, about 40,000 strong, Bergen-op-Zoom (Wars of the under Ferdinand of Brunswick. French Revolution). The French gained a signal In the outskirts of the town victory, and retained possession a battle took place September of Bergen, the recapture of 19,1799, between 35,000 British which was the object of Ferdi- and Russians under the Duke of nand's advance. York, and the French under Vandamme. The Russians on (War of the Bergen-op-Zoom the right met with disaster, Austrian Succession). their commander, Hermann, with This fortress, held by a garri- nearly all his division, being of and English under son Dutch taken prisoners, but the British besieged Cronstrun, was July 15, repulsed the French attack with by 25,000 French under 1747, heavy loss. The victory, how- Lowendahl. The besieged Count ever, was not of much advantage made numerous vigorous sorties, to the allies, who were forced to losses upon the inflicting heavy continue their retreat to Zijp. French, but on September 17 The French lost about 3,000 the besiegers, by an unexpected killed and wounded, and the assault, effected a lodgment, and British 500 only, but the Rus- after severe fighting captured sian casualties amounted to the place. The French lost 3,500, while they also lost 26 during the siege 22,000 men ; guns. the garrison 4,000. A Scottish brigade in the Dutch service Bergfried (Campaign of Fried- specially distinguished itself, land). losing 1,120 out of a strength Fought February 3, 1807, of 1,450. when Leval's division of Soult's corps forced the bridge of (Wars of the Bergen-op-Zoom Burgfried, and carried the vil- French Revolution). lage, driving out the Russians On March 8, 1875, Bergen, after a short and sharp encoun- which was held by a French ter, with a loss of about 1,200 garrison 6,000 strong, under men. The French lost 700. General Bizouet, was attacked by a British force, 4,000 strong Bethune (War of the Spanish under General Cooke. The force Succession). was divided into four columns, This small fortress, held by a one of which, approaching the French garrison of 3,500 under town from the harbour side, at M. du Puy Vauban, was in- low water, effected an entrance, vested July 14, 1707, by the while two of the others gained the Imperiahsts, with 30 battalions top of the battlements but under Count Schulemburg. could get no further. At dawn Vauban made a most skilful and 34 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES gallant defence, lasting 35 days, disorderly flight to the British when, the garrison being re- camp. duced to 1 ,500 men, he was com- Bezetha (Jewish War). pelled to surrender. This little Fought October, 66, when the place cost the allies 3,500 in Romans under Cestius Gallus killed and wounded. were attacked by the populace Betioca (South American War of of Jerusalem, and driven out of Independence). their camp, with a loss of 6,000 and Fought 1 81 3, between the men and all their baggage Colombian patriots under Simon siege train. Spanish Bolivar, and the Bhurtpur (Second Mahratta royalists, Bolivar gaining a War). victory. complete This city, garrisoned by about of the Rajah's troops, was Betwa, The (Indian Mutiny). 8,000 besieged by General Lake, Fought April i, 1858, be- 1805. Finding that tween 1,200 British under Sir January 4, his siege train was inadequate to Hugh Rose, forming part of the reduce the town by the ordinary force besieging Jhansi, and methods. Lake determined to 20,000 rebels, chiefly belonging carry it by storm. Four succes- to the Gwalior contingent, under sive assaults were made, but Tantia Topi. The enemy was without success, and on April 21 thrown into confusion by a Lake was obhged to withdraw, charge of cavalry on the flank, lost during and, being then attacked with having 3,200 men the siege. the bayonet, broke and fled, 1,000 dead on the field leaving Bhurtpur, Second Siege of. and all their guns. The city was again besieged Beylan (Mehemet Ali's First by the British under Lord Rising). Combermere in 1827, a dispute place as to the Fought 1 83 1, between the having taken Syrians and Egyptians under succession, and the Rajah who Ibrahim Pasha, and the Turks, was under British protection the latter being completely de- having been expelled. After a feated. bombardment of two months, which had little eflect on the Beymaroo (First Afghan War). fortress, it was taken by assault. Fought November 23, 1841, when a detachment of General Biberac (Wars of the French Elphinstone's force, under Brig- Revolution), adier Shelton, attempted to dis- Fought October, 1796, between lodge a large body of Afghans, the French under Moreau, and posted near Beymaroo village. the Austrians under the Arch- The detachment had one gun duke Charles, who had previ- only, which, being well served, ously defeated Jourdan at Warz- did considerable execution, but burg, and now turned upon it broke down, whereupon the Moreau, who was retreating Afghans attacked, and a charge through the Black Forest. of Ghazis caused a panic and a Moreau severely defeated the DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 35

Austrians, and continued his Tartars under Katuku, and the retreat unmolested. troops of Jellalladin, Sultan of Kharismia, 60,000 strong. The Bibracte (Gallic War). Tartars were routed and driven Fought B.C. 58, between the from the field in confusion. Romans under Caesar and a largely superior force of Hel- Bithur (Indian Mutiny). vetii. The battle was a momen- Fought August 16, 1857, tous one, for a defeat to Csesar when 4,000 mutineers, strongly meant destruction. He there- posted, were attacked and routed fore sent all away his officers' by the relieving force under horses, giving them to under- General Havelock. When driven stand that they must stand from their position, the rebels their ground to the last. In the had to cross a stream in their event, the Helvetii were totally rear by a small bridge, and had routed, and compelled to submit Havelock possessed an adequate to the domination of Rome. cavalry force, but few could Bilbao (First Carlist War). have escaped. This fortress was besieged by Bitonto (War of the Polish the Carlists November 9, 1836, Succession). and was defended by a small Fought May be- Christino garrison. The be- 25, 1734, tween the Imperialists, 10,000 siegers took possession of some strong, and the Spaniards under of the suburbs, which were re- Mortemar. The Imperialists captured by a sortie. Finally, were driven from a strong after several unsuccessful at- position, with heavy loss, and tempts, Espartero, at the head the victory resulted in the of about 18,000 Christinos, establishment of Spanish rule drove off the besiegers, Decem- throughout the Neapolitan pro- ber 25, and relieved the city, vinces. capturing the Carlist artillery of 25 pieces. In the action the Blackheath (Flammock's Re- Christinos lost 714 killed and bellion). wounded, while the losses of Fought June 22, 1497, be- the garrison during the siege tween the royal troops under amounted to about 1,300. Henry VII, and the rebels under Bingen (Gallic Revolt). Flammock and Lord Audley. In the year 70, Petilius The rebels were defeated with a Cerialis, who, with four Roman loss of 2,000 killed, and all their legions, had crossed the Alps leaders were captured and exe- from Switzerland, surprised the cuted. revolted Gauls under Tutor, in Black Rock (Second American their camp at Bingen. The War). Gallic legionaries in Tutor's army Fought 1 8 14, between 1,400 deserted to the Romans, and British troops under General Tutor was totally defeated. Riall, and a force of 2,000 Biruan (Tartar Invasion of American Indians, occupying a Kharismia). strong position at Black Rock. Fought 1 22 1, between 80,000 The British stormed the en- 36 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES trenchments and dispersed the Blenheim (War of the Spanish enemy, following up their suc- Succession). cess by the seizure of Buffalo. Fought August 13, 1704, be- tween the British and Imperial- Blackwater (O'Neill's Rebellion). ists under Marlborough and Fought 1598, between 5,000 Prince Eugene, and the French Irish rebels under Hugh O'Neill, and Bavarians under Marshals and 5,000 English under Sir Tallard and Marsin, and the Henry Bagnall, the English Elector of Bavaria. The French Marshal. Bagnall was defeated numbered 60,000, the allies with a loss of 1,500 and all his 52,000. Tallard had massed his ammunition and baggage, while best troops in the village of he himself was killed by O'Neill. Blenheim, and Marlborough, see- ing the weakness of his centre, Bladensburg (Second American hurled his cavalry against it, War). and cut the French line in two. Fought August 24, 1 8 14, Prince Eugene meanwhile had between the British under withstood the attack of Marsin General Ross, and the Americans and the Elector, and, after under General Winder, who was Marlborough's charge, he as- opposing the British advance sumed the offensive, and the upon Washington, and had taken French right and centre were up a positon which commanded totally routed. The French lost the only bridge over the Poto- 40,000, including 1,600 prisoners, mac. Ross attacked with a por- amongst whom was Marshal tion of his force, under Thorn- Tallard. The allies lost about ton, and, having carried the 1 ,000. bridge, a combined assault upon 1 the main position resulted in a Bloore Heath (Wars of the signal defeat of the American Roses). army, which broke and fied. Fought September 23, 1459, Ross entered Washington the between the Yorkists under the same evening. Earl of Salisbury, and the Lancastrians under Henry VI. Blanquefort (Hundred Years' The former, who were inferior War). in numbers, w^ere attacked by Fought November i, 1450, Henry, who crossed a brook when the English made a sally before the assault. As the Lan- from Bordeaux to repel a castrians were reforming after marauding band under Amanien. the crossing, the Yorkists The English cavalry, advancing charged down upon them, and too rapidly, became separated dispersed them with heavy loss. from the main body, and was cut off. Amanien then fell upon Blueberg (Napoleonic Wars). the infantry, who, being un- On January 8, 1806, a British supported, were overwhelmed force 6,600 strong, under and almost annihilated. So General Baird, which had just great was the slaughter that the landed at Saldanha Bay, was day was long known in Bor- attacked by the Dutch and deaux as the " Male Journee." French under General Janssens, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 37 issuing from Cape Town. The Genghis. The Governor held out British gained a signal victory, for a short time in the citadel, in which they lost 212 killed, which was finally fired and wounded and missing, while destroyed. their opponents' losses amounted Boomplaats. to about .300. Baird at once Fought August 29, 1848, be- occupied Cape Town. tween the British, 800 strong, Boadicea, Defeat of (Roman with 250 Griquas, under Sir Occupation of Britain). Harry Smith, and a force of In the year 61, Suetonius, 1,000 Transvaal Boers under with 10,000 legionaries, totally Commandant Jan Kock. The routed an enormous host of British stormed the Boer posi- Britons under Boadicea, Queen tion and drove out the defenders, of the Iceni, who had sacked at a cost of 22 killed and 38 Camelodunum, and taken wounded. The Boers stated their Londinium and Verulamium. losses at 5 killed and 9 wounded. The Britons lost 80,000 killed, Italian and Boadicea took poison on Borghetto (Napoleon's Campaigns). the battlefield. Fought May 30, 1796, in the Bois-le-Duc (Wars of the French course of Napoleon's pursuit of Revolution). Beaulieu. The French crossed Fought November 12, 1/94. the Mincio at Borghetto, having between the French and Aus- previously repaired the bridge trians under the Duke of York, under a heavy fire, and forced and the French under Moreau. the Austrians to evacuate Moreau's object was to enter Peschiera, with a loss of 500 Holland at a period when the prisoners, besides killed and dykes would be no obstacle to wounded. his advance, and for the purpose endeavoured to cross the Meuse Bornholm (Dane-Swedish Wars). the at Fort Crevecoeur, near Bois-le- Fought 1676, between and Duc. The allies however, dis- fleet of Charles XI of Sweden, puted his passage so vigorously a combined Dutch and Danish were that Moreau was forced to retire, squadron. The Swedes and give up his project. utterly routed, a disaster which was followed by the loss of Bokhara (Tartar Invasion of Helsingborg, Landscroon, and Kharismia). other fortresses. This city was besieged by the Tartar army under Genghis Bornhoven. Khan in March, 1220, and was Fought 1227, between the held by a Kharismian garrison. Danes under Valdemar II, and On the approach of the Tar- the insurgents of the province tars, however, the Kharismian of Dithmarsh, who had risen general, with the whole garrison, against the Danish dominion. 20,000 strong, fled from the The royal troops were totally place, and the Bokhariots, routed, and, as a consequence, having no means of defending the province was lost to the themselves, opened the gates to Danish crown. 38 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Borodino (Moscow Campaign). destruction, but they were Fought September 5, 1812, rescued by the arrival of 1,500 between 1 20,000 Russians under horse under Khaled. After a Kutusoff, and the French in brief interval, the whole of the equal force under Napoleon. garrison marched out of the The Russians, who were in- city to give battle, but were de- trenched in a very strong feated by Khaled with a loss to position, were attacked soon his troops of 250 men only, and after daybreak, and their first the city was shortly afterwards line of redoubts was carried and betrayed by Romanus, the held by the French till the end Governor. of the day, but the victory was far from decisive, as at nightfall Bosworth Field (Wars of the Napoleon retired to his original Roses). position, leaving the Russians in Fought August 21. 1485, be- possession of the field. The tween Richard III and Henry French lost 10,000 killed, in- Duke of Richmond (Henry VII). cluding 8 generals, and 20,000 Richmond had received a pro- wounded, including 30 generals. mise from Lord Stanley and his The Russians lost about 45,000. uncle that they would desert This battle is also called the during the battle, and, after Battle of the Moskowa. holding aloof for sometime, they over, followers, Boroughbridge (Rebellion of the came with their Marches). at a critical moment of the en- Fought 1322, between the gagement, and Richard was routed slain. fought to Royalists under Edward II, and and He the rebels under Hereford and the end, and among others who Lancaster. The rebels, falling fell with him were the Duke of back before the king, were sur- Norfolk and Lord Ferrers. prised by a force under Sir Bothwell Bridge (Covenanters' Andrew Harclay while crossing Rising). the bridge at Boroughbridge, and were utterly routed. Here- Fought June 22, 1679, when ford was killed, and Lancaster, the Royal troops, under the with several hundred barons Duke of Monmouth, defeated and knights, surrendered. the Covenanters with great slaughter. Borysthenes, The (Russo-Polish Wars). Boulogne. Fought 15 12, when the Poles Siege was laid to the town by under Sigismund I defeated an the English under Henry VIII, army of Muscovites, 80,000 September 14, It was de- strong, with enormous slaughter. 1544. fended with great gallantry, and, Bosra (Moslem Invasion of in the face of enormous diffi- Syria). culties, for two months, when it This strong fortress was be- was forced to surrender, the sieged, 632, by 4,000 Moslems inhabitants being allowed to under Serjabil. A sortie of the march out with their arms and garrison nearly caused their property. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES S9

Bourbon (Napoleonic Wars). attacked him, and were routed On July 8, 1810, this island with heavy loss, Barreiro and was captured by a British 1,600 men being captured. The squadron of five ships under patriots lost 66 only. Commodore Rowley, with a Boyne, The (War of the Revolu- detachment of troops under tion). Colonel Keatinge. The British Fought July I, 1690, between lost 22 killed and 79 wounded. the forces of WiUiam III, and Bouvines (Wars of Philip the Irish under James II. Augustus). William and the elder Schomberg

Fought 1 214 between the attacked the front of James's French under Philip Augustus, position, while the younger and the Germans, Flemish and Schomberg crossed the Boyne a English under Otho IV, the few miles higher up, and at- numbers engaged on both sides tacked him in flank. William being considerable. The French forced the passage of the river, gained a signal victory, which and drove the Irish from their broke up the coalition and ren- entrenchments at a cost of 500 dered the position of Philip killed and wounded, including Augustus secure on the throne the elder Schomberg. The Irish of France. lost 1,500. Bovianum (Second Samnite Braddock Down (Civil War). War). Fought January 19, 1643, Fought B.C. 307 between the between the Royahsts under Sir Romans under Titus Minucius, Ralph Hopton, and the ParUa- and the Samnites under Statins mentary forces under Ruthven. Gellius. Gellius attempted to The latter had crossed the relieve Bovianum, which the Tamar and occupied Liskeard, Romans were besieging, and was without adequate support, and totally defeated, though Minucius was defeated by the Royahsts fell in the battle. This defeat with heavy loss. broke the Samnite power, and (Northumber- they sued for peace in the Bramham Moor following year, leaving Rome land's Rebellion). 20, 1408, without dispute the first power Fought February High in Italy. when Sir Thomas Rokeby, Sheriff of Yorkshire, defeated of Boyaca (South American War the Earl of Northumberland, Independence). who had again raised the stan- be- Fought August 17, 1819, dard of rebelhon in the North. patriots tween the Colombian The Earl was slain, and the re- the Spanish under Bolivar, and bellion subsided. Royalists, 2,500 strong, under Colonel Barreiro. Bolivar crossed Brandywine (American War of the Cordilleras, under incredible Independence). difficulties, and, eluding Bar- Fought September 11, 1777. under reiro, took up a position at between 18,000 British Boyaca, cutting him off from his General Howe, and 8,000 Ameri- The base at Bogota. The Spaniards cans under Washington. 40 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

British General made a flank cavalry under Henry I, and a movement with a large portion similar French force under of his force, whereupon Washing- Louis VL Though only about ton attacked the British in the 900 men were engaged, and very front, but, being ill supported by few killed, the fight was con- his lieutenant, Sullivan, he was sidered a decisive victory for driven back, and forced to the English, and Louis shortly retreat, \\'ith a loss of 900 killed afterwards made peace, conced- and wounded and 300 prisoners. ing Henry's terms. The British lost 590 killed and Brentford (Civil War). wounded. Fought November 12, 1642, Brechin (Douglas Rebellion). between the Royalists under Fought 1452, between the re- Prince Rupert, and a Parliamen- volted Douglasses under the tary force under Denzil Holies. Earl of Craufurd, and the Three regiments stationed at Royal troops under the Earl of Brentford were driven out of Huntl3^ The Douglasses were their entrenchments by the defeated. Royalists, losing 1,500 prisoners and 1 1 guns. Bregenz (War of the League Above the Lake). Brescia (Italian Rising). Fought January 1408, be- This city, where the populace tween the troops of the League had risen and shut up the small Above the Lake and the bur- Austrian garrison in the citadel, ghers of Constance, aided by the was carried by assault by Genera Suabian nobles. The Leaguers Haynau, with about 4,000 Aus- were totally routed, with the trians, March 31, 1849. Carrying result that the League was the Porta Torrelunga, he fought shortly afterwards dissolved. his way from barricade to barri- cade, till, by the evening of Breitenfeld, First Battle. See April I, the resistance of the Leipsic. citizens was overcome. The Breitenfeld, Second Battle (Thirty Austrians lost 480 killed, in- Years' War). cluding General Nugent, and Fought November 2, 1642, many wounded. The wholesale between the Imperialists under executions ordered by Haynau the Archduke Leopold and after the capture earned for Piccolomini, and the Swedes him the sobriquet of the Hyaena. under Torstenson. The latter, Breslau (Seven Years' who were in retreat, were War). caught by the pursuing Austrians Fought November 22, 1757, between at Breitenfeld, but turning upon 90,000 Austrians under Prince Charles them, they offered a desperate of Lorraine, and 25,000 Prussians resistance, and finally drove under the Prince of Bevern. them from the field, totally The Prussians, who were routed, with a loss of 10,000 men. encamped under the walls of Breslau, were driven Brenneville. into the city with a loss of 5,000 Fought August 20, 1 1 19, be- killed and wounded, 3,600 tween a small body of English prisoners, including the Prince of DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 41

Bevern, and 80 guns. They Brihuega (War of the Spanish evacuated the city at once, Succession).

leaving a garrison of 6,000, Fought 1 7 10 between the which surrendered two days British under Stanhope, and later. The Austrians lost 8,000 the French under the Due de killed and wounded. Vendome. Stanhope, who was retreating from Madrid to Cata- Brest (War of the Holy League ). lonia, was surprised and sur- Fought August 10, 1512, rounded, and, though he made a between the English fleet of 45 gallant stand, fighting till all his sail under Lord Edward Howard, powder was spent, and then and the French fleet of 39 sail leading a bayonet charge, his under Jean de Thenouenel. The force was at last reduced to 500 French ships were driven into men, when he surrendered. Brest, or along the coast, with heavy loss. The English lost 2 Brill (Netherlands War of Inde- ships and 1,600 men. pendence). This fortress was captured Bridge of Dee (Civil War). from the Spaniards by the Fought June 18, 1639, be- Beggars of the Sea, about 400 tween the Covenanters, 2,300 strong, under De la Marck and strong, and the Royal troops Treslong, April i, 1572. It under Lord Aboyne. The bridge was the first success of the itself was barricaded and held Netherlands patriots in their by 100 sharpshooters, under struggle against Spanish rule, Colonel Johnstone, and Mont- and may be said to have laid the rose, who led the Covenanters, foundation of the Dutch re- finding the defences too strong, public. succeeded by a stratagem in drawing off the main body of Brittany, Action off (Gallic War). the defenders, whereupon he This, the iirst sea fight in the forced a passage. The losses on Atlantic, was fought B.C. 56, both sides were very small. between the Roman fleet under Brutus, and the fleet of the Brienne (Allied Invasion of Veneti, consisting of 220 gal- France). leys. The Romans were vic- Fought January 29, 18 14, be- torious, and the surrender of the tween 18,000 French under Veneti and the whole of Brittany Napoleon, and about 30,000 quickly followed. Russians and Prussians under Blucher. The allies were driven Bronkhorst Spruit (First Boer from their positions, and the War). Chateau de Brienne taken. After The opening engagement of nightfall a determined attempt the war, when, on December 20, to retake the chateau was made 1880, a British column, 259 by the Russians under Sachen, strong, under Colonel Anstruther, but they failed to dislodge the was ambushed by 150 mounted French. The allies lost about Boers under Joubert, and de-

4,000 ; the French 3,000 killed feated with a loss of 1 5 5 killed and and wounded. wounded. The Boers stated 4^ DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

their losses at :: killed and 5 27, 1806, by a coup de main, by woumled onlv. a British force, 1,700 strong, under General Beresford, aided Brooklyn (American of War by a small s-iuadron under Sir Independence). Home Popham. Beresford, Fought be- August 27, 1776, howe\er, was not strong enough tween 30,000 British under Sir to hold the place, and before WiUiam the Ameri- Howe, and reinforcements could arrive he can'^, about 1 under 1. 000 strong, was defeated by the South General Putnam. The Americans Americans under General were completely defeated, with Liniers, with a loss of 250 killed a loss of about 2,000 killed and and wounded, and compelled to wounded. The British lost 65 surrender with his whole force. killed and 255 wounded. Buenos Ayres (Napoleonic Wars). Brunanburh (Danish Invasion). Fought July 5, 1807 when Fought when .Ethelstan 937, 9,000 British troops under defeated with great slaughter the General Whitelocke assaulted combined armies of Anlaf the the city. They penetrated into Dane, Owen of Cumberland, the streets, but suffered terrible and Constantine III of Scotland. losses from the defenders' fire Bucharest (Ottoman Wars). from windows and roofs, and.

Fought 1 77 1, between the General Whitelocke proving a Turks under Mousson Oglou, most incapable leader, were and the Russians under General forced to surrender and evacuate Romanzoff. The Turks were the whole of the River Plate totally defeated. region.

Buena Vista (Americo-Mexican Buenos Ayres (Mitre's Re- War). bellion). Fought February 22, 1846, Fought November 6, 1874, between 18,000 Mexicans under between the Argentine Govern- General Santa Anna, and 4,500 ment troops under Sarmiento, Americans under General and the rebels under Mitre and Zacharv Taylor. The Americans Aredondo. The rebels were de- occupied a series of heights feated, and Mitre forced to commanding the Angostura surrender. pass, and were there attacked by Bull Run (American Civil War). Santa Anna, who failed to dis- Fought July 21, 1861, between lodge them, the day ending with 40,000 Federals under General the combatants occupying the M'Dowell, and 30,000 Confede- same ground as in the morning. rates under General Beauregard. On the 23rd, however, Santa The Confederates occupied a Anna retired. The Americans position extending for about nine lost 746 killed and wounded ; the miles along the southern bank Mexicans admitted a loss of 1,500 of the Bull Run, and an attempt killed, but it was probably to turn and drive in their heavier. left was at first successful, but, being Buenos Ayres (Napoleonic Wars). rallied by General Beauregard, Thii city was captured June they assumed the offensive, and DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 43 totally routed the Northerners, Kaffirs under Sandilli, and a with a loss of 1,492 killed and small British force sent to arrest wounded, 1,600 prisoners, and that chief. The British were 28 guns. The Confederates lost preatly outnumbered, and were 1.752- defeated and forced to retreat.

Bull Run, Second Battle (Ameri- Busaco (Peninsular War). can Civil War). Fought by Wellington, Sep- Fought August 30, 1862, be- tember 29, 1 8 10, to secure his tween the Confederates under retreat to Torres Vedras. He Stonewall Jackson, and the occupied the heights of Busaco Federals under General Pope. with 25,000 men and was The Federals attacked Jackson's attacked by 40,000 French under position, which he maintained Massena. The actual assault till evening, when, the Federal left was delivered by the corps of giving way, he ordered a general Ney and Reynier, but they advance, and drove the enemy could make no impression, and from the field with heavy loss. were repulsed with a loss of about Over 7,000 prisoners were taken. 4,500. The British lost 1,300 killed and wounded Bunker's Hill (American War of Independence). Buxar. Fought October Fought June 17, 1775, when 23, 1764, 2,000 British troops, forming a between 7,000 British troops and portion of General Gage's army, sepoys under Major Monro, and dislodged the Americans holding the army of Oude, 40,000 strong, Breeds Hill and Bunker's Hill, under Surabjah Daulah, who on the outskirts of Boston. The was accompanied by the Great position was stubbornly con- Mogul, Shah AUum. The British tested, the assailants losing gained a signal victory, Surabjah 800 men. Daulah abandoning his camp with a loss of 4,000 men and 130 Burlington Heights (Second guns. The British lost 847 killed American War). and wounded. Fought May 5, 18 13, when the British under Colonel Procter Buzenval (Franco-German War). sortie from Paris under were attacked by 1,300 Ameri- A General cans under General Clay, while Trochu on January 19, engaged with another American 1 87 1. The French, advancing estab- force holding Burlington Heights. under cover of a fog, lished in the Park of The Americans broke the British themselves Buzenval, occupied St. line and seized their guns, but and Cloud, where they maintained Procter, who had only 1,000 their position throughout the men, with some Indian auxili- day. At other points, however, aries, rallied his troops and they were less successful, and, on routed Clay, with a loss of the morning of the 20th, the nearly 1,000 killed, wounded and captured. force at St. Cloud, finding itself unsupported, was obliged to re- Burns Hill (Kaffir Wars). tire, and all the captured posi- Fought 1847, between the tions were abandoned. The 44 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Germans lost 40 officers and 570 and the Pontic army under

men ; the French 189 officers Diophantus and Taxiles. The and 3,881 men. This sortie is also Pontic cavalry, on which known as the Battle of Mont Mithridates chiefly reUed, was Valerien. overwhelmed by Fabius Had- king was driven Byzantium. riauus, and the out of Pontus, which was Fought 31S B.C., between the erected into a Roman province Macedonian fleet under Anti- ponus, and that of the Asiatic Cadesia (Moslem Invasio.i of rebels under Clytus. The Persia). Asiatics were surprised at an- Fought 636, between 30,000 chor, of most the crews being Moslems under Said, the lieu- ashore, and, after a feeble de- tenant of the Caliph Omar, and fence, the whole of their fleet 120,000 Persians under Rustam. was destroyed or captured, with Throughout the first day the the exception of the admiral's Persians, superior in numbers, galley, in which Clytus succeeded but far inferior in warlike in escaping. qualities, sustained the attacks Byzantium (War of the Two of the Moslems without losing Empires). ground, but on the following In 127, the city was besieged day Rustam was slain, and his by Constantine the Great after followers, losing heart, were his victory over Licinius at driven headlong from the field, HadrianopoUs. Licinius, finding with fearful slaughter. The the place difficult of defence, Moslems lost 7,500 in the crossed into Asia and collected battle. an army to raise the siege. He Cadiz. was, however, defeated at Chry- On April 19, 1587, Sir Francis sopoUs, and Byzantium sur- Drake, with between 30 and 40 rendered in 324. Constantine English ships, entered Cadiz was proclaimed Emperor of the Bay, and destroyed over 100 united Empire, and Byzantium, Spanish vessels. This exploit under its modern name of Drake described as " Singeing Constantinople, was made the the capital. King of Spain's beard." Cadsand (Hundred Years' War). Fought November 10, 1357, between 2,500 English under the Cabala (Second Carthaginian Earl of Derby, and 5,000 Invasion of Sicily). Flemings in the French service. Fought B.C. 379, between the The Flemings were defeated Syracusans under Dionysius, with a loss of 1,000 men. and the Carthaginians under Cairo (Ottoman Mago. The latter were totally Wars). Fought defeated and Mago slain. 1517, between the Turks under Selim I, and the Cabria (Third Mithridatic War). Egyptians under the Mameluke Fought B.C. 72, between three Sultan, Toomaan Bey. The Roman legions under Lucullus, Egyptians were utterly routed DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 45 and Cairo taken, 50,000 of the Calais. inhabitants being massecred. The last English stronghold Toomaan Bey, the last of the in France was captured by the Mamehikes, was hanged before French under the Due de Guise, the city gates, and Egypt January 8, 1558, after a siege of annexed to the Ottoman Em- seven days only. Mary is said pire. to have exclaimed, on hearing the news, that at her death the Cajwah. word " Calais " would be found Fought January 8, 1659, be- engraven on her heart. tween the Moguls of Delhi, under Aurungzebe, the Great Calatafimi (Unification of Italy). raised Mogul, and the army by Fought May 15, i860, be- his brother Shuja, in support of tween Garibaldi's " Thousand Dara, the rightful heir to the Volunteers," with a few thou- throne. After an obstinate con- sand Sicilian " Picciotti " and flict, Shuja was driven from 4,000 Neapolitans under General the field with heavy losses in Landi. The Neapolitans were men, leaving behind him 114 driven back with heavy loss, guns. and retreated in disorder to Calafat (Crimean War). Palermo. Garibaldi lost, of his This position, strongly en- thousand, 18 killed and 128 trenched and held by 30,000 wounded. Turks under Ahmed Pasha, Calcutta. was invested by the Russians, Siege was laid to the city 40,000 strong, under General by Sarabjah Aurep, about the middle of June 16, 1756, Daulah, Nawab of Bengal, with February, 1854. The Russians a large force. The garrison, delivered assault after assault consisting of 514 regulars and upon the place, without effect, militia, and 1,000 matchlock and finally withdrew their forces men, under Captain Minchin, in May ; having suffered a loss was quite inadequate to man the from disease, privation, and defences, and it was decided to battle of 20,000 men. The Turks abandon the city, remove all lost 12,000. non-combatants to the ships, Calais (Hundred Years' War). and only defend the fort. The Siege was laid to this fortress Governor, Mr. Drake, was among in August 1346 by the English those who left the place, and under Edward III. The citizens he was accompanied by Captain made a gallant defence, holding Minchin, who deserted his post, out for nearly a year, but at as did many of the militiamen, last were forced to surrender with the result that only 190 August 4, 1347. In the course remained for the defence of the of the siege, six burgesses offer- fort. An assault was repulsed, ed themselves to the king as with a loss to the defenders of for their fellow citizens ransom ; 95 killed and wounded, but on but their Uves were spared the 20th the little garrison on the intercession of Queen surrendered. The survivors were Philippa. thrust into a small room, known 46 DICTIOXARY OF BATTLES as the Black Hole, and used as a under Hussein Ali, and a soldiers' prison, and out of 146 British force of one European onlv 23 survived the horrors of and two native regiments under the nii;ht. Colonel Hartly. Hussein Ali occupied a strong position in Caldiero (Napoleon's Italian Cam- front of Calicut, which was paigns). attacked and carried by Hartley Fought November 11, 1796, with a loss of 52 only. The between the French under enemy lost 1,000 killed and Napoleon and the Austrians wounded, and 2,400 prisoners, under Alvinzi. Napoleon at- including their commander. tacked the Austrian position, and, for the first time in the Callao (South American War of campaign, suffered a reverse, Independence). being unable to carry the On the night of November 5, enemy's hues, and eventually, 1820, Lord Cochrane, who with after severe fighting, retiring three Chilian frigates was with a loss of 3,000. Within the blockading the Spaniards in week, however, this defeat was Callao, rowed into the harbour avenged by the victory of with 240 seamen and marines, Areola. and cut out the Spanish frigate Esmeralda from under the 300 Caldiero (Napoleon's Italian Cam- guns of the shore batteries. paigns). He lost in the enterprise 41 On November 30, 1800, killed and wounded, while the Massena, with 50,000 French, whole of the crew of the Es- encountered the Austrians, meralda, including the Spanish 80,000 strong, under the Arch- Admiral, was captured or duke Charles, strongly posted killed. in the village and on the heights of Caldiero. Massena attacked Callao. and carried the heights, but the The town was bombarded by village held out until nightfall. the Spanish fleet of 1 1 warships. During the night the Archduke May 2, 1866. The Peruvian removed his baggage and artil- batteries replied vigorously, lery, leaving a corps of 5,000 and, after severe fighting, drove men, under General Hillinger, off the Spanish ships with a loss to protect his retreat, which of 300. The Peruvians lost force was on the following day 1,000 killed and woundeil. captured en bloc. The Austrians Calpulalpam (Mexican Liberal lost 3,000 killed and wounded, Rising). and, including Hilhnger's corps, Fought December 20, i860, 8,000 prisoners ; the French between the Mexican Govern- about 4,000 killed and wounded. ment troops under Miramon, Thus, though the battle was and the Liberals under Juarez. indecisive, Massena gained a The Liberals won a signal vic- considerable strategic victory. tory, which opened the way to Calicut (Second Mysore War). Mexico, and brought about the Fought December 10, 1790, downfall of Miramon's adminis- between 9,000 Mysore troops tration. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 47

Calven, The (Swabian War). armies, and was totally de- Fought March 22, 1499, be- feated, one of his legions being tween 6,300 men of the Grisons cut to pieces. under Benedict Fontana, and Campaldino (Guelfs and Ghibel- 15,000 Imperialists under Maxi- lines). milian I. The Swiss carried the Fought June 11, 1289, be- Austrian entrenchments, and tween the Guelfs of Florence drove them out with heavy loss. and the Ghibellines who had Cambuskenneth. See Stirling. been expelled from the city. The latter were utterly routed, Camden (American War of and this defeat put an end to Independence). their power in Florence. The Fought August 16, 1780, be- battle is notable for the pre- tween the British under Corn- sence of Dante in the ranks of wallis, and the Americans under the victors. Gates and de Kalb. Cornwallis had concentrated about 2,000 Campen (Seven Years' War). men at Camden, and though the Fought October 18, 1759, Prussians under Americans numbered 5,000, they between the were of very inferior quality. the Prince of Brunswick, and After a small affair of outposts, the French under General de the British attacked the Ameri- Castries, when the Prussians can levies, who were unable to were defeated with a loss of face the steady attack of the 1,600 men. regulars, and fled with heavy Campo Santo (War of the loss. Among the killed was Austrian Succession). de Kalb. The British lost 312 Fought February 8, 1743, killed and wounded. between the Spaniards under Camelodunum (Second Invasion Mortemar, and the Imperialists of Britain). under Count Traum. Mortemar Fought 43, between the was endeavouring to effect a Romans under the Emperor junction with the army of the Claudius, and the Britons Prince de Conti, and though under Caractacus. The Britons the action was undecided, its were routed, and Camelodunum, results were in favour of the Caractacus' capital, taken. Imperialists, who prevented the two armies from joining hands. Camerinum (Third Samnite War). Campus Castorum (Revolt of Fought B.C. 298, between two Vitellius). Roman legions under Lucius Fought in 69 between the Scipio, and the Samnites under revolted legionaries, 70,000 Gellius Equatius, aided by a strong, under Valens and Cai- force of Gauls. Scipio, who had cina, and the army of the been stationed near Camerinum Emperor Otho under Suetonius to watch the pass through which Paulinus. The Imperial troops the Gauls were expected to cross gained some advantage, but the Apennines, was unable to Suetonius did not consider him- prevent the junction of the two self strong enough to follow it 48 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

up, and was relieved of his com- Cannae (Second Punic War). mand by Otho. Fought August 2, B.C. 216, between 90,000 Romans under (Wars of the Camperdown Varro, and about 50,000 Cartha- French Revolution). ginians under Hannibal. Hanni- Fought between the British bal, though outnumbered in fleet, i6 line of battle ships, infantry, was much superior in under Admiral Duncan, and the cavalry. The Romans were Dutch, in equal force, imder drawn up with the sea in their Admiral de Winter, October ii, rear, and were attacked and Dutch fleet was on 1797. The broken by the Carthaginian its way to co-operate with the horse. The infantry followed up French in a landing in Ireland, the attack, and, flight being and was intercepted by Duncan, impossible, the Romans were at once gave battle. The who slaughtered where they stood, British fleet, in two lines, broke 80,000 falling, including the through the Dutch line, and, in Consul iEmilius, 25 superior the general action which fol- officers, and 80 senators. The lowed, captured eight ships, Carthaginians lost 6,000. including the flagship, the Vvij- heid. The British lost 1,040 Cape Bona (Invasion of the killed and wounded, the Dutch Vandals ). 1,160 and 6,000 prisoners. Fought 468, between the Roman fleet of 1,100 galleys Candia (Candian War). and transports under Basiliscus, Siege was laid to this place and the fleet of the Vandals by the Turks under Jussuf, the under Genseric. The Romans Capitan Pasha, in 1648, and were lying at anchor, having was defended by a small garri- landed their troops, and Gen- son of Venetians, under Lviigi seric, taking advantage of a Moncenigo. So vigorous was the favourable wind, sent in a fleet defence that the Turks lost of fireships, following them up 20,000 men in the first six by a determined attack. More months of the siege. The siege than half the Roman ships lasted over twenty years, the were destroyed, Basiliscus es- place being from time to time caping with difficulty. revictualled and reinforced by the Venetians and the French, Cape Finisterre (War of the but it was finally surrendered Austrian Succession). by Morosini, September 27, 1669. Fought May 3, 1747, between a British fleet of 16 sail under Canea (Candian War). Admiral Anson, and a French This place was besieged June fleet of 38 sail under Admiral 24, 1644, by 50,000 Turks under de la Jonquiere. The French Jussuf, the Capitan Pasha, and were completely defeated, losing defended by a small force of 10 ships and nearly Venetians and Candians, who 3,000 prisoners. held out until August 22, re- pulsing numerous assaults, Cape Finisterre (War of the which cost the Turks 20,000 Austrian Succession). men. Fought October 14, 1747, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 49 when a British fleet of 14 ships after a very severe action, in under Admiral Hawke attacked which both sides lost heavily, a French fleet of 9 battleships captured or destroyed no less under Admiral de Letendeur. than 15 of the Spanish ships. The French were signally de- Castaiieta died of wounds re- feated, losing four ships. The ceived in the action. This battle British lost 598 killed and is also known as the Battle wounded. of Messina.

Cape Finisterre (Napoleonic Cape St. Vincent (Wars of the Wars). French Revolution). Fought July 22, 1805, be- Fought February 14, I797. fleet of tween a British fleet of i 5 sail of between a British 15 the Une under Sir Robert ships of the line and 5 frigates Calder, and the combined under Sir John Jervis, and a French and Spanish fleets re- Spanish fleet of 26 sail of the turning from the West Indies, line and 12 frigates. In spite under Admiral Villeneuve. The of their superior numbers, the French fleet, consisting of 20 Spaniards were totally defeated, battleships, was attacked by losing 4 ships and over 3,000 Calder, who captured 2 ships. prisoners, in addition to heavy Fogs and light airs prevented losses in killed and wounded. him from following up his The British lost 74 killed and advantage next day, for which 227 wounded. For this signal he was tried by court-martial victory, Jervis was created Lord and most unjustly censured. St. Vincent. The British loss was 183 killed Caprysema (First Messenian and wounded, the French losing War). 149 killed and 327 wounded. Fought B.C. 743, between the Cape Henry (American War of Spartans and Corinthians, and Independence). the Messenians with their allies Fought March 16, 178 1, be- from other Peloponnesian states tween a British fleet of eight under Cristomenes. The Spar- ships of the line and three tans were routed, and, but for frigates under Vice-Admiral the eloquence of Tyrtacus, Arbuthnot, and a French squad- would have abandoned the ron stronger by one frigate. struggle. The French were forced to Capua (Second Punic War). retire, the British losing 30 This place was besieged in killed and 64 wounded. the autumn of B.C. 212, by Cape Passaro (War of the 60,000 Romans under Q. Ful- Quadruple Alliance). vius and Appius Claudius. The Fought July 31, 17 18, between Romans formed a double wall a British fleet of 21 ships under of circumvallation round the Sir George Byng, and a Spanish city, and, early in the winter, fleet of 29 ships under Don their defences were attacked by Antonio Castafieta. Admiral the garrison from within and Byng attacked the Spaniards Hannibal from without, but in the Straits of Messina, and, with no success. Hannibal then 50 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES attempted to draw the be- prisoners, while Strachan only siegers from their position by had lost 2 wounded. This was marching upon Rome, but only Montrose's last fight, and he was a small portion of the besieging soon afterwards captured. force followed him. It being Carenage Bay (American War thus found impossible to relieve of Independence). the city, it shortly afterwards between the surrendered. Fought 1778, French under the Comte Carabobo (South American War d'Estaing, and the English under of Independence). Admiral Barrington and General Fought June 24, 1821, be- Meadows. After a severe en- tween the Colombian patriots, counter, the French were de- 8,000 strong, under Bolivar, and feated, and the British took the Spanish Royalists, about possession of the island of St. 4,000 in number, tinder La Lucia. Torre. The Royalists were Carigat. See Arikera. utterly routed, barely 400 reaching Porto Cabello. This Carlisle (Rebellion of the Forty- battle determined the indepen- five j. dence of Colombia. This city was besieged by the Jacobites under the Young Caracha (South American War Pretender, November 9, 1745, of Independence). and was defended by the Fought 1813, between the Cumberland and Westmoreland Colombian Patriots under Bo- Militia, with small force of livar and the Spanish Royal- regulars, under Colonel Durand. ists, Bolivar gaining a complete The besiegers opened fire on the victorv. 13th, and on the evening of the Caraguatay (Paraguayan War). 14 th, under pressure of the inhabitants, Durand surrendered. Fought August 1869, between the Paraguayans under Lopez, Carnoul (Persian Invasion of and the Brazilians under the India). Comte d'Eu. After a stubborn Fought 1739, between the engagement the BraziUans were Persians under Nadir Shah, and victorious. the Moguls under the Emperor Mohammed Shah and his Grand Carbisdale (Civil War). Vizier, Nizam-ul-Mulk. The Fought April 27, 1650, be- Persian veterans completely de- tween the Royalists of Orkney, feated the raw Mogul levies, 1,000 strong, with 500 Swedish and Nadir Shah shortly after- mercenaries, and a small Parlia- wards occupied and sacked mentary force under Colonel Delhi, carrying off, it is Strachan. Montrose, who com- said, jewels and coin to the value of manded the Royahsts, saw his thirty millions sterling. troops broken by the Parlia- mentary horse, only the Swedes Carpi (War of the Spanish offering any serious resistance. Succession).

The Royalist:: lost 396 killed Fought July 1 701, between and wounded and over 400 the Imperialists under Prince ,

DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 51

Eugene, and the French army in Scipio was made consul, and Lombardy, under Marshal Cati- appointed to the command nat. The French were signally and he succeeded in completely defeated, and, in consequence, blockading the city, which, Catinat was recalled from the after an obstinate resistance command. lasting six years, was captured B.C. 146 and razed to the Carrhae (Parthian War). ground. Fought B.C. 53, between the Romans, 52,000 strong, under Carthage (Invasion of the Publius Crassus, and the Par- Vandals). thians under Sillaces. The Fought September 14, 533, Parthians, who were entirely between the Vandals under cavalry, adopted their usual Gelimer, about 160,000 strong, tactics of retiring and drawing and the Romans under Beli- their foes in pursuit. As the sarius, far inferior in numbers. heavily armed legionaries be- Gelimer divided his army into came strung out across the three, of which he led one por- plain, they turned upon them and tion to attack the main body of cut them down in detail. Of the Romans. The action was the division, 6,000 strong, which precipitated, however, by the actually came into action, 500 hasty attack by Ammatas of were made prisoners, and the the vanguard, wherein he was rest, including Crassus, slain. routed with heavy loss. Gehmer then fell upon the pursuing Carrical (Seven Years' War). Romans, but Belisarius coming An action was fought off this up, the Vandals were put to place August 2, 1758, between flight, and the Romans gained a British squadron under Ad- a complete victory. On the miral Pococke, and the French following day Carthage opened under Comte d'Ache. After a her gates to the victors. severe engagement, the French fleet drew off, but the English Carthagena (War of the Aus- pursuit, owing to damaged trian Succession). rigging, was ineffectual, and This port was blockaded d'Ache reached Pondicherry March 9, 1 741, by a British fleet without the loss of a ship. under Admiral Vernon. An unsuccessful attack was made Carthage (Third Punic War). upon the forts, and eventually In B.C. 152 siege was laid to Vernon, having lost 3,000 men this city by a Roman consular during the operations, withdrew army under Manius Manilius, April 9. aided by a fleet under L. Cen- sorinus. The Carthaginian army Casal (Wars of Louis XIV). under Hasdrubal was encamped Fought April 1640, between outside the walls, and greatly the French, 10,000 strong, under hindered the operations of the Harcourt, and the Spaniards, Romans, who would have made numbering 20,000, who were little progress but for the efforts besieging Casal. Harcourt of Scipio ^milianus, then a pierced the Spanish lines and military tribune. In B.C. 148, totally defeated them, with a 5^! DICTIONARY OF BATTLES loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, totally routed, and, after the SiXT prisoners, and iS guns. action, La Moriciere was only able to assemble about 300 infantry, Casilinum In- (Second Frank with which remnant he made his vasion of Italy). way to Ancona. Fought 554, between 18,000 Imperial troops under Narses, Castelnaudary. and the Franks and Alemanni, Fought September i, 1632, 30,000 strong, under Buccelin. between the troops of Louis XIII The Romans won a signal vic- and the rebel nobles under the tory, and are said by the Due de Montmorenci, son of the chroniclers to have exterminated Constable. The rebels were the invading army with a loss utterly routed, and Mont- to themselves of 80 only. morenci taken prisoner. Buccelin fell in the battle. Castiglione (War of the Spanish Cassano (War of the Spanish Succession). Succession). Fought September 8, 1706, Fought .\ugust 16, 1705, be- between the Imperialists under, tween the French under the the Prince of Hesse, and the French under General deMedavi. Due de Vendome, with 35 battalions and 45 squadrons, The Prince was besieging and the Imperialists under Castiglione, when he was Prince Eugene. The Prince, attacked by the French, and wnth greatly inferior numbers, totally defeated, with a loss of attacked the French in a strong 8,000 killed, wounded, and miss- position, which he succeeded in ing. carrying as the night fell. The Castiglione (Napoleon's Italian Imperialists lost about 4,000 ; Campaigns). the French about 5,000. Fought August 3, 1796, be- Castalla (Peninsular War). tween the French under Napo- leon, and the Imperialists under Fought April 13, 181 3, be- tween 17,000 allied troops under Wurmser. Napoleon, with Sir John Murray, and 15,000 25,000 men, advanced upon French under Suchet. ' The Lonato, while Augereau moved French were defeated. The allies upon Castiglione. Lonato was lost 600 killed and wounded carried by assault, and the Aus- ; the French, according to Suchet, trian army cut in two. One part 800, according to Murray, 3,000, under General Bazalitch effected but the former figure is probably a retreat to the Mincio, nearer to the truth. but the other section was cut up by a French division under Castelfidardo (Unification of Guyeaux and Jimot's dragoons, Italy). near Salo, losing 3,000 prisoners Fought September 18, i860, and 20 guns. between the Papal troops under In the portion of the action General La Moriciere, about fought near Castiglione, the 8,000 strong, and the Sardinians, Austrians were defeated with a 40,000 strong, under General loss of 2,000 men, after a des- Cialdini. The Papal army was perate encounter, and driven DICTIONARY OF BATTLES S3 back upon Mantua. On the 4th, Caudine Forks (Second Samnite Napoleon at Lonato, with only War). 12,000 men, was summoned to Fought B.C. 322, when four surrender by a portion of Baza- Roman legions, under T. Vetu- litch's force, 4,000 strong. Na- rius Calvinus and Spurius Post- poleon, however, succeeded in umus were entrapped by the making the messenger think that Sabines under Pontius, in the he was in the middle of the main narrow pass of Caudium. The French army, and consequently Romans fought till nightfall, the whole Austrian detachment suffering heavy loss, and next laid down their arms. day, finding every exit from the pass barred, the survivors sur- Castillejos (Moroccan War), rendered. Fought January i, i860, when the advance guard of the Cawnpur (Indian Mutiny). Spanish army, under General The Residency of Cawnpur Prim, defeated a strong force of was invested by the mutineers Moors, after severe fighting. June 6, 1857, and defended by a The victory opened the road to small garrison until June 24, Tetuan. when the survivors, about 450 in number, surrendered under Castillon (Hundred Years' War). promise from the Nana Sahib This was the last battle of the of a safe conduct to Allahabad. Hundred Years' War, and was They were, however, fired upon fought July 17, 1453. The Eng- as they took to the boats, and lish under Talbot, Earl of only a few escaped. The sur- Shrewsbury, marched to the vivors of this massacre were relief of Castillon, and attacked afterwards murdered in cold the lines of the besiegers, but blood by order of the Nana Sahib. were taken in flank by a sortie from the French entrenchments Cawnpur (Indian Mutiny). and totally defeated, Talbot Fought December 6, 1857, the British under Sir being slain. On October 19 between following, Bordeaux opened her Colin Campbell, and 25,000 gates to the French. rebels, including the Gwalior contingent. The mutineers Catana (Second Carthaginian ^vere routed at all points, and Invasion of Sicily). fled, pursued by the cavalry for Fought B.C. 387 between 200 14 miles, suffering heavy loss. Syracusan galleys under Lep Out of 36 guns, 32 were cap- tines, and a vastly superior Car- tured. The British lost 99 only. thaginian fleet. The Syracu- Cecryphalea (Third Messenian sans were utterly routed, partly War). owing to their inferior numbers, A naval action, fought B.C. but also in part to the bad between the Peloponnesians generalship of Leptines, who 458 and the Athenians, in which the dispersed his ships too widely, latter were victorious. allowing them to be over- whelmed in detail. The victors Cedar Creek (American Civil at once entered upon the siege War). of Syracuse. Fought October 17, 1864, be- 54 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES tween lo.ooo Confederates under unsuspectingly, and were cut C'.encral Early, and about 40,000 to pieces, de Brienne being Federals under General Sheri- amongst the slain. dan. Under cover of a fog, (Neapolitan War). Early turned Sheridan's right, Cerignola capturing 18 guns, but Sheridan, Fought 1503 between the rallying his broken right \%ing, Spaniards under Gonsalvo de totally routed the Confed- Cordova, and the French under erates, who had been en- the Due de Nemours. The gaged in plundering the cap- French were totally defeated tured camii. The Federal losses and Nemours slain. were the heavier, but Sheridan CerisoUes (Wars of Charles V). captured 22 guns, besides re- taking the 18 he had lost at the Fought 1544, between the beginning of the action. French under Francois de Bour- bon, and the Imperialists under Cedar Mountain (American du Gast, the French gaining a Civil War). complete victory. Fought August 9, 1862, be- tween 15,000 Confederates under Chacabuco (South American War Jackson, and about 20,000 of Independence). Federals under General Pope. Fought February 12, 18 17, The strong Confederate position between the Chilian patriots was assailed at 5 p.m., and suc- under San Martin, and the cessive attacks were repulsed Spanish royalists. The Chihans until late in the evening, when won a complete victor}'. the fighting ceased. The Fede- rals lost about 2,800 killed, Chaeronea (Amphictyonic War). wounded, and missing ; the Fought August B.C. 338 be- Confederates, 800 or 900. tween the Macedonians under Philip, and the Athenians and Cepeda. Thebans under Chares and Fought October 23, 1859, Theagenes respectively. • PhiUp between the troops of the Argen- had 30,000 foot and 2,000 horse, tine Confederation under Ur- the latter led by Alexander, then quiza, and those of the State of a lad of eighteen ; the allies were Buenos Ayres, under Mitre. slightly fewer in number. Philip Urquiza was victorious, and in reinforced his right wing, which the following month Buenos was opposed by the Athenians, Ayres entered the Confedera- and sent his heavy cavalry tion. against the Thebans, on the Cephisus. alUed right. Their charge broke Fought 1307 between the the Theban ranks, and they then Catalan " Great Band," 9,500 attacked the Athenians in flank strong, and the troops of Walter and rear. A hopeless rout de Brienne, Duke of Athens, ensued, the Theban " Sacred 15,000 in number. The Cata- Band " dying where they stood. lans surroun'led their camp with The Athenians lost 6,000 killed an artificial inundation, into and 2,000 prisoners. The The- which the Duke's cavalry rode bans were almost annihilated. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 55

Chaeronea (First Mithridatic After an obstinate engagement, War). lasting throughout the day, the Fought B.C. 86, between the Alemanni were routed with a Romans under Sulla, 30,000 loss of 6,000 killed and 4,000 strong, and the troops of Pontus, prisoners. The Romans lost 90,000 in number, under Arche- 1,200. laus. The were com- Romans Chalons (Invasion of the Huns). pletely victorious. Fought 451 between the Ro- under Chalcedon (Third Mithridatic mans and the Visigoths War). Actius and Theodoric respec- the Huns under F'ought B.C. 74, between the tively, and battle was fought Roman fleet, under Rutilius Attila. The while the Niulo, and that of Pontus. The on an open plain, and the allies Romans salhed out of the har- right and centre of bour, but were driven back, and withstood Attila's onslaught, left made a the Pontic fleet then broke the the Visigoths on the Theo- chain protecting the entrance furious charge, in which routed the and destroyed the whole of the doric fell, and totally Attila then Roman ships, 70 in number. right of the Huns. withdrew to his camp, having Chalgrove Field (Civil War). suffered heavy loss, and pre- A cavalry skirmish fought pared to resist the attack of the June 18, 1643, between the allies on the following day. Royalists under Prince Rupert, Actius, however, did not renew and the Parliamentarians under the conflict, and allowed Attila Hampden, and notable only for to retreat unmolested. the fact that Hampden was killed in the affair. Chalons. Arising out of a tournament Chalons (Revolt of the Legions in 1274, in wliich the life of of Aquitaine). Edward I was endangered by Fought 271, between the foul play, a fight in earnest took troops of the Emperor Aurehan, place between the English and and the revolted legions under French knights present. The Tetricus. Tetricus, who was French were worsted, and a only a puppet in the hands of considerable number slain. This " " his soldiers, concerted measures fight is called the Little with Aurelian for their destruc- Battle of Chalons. tion, and so posted his forces as Champ-Aubert (Allied Invasion to give the Emperor the advan- of France). tage, after which he deserted, Fought February 10, 1814, a few followers. The re- with when Napoleon with his main volted legionaries fought despe- army, by an extraordinary rately, but were cut to pieces. forced march through a difficult Chalons (Invasion of the Ale- country, fell upon Blucher's manni). army marching upon Paris, via Fought July 366 between the Chalons. Blucher was advanc- Romans under Jovinus, and the ing in three divisions, and Alemanni under Vadomair. Napoleon attacked the second 56 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

of these, under Alsusieff, and and flank, with further success completely dispersed it, taking for the Confederates, while on the r,ooo prisoners and all the guns. 4th the Federals were driven off, On the following day he encoun- and Hooker forced to recross tered Sachen, who with 20,000 the Rappahannock on the 5th. men formed the advance guard, The Confederates lost about

and defeated him at Montmirail, 1 0,000 men; the Federals about with a loss of 6,000, forcing 18,000, including 7,650 prisoners. him to abandon the main road Chanda (Third Mahratta War). and retire on Chateau Thierry. the chief strong- On the 13th he encountered This fortress, hold of the of Nagpur, General d'York, with 30,000 Rajah besieged British force Russians and Prussians at Cha- was by a teau Thierry, driving him out under Colonel Adams, May 9, 1 8 18. It was defended by over with heavy loss, including 3,000 of the troops, but prisoners, while finally on the 3,000 Rajah's 14th he turned on the main body after two days' bombardment the under Blucher himself, who, not place was taken by storm, with assailants, being sufficiently strong to face small loss to the the main French army, was while the garrison had 500 killed, including the compelled to retire, which he command- did in good order, after losing ant. 3,000 in killed, wounded, and Chandernagore (Seven Years' prisoners. This flank march is War). considered one of Napoleon's This place was besieged March most brilliant achievements. 14, 1757, by Clive, with 2,000 Chancellorsville (American Civil Company's troops, and defended War). by 600 Frenchmen and 300 Fought May 2, 3, and 4, 1863, Sepoys. On the 19th three between 53,000 Confederates British ships under Admiral under Lee, and 120,000 Federals Watson arrived, and on the 24th under Hooker. Lee, though a joint attack by sea and land largely outnumbered, detached resulted in the capture of the half his force under Jackson to place. turn Hooker's right, while he Charasiab (Second Afghan War). contained the Federals with the Fought October 6, 1 879, when rest of his army. Jackson's Sir Frederick Roberts attacked march was successfully carried a force of Afghans and Ghilzais, out, and on the afternoon of the who were massed on the road 2nd he commenced his attack, by which a convoy was approach- routing the Federal nth Corps. ing from Zahidabad, under This success, however, cost the General Macpherson. The enemy Confederates dear, for Jackson's was routed and dispersed, and staff was mistaken in the dusk the convoy reached camp safely. for that of a Federal general, and was fired into by a South Charenton (War of the Fronde). Carolina regiment, and Jackson Fought February 8, 1649, be- mortally wounded. On the 3rd tween the Royal troops, 8,000 the attack was renewed in front strong, under the Great Conde, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES S7 and the forces of the Paris Par- posted near Chateauguay. The liament under Clauleu. Condc Americans attempted to storm gained a complete victory, driv- the Canadian hnes, but the ing the Frondeurs from all their Canadians made a most gallant entrenchments, and forcing them defence, and repulsed them with back upon Paris with heavy loss, heavy loss. including loo officers. Among Chateauneuf-Raudon (Hundred the slain was Clauleu. Years' War), was besieged Charleston (American Civil War). This fortress French under Du The siege of this place may be 1380 by the defended by considered to have commenced Guesclin, and was an English garrison under de April 6, 1863, on which day the After an obstinate de- Federal fleet crossed the bar. Ros. surrendered, On the 7th an attack was made fence the town the siege was fatal to upon fort Sumter by nine iron- July 4, but succumbed to clads under Admiral Dupont, Du Gueschn, who privations. which was repulsed with a loss his fatigues and of I ship and the disabling of Chateau Thierry. See Champ- several others. The defenders Aubert. lost 2 men only. On July loth (American Civil and nth a land force attacked Chattanooga Fort Wagner, but was repulsed War). November 24 to 27, with loss. On the i8th an Fought Federals assault by three brigades under 1863, between 80,000 the Con- General Seymour was also re- under Grant, and federate Army of the West, pulsed with enormous loss ; and Bragg. preparations were then made for 40,000 strong, under The attack on the Confederate a sap. On September 5, after a very heavy bombardment, Fort lines commenced on the 27th, capturing Look Wagner proved to be untenable, the Federals extreme and, with the works on Morris Out Mountain, on their advanced unseen Island, was abandoned, but the left. They thick fog, to the upper besiegers failed in all their through a de- attempts on Fort Sumter, and slopes, and drove out the action is the inner defences. From this fenders, whence this " Battle above time the siege became a mere known as the the following blockade of the port, until, on the Clouds." On centre was pierced, the approach of Sherman's army, day Bragg's fighting of the 26th the garrison, then 9,000 strong, while the was in the nature of evacuated the city, February 18, and 27th severe rearguard actions. The 1865. Federals lost 5,286 killed and Chateauguay (Second American wounded, and 330 missing. The War). Confederates lost fewer in killed Fought 181 3, between the and wounded, but they left in Americans, 7,000 strong, under the hands of the Federals 6,142 General Hampton, and a force prisoners, 40 guns and 7,000 " of Canadian Militia, far inferior rifles. Also called the Battle in numbers, who were strongly of Missionary Ridge." 58 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Che-mul-pho (Russo-Japanese the Sixth German Corps under War). Von Tiimpling, with a loss of 74 Fought February 8, 1904, officers and 2,046 men. The between a Japanese squadron Germans lost 28 officers and 413 of four protected cruisers, con- men killed and wounded. voying transports, under Ad- Chevy Chace. See Otterburn. miral Uriu, and a Russian cruiser and gunboat which Chiari (War of the Spanish Suc- sought to ojipose the landing. cession). After a smart action the cruiser Fought September i, 1701, was blown up to avoid capture, between the Imperialists, about and the gunboat destroyed, the 28,000 strong, under Prince Russians losing 504 killed and Eugene, and the French and wounded. The Japanese suf- Spaniards under the Duke of fered no material damage. Savoy. The Prince occupied the small town of Chiari, where Cheriton (Civil War), he was attacked by the allies, Fought March 29, 1644, when who, after two hours' hard fight- the Royalists under Lord Firth ing, were repulsed with a loss of were defeated by the Parlia- nearly 3,000. Owing to the mentarians under Waller. This strength of their position, the defeat prevented the threatened Imperialists lost 117 only. Royalist incursion into Kent and Sussex. Chickahominy (American Civil War). Chelate (Crimean War). Fought June 3, 1864, between Fought January 6 to 9, 1854. the Federal Army of the Poto- On the 6th the advanced Rus- mac under Grant, and the Con- sian post of 6,000 men at Che- federate army of Virginia under late under General Fischbuch Lee. Grant attacked the South- was attacked by 6,000 Turks erners' entrenchments, with the under Ahmed Pasha, and after object of forcing the passage of heavy fighting, in which the the Chickahomin3^ and his first Russians lost 3,000 killed and onslaught met with some success, wounded, and many prisoners, but the Confederates, rallying, and the Turks 1,000, was driven drove back their assailants to out of the village. On the their original position with following days the Russians heavy loss. All further attempts made desperate attempts to on Lee's lines failed, and the recover the position. General Federals were finally repulsed Anrep, on the 9th, bringing up with a loss of over 13,000 kiUed, some 20,000 men from Cragova. wounded and missing. The All their efforts, however, failed, Confederates lost about 6,000. and the three days' fighting cost Chickamauga (American Civil them a further 2,000 men, the War). Turks losing about 1,000. Fought September 19 and 20, Chevilly (Franco-German War), 1863, between the Confederate Fought September 30, 1870, Army of the West under General when a sortie from Paris under Bragg, and the Federals under General Vinoy was repulsed by General Rosecrans. On the 19th DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 59

the Confederates attacked along Chios (Social War). the whole Une and drove back Chios having risen against their opponents, cutting them Athenian rule in B.C. 357, a fleet off from the river, and forcing of 60 ships under Chabrias and them to bivouac for the night Chares was sent to reduce it. in a waterless country. On the A force having been landed, 20th the attack was renewed, a joint attack was made by the and though Bragg's right was fleet and the army, but in repulsed, he was elsewhere suc- attempting to enter the harbour, cessful, and by nightfall Rose- the galley of Chabrias, which led crans was in full retreat. Bragg the way, was surrounded and however, failed to follow up his overpowered, Chabrias falling victory, and allowed Rosecrans The troops were then with- to retire on Chattanooga un- drawn, and the attack aban- molested. The Federals lost doned. 16,351 men and 36 guns; the Chios. Confederates about 12,000. Fought B.C. 201 between the Chillianwallah {Second Sikh Macedonian fleet, 48 triremes War). and some smaller vessels under Philip, and the combined fleets Fought January 14, 1849, be- of tween the British under Lord Rhodes and Pergamus under Gough, and the Sikhs, 40,000 Theophiliscus and Attains. strong, under Shore Singh. The Philip was defeated with the battle was very evenly con- loss of half his ships, 3,000 killed prisoners. allies tested, and though in the end and 5,000 The Lord Gough drove the Sikhs lost 6 ships and 800 men. from the field, his own position Chiozza (War of Chiozza). was so insecure that he was This city, which had been himself compelled to retire after captured by the Genoese from the action. Venice, was besieged by the Venetians under Pisani and de- Chiloe (South American War of fended by Doria, who was killed Independence). during the siege. The place On January 19, 1826, the made an obstinate resistance, small group of islands, held for but was forced to surrender the a garrison Spanish crown by June 24, 1380, the Venetians surren- under Quintanella, was capturing 19 Genoese galleys dered to a force of Chilians, and 4,000 prisoners. This dis- 4,000 strong, with a small aster broke the power of the squadron of warships under Genoese RepubUc for many Freyre. years. Chingleput (Seven Years' War). Chippewa (Second American This fortress, defended by a War). French garrison of 40 Euro- Fought July 6, 18 14, between peans and 500 native troops, 4,000 Americans under General was captured, 1752, by Clive, Jacob Brown, and 2,400 British, with a force of about 700 re- 1,500 being regulars, under cruits and Sepoys. General Riall. Riall attacked 6o DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Brown in a strong position at garrison, refusing to surrender, Chippewa, and was repulsed being put to the sword. with considerable loss. Chitral (Chitral Campaign). Chitor. On March 3, 1895, the Chitral Towartls the end of the thir- garrison, consisting of 90 Sikhs teenth century this fortress was and 280 Kashmir Imperial Ser- besieged by the Pathans under vice troops, with 7 British offi- Ala-ud-Din. defended and was cers under Captain Campbell, by the Rana, Lakhsman. The was attacked by a large force of tirst attack was repulsed, though Chitralis and Bajauris under the Rajputs suffered terribly, Shere Afzal, the Pretender to but at the second attempt the the Chitral throne, and Umrar Pathans overpowered the de- Khan of Bajaur. A sortie was fenders, who were mercilessly repulsed, with a loss of 58, in- put to the sword. All the Raj- cluding 2 British officers, and put women in the place com- General Baj Singh, who com- mitted suttee, to avoid captivity. manded the Kashmiris, but in Lakhsman Singh and eleven out spite of a series of attacks, and of his twelve sons fell in the de- continual mining operations, fence. the garrison held out until The second sack of Chitor April 18, when it was relieved took place in 1535, when the by Colonel Kelly. One fifth of Rana Bikrmajit made a gallant the garrison was killed or but unavailing defence against wounded. the Gujeratis under Bahadur Shah. Thirteen thousand wo- Chizai (Hundred Years' War). men were slain by the remnant Fought July 1373, between of the garrison, before they the French under Du Guesclin, opened the gates, and rushed and the English under Thomas out fall to fighting. Only one Hampton. Du Guesclin, who small child of the Royal line was engaged in the siege of escaped the massacre, namely Chizai, was attacked by the Udai Singh. It was during the English, in about equal force to reign of this Singh Udai that the his own, and, after a long and third sack took place in 1568, bloody engagement, by totally the Delhi Moguls under defeated them, and captured Akbar. Udai Singh deserted the town. The reverse cost his capital, which was defended Edward III Saintonge and by a garrison of 8,000 Rajputs Poitou. under Jagmal. The siege was scientifically conducted, and, a Choczim (Ottoman Wars). breach having been effected, an Fought 1769, between the assault was ordered. A mine, Russians under Galitzin, and the however, was exploded in the Turks under Mohammed Emin breach, kilUng 500 of the assail- Pasha. The Russians, who were ants, and the assault was re- endeavouring to capture Choc- pulsed. Shortly afterwards zim by a coup de main, were met Jagmal was killed, and a second and defeated by the Turks with assault proved successful, the considerable loss. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 6i

Chong-ju (Russo-Japanese War). made a night assault on this for-

The first between tress with 1 men, and blowing encounter , 500 the land forces of Russia and in the gate, captured the place Japan, April, 1904, when the without losing a man. advanced guard of the First Chrysopolis (War of the Two Japanese Army came in contact Empires). with a force of Cossacks under Fought between 60,000 General Mischtchenko, and after 323 under Licinius, Emperor a brisk engagement drove them troops detached back and occupied Chong-ju. of the East, and a force by Constantine from the siege of The losses on both sides were Licinius was to- small. Byzantium. tally defeated, with a loss of Chorillos (Peruvio-Chilian War). 25,000, and surrendered. The Fought January 13, 1861, be- result of this victory was the tween the Chilians under Gene- re-union of the whole of the ral Baquedano and the Peru- Roman Empire under one head. vians under General Caceres. The Peruvians were totally de- Chrystlers Farm (Second Ameri- feated with a loss of 9,000 killed can War). and wounded, and 2,000 prison- Fought November 11, 181 3, Col- ers. The Chilians lost 800 Icilled between 800 British under and 2,500 wounded. onel Morrison, and about 3,000 Americans under General Boyd. Chotusitz (War of the Aus- The Americans were defeated trian Succession). with a loss of 249 killed and Fought May 17, 1742, between wounded and 100 prisoners. the Austrians under Prince The British lost 203. Charles of Lorraine, and the Prussians under Frederick the Chunar. Great. The numbers were This fortress, which was held about equal, but the steadiness for Shir Khan Sur, Nawab of of the Prussian infantry eventu- Bengal, was besieged by the ally wore down the Austrians, Moguls under Humayun in 1538. and they were forced to retreat, This is the first siege in Indian though in good order, leaving history which was conducted behind them 18 guns and 12,000 according to the rules of war, prisoners. The killed and and was notable for the use wounded numbered about 7,000 made of artillery by both sides. on each side, and the Austrians After a siege lasting several made 1,000 prisoners. The months, the garrison was forced Prussian cavalry delivered seve- by famine to surrender. ral desperate and unsuccessful Cibalis (War of the Two Em- charges, and were almost de- pires). stroyed. Fought October 8, 315, be- Christianople (Dano-Swedish tween Constantine the Great, Wars). with 20,000 men, and Licinius, The first military exploit of Emperor of the East, with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, 35,000. Constantine was posted who, during the war of 161 1, in a defile, where he was 62 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

attacked by Liciiiius. The under Charles XII, and 24,000 attack was repulsed, and Con- Poles and Saxons under Fred- stantine followed the enemy erick Augustus. The Saxons into the open plain, where Lici- fought gallantly, but the Poles nius rallied his troops, and re- fled at the first onslaught, and sumed the ottensive. The day in the end the Swedes gained a seemed lost, when a charge of complete victory. Among those the right wing, under Constan- who fell was the Duke of Hol- tine in person, once more broke stein, commanding the Swedish the Illyrians, and Licinius hav- cavalry. ing lost 20,000 of his best troops, Clontarf (Norse Invasion of Ire- abandoned his camp during the night and retreated to Sirmium. land). Fought April 24, 1014, when Ciudad Rodrigo (Peninsular the Scandinavian invaders were War). totally routed by the Irish of This town was invested by Munster, Connaught, Ulster and Welhngton January 8, 181 2, Meath, under Brian Boru. The and carried by assault twelve Norsemen are said to have lost days later. The besiegers lost 6,000 men. Brian Boru and his during the siege 1,290 killed and son fell in the battle. wounded, of whom 710, includ- ing Generals Craufurd and Mac- Clusium (Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul). kinnon, fell in the storm. The the French lost 300 killed and Fought B.C. 225, when wounded, 1,500 prisoners, and Gauls utterly routed a Roman 150 guns. army with a loss said to have amounted to 50,000 men. Ciuna (Second Samnite War). Cnidus. Fought B.C. 315, between the Romans under Caius Maenius Fought B.C. 394 between 120 and the Samnites under Pon- Spartan triremes under Pisander largely tius. The Romans gained a and a superior Persian signal victory. fleet under Pharnabazus, and Conon the Athenian. Pisander Civitella (Norman Invasion of was defeated and slain, and his Italy. fleet destroyed. Persia thus re- Fought 1033, when 3,000 Nor- established her power in the mans under Robert Guiscard Greek cities of Asia, and the assailed and totally routed a maritime power of Sparta was miscellaneous force of Germans destroyed. and Italians under Pope Leo IX. Only the Germans offered any Cockerel (Hundred Years' War). serious resistance, but they were Fought May, 1364, between cut down to a man, and the Pope the Navarrese under Jean de was overtaken in his flight and Grailli, aided by a force of Eng- captured. lish mercenaries under John Joel, and the French, 10,000 Clissau (Swedo-Polish Wars). strong, under Bertrand du Fought July 13, 1702, be- Guesclin. Du Guesclin, who was tween the Swedes, 12,000 strong. executing a strategic retreat, was DICTIONARY OF BATTLES ^Z attacked by the English, who were Colombo (Wars of the French surrounded and overpowered, Revolution). Joel falling. De Grailli came to This town was captured from their aid, but was also over- the Dutch in 1796, by a squad- whelmed and made prisoner, ron of four British warships, and and the Navarrese, deprived of a small force of troops under their leaders, laid down their Admiral Peter Rainier and arms. Colonel Stuart. Colenso (Second Boer War). Concha Rayada (South Ameri- Fought December 15, 1899, can of Independence). being the first action in Sir Red- War be- vers Buller's campaign for the Fought February 18 18, the Spanish RoyaUsts, relief of Ladysmith. BuUer tween General attempted to carry by a frontal 5,000 strong, under Chilians and attack the Boer position on the Osorio, and the Martin. opposite side of the Tugela, and Colombians under San notwithstanding the gallantry The Spaniards gained a com- of the troops, was compelled to plete victory. retire, with a loss of 71 officers Concon (Chilian Civil War). and 1 ,05 5 rank and file. Of this Fought August 21, 1 89 1, be- total the Irish Brigade lost about tween 10,000 Congressists under half. The Boers captured 10 guns. General del Canto, and 11,000 Colline Gate (Civil War of Mar- Balmacedists under General Bar- ias and Sulla). bosa. Aided by the fire of three Fought B.C. 82 between the warships, the Congressists, who adherents of Sulla, and the had landed unopposed on the Roman democrats and Samnites ?oth, stormed the entrench- under Pontius, outside the walls ments of the Balmacedists, and of Rome. The battle was ob- (hove them out with a loss of stinately contested, but, after a 1,648 killed and wounded, and fight lasting throughout the 1,500 prisoners. The victors night, the insurgents were lost 869. routed, and 4,000 prisoners taken. This victory of the aris- Condorcanqui. See Ayacucho tocratic party ended the civil war. Constantine (Conquest of Al- Colombey (Franco-German War). geria). Fought August II, 1870, be- This fortified city in Eastern tween the retiring French army, Algeria, which, under Hadji and the advance guard of the .\hmad, had held out for six First German Army Corps under years against French rule, was von Steinmetz. The French invested by the French, 7,000 maintained most of their posi- strong, under Marshal Clausel, tions, but two of their divisions in the autumn of 1836. Having were overthrown, and Bazaine's no breaching pieces, Clausel retreat on Verdun was seriously essayed an assault, but was re- delayed. The French lost about pulsed with a loss of 2,000 men, and abandoned the siege. In 7,000 ; the Germans 222 officers and 5,000 men. the following year General 64 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Damr6mont sat down before 7, 1203, by the French and Constantine October 6, with Venetian Crusaders under Count 10,000 men, and on the 12th, Thibaut de Champagne. After a breach having been effected, a feeble defence, it was surren- an assault was on the point of dered July 18, by the Usurper, taking place, when Damremont Alexius, and occupied by the was killed. His successor. Gen- Crusaders, who restored Isaac eral Valce, however, took the Angelus to the throne, and with- place by storm on the following drew. day. In January 1204, the Crusa- Constantinople (Moslem In- ders again laid siege to Constan- vasion of Europe). tinople, and at the end of three This city was besieged in 668, months, in the course of which by the Saracens under Sophian, Isaac Angelus died, and Mour- the lieutenant of the Culiph zoufle assumed the purple, they Moawiyeh. The Moslem fleet stormed and pillaged the city. passed the Hellespont unopposed, Baldwin was then proclaimed but their attack iipon the city first Latin Euiperor of the East. was met with a most determined On July 25, 126T, Constanti- resistance. After keeping the nople was taken by surprise by field from April to September, the troops of the Greek Em- Sophian retired into winter peror, Michael PalaRologus, quarters, but renewed active under his lieutenant, Alexius operations during the follow- Strategopulus. The Latin Em- ing and five succeeding summers, peror, Baldwin II, made no without success, until, in 675, he attempt at resistance, but es- finally abandoned the siege, caped to the Venetian galleys, having lost in its progress over and the restoration of the Greek 30,000 men. Empire was accomplished with- In 7 16, the Saracens again laid out opposition. siege to the city, vAth. i2),ooo men under Moslemeh, brother Constantinople. A naval action fought Feb- of the Caliph Solyman. A fleet ruary between of 1,800 sail co-operated with 13, 1352, 64 Genoese galleys under Doria, the land forces, but was de- and Greek and Venetian stroyed by the Greek fire ships, 75 galleys under Pisani. The Geno- and thus obtaining the com- ese were victorious, taking or mand of the sea, the citizens sinking 26 galleys, and forcing were relieved from all fear of Pisani to retire into the forti- famine, and repulsed all Mos- fied harbour. The Genoese lost lemeh's assaults. After a siege galleys. of 13 months, the Saracens 1 3 withdrew, after a defeat at the Constantinople (Ottoman In- hands of a Bulgarian relieving vasion of Europe). army, in which they lost 22,000 On June 10, 1422, Amurath men. II, with 200,000 Turks, laid Constantinople (Fourth Cru- siege to the city, which was sade), defended by the Greek garrison The city was besieged July under the Emperor Manuel. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 65

After a siege of two months, in of the league of the Northern which the Turks lost heavily Powers. in their nuinerous assaults, and Copenhagen (Napoleonic Wars). in the defenders' sallies Amurath, The city was captured Sep- was called to Bonrsa away tember 1807, by 20,000 by 5, a domestic revolt, and raised British troops under Lord Cath- the siege. cart, after a four days' bom- April On 6, 1453, the Turks bardment of the forts and again laid siege to Constanti- citadel by 27 ships of the line. nople with under 258,000 men The Danish fleet of 18 sail of the Mohammed II. garrison, The line, which was surrendered, consisting of 5,000 Greeks and would otherwise, under a secret 2,000 foreigners, though short clause of the Treaty of Tilsit, of ammunition, gallant made a have been placed at the dis- defence, but were overpowered posal of Napoleon. by numbers in a general assault Copratus, The (Wars of Alex- on May 25, and the city was captured. Constantine Palaeo- ander's Successors). logus, the last Emperor of the Fought B.C. 316, between the East, was killed by an unknown Macedonians under Antigonus, hand, in the tumult which and the Asiatics under Eumenes. followed the storming of the Each army was about 30,000 ramparts. strong, and Eumenes fell upon the Macedonians as they were Copenhagen (Napoleonic Wars). crossing the Copratus, and sig- Fought April 2, 1801, between nally defeated them, though the British fleet of 20 sail of Antigonus was able to retreat the line, besides frigates, under in good order. Admirals Hyde Parker and Cordova (Moorish Empire in Nelson, and the Danish fleet of Spain). 10 line of battleships, aided by August 10 between the shore batteries. Nelson Fought 10, the Berbers under Sulaiman, attacked with 12 ships, Parker aided the Spaniards under remaining in reserve, but three by Sancho, Count of Castile, and of Nelson's vessels running the Moors of Cordova under aground, he met the Danish line Almudy. Almudy marched out with 9 only. The Danes offered of Cordova to meet the Berbers, a strenuous resistance, and Par- but was utterly routed, with a ker hoisted the signal to retire, of including most of but Nelson put the telescope to loss 20,000, his principal Emirs. his bUnd eye, and refused to see the signal. The action con- Corinth (Peloponnesian War). tinued until the Danish fire was Fought B.C. 429, between 47 silenced. The British lost 1,200 Peloponnesian ships under Cne- men, and had six vessels seri- mus, and 20 Athenian triremes ously damaged. The Danes had under Phormio. Phormio, who one ship destroyed, and the was blockading the Gulf of rest of their fleet completely Corinth, allowed Cnemus to pass disabled. The result of this into the open sea, and when victory was the dissolution disordered by the heavy weather 66 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

prevailing, he attacked and Coroneia (Corinthian War). completely defeateil the Pelo- Fought August B.C. 394. be- ponnesians, capturing 12 ships. tween the Athenians, Argives, Thebans, and Corinthians, and Corinth (Corinthian War). the Spartans under Agesilaus. Fought B.C. 304 between The Spartan right defeated the 14,000 Spartans, and 26,000 Argives, but their left fled be- Athenians, Corinthians, The- fore the Thebans, who then bans and Argives. The allies attacked the Spartan right, but, were defeated, losing twice as after a desperate struggle, were many men as their opponents, defeated. The Spartans, how- but the Spartans, in spite of ever, had suffered so severely their victory, were obhged to that Agesilaus was compelled retire, leaving the Isthmus in to evacuate Boeotia. possession. their Corrichie (Huntly's Rebellion). Corinth (American Civil War). Fought 1562, between the troops of Mary, Queen of Sc<"ts, Fought October 3 and 4, 1862, and the Scottish rebels under between the Confederates under the Earl of Huntly. The rebels, Van Dorn, and the Federals whose forces had been greatly under Rosecrans. Rosecrans reduced by desertions, were was strongly entrenched at totally defeated, and Huntly Corinth, where he was attacked slain. on the 3rd, and driven into his inner lines. The attack was Corte Nuova (Guelfs and Ghibel- renewed on the 4th, but an lines). attempt to storm the entrench- Fought 1237, between the ments was repulsed, and the ImperiaUsts under Frederick II, Federals, taking the offensive and the Lombard Guelfs under against the disordered South- the leadership of the Milanese. erners, drove them from the Frederick won a signal victory, field with a loss of (^,423 killed capturing the carroccio of Milan. and wounded, and 2,248 prison- Corumba (Paraguayan War). ers. The Federals lost 2,359 Fought 1877, between the killed, wounded, and missing. Paraguayans and a Brazilian Coroneia (Boeotian Wars). army corps which was endea- vouring to enter Paraguay from Fought B.C. when an 447, the north-east. The BraziUans Athenian army under Tolmides, retired in disorder, being pur- which had entered Bceotia to sued for many miles, and suffer- reduce certain of the Boeotian ing heavy loss. The battle is towns which had thrown off remarkable for the presence in their allegiance to Athens, was the Paraguayan army of a corps encountered and totally de- of Amazons led by Ehza Lynch. feated by a largely superior force of Boeotians. Almost all Corufia (Peninsular War). the surviving Athenians were Fought January 16, 1809, captured, and, to secure their between 14,000 British under release, Athens resigned her Sir John Moore, and 20,000 claims over Boeotia. French under Soult, who was DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 67

endeavouring to prevent the this battle is commonly known British from embarking. The as the Battle of the Spurs. French attacks were uniformly (Eighth repulsed, and the troops safely Coutras Civil War). Fought between embarked, with a loss of about 1587 the Huguenots under Henry of 800, including Sir John Moore. Navarre (Henri and the The French lost about 2,000. IVJ Catholics under the Due de Compedion (Wars of Alexander's Joyeuse. The Catholic army Successors). was annihilated, Joyeuse being siain. Fought B.C. 281 between the amongst the Macedonians under Lysimachus, Covelong (Seven Years' War). and the Syrians under Seleucus. This fortress, held by a French The two generals in single met garrison of 350, was captured combat, in front of their armies, by Chve in 1752, after a few and Seleucus, though 81 years days' siege. Clive had only 200 of age, defeated and slew his European recruits and 500 Se- ancient comrade in arms. poys, and had great difficulty The two armies then engaged, in getting his men to face the and the Syrians gained a com- French tire. Having, however, plete victory. managed to erect a battery which commanded the place, Coulmiers (Franco - German the Governor War). surrendered. On the following day Clive am Fought November 9, 1870, bushed and defeated, with a loss between 20,000 Germans under of 100 men, a reUeving force Von der Tann, and a largely approaching from Chingleput. superior French force under General d'Aurelle de Paladines. Coverypank (Seven Years' War) After maintaining their position Fought February 1752, be- for the greater part of the day, tween the British, 380 the Germans were driven back, Europeans, and 1,300 Sepoys, having lost 576 killed and under Clive, and the troops wounded, 800 prisoners, an of Rajah Sahib, with 400 ammunition column and 2 guns. Frenchmen, in all about 5,000. The French losses were about Clive's advance guard marched 1,500. into an ambush, and with diffi- culty held its ground against Courtrai (Flemish War). the fire of 9 guns. Meanwhile Fought between the 1302, Clive passed round the enemy's French under Robert d'Artois, position, and attacked them and the Flemings under Guy de vigorously in the rear, where- Namur. The French were upon they fled in panic. Most utterly routed, and so great was of the Frenchmen and the guns the carnage the among French were captured. nobility and knighthood, that after the battle 4,000, some say Craonne (Allied Invasion of 7,000, gilt spurs, were hung up France). as trophies in Courtrai cathe- Fought March 7, 18 14, be- dral. From this circumstance tween 55,000 French under 6S DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Napoleon, and about 90,000 of Cremona (Revolt of Vitellius). the allies under Blucher. Blu- Fought December 69, between cher occupied a very strong the Vitellians, and the Flavians position on the heights about under Antonius Primus, 40,000 Craonne, which was attacked strong. The Vitellians, who and carried by Victor's and were without a leader, having Ney's corps at the point of the deposed their general, Csecina, bayonet. The French lost were attacked in their camp, 9,000, the aUies 7,000 killed and and after a hard fight, which wounded. lasted throughout the night, Cravant (Hundred Years' War). were totally routed. The victors sacked and burnt Cremona. Fought July 31, 1423. A force of Armagnacs under Bu- chan. Constable of France, with Cremona (War of the Spanish some Scottish mercenaries under Succession). Sir John Stewart, was advanc- This city, held by a French ing upon Craonne, the capture garrison, was surprised by the of wliich town would secure Imperialists under Prince Eu- Charles VII's communications gene, February i, 1702. The with Champagne. They were town was entered without the attacked by the Burgundians alarm being given, and many and English under the Earl of important officers, including Salisbury, and defeated with Marshal Villeroy, were made heavy loss. Both Buchan and prisoners. A portion of the Stewart were captured. garrison, however, still held out in the citadel, and made Eu- Crayford Invasion). (Jutish gene's tenure of the town pre- Fought between the 456 Jutes carious, and finally, on the under Hengest, and the Britons approach of a relieving force under Vortigern. The Britons under the Prince de Vaudemont, were defeated, and driven out of he was forced to withdraw his Kent. troops. The garrison lost 1,000 Crefeld (Seven Years' War). killed. Fought June 23, 1758, be- Cressy (Hundred Years' War). tween 32,000 Hanoverians, Hes- sians and Brunswickers under Fought August 26, 1346, when Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, a very inferior force of English and about 50,000 French under under Edward III defeated the the Comte de Clermont. The French under Philip VI. The French were totally defeated, battle is notable as being the with heavy loss. first in which the English army was mainly composed of infan- Cremona (Second Gallic Inva- try, and as proving the power- sion). lessness of mounted men against Fought B.C. 198, when the the English archers. The Romans defeated with heavy French losses were 1 1 princes, slaughter an invading army of 1,200 knights, and 30,000 of Gauls under Hamilcar, a Cartha- lesser ranks, a total exceeding ginian. Hamilcar was slain. the whole English force. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 69

Crimisus (Third Carthaginian about 15,000 Federals under Invasion of Sicily). Tremont. Ewell was given the Fought June B.C. 340, be- task of holding Tremont in tween 10,000 Sicihans under check, while General Jackson Timoleon, and 70,000 Cartha- marched to meet the Federals ginians, including the " Sacred under Shields, who were endea- Band " of 2,500 Carthaginian vouring to effect a junction with citizens of good birth, under Tremont. The Coniederates Hamilcar and Hasdrubal. Tim- held their ground, beating back oleon attacked the Carthagini- their opponents with a loss of ans while they were crossing the 664 killed and wounded. After Crimisus, and routed and dis- the action, Ewell crossed the persed the Sacred Band before river, burning the bridge behind the main army had crossed. A him, and Jackson was enabled heavy storm of rain in the faces to fall upon Shields with his of the Carthaginians came to whole force. the aid of the Sicilians, and after Crotona. a severe struggle, they gained a Fought between the signal victory, and the Cartha- 983, Germans under Otho II, and the ginians fled, leaving 10,000 dead Greeks, aided by 40,000 Sara- in the field, and 1 5,000 prisoners. cens under the Caliph of Egypt. Many more were drowned in After an obstinate engagement, their endeavour to recross the Otho was totally defeated, losing river. many of his bravest knights. Cronion (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). Crotoye (Hundred Years' War). during the siege Fought B.C. 379 between the Fought 1347, Syracusans under Dionysius, of Calais by Edward III. The and the Carthaginians. The French fleet attempted to re- Syracusans were defeated, with lieve the town, but was defeated enormous loss, and Dionysius and driven off with heavy loss forced to accept unfavourable by the English fleet. terms of peace. Cuaspad. Cropredy Bridge (Civil War). Fought December 6, 1862, Fought June 29, 1644, be- between the Ecuadorians under tween the Royalists under Flores, 6,000 strong, and 4,000 Charles I, and a detachment of Colombians under Mosquera. the Parliamentary army under The Ecuadorians were utterly Sir WilUam Waller. Waller routed, losing 1,500 killed and crossed the Cherwell near Ban- wounded, 2,000 prisoners, and bury with the object of taking all their guns. the Royalists in the rear, but Cuddalore. was repulsed with considerable Fought June 13, 1783, when loss. a portion of the British force Crosskeys (American Civil War). under General Stewart attacked A rearguard action, fought the French entrenchments in June 8, 1862, between 8,000 front of Cuddalore, and after Confederates under Ewell, and hard fighting, drove the French 70 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES into tlie towm with a loss of 700 the centre broke theking's body- men and 13 guns. The British guard, which fled in disorder. lost 1,013 killed and wounded. While pursuing his brother, however, he was struck down, Cuddalore. and his Orientals at once took .\ naval action was fought off to flight. The Greeks refused Cuddalore June 30, 1783, be- to surrender, and were allowed tween a British squadron of to retain their arms and march, 17 sail under Sir Edward to the coast. This expedition Hughes, and 12 French ships of Cyrus forms the subject of under Suffren. The French, as Xenophon's " Anabasis." usual, declined to come to close quarters, and after a long range Curicta (Civil War of Caesar and action, in which Hughes lost Pompey). 532 men, fighting was suspended Fought B.C. 49, when the at nightfall, leaving Suffren in Caesarian fleet under Dolabella possession of the roads, and able was totally destroyed by the to prevent the complete invest- Pompeian fleet under Marcus ment of Cuddalore. Octavius. This victory cut off the Caesarian army under Caius Culloden (Rebellion of the Forty- Antonius, which was quartered five). on the island of Curicta, and Fought April 16, 1746, be- Antonius was forced to sur- tween the Royal troops under render. the Duke of Cumberland, and the Highlanders under the Curupayti (Paraguayan War). Young Pretender. The rebels Fought September 22, 1866, were completely routed by the between the troops of Brazil, English regulars, and in addition Argentine and Uruguay, under to heavy loss in the field, suf- General Flores, and the Para- fered terribly in the pursuit, guayans under Lopez. The being ruthlessly cut down by allies were totally defeated, and the cavalry. Cumberland's Flores abandoned the army, cruelty on this occasion earned returning to Montevideo. for him the title of " Butcher." Custozza (Seven Weeks' War). The Royalists lost 309 killed Fought June 24, 1866, be- and wounded. This battle is tween 60,000 Austrians under sometimes called the Battle of the Archduke Albert, and Drummossie Moor. 140,000 Italians under General Cunaxa (Expedition of Cyrus La Marmora. La Marmora the Younger). crossed the Mincio, and ad- Fought B.C. 401 between the vanced against the Archduke, Persians, about 400,000 strong, who was covering Verona. The under Artaxerxes, and the army Italians having to pass through of his brother Cyrus, consisting a hilly country, the columns of ioo,cxx) Orientals, with were much broken up, and as 14,000 Greek mercenaries, they debouched into the plain under Clearchus. The Greeks of Custozza, they were beaten on the right wing drove back in detail, and driven back by the Persian left, and Cyrus in the Austrians, who gained a DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 71 signal victory. The Austrians pletely routed, though Pelo- fell in the battle. lost 4,650 killed and wounded ; pidas the Italians, 720 killed, 3,112 Cynoscephalae (Second Mace- wounded, and 4,315 prisoners. La Marmora was compelled to donian War). between the recross the Mincio. Fought B.C. 197, Romans, 26,000 strong, under Cuzco (Conquest of Peru). Flamininus, and the Mace- This city was besieged 1536, donians, in about equal force by 200,000 Peruvians, and was under Philip. The Roman van- defended by 250 Spaniards guard, coming unexpectedly under Juan and Gonzalo Piz- upon the enemy, was repulsed, arro. After a siege of five but Flamininus bringing up the months, Almagro, to whom cer- legionaries, the battle became tain of the conquered territories more equal. On the right had been assigned by the king Philip, with half his phalanx, of Spain, arrived with his troops, drove back the Romans, but his and attacked and totally routed left wing was utterly routed, the Peruvians. He then laid and the victorious Roman right siege to the place on his own then turned and attacked the account, and shortly afterwards Macedonian right in flank and compelled Gonzalo Pizarro to rear, and won a complete capitulate. Juan died in the victory. The Macedonians lost course of the siege. 13,000 killed and wounded losses were small. Cyme. The Roman /{ Fought B.C. between the 474, Cynossema (Peloponnesian War). fleet of Hiero, tyrant of Syra- B.C., between 86 cuse, and the Etruscan fleet, Fought 411 Min- which was investing the Greek Peloponnesian ships under triremes colony of Cyme. The Etruscans darus, and 76 Athenian and Thra- were routed, and from this de- under Thrasybulus centre was feat dates the rapid decline of syllus. The Athenian of the Etruscan power. broken, but, in the moment victory, Thrasybulus fell upon Cynoscephalae. the Peloponnesians with the Fought July 364 B.C., be- right wing, and totally routed tween the Thebans and Thessa- them, while Thrasyllus on the lians under Pelopidas, and the left also drove off his adver- forces of Alexander, Despot of saries, after hard fighting. Pheree. Both armies made a forced march to seize the heights Cyssus (War with Antiochus the of Cynoscephalae, and reached Great). the spot almost simultaneously. Fought B.C. 191 between the The Theban cavalry drove back Roman fleet of 105 triremes Alexander's horse, but lost time under Caius Livius, and the in the pursuit, and his infantry fleet of Antiochus, numbering made good their position on the 70 sail, under Polyxenides. heights. However, after very Polyxenides sailed out of Cys- hard fighting, they were dis- sus to encounter the Romans, lodged, and Alexander com- but was defeated with a loss of 72 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

23 ships, and forced to seek abandoned the pursuit to plun- refuge at Ephesus. der, and the king, rallying his troops, broke the Austrian main Cyzicus (Peloponnesian War). body, and defeated them with a Fought B.C., when Alci- 410 loss of 4,000 men. biades, with S6 Athenian ships, surprised the Peloponnesian Admiral Mindarus, who was besieging Cyzicus, and, after a hard fight, totally defeated him. Daegastan. Mindarus was slain, 60 triremes Fought 603 between the were taken or destroyed, and Northumbrians under ^Ethel- the Picts the Peloponnesian fleet was frith, and and Scots practically annihilated. under Aidan, King of the Scots. .'Ethelfrith was victorious, and Cyzicus (First Mithridatic War). e.xtended his dominions as far Foui^ht B.C. 88, when the army as Chester. of Mithiidates, who was be- Dalmanutha (Second Boer sieging Cyzicus, was hemmed by War). August 21 to the Romans under LucuUus, Fought 28, 1900, when the position of the Boers and though the latter, with in- from Belfast to Machadodorp ferior forces, did not venture on covering the Delagoa Bay Rail- a pitched battle, he fought a series way, and extending over a line of minor engagements, in which 30 miles long, was he eventually destroyed the attacked on the west Lord Pontic army, their losses by Roberts, and on the south by Sir amounting in the end to over Redvers Buller. 200,000 men. On the 28 th Buller entered Machadodorp, by which time Czarnovo (Campaign of Fried- the Boers, who were under land). General Botha, had been driven Fought December 24, 1806, from all their positions. Kruger between the French under Na- at once fled to Delagoa Bay. poleon, and the Russians, The British loss in the four days about 15,000 strong, under Count amounted to about 500. Tolstoy. Napoleon, with Dav- Damascus (Moslem Invasion oust's corps, crossed the Ukra, of Syria). and made a night attack upon This city was besieged the the Russians, driving them out by Moslems under Khaled in of Czarnovo with a loss of 1,600 633, and was defended and several guns. The French by a large garrison of Greeks lost 700. and Romans. The city made an obstinate de- Czaslau (War of the Austrian fence, and the defenders suc- Succession). ceeded in sending a demand for Fought 1742, between the succour to Werdan, the general Prussians under Frederic the of Herachus. Werdan's ap- Great, and the Austrians under proach drew Khaled away from Prince Charles of Lorraine. the place, and as he was retiring The Prussians were driven from he was attacked by the garrison, the field, but the Austrians whom he defeated with enor- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 7Z

moiis loss. He then marched port by the Dantzig ships, against Werdan, defeated him, which defeated the Swedish and returned to prosecute the fleet under Admiral Stjerns- siege. After a gallant defence, kold, the Admiral being killed, the city, 70 days later, was I ship captured and i de- taken by storm. stroyed.

Damascus (Tartar Invasion of Dantzig (Campaign of Fried- Syria). land). Damas- On January 25, 1401, On March 19, 1807, Marshal cus was captured, through trea- Lefebvre, with 18,000 French, chery, by the Tartars under laid siege to the city, which was Tamerlane. defended by a garrison of Damme (Wars of Philip Augus- 14,000 Prussians, and 4,000 tus). Russians under Marshal Kalk- Fought April, 121 3, when an reuth. For complete invest- English fleet of 500 vessels under ment it was necessary for Le- the Earl of Salisbury attacked febvre to encompass a circuit of and dispersed a large fleet of about 17 leagues, for which French ships designed to sup- purpose his numbers were too port Philip Augustus' invasion few, and he made httle progress. of Flanders. The English cap- Receiving reinforcements, how- tured 300 and burnt 100 vessels, ever, he opened his first parallel and Philip Augustus was forced April I, while on the 12th an to abandon his design. important outwork was carried. the 23rd the batteries opened Dan-no-ura (Taira War). On fire, and on May 15 a deter- Fought 1 1 89, between the mined effort to relieve the army of the Shogun, Yoritomo, place was made by a force of under his brothers Noriyori and Russians, who were re- Yoshitsune, and the Taira Clan 8,000 with a loss of 2,000, the under Munemori, when the pulsed French losing 400 only. From Taira were routed and dispersed, this point the city was left to This defeat broke the power of its fate, and an assault was the clan, and the Minamoto ordered fo" the 21st. Before became the dominant clan in this ho vever, Marshal Kalk- Japan. date, reuth signified liis readiness to Dantzig (Thirty Years' War). parley, and on May 26 the place This fortress was besieged by was surrendered, the garrison the Swedes under Gustavus being then reduced to 7,000 Adolphus in 1627, and was de- effectives. fended by a Polish garrison which successfully resisted all Dantzig (Campaign of Leipsic). attempts to storm the place, After the Moscow retreat. until the truce of September 16, General Rapp, with 30,000 1629. In a night attack on French, mostly survivors of the May 27, 1627, the King of Moscow campaign, was besieged Sweden was severely wounded, in Dantzig, January 18 13, by wliile in the autumn of the same the allies, 30,000 in number, year a sally was made from the under the Duke of Wiirtemberg. 74 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Rapp made a strenuous defence, General Fraser, and the Mah- but his works were mastered rattas under Holkar of Indore, one by one, and, finding his with 14 battalions of infantry, garrison dwindhng rapidly from a numerous cavalry, and starvation and exposure, he sur- 160 guns. The Mahrattas were rcndereil November 29, 18 13, utterly routed, leaving 87 guns on by which date the defenders the field. The British lost 643, numbered only 18,000 men. including General Fraser, killed, Dargai (Tirah Campaign). Deeg (Second Mahratta War). Fought October 20, 1897, The fortress, which was held when a British brigade, under by a garrison of Holkar's troops, General Yeatman Biggs, 'stormed was besieged December 11, 1804, the heights, which were held by by the British under Lord Lake. a large force of Afridis. The After six days' bombardment, actual storming was accom- it was stormed on the 23rd, and plished by the Gordon High- the citadel captured on the landers, and the British loss following day. Over 100 guns amounted to ^j killed and 175 were taken. wounded. Colonel Mathias' Delhi (First Mongol Invasion). speech to the Gordons, before Fought 1297, between 200,000 leading them to the charge w^as, Mongols under Kuttugh Khan, " Highlanders, the General says and 300,000 Delhi Mohammed- the position must be taken at ans, with 2,700 elephants, under all costs. The Gordons will Ala-ud-Din. The Indian right take it." wing, with a successful charge, Dazaifu (Chinese Invasion of broke the Mongols left, but car-

Japan ). ried the pursuit too far. Mean- In 1 28 1, Hwan Buako, the while the right of the Mongol General ofKublai Khan, at the army assailed the Indian left and head of 100,000 Chinese, and drove it from the field. Kuttugh 10,000 Koreans, endeavoured Khan, however, had lost so to effect a landing at Dazaifu, heavily, that he was unable to The Japanese, however, kept follow up his advantage, and them at bay for 60 days, at the retreated with all speed from end of which time the Chinese India. fleet was wrecked and dispersed Delhi (Second Mongol Invasion). by a typhoon. The survivors, Fought 1398, between the under Chang Pak, took refuge Mongols under Tamerlane, and in the island of Takashima, where the Delhi Mohammedans under they were attacked and cut to Mahmud Tughlak. Tamerlane, pieces by the troops of the having crossed the Jumna to Daimiyo of Choshiu, under reconnoitre with an escort of Shoni Kagasuke, only 3,000 out 700 horsemen, was attacked by of the vast host making their Mahmud with 5,000 cavalry. way back to China. Tamerlane repulsed the attack, Deeg (First Mahratta War). and later, having brought his Fought 1780 between the main body across the river, British, 6,000 strong under totally defeated Mahmud, and DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 75 drove him into Delhi, which at the 14th the final assault was once surrendered. The city was made and the city entered. It plundered, and Tamerlane with- was not, however, till the 20th drew laden with spoil. that the Palace was taken, and all resistance at an end. Among Delhi (Second Mahratta War). those who fell was John Ni- Fought September ii, 1803, cholson. between British under 4,500 Delium (Peloponnesian War), General Lake, and 19,000 Mah- Fought B.C. 424 between the rattas of Scindiah's army under Athenians under Hippocrates. Bourguin. The enemy occu- 17,000 strong, and the Boeo- pied a strong position with the tians under Pagondas, 18,000 Jumna in their rear, and Lake, strong. The armies met on a feigning a retreat, drew them plain before Delium, and after from their lines, and then turn- an obstinate encounter, in which ing upon them drove them with the Thebans on the right over- the bayonet into the river, in- powered the Athenians, while flicting enormous loss upon their left attack was repulsed, them. The British lost 400 the appearance of a large body only. of cavalry on their flank alarmed Delhi (Second Mahratta War). the Athenians, who broke and The city was invested October fled. Hippocrates fell in the 7, 1804, by 20,000 Mahrattas, battle, with 100 guns, under Jeswunt Delphi (Sacred War). Rao Holkar, and was success- Fought B.C. 355, between the fully defended for nine days by Phocians, 5,000 strong, under a small British garrison. At the Philomelus, and the Locrians. end of this period, Holkar with- Philomelus, who had seized drew. So small was the garri- Delphi, attacked the Locrians son, that they were on constant on the heights above the sacred duty on the ramparts, through- city, and routed them with heavy out the siege, without relief. loss, many being driven over the precipice. Delhi (Indian Mutiny). After the outbreak at Meerut, Denain (War of the Spanish Delhi became the rallying place Succession).

of the mutineers, and on June 8, Fought 17 1 2, when the camp 1857, Sir Harry Barnard com- of the allies, held by 10 battal- menced the siege of the city. ions under the Earl of Albe- His force was too small for a marle, was attacked by 130 complete investment, while the French battalions under Marshal mutineers numbered 30,000, Villiers. Prince Eugene made an and could obtain continual re- effort to relieve the Earl, but inforcements, and ample sup- was unable to cross the Scheldt, plies. The garrison made con- and the allies were overwhelmed stant sorties, and fighting was by superior numbers, only about incessant at the outposts. On 4,000 making good their retreat. September 8 the breaching Five generals were killed or batteries opened fire, and on captured. 76 DFCTIOMARY OF BATTLES

Deniiewitz (Campaign of Leip- being held by 23,000 men under sic). de Grammont, while the main Fought September 6, 1S13, body was on the opposite bank between the French army of of the Maine. De Grammont the north under Ney, and the left his lines to attack the alhes under the Crown Prince of British, whereupon George II Sweden. Ney had detached put himself at the head of his Bertrand's division to mask troops, and led a charge which Dennewitz, while his main body broke the French and drove marched past the position on them headlong into the river. the road to Berhn, but Bertrand Their losses in crossing were delayed so long before Denne- heavy, and they left 6,000 killed \vitz, that what was intended and wounded on the field. This for a demonstration became a is the last occasion on which serious action, in which the full the Sovereign has led British force of both sides was engaged. troops in battle. The French were defeated with Deutschbrod (Hussite War). a loss of 10,000 men and guns. 43 Fought 1422 between the Deorham. Taborite section of the Hussites Fought $yy, when Ceawlin, under John Zisca, and the Ger- King of Wessex, defeated the mans under the Emperor Sigis- Welsh, and extended the bor- mund. Zisca was completely ders of Wessex to the Bristol victorious. Channel, thus severing the Devicotta. Welsh nation into two parts. This fortress, held for Pertab Dessau (Thirty Years' War). Singh by a garrison of the Tan- Fought April 15, 1626, be- jore army, was captured in 1749, tween the German Protestants after a three days' bombard- under Count von Mansfeldt, and ment, by a British force of the Imperialists, about 20,000 2,300 men under Major Law- strong, under Wallenstein. rence. An attack upon the Mansfeldt was attacking the breach, headed by Clive, was fort of Dessau, on the Elbe, nearly disastrous, as the Sepoys when Wallenstein, approaching hung back, and of the Euro- under cover of the woods, fell peans engaged, only Clive and upon his flank, and totally three others escaped, but Law- routed him, killing or capturing rence arriving opportunely with nearly three-fourths of his army. the main column, the place was stormed. Dettingen (War of the Austrian Succession). Diamond. Fought June 27, 1743, be- A faction fight, known as the tween the British, 40,000 strong, battle of Diamond which took under George II, and 60,000 place September 21, 1795, at a French under the Due de village in Co. Armagh, between Noailles. The British, who were the Peep o' Day Boys and the retiring upon Hanau from Asch- Defenders. The former were affenburg, found their retreat victorious, killing 48 of their cut off by the French, Dettingen opponents. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 77

Diamond Hill (Second Boer Diu. War). In 1545 Diu was again be- Fought June ii and 12, 1900, sieged by the Gujeratis, the when General Botha, with the garrison being commanded by main Boer army of 15,000 men, Mascarenhas. Khojah Zofar, strongly entrenched about 15 who led the besiegers, was killed miles from Pretoria, was at- in the course of the siege, and tacked by Lord Roberts with was succeeded by Rami Khan. 17,000 men and 70 guns, and The garrison, at the end of driven from his position. The several months, was on the Boer lines were so extended that point of surrendering, owing to three distinct actions were in famine, when it was relieved by progress at the same time. The Juan de Castro, who signally British lost 25 officers and 137 defeated the Gujeratis, and men killed and wounded. raised the siege. Djerbeh (Ottoman Wars). Dingaan's Day. Fought 1560, between the Fought December 16, 1838, fleet of Solyman I, Sultan of Trans- between the Boers of the Turkey, under Piycala Pasha, the Zulus under Din- vaal, and and the combined squadrons of The Zulus were totally gaan. Malta, Venice, Genoa and Flor- routed, with heavy loss. The ence. The Christian fleet was losses were small. Boer utterly routed, the Turks secur- ing thereby the preponderance Dipaea (Arcadian War). in the Mediterranean. Fought B.C. 471, between the Spartans and the Arcadian Dniester (Ottoman Wars). League. The Arcadians were Fought September 9, 1769, totally defeated, and Tegea, the between the Russians under head of the League, shortly Prince Gallitzin, and the Turks afterwards submitted to Sparta. under Ali Moldovani Pasha. The Turks crossed the river in Diu. the face of the Russian army, This fortified Portuguese fac- and attacked their lines with tory was besieged early in Sep- great impetuosity. After tember, 1537, by a fleet of 76 severe fighting, however, they Turkish galleys, and 7,000 sol- were beaten off, and forced to diers under Solyman, Pasha of withdraw from Choczim. Egypt, acting with whom was Dodowah (First Ashanti War). an army of 20,000 Gujeratis Fought 1826, between the under Bahadur Shah, and Kho- Ashanti army, which had in- jah Zofar, an Italian renegade. vaded the Gold Coast, and the The garrison of 600, under British under Colonel Purdon. Antonio de Silveira, repulsed The Ashantis fought bravely, but assault after assault, but were were routed with heavy loss. nearly at the end of their re- sources, when the false rumour Dogger Bank (Dutch Wars). of an approaching Portuguese Fought August 15, 1781, be- fleet caused Solyman to with- tween a British fleet of seven draw. battleships and six frigates. 7S DICTIONARY OF BATTLES under Admiral Hyde Parker, few days. The British lost and a Dutch fleet of equal 261 killed and 837 wounded. strength under Admiral Zout- The French losses have been man. After a severe engage- put as high as 15,000, but it is ment, the Dutch bore away, probable that they lost about and reached their port in safety, 3,000 killed and wounded, while the British fleet being too 7,980 were taken in the cap- crippled to pursue. The British tured ships. This action is also lost killed and wounded 109 362 ; known as the battle of the

the Dutch i ship, the Hol- Saints. landia, killed and 142 403 War). wounded. Domokos (Greco-Turkish Fought May 17, 1879, be- Dollar (Danish Invasion). tween five Turkish divisions of Fought 875, when the Danish the army under Edhem Pasha, invaders under Thorstem totally and the Greeks under the Crown defeated the men of Alban under Prince of Greece, about 40,000 Constantine. The Danes sub- strong. The Greeks held their sequently occupied Caithness, ground till late in the evening, Sutherlandshire, Ross and when the right was outflanked, Moray. and forced to give ground, though, when the action ceased, Dolni-Dubnik (Russo-Turkish War). the Turks had made no other advance. Edhem was prepared Fought November i, 1877, to renew fight follow- when General Gourko, with two the on the ing day, but the Crow-n Prince divisions of the Russian guard, found that the retirement of his dislodged the Turks from the right had rendered the position redoubt of Dolni-Dubnik, and untenable, and retreated during forced them to retire upon the night. The Greeks lost 600 Plevna. There was little actual

killed and wounded ; the Turks fighting, the Turks retiring about 1,800. without much resistance, but the action is important, because Donabew (First Burmah War). the capture of the redoubt made Fought March 7, 1825, when the investment of Plevna com- General Cotton, with about 700 plete. troops, attacked three strong Dominica. stockades held by 12,000 Bur- mans under Maha Bandoola. Fought April 12, 1782, be- The smallest of the three was tween the British fleet of 36 sail carried, but of the hue, under Rodney, with Cotton's force was too small, and it was not till the Hood second in command, and 25 th that Sir Archibald Camp- the French fleet of 33 sail under de Grasse. Rodney departed bell arrived, and, shelling the stockade, forced the from the usual tactics of a ship Burmans to evacuate the position. to ship action, and broke the Maha Bandoola killed. enemy's hne, gaining a com- was plete victory, and capturing or Donauworth (War of the Spanish destroying 5 ships, while 2 more Succession). were captured within the next Fought July 2, 1704, between DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 79 the British and Imperialists Douro (Peninsular War). under the Duke of Marlborough, Fought May 12, 1809, when and the French and Bavarians 12,000 British under Wellesley under Marshal Tallard. The (the Duke of Wellington) crossed Duke attacked the enemy's the Douro and drove the French entrenched position at Schellen- under Soult out of Oporto. berg, in front of Donauworth, The French numbered about and drove them out, forcing 24,000, of whom 5,000 were them to abandon the town. The killed, wounded or captured, victors lost 5,374 killed and mainly during the pursuit. In wounded. The French losses the action itself, the French are unknown, but were probably lost 500, the British, 116. heavier. Dover (Dutch Wars). Dormeille. Fought November 29, 1652, Fought 602, between the Neus- between a Dutch fleet of 95 trians under Clothaire II, and sail, under Van Tromp, and an Austrasians and Burgundians English fleet of 40 ships, under under Theodobert and Thierry. Blake. The Dutch were vic- Clothaire was defeated with torious, the English fleet being great slaughter. much cut up, and two ships captured. Dorylaeum (First Crusade). Downs, The (Dutch Wars). Fought Jul-" 1097, betw^een Fought i, 2 and 3, 1666, 70,000 Crusaacrs under Bohe- June between the EngHsh fleet under mond and Raymond of Thou- the Duke of Albemarle, and the louse, and 250,000 Saracens under De Ruyter, Van under the Sultan Soliman. The Dutch Witt. After an Saracens drove back Bohe- Tromp and De obstinate fight, Albemarle, on mond's division on their camp, the 3rd, retired, after setting which they proceeded to plunder, fire to his disabled vessels, but and, while so engaged, were at- the Dutch were too seriously tacked by Raymond and totally crippled to pursue. routed with a loss of 30,000. The Crusaders lost 4,000. Drepanum (First Punic War). during the Douai (War of the Spanish Suc- Fought B.C. 249, between cession). siege of Lilybaeum, the Roman fleet of 123 galleys This place was besieged by under Publius Claudius, and the allies under Prince Eugene, the Carthaginians under Ad- April 17 10, and was defended 25, herbal. Claudius was defeated, by a French garrison, 8,000 losing 93 ships, 8,000 killed and strong, under General d'Alber- 20,000 prisoners, while the gotti. The place was obstinate- victors did not lose a ship. ly defended, numerous sorties being made, but, the French Dresden (Campaign of Leipsic). army being unable to relieve it, Fought August 27, 18 13, be- d'Albergotti was forced to sur- tween 130,000 French under render June 26. The besiegers Napoleon, and 200,000 Rus- lost 8,000 killed and wounded. sians, Prussians and Austrians, 8o DICTIONARY OF BATTLES under Count Wittgenstein, that of Tucker. The Boers Klcist, and Prince Schwartzem- were driven out and the road bcrg, respectively. The Em- to Bloemfontein opened, at a perors of Russia and Austria, cost to the British of 424 killed and the King of Prussia, were and wounded. The Boers left present on the field. Napoleon, over 100 dead on the field. who was in possession of Dres- Dristen. den, attack made his main upon This strong post on the Dan- the Austrian left, which was labe was defended for fifty-five separated from the centre by days in 973, by the Russians the ravine of Planen. This under their Duke Swatoslaus, attack, which entrusted to was against the Greeks under the Murat, was completely success- Emperor John Zimisces. At ful, and the Austrians were the end of that time the Rus- driven with heavy loss into the sians were forced to surrender, ravine. Meanwhile, the centre thus ending their invasion of and right of the allies had been Byzantine territory. attacked with equal success, and finally they were driven Drogheda (Great Irish Rebellion). from the field with a loss of Siege was laid to this town, 10,000 killed and woimded. which was held by an English 15,000 prisoners, and 40 guns, garrison under Sir Henry Tich- The French lost about 10,000. borne, by the Irish rebels, under Owen Roe O'Neil, in December, Dreux (First Civil War). 1641. The garrison held out Fought 1562, between the successfully for three months, Huguenots under the Prince de when O'Neil was compelled to Conde, and the Catholics under raise the siege. the Constable, Montmorency. The Constable, heading a charge Drogheda (Civil War). siege of the Catholic cavalry, was On September 3, 1649, the overthrown and captured by was laid to the place by under Coligny. The Catholics then Parliamentary army Cromwell, the garrison of 2,500 fled, but the Huguenots, carrying English regulars being under the pursuit too far, were charged and routed by Fran9ois de Sir Arthur Aston. An assault the loth was repulsed, but Guise, and Conde made pri- on storm- soner. The victory thus rested on the 1 2th the town was to the with the Catholics. ed, and the garrison put sword. Four thousand soldiers Driefontein (Second Boer War). and inhabitants, including As- Fought March 10, 1900, be- ton, are said to have perished. tween the Boer Army covering Drumclog (Covenanters' Rising). Bloemfontein, imder de Wet, Fought June 11, 1679, when and the British under Lord a party of Covenanters, under Roberts. The Boers occupied Balfour of Burleigh, defeated the a position about seven miles in royal troops, under Claverhouse. extent, which was attacked in front by Kelly- Kenny's divi- Drummossie Moor. sion, and on the left flank by See CuUoden. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 8i

Dubba (Scinde Campaign). killed and wounded, and 10,000 Fought March 24, 1843, prisoners. Cromwell's losses between 5,000 British troops, were small. under Sir Charles Napier, and Dundalk (Scottish Invasion of 20,000 Beluchis, under the Amir Ireland). Shir Mohamed. The enemy Fought October 13 18, be- was strongly posted behind a 5, tween the Scots under Edward double nullah, which was carried Bruce, 3,000 in number, and the by the infantry with great English and Irish under John gallantry, and the Beluchis de Bermingham. The Scots were totally defeated. were totally defeated, Bruce, Duffindale (Kat's Rebellion), with about 30 of his kiughts, The scene of the defeat of the and over 80 men-at-arms, being rebels under Kat, by the royal killed, and the invasion came to troops, under the Earl of War- an end. wick, in 1549. Dundee. Dunbar (Scottish Wars). See Talana Hill. Fought April be- 27, 1296, Dunes (Wars of Louis XIV). tween the English, under Ed- Fought June 14, 1650, be- ward I, and the Scots under the tween the Spaniards, 14,000 Earl of Athol. The Scots were strong, under Don John of Aus- defeated, with a loss of 10,000 tria and the Great Conde, and men. This defeat led to the the French in equal force under surrender of Balliol, and Ed- Turenne. A force landed from ward proclaimed of was King the English fleet commenced the Scotland. attack on the Spaniards, which Dunbar (Scottish Wars). was vigorously supported by Turenne, and the Spaniards This town was besieged, 1339, by the English, under the Earl were totally defeated, with a of Salisbury, and was defended loss of 4,000 killed, wounded by Agnes, Countess of March, and captured. Ten days later known as Black Agnes of Dun- the town of Dunldrk capitu- bar, whose husband, the Gover- lated. nor, was absent at the time. So Dunganhill (Great Irish Rebel- vigorous was the defence, that lion). Salisbury was compelled to Fought August 8, 1647, be- withdraw from the siege. tween the Irish rebels, and an English force under Colonel Dunbar (Civil War). Michael Jones. The Irish were Fought September 3, 1650, routed with a loss of 6,000. between 14,000 Parliamentar- ians under Cromwell and Monk, Dunkeld (Jacobite Rising). and the Scottish Royalists, Fought August 21, 1O89, be- 27,000 strong, under David tween the Highlanders under Leslie. Leslie left a strong Colonel Cannon, and the Camer- position on the heights near onian Regiment under Colonel Dunbar, to meet Cromwell, and Cleland. The fight took \As.cq was routed with a loss of 3,000 in the town of Dunkeld, where 82 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

the Cameronians held a house fended by a garrison of Greeks belonging to the Marquis of and Macedonians under George Athole. The Highlanders were Palaeologus, was besieged by unable to dislodge them, and the Normans, under Robert eventually retired, Cannon being Guiscard, July 17, 108 1. On killed. October 18, the besiegers, now reduced to 18,000, were attacked Dunsinnan. by a force of about 75,000 Fought 1054, between the Greeks, under Alexius Com- usurper, Macbeth, the and nenus, and after a terrible Anglo-Saxons under Siward, struggle, in which the Normans Earl of Northumberland, who w'ere almost overpowered, the was supporting Malcolm Can- victory rested with Guiscard. more, the son of the murdered The Greeks lost about 6,000. Duncan. Macbeth was de- On the Norman side, the Italian feated, losing 10,000 men, and auxiliaries suffered heavily, but fled to the north. The Anglo- only 20 Norman knights were Saxons lost 1,500. killed. Notwithstanding this Duplin (Baliol's Rising). disaster, the city still held out, Fought August 12, 1332, be- and it was not till February 8, tween the Scottish barons, under 1082, that a night surprise Edward Baliol, and the forces of rendered the Normans masters David, King of Scotland. Though of the place. largely outnumbered Baliol was Diirrenstein (Campaign of the victorious. Danube). Diippel (Schleswig - Holstein Fought November 11, 1S05, War). during Napoleon's advance on This fortress, protected by an Vienna, when Mortier, with one outer chain of ten redoubts, French division, was attacked was invested by the Prussians, by 30,000 Russians, and would 16,000 strong, under Prince have been overwhelmed but for Frederick Charles, and the first the timely arrival of another parallel opened, March 30, 1864. division. The French lost

The Danish garrison numbered 3,000 ; the Russians about the 22,000. On April 17, after a same number. heavy bombardment, the Prus- Dwina, (Swedo-Polish sians were launched at the first The War). six of the chain of redoubts, and, Fought 1 701, between 15,000 after a brief resistance, they Swedes under Charles XII, and were captured and the place was 12,000 Saxons under Marshal immediately afterwards sur- von Stenau. Charles, who was marching rendered. The Prussians lost upon Riga, found the passage of 70 officers and 1,331 men, the the Dwina barred by Danes, including prisoners, von Stenau. Having the wind at his 5.500. back, he set fire to a large quantity of straw, and under Durazzo (Norman Invasion of cover of the smoke, crossed the Italy). river unperceived. He then This fortress, which was de- attacked the Saxons, who, after DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 83 an obstinate engagement, were Eckmiihi (Campaign of Wag- defeated and driven from the ram). field. Fought April 22, 1809, be- tween 90,000 French, under Dyle (Norman Invasion of Napoleon, and 76,000 Austrians, France). under the Archduke Charles. posi- Fought 896, between the The Austrians occupied a Norman invaders, and the Ger- tion on the high ground above mans under Arnulph, Em- Eckmuhl, from which they were peror of Germany, The Nor- dislodged after severe fighting, mans were totally routed with but the approach of night en- off enormous loss. abled the Archduke to draw his troops in tolerable order Dyrrachium (Civil War of towards Ratisbon, with a loss of Car an d Pompey). about 5,000 killed and wounded, Fought B.C. 48, between the and 3.000 prisoners. The Caesarians, under Julius Ca?sar, French loss is stated at 2,500. and the Pompeians, under Pom- By this victory Napoleon cut pey. The latter having formed the main Austrian army in two. entrenched camp some dis- an Ecnomus (First Punic War). from Dyrrachium, Cajsar tance Fought B.C. 256, between 330 interposed his army between Roman galleys, with crews of the camp and the town. This 100,000 men, under I-. Manlius interrupted Pompey's com- Valso, and M. Attilius Regulus, munications, and he, in conse- and 350 Carthaginian ships quence, attacked the Caesarian under Hanno. After a hard- lines, which he forced, at the fought battle, in which the cost of 1,000 men, and obliged Romans lost 24 vessels, they Caesar to retire. defeated the Carthaginians, with a loss of 30 ships sunk and 64 captured, and drove the rest of the fleet to Carthage. Edessa (Persian Wars). Ebersberg (Campaign of Wag- between the Ro- ram). Fought 259, mans under Valerian, and the Fought 1809, when May 3, Persians under Sapor I. The Massena's corps stormed the Romans were totally defeated, Ebersberg, bridge and castle of and Valerian taken prisoner. which was held by about 30,000 Austrians under the Archduke Edgeworth (Wars of the Roses). Charles. After the bridge was Fought July 26, 1469, between captured, a terrible conflict the Yorkists under Pembroke, followed in the streets of Ebers- and the troops of the revolted berg, and finally the Austrians Nevilles. The Lancastrians at- were driven out, with a loss of tacked Pembroke, whose troops about 3,000 killed and wounded, were chiefly Welshmen, and, 4,000 prisoners and many guns. notwithstanding a stubborn The French admit a loss of 1,700 resistance, defeated them with only. heavy loss, no less than 168 84 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Welsh knights falUng, besides in 1 1 days, i,8ooshells fell within rank and hie. Edward IV, who their lines. They held out, was in the neighbourhood, however, till August 15, when though not present at the battle, they were relieved by Lord was captured soon after. Kitchener, having lost 75 killed and wounded, and nearly all Edgehill (Civil War). their horses. The first battle of the Civil War, October 23, 1642, between El Caney (Spanish-American the Royalists under Charles I, War). and the Parliamentarians, under Fought July I, 1898, when Essex, each army being about 12,000 Americans, under General 20,000 strong. The victory was Shafter, captured from the claimed by both sides, but the Spaniards, after heavy fighting, advantage rested with the King, the strong position of El Caney as the Parliamentarians failed and San Juan Hill, commanding to face Prince Rupert's cavalry, Santiago de Cuba. The Spani- and the Royalists were not ards made various attempts on prevented from continuing their the 2nd and 3rd to dislodge march on London. them, but without success. The Elandslaagte (Second Boer War). American losses during the three days amounted to officers Fought October 21, 1899, be- 115 tween a strong Boer force under and 1,570 men killed and wound- ed. General Koch, and 3 battalions and squadrons of British 5 Elchingen (Campaign of Auster- troops, with 12 guns, under litz). General French. The Boers oc- Fought October 14, 1805, cupied a strong position, on when Ney's corps, after repair- high ground the near Ladysmith- ing the bridge of Elchingen Dundee railway, from which under fire, stormed and cap- they were driven the infantry by tured the convent and village, and Imperial Light Horse (dis- driving out 20,000 Austrians, mounted) with a loss of 250 and taking 3,000 prisoners and killed and wounded, and 200 a number of guns. prisoners, including Koch. The British lost 35 officers and 219 Elena (Russo-Turkish War). men. Fought 1877, between the Russians imder Loris Melikofi, Elands River (Second Boer War). and the Turks under Muhktar On August 4, 1900, a force of Pasha, in which the former 400 Australians, under Colonel were victorious. Hore, were surrounded by 2,500 Boers, with 6 guns. The Aus- Elinga (Second Punic War). tralians occupied an exposed Fought B.C. 206, between kopje, with no water nearer than 74,000 Carthaginians, under the river half-a-mile aw ay. Their Hanno, and 48,000 Romans maxim became unserviceable, under Scipio Africanus. The an attempt by General Carring- battle was fougbt on the open ton to relieve them failed, and plain in front of Hanno's camp, so severe was the Boer fire that, and resulted in a complete DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 85 victory for the Romans. This Iphicrates and Timoleon de- battle, which is also known as clined the enterprise as too the battle of Silpia, ended the hazardous, and Chares attacking Carthaginian domination in alone, with a third of the fleet, Spain. was defeated with heavy loss.

Elk Horn. Emesa (Expedition to Palmyra). See Pea Ridge. Fought 272, between the Ellandune. Romans under Aurelian, and In this battle, fought 823, the Palmyrenians under Zen- the Mercians under Beorwulf, obia. Zenobia was completely were totally routed by the West defeated, and forced to retire Saxons under Egbert. within the walls of Palmyra, to which Aurelian at once laid Elleporus. siege. Fought B.C. 389, between the Sicilians, 23,000 strong, under Empingham (Wells' Rebellion). Dionysius of Syracuse, and the Fought March 12, 1470, when Italiots, 17,000 strong, under Edward IV totally routed the Heloris. Dionysius attacked northern rebels, under Sir Ro- the Italiot vanguard, under bert Wells. The battle is called Heloris himself, on the march, " Loose-coat Field," from the and the Italiot army, coming precipitate flight of the rebels, into action in detachments, was who threw off their upper gar- finally beaten piecemeal, and ments to flee the faster. routed wth heavy loss. The survivors, 10,000 in number, Engen (Wars of the French surrendered, and were allowed Revolution). to go free. Heloris was slain. Fought May 3, 1800, between the French, 75,000 strong, under El Teb (Soudan Campaigns). Moreau, and 1 10,000 Austrians Fought February 1884, 4, under De Kray. Moreau had when a column of 3,500 Egyp- crossed the Rhine on the ist, and tian troops under Baker Pasha, was advancing through the marching to relieve Sinkat, was Forest, and the battle overwhelmed, and practically Black was in reality two distinct annihilated by 12,000 Soudan- actions. Moreau's right, 25,000 ese under Osman Digna. The strong, under Lecourbe, over- Egyptians lost 2,360 killed and wounded. took the Austrian rear-guard, and drove them into and through El Teb. Stokach, capturing 4,000 pri- See Trinkitat. soners, and a large depot of Embata (Social War). munitions and stores. Moreau Fought B.C. 356, when an in the centre was attacked at Athenian fleet of 120 sail, under Engen by 40,000 Austrians, Chares, designed to attack the under De Kray, whom he re- Chians, with 100 galleys, in the pulsed with a loss of 2,000 straits between Chios and the killed and wounded, and 5,000 mainland. The day proving prisoners. The French lost stormy, however, his colleagues 2,000 killed and wounded. 86 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Englefield (Danish Invasion). Ephesus (Gallic Invasion of Fought 871, the first of the Asia). series of battles between the Fought B.C. 262, between the West Saxons and the Danish Syrians, under Antigonus, and invaders. The former, imder the Gallic invaders. Antigonus their king, /Uthelrcd, defeated was disastrously defeated. the Danes. Erbach (Wars of the French Revolution). Enslin. Fought May 15, 1800, be- Sec Graspan. tween 15,000 French under Sainte-Suzanne, and 36,000 Entaw Springs (American War Austrians under de Kray. The of Independence). Austrians, who had 12,000 Fought September 8, 1781, cavalry, attacked vigorously, between the British garrison of but the French, though driven Charleston, imder Colonel back at certain points, were not Stewart, and the Americans, routed, and held to their main under General Greene. The positions for 12 hours, until the British were attacked and at approach of St. Cyr's corps first driven back, but rally- forced the Austrians to retire. ing carried the American Both sides lost heavily in the positions, but with a loss of 700 action. men, which so weakened their small force that they were un- Erisa (South American War cf able to profit by the victory. Independence). Fought December, 18 14, be- Entholm (Dano-Swedish Wars). tween the Spanish royalists, Fought June 11, 1676, be- under Bover, 8,000 strong, and tween the Danish fleet, under the American patriots, under van Tromp, and Swedes. The Ribas. Ribas was totally de- Swedes were defeated with very feated, and taken prisoner, and heavy loss in ships and men. in revenge for the death of Bover, who fell in the battle, Entzheim. he was beheaded, and his head See Sinzheim. publicly exposed in Caraccas. Espinosa (Peninsular War), Ephesus (Ionian War). Fought November 10, 1808, Fought 499 B.C., between the between 18,000 French under Athenians and lonians, under Victor, and 30,000 Spaniards Aristagorus, and the Persians, under Blake. The Spaniards under Artaphernes. The Greeks were routed, and Blake's army who were retreating to the scattered. The French lost coast after burning Sardis, were about 1,100 men. overtaken by the pursuing Per- sians, under the walls of Ephe- Essling. sus, and signally defeated. The See Aspern. Athenians thereupon withdrew Etampes. their fleet, and took no further Fought 604, between th< part in the war. Burgundians, under Queen DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 87 brunehilde, and the Neustrians Davoust all but succeeded in under Clothaire II. The latter tuniing the Russian left, but the were totally defeated with opportune arrival of a Prussian heavy loss. corps under I'Estocq enabled the Russians to repulse him, Ethandun (Danish Invasion). and after a sanguinary engage- Fought between the West 878, ment, which lasted till ten p.m., the Saxons, under Alfred, and both armies retained their ori- Danes, under Guthrum. The ginal positions. On the follow- Danes were totally defeated, ing day the Russians retired and Alfred's victory was fol- unmolested. The French lost lowed by the Peace of Wedmore, about 30,000 ; the Russians which lasted for fifteen years. about 20,000 killed and Eurymedon, The (Third Persian wounded.

Invasion ). Fought B.C. 470, between the Persian fleet and army, and the Athenians and Delians, under Faenza (First Gothic War). Cimon. The Greeks were vic- Fought between 20,000 torious both by land and sea, 541, Roman legionaries, and the defeating the Persian fleet with Goths under Totila, King of a loss of 200 sliips, and routing Italy. The Romans made no the land army with great slaugh- attempt to resist the onslaught ter. This victory secured the of the Goths, but throwing adhesion of the south of Asia down their arms fled igno- Minor to the Athenian Con- miniously, giving the Goths an federacy. easy victory. Evesham (Barons' War). Fair Oaks (American Civil War). Fought August 4, 1265, be- Fought May 31, and June i, tween the royalists under Prince 1 between the Federals under Edward, and the Barons under 862, General M'Clellan and the Con- Simon de Montfort. The federates under General John- Barons were taken by surprise, ston. M'Clellan was advancing having at first mistaken Ed- upon Richmond, and his left wing ward's army for reinforcements was attacked in the afternoon under young de Montfort, and of the 31st, and notwithstand- were totally defeated, Simon de ing the arrival of Sumner's corp Montfort falling. This defeat in support, was driven back for ended the Barons' War. two miles. On the ist the Eylau (Campaign of Friedland). Federals recovered the ground Fought February 8, 1807, be- they had lost, but made no tween 90,000 French under further progress, and at the Napoleon, and 80,000 Russians end of the day the Confederates, under Bennigsen. Napoleon who were largely outnumbered, attacked at daybreak, all along were permitted to retire un- the line, but could at first make molested. The Federals lost no impression on the Russian over 7,000 killed and wounded, infantry. Later in the day the Confederates about 4,500, 88 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES including General Johnston. The Turks lost 50,000 men in This is also called the Battle of the course of the siege. Seven Pines. Farquhar's Farm (Second Boer Falkirk (Scottish Wars). War). Fought July 23, 1298, between Fought October 29, 1899, the EngUsh under Edward I, between the main Boer army, and the Scots under Sir William under Joubert, and the garrison Wallace. The Scots, who were of Ladysmith, under Sir George greatly inferior in numbers, White. The Boer position were strongly posted behind a covered about eight miles, and morass, which at first greatly White attacked in three columns, hampered the English attack. one of which, detached to the In the end, however, the Eng- left to hold a position at Nichol- lish archers overcame the Scot- son's Nek, was overwhelmed tish defence, and a final charge, and surrendered. The Boers led by the king in person, utterly meanwhile developed a strong routed them. Wallace escaped attack against the British right, from the field, but was a fugitive and White, having no guns for the rest of his life. capable of coping with the Falkirk (Rebellion of the Forty- heavy Boer ordnance, ordered five). a retreat. This was effected in Fought August 17, 1746, be- good order, and was greatly tween the rebel Highlanders, aided by the opportune arrival 8,000 strong, under the Young of two heavy naval guns, under Pretender, and a force of 8,000 Captain Hedworth Lambton. British troops, with 1,000 Camp- The British lost 317 killed and bells under General Hawley. wounded, and 1,068 missing. The charge of the Highlanders The Boer losses are unknown, broke the British line, and they but were certainly small. were driven headlong from the field, with a loss of 600 killed Farrington Bridge (Arundel's Rebellion). and wounded, 700 prisoners, 7 guns, and all tents and baggage. Fought July 2y, 1549, be- The rebels lost 120 only. tween a small force of Cornish rebels, and an equal number of Famagosta (Cyprus War). Royal troops under Lord Rus- This place was besieged by sell. The rebels were defeated the Turks under Mustapha and driven from the field, but Pasha, in October, 1570, and there was no pursuit. Each was defended by 7,000 men, side lost about 300. half Venetians, half Cypriotes, under Marcantonio Bragadino. Faventia (Civil War of Marius The garrison held out until and Sulla). August I, 1 57 1, when it capi- Fought B.C. 82, between the tulated, marching out with the consular army of Norbanus, honours of war. After the sur- and the SuUans under Metellus. render, however, Mustapha Norbanus attacked with his murdered in cold blood, Braga- army wearied by a long march, dino and four of his lieutenants. and his force was totally broken DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 89 up, only 1,000 remaining with Murat, with 50,000 Italians, the eagles after the battle. endeavoured to force the pas- sage of the Po in the face of an Fehrbellin (Swedish Invasion of Austrian army, under General Brandenburg). Bianchi. He was repulsed with be- Fought June 28, 1675, heavy loss, and forced to retreat tween the Swedes, under southward. Charles XI, and the Branden- burgers, 15,000 strong, under Ferrybridge (Wars of the Roses). the Elector, Frederick William. Fought 1 46 1, shortly before The Swedes were totally de- the battle of Towton, when a feated, and forced to evacuate force of Lancastrian cavalry, Brandenburg. under Lord Chfford, defeated the Yorkists, under Lord Fitz- Ferkeh (Soudan Campaigns). walter, who was endeavouring between Fought June 7, 1896, to secure the passage of the Aire with a 9,500 Egyptian troops, at Ferrybridge. Lord Fitz- battery, under British horse walter was killed. Sir Herbert Kitchener, and 4,000 Mahdists under the Emir Fethanleag. Hamada. Kitchener, by a Fought 584, between the night march, surprised the Mah- West Saxons, under Ceawlin, dists in their camp, and after and the Britons under Cutha. two hours' fighting, drove them The Britons were defeated. out with a loss of 1,500 killed Second Re- and 500 prisoners. Of 62 Emirs Fish Creek (Riel's in the camp, fell and bellion). present 44 when four were captured. The Egyp- Fought April 24, 1885, with 400 tians lost 20 killed and 81 General Middleton, wounded. Canadians, attempted to drive the rebels, 280 strong, from a Ferozeshah (First Sikh War). strong position near Fish Creek, Fought December 21, 1845, After losing 50 men, Middleton between 50,000 Sikhs, with 108 withdrew. The rebels lost 29 guns, under Lai Singh, and killed and wounded. 16,700 British and native troops, Civil under Sir Hugh Gough. An Fisher's Hill (American attempt was made to carry the War). Sikh entrenched camp by a Fought September 21, 1864, under night attack, but this was un- between 40,000 Federals, 12,000 successful. When the attack General Sheridan, and was renewed at dawn, dissen- Confederates, under General were sions among the Sikh leaders Early. The Confederates their enfeebled the resistance, and defeated and driven from the Sikhs were defeated with a position with a heavy loss in loss of about 7,000. The Brit- prisoners and 11 guns. ish losses were 694 killed, Fleurus (Thirty Years' War). 1,721 wounded. Fought August 29, 1622, Ferrara (Hundred Days). between the Spaniards, under Palatinate Fought April 12, 181 5, when Spinola, and the 90 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

troops, under Count von Mans- Florence (German Invasion of feldt and Cliristian of Bruns- Italy). \vick. The Germans were en- This city was besieged in 406, deavouring to retreat into Hol- by the German invaders under land after their defeat atHoechst Radagaisus, and was almost on and were intercepted by the the verge of starvation, when Spaniards, through whom they the approach of StiUcho at the tried to light their way. In head of a large Roman army, this effort the infantry was al- encouraged the defenders to most entirely cut to pieces, further resistance. The be- but about 7,000 cavalry reached siegers, in fact, now became the Breda with the two generals. besieged, for Stilicho surround- ed their camp, and starved the Fleurus. Germans into surrender. Fought July I, 1690, between the PYench, under Marshal Flushing (Walcheren Expedi- Luxembourg, and the Germans tion). and Dutch under the Prince of This town was besieged by Waldeck. The French gained the British under Lord Chatham a signal victory, the allies being and surrendered after a feeble driven from the field in disorder defence, August 16, 1809. with a loss of 14,000 killed and Foksani (Ottoman Wars). wounded, and 49 guns. Fought July 21, 1789, be- Fleurus (Wars of the French tween the Turks, under Yusuf Revolution). Pasha, and the Russians and Austrians under Suwaroff and Fought June 16, 1794, be- the Prince of Saxe-Coburg. tween the Austrians, 80,000 The allies stormed the Turkish strong, under the Duke of Co- entrenched camp and drove out burg, and an equal force of the Turks with a loss of 2,000 French, under Jourdan. The men. Austrians attacked, and after a severe engagement, were repuls- Fontenoy (War of the Austrian ed and compelled to fall back in Succession). the direction of Brussels to Fought May 11, 1745, between cover that city. 50,000 British, Dutch and Aus- trian troops, under the Duke of Flodden (Scottish Wars). Cumberland, and the French, Fought September 9, 15 13, under Marshal Saxe. The when the EngUsh, under the Duke endeavoured to relieve Earl of Surrey, attacked the Tournay, which the French were Scots, under James IV, in a besieging, and the British troops strong position on the hill of captured the heights on which Flodden. The position was the French were posted. The turned by the Enghsh left wing, Prince of Waldeck, however, under Stanley, and the Scots who commanded the Dutch, totally defeated with heavy failed to support the Duke, losses. James and all his prin- and the French being reinforced, cipal nobles fell. the trenches were retaken, and DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 91

the British beaten back. Tour- Fort St. David (Seven Years' nay fell shortly afterwards. War). This fortress was besieged. Formigny (Hundred Years' May 14, 1758, by a French War). force under Lally ToUendal, garrison of Fought April 15, 1450, when and defended by a the newly landed English rein- 800 British and 1,600 native forcements under Kyrielle were troops. The defence was not totally defeated, and almost energetically conducted, and, on annihilated, by the French the arrival in the roads of a under the Comte de Clermont. French fleet under Comte d'Ache, This defeat practically put an the garrison surrendered, June 2. end to the English domination Fort St. David (Seven Years' in the north of France. War). A naval action was fought off Fornham St. Genevieve (Re- this place, April 29, 1758, be- bellion of the Princes). tween 7 British ships under Fought 1 173, between the Admiral Pococke, and a squad- supporters of the rebel princes ron of 9 French vessels under under de and Robert Beaumont, Comte d'Ache. After a short the forces of Henry II under and indecisive engagement, the the Justiciary, Richard de Lucy. French sheered off, but the rebels defeated. The were British were too severely damag- ed in the rigging to give chase. Fornovo (Italian Wars). The French lost one ship, driven Fought July 6, 1495, between ashore. 34,000 Venetians and Mantuans under Francisco de Gonzaga of Fort William Henry (Seven Mantua, and 8,000 French and Years' War). Swiss under Charles VIII. This fort, held by 2,200 Brit- The French were attacked as ish and Colonial troops under they were retiring, but suc- Colonel Monro, was besieged, ceeded in repulsing the Italians August 4, 1757, by Montcalm, at a cost of only 100 of all ranks, with 6,000 French and Cana- while the assailants lost 3,500 dians and 1,600 Indians. Mont- killed and wounded. calm's batteries opened on the 6th, and on the 9th, having lost Fort Frontenac (Seven Years' 300 killed and wounded, and War). nearly all his guns being dis- This place, held by about no abled, Monro surrendered. He French troops, under Noyan, was to be permitted to retire was captured by Colonel Brad- unmolested to Fort Edward, but street with 3,000 Colonials, the French were unable to August 27, 1758. The capture control their Indian allies, who was of extreme importance, as attacked the unarmed column it robbed the French of the as it retired. Before order was control of Lake Ontario, and restored, some 50 had been severed their communications killed, and 400 carried off pri- with their posts on the Ohio. soners by the Indians. 92 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Forum Terebronii (First Gothic effect a junction with General Invasion of the Empire). Thomas. The Confederates lost

Fought 251, between the about 4,500 ; the Federals, Romans under Decius, and the 1,500 killed and wounded and Goths under Cuiva. The 1,000 prisoners. Gothic army was drawn up in three Unes, and the legionaries Frastenz (Suabian War). Fought April 20, overthrew the two first, but, in 1499, when the Swiss, attacking the third, they be- under Heinrich Wol- leb, attacked came entangled in a morass, the Austrians who and were utterly routed. Decius occupied a strongly entrenched position, and his son were slain. and drove them out with a loss of 3,000 killed. Wol- Frankenhausen (Peasants' War), leb, who led the charge, was Fought May 15, 1525, be- the first to fall on the Swiss tween the troops of Saxony, side. Hesse and Brunswick, and the revolted peasants under Thomas Fraubrunnen (Invasion of the Miinzer. The peasants were " Guglers.") utterly routed, and Miinzer Fought January, 1376, be- captured and hanged out of tween the Bernese, and the hand. This entirely put an end " Guglers," French and English to the rising. mercenaries, under Baron Ingel- ram von Coucy, who claimed Frankfort - on - Oder (Thirty the Canton of Aargau in right Years' War). of his mother. The " Guglers " This place was taken by storm w^ere totally routed, and com- by Gustavus Adolphus, at the pelled to retire from Switzer- head of 15,000 Swedes, April 2, land. 1631. Schaumberg and Monte- cucculi, who were in the town, Frauenstadt (Russo - Swedish escaped with a portion of the Wars). cavalry, but 1,800 of the Im- Fought February 12, 1706, perialist garrison were killed, between 10,000 S\%-edes under and 800 captured, with 30 Marshal Reinschild, and 20,000 standards and 18 heavy guns. Russians and Saxons under General Schulemburg. Franklin (American Civil War). The battle did not last a quarter of Fought June 30, 1864, be- an hour, for tween 30,000 Federals under the allies fled with- out making any resistance. General Schofield, and 40,000 No less than Confederates under General 7,000 loaded muskets were picked Hood. Schofield occupied a up on the battle- strong position covering Nash- field. ville, where he was attacked by Fredericksburg (American Civil Hood, who penetrated his lines. War). The Federals, however, rallied, Fought December 13, 1862 and recaptured the lost posi- between 150,000 Federals under tions, and after nightfall, Scho- General Burnside, and 80,000 field was enabled to cross the Confederates under General Harpeth in good order, and Lee. The Confederates, who DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 93 occupied a range of heights found it necessary to retreat, fringing the Massaponax River, and on the 9th he was attacked were attacked by the Federals, while retiring by a force of whom they repulsed after hard cavalry. This he repulsed, but fighting, with a loss of 13,771 Conde, coming up, rescued his killed and wounded. The Con- cavalry, and drove the Bavar- federates lost 1,800 only, but ians headlong before him, cap- Lee, owing to his inferior num- turing all their artillery and bers, did not feel strong enough to push his victory home, and allowed Burnside to evacuate Friedland (Campaign of Fried- Fredericksburg unmolested. land). Fought June 14, 1807, be- Fredericshall (Dano - Swedish tween 80,000 French under Wars). Napoleon, and 70,000 Russians This fortress, the strongest in under Bennigsen. The battle Norway, was besieged by the began at 3 a.m., at which time Swedes, under Charles XII, only Lannes' corps was on the early in December, 17 18. On field. Bennigsen at first con- the nth, as he was inspecting tented himself with an artillery the advanced batteries, the king duel, and did not attack in force was struck by a round shot, and till 7 a.m., when 26,000 French fell dead. The Swedes at once were in position. These held raised the siege. their ground till the arrival of Freteval, Napoleon, who with his fresh troops launched an attack Fought 1 194, between the English under Richard Coeur against the Russian columns de Lion, and the French under massed in a bend of the river Philip Augustus. Richard Alle, drove large numbers gained a complete victory. of them into the river, and occupied Friedland after hard Fribourg (Thirty Years' War). fighting. It was 10 p.m. before Fought August 3, 5 and 9, the Russians were finally driven 1644, between 20,000 French from the field, having lost 15,000 under the Great Cond6 and killed and wounded and 10,000 Turenne, and 15,000 Bavarians prisoners. The French lost be- under the Comte de Mercy. tween 9,000 and 10,000. This On the 3rd, Turenne, after a victory was followed by the long tlank march, attacked the signature of the Peace of Tilsit. Bavarians on the flank, while Conde assailed their front, at Fuentes d'Onoro (Peninsular 5 p.m. When night fell, the War). Bavarians were giving way, Fought May 5, 181 1, in the and during the night de Mercy course of Mass6na's attempt to retired to a fresh position. Here relieve Almeida. Wellington, he was attacked on the 5th, but with 34,000 men, occupied a held his ground throughout the position behind Fuentes day. The French losing twice d'Oiioro, which was attacked by as many men as their opponents. Mass6na with 34,000 troops and Three days later de Mercy 36 guns. He failed to capture 94 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

the position, and finally retired, strong, under General Steinbock, in good order. The British lost and 24,000 Danes and Saxons. 1,200 killed and wounded, and The allies occupied a position 300 prisoners. The French protected by marshy ground, losses are variously estimated, where they were attacked by but were certainly heavier. the Swedes, and, after three hours' hard fighting, driven from Fulford (Norse Invasion). their entrenchments with heavy Fought 1066, between the loss. Norsemen under Harold Hard- rada. King of Norway, the Gaines' Mill. English under Earls Edwin and See Seven Days' Battles. Morcar. The English were de- feated. Gangud (Russo-Swedish Wars). Fought 17 14, between the Furruckabad (Second Mahratta Russian fleet under Peter the War). Great, and the Swedish, under Fought November 14, 1804, Admiral Ehrenskiold. The between a small British force Swedes were utterly routed and under Lord Lake, and an Ehrenskiold and the whole of army of 60,000 Mahrattas under his squadron captured. Jeswunt Rao Holkar. Holkar was signally defeated with Garigliano (Italian Wars). heavy loss. The British casual- Fought November 8, 1503, ties were only 2 killed and 20 between the Spaniards, 12,000 wounded. strong, under Gonsalvo de Cordova, and the French, in Fushimi (Japanese Revolution). greatly superior force, under Fought 1868, between the Francisco de Gonzaga of Man- troops of Aizu and Kuwana, tua. Gonzaga, wishing to pass under the Shogun, Yoshinobu, the Garigliano, had thrown a and the forces of Satsuma and bridge over it, and proceeded Choshu, who gained a complete to cross in face of the Spanish victory. army. After very severe fight- Futteypur (Indian Mutiny). ing, the French drove back the Fought July 12, 1857, be- Spaniards, and made good the tween a strong force of rebels, passage of the river. and the British troops under Garigliano (Italian Wars). Havelock, who was marching Fought December 29, 1503, to the relief of Lucknow. The between the Spaniards, about rebels were completely defeated, 15,000 strong, under Gonsalvo losing 1 1 guns, while not a de Cordova, and the French, single European in the British slightly superior in number, force was killed. under the Marquis of Saluzzo. Gonsalvo crossed the Garighano at two points, and fell upon the French, who were retiring on Gadebesk (Dano-Swedish Wars). Gasta. After hard fighting, in Fought December 20, 17 12, which the Chevalier Bayard between the Swedes, 12,000 bore a notable part, the French DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 95 were utterly routed, leaving weeks, in breaching the walls, unsuccessful 4,000 dead on the field, and all and, after three their artillery and baggage. assaults, carried the city by to The Spanish loss is unknown. storm, the garrison being put the sword. Garigliano (Italian Rising). Fought October, 1850, be- Gaza (Wars of Alexander's Suc- tween the Italian patriots under cessors). Cialdini, and the Neapolitans Fought B.C. 312, between the under Francis II of Naples. Syrians and Egyptians under The patriots were victorious. Seleucus and Ptolemy Soter, 25,000 strong, and an equal Gate Pah (Maori War). Macedonians under when force of Fought April 27, 1864, Demetrius Poliorcetes. The 1,700 British soldiers and blue- Macedonians were routed, losing jackets, under General Cameron, 5,000 killed, 8,000 wounded, attacked the Maori stockade and all their treasure and bag- as the Gate Pah. After known gage. a short bombardment, 600 men forced their way into the stock- Gebora (Peninsular War). ade, but were repulsed. On the Fought February 19, 181 1, following day it was found that between 8,000 French, under the stockade had been evacuat- Marshal Soult, and 12,000 ed. The British lost 14 officers, Spaniards, under Mendizabal. and 98 men killed and wounded. The Spaniards were routed with Only 30 dead and wounded a loss of 2,000 killed and wound- Maories were found in and near ed, 5,000 prisoners and all their the Pah. guns.

Gaulauli (Indian Mutiny). Gelt, The. Fought May 22, 1858, between Fought February, 1570, be- a British column under Sir tween the rebel Borderers under Hugh Rose, and 20,000 rebels Leonard Dacre, and the royal under Tantia Topi, the Ranee of troops under Lord Hunsdon Jhansi, and other rebel leaders. The rebels were completely The overwhelming numbers of routed. the rebels at first gave them Gemblours (Netherlands War of the advantage, but a bayonet Independence). charge broke them, and they Fought January 31, 1578. fled in disorder with heavy loss. between the Netherlands This victory was followed by patriots, 20,000 strong, under the recovery of Calpi. General Goignies, and the Gaza (Alexander's Asiatic Cam- Spaniards, in about equal force, paigns). under Don John of Austria. This city, defended by a Per- The patriots, who were retiring sian garrison, under Batis, was from Namur, were followed by besieged by Alexander the Great Don John, who sent forward a October, 332 B.C. Utilizing the picked force of 1,600 men, under engines he had employed against Gonzaga and Mondragon in Tyre, he succeeded, after some pursuit. They attacked the 96 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES rearguard, under Philip Eg- Geok Tepe (Russian Conquest mont, and dispersed it, and then, of Central Asia). falling suddenly upon the main This place, the stronghold of body, utterly routed it, with a the Tekke Turcomans, defended loss, it is said, of 10,000 killed by a garrison of 15,000, was and prisoners. The Spaniards besieged, September 9, 1878, by lost ten or eleven at most. the Russians, under General Lomakine. After a short bom- Genoa. bardment, an attempt was made In 1746, the Genoese, in- to storm the fortress, which was censed by the license of the repulsed with a loss of 500. The soldiery, rose against the Aus- breaching guns were with diffi- trian garrison, under General culty saved, and the Russians Botta, and afteriive days' street retired on the following day. fighting, lasting from December About 4,000 Turcomans were 6 to 10, drove them out of the killed by shell fire. city, with a loss of 5,000 men. In 1 88 1, a second attempt was made by Skobeloft, with Genoa (Wars of the French 10,000 Russians, the garrison Revolution), being now nearly 30,000 strong. Fought March 13, 1795, be- After a regular siege, lasting tween a British fleet of 14 sail from the 8th to the 17th of of the line under Admiral January, the place was stormed, Hotham, and a French fleet of 6,500 Turcomans falling in the IS sail. The action lasted assault, and 8,000 in the sub- throughout the day, and on the sequent pursuit. following morning the French retired, leaving two line-of- Gerberoi. battle ships in the hands of the Fought 1080, between the British. The British lost 74 troops of William the Conqueror, killed and 284 wounded. and those of his son Robert, who claimed the Dukedom of Nor- Genoa (Napoleon's Italian Cam- mandy, and was receiving aid paigns). from Philip I of France. Robert In April, 1800, Genoa, held by was defeated and made prisoner, the French, under Massena, was and, obtaining his father's for- besieged by the Austrians under giveness, resigned his claim to General Melas, and later in the the Dukedom. siege under General Ott. The city had for some time been Gergovia (Gallic War). blockaded on the seaward side Fought B.C. 52, between the by the British fleet, under Lord Romans under Julius Caesar, Keith. Provisions were con- and the Gauls under Vercinge- sequently scarce, and notwith- torix. Caesar was besieging the standing some successful sorties, town, but was compelled to Massena was forced to capitu- retreat. Before retiring, how- late, June 5, the garrison march- ever, he delivered an assault ing out without laying down which was repulsed by the Gauls, their arms. the Romans leaving over 700 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 97

legionaries, and 46 centurions attacks, though at a heavy cost dead on the field. On the 3rd, Meade succeeded in driving back the Confederate Germaghah. left, but Lee's main attack battle, Genghis Khan's first succeeded in driving the Fede- fought 1 when with 6,000 193, rals from the ridge. They rallied men he defeated the army of and retook it, but had lost too his father-in-law, Khan, Ung heavily to assume the offensive. under strong, Sankun, 10,000 Lee again offered battle on the surprising in narrow them a 4th, but the Federals declined pass, and inflicting heavy loss it, and Lee retired unmolested, them. upon having lost about 20,000 men Germantown (American War of in the three days. The Federal Independence). losses were about the same. be- Fought October 4, 1777, Gherain. tween the Americans under Fought August 2, 1763, be- the British Washington, and tween the army of Mir Cossim, Sir William Howe. The under the deposed Nawab of Bengal, the British Americans attacked and the British under Major entrenchments, and were re- Adams. A severe engagement, with loss. pulsed heavy lasting four hours, ended in a Gerona (Peninsular War). signal victory for the British. This fortress, held by 3,000 Ghoaine (First Afghan War). Spanish regulars, under Mariano Fought August 30, 1842, be- Alvarez, was besieged, June 4, tween General Nott's force, on 1809, by General Verdier, with its march from Kandahar to 18,000 French. Though ill- Ghuzni, and the Afghans, un- provided wdth food, medicines, der Shems-ud-din, Governor of receiving but and money, and Ghuzni. The Afghans were little assistance from outside, totally defeated, losing all their Alvarez held out gallantly till guns, tents and baggage. December 10, when he capitu- lated, and the garrison marched Ghuzni (First Afghan War). • out with the honours of war. This fortress, garrisoned by 3,000 Afghans, under Haidar Gettysburg (American Civil War). Khan, was captured, January Fought July I, 2 and 3, 1863, 21, 1839, by the British. The between the of the Poto- army besiegers having no breaching mac under General Meade, and guns, it was found necessary to the army of Virginia under blow in the main gate, and the General Lee. the 1st, On place was then stormed, at a Meade's position in front of cost of 18 officers and 162 rank Gettysburg was attacked by and file, killed and wounded. A. P. Hills' corps, and the The garrison lost 500 killed. Federals driven in confusion into the town. On the 2nd, Gibbel Rutts (Irish RebeUion). Meade took up a fresh position Fought May 26, 1798, when behind Gettysburg, where he the regulars, under Sir James repulsed all the Confederate Duff, attacked the camp of the 98 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

rebels on the Curragh, and dis- Aurungzebe, and then again by persed them at the point of the Zulfikar Khan. After three bayonet, with a loss of 350 years had been wasted, Aurung- killed. zebe took command in person, and after conniving at the Gibraltar (War of the Spanish escape of Rajah Ram, carried Succession). the place by storm. This fortress was captured, July 24, 1704, by a combined Gislikon (War of the Sonder- British and Dutch fleet, under bund). Sir George Rooke, from the Fought November 23, 1847, Spaniards under the Marquis when the Federals, under de Salinas. The resistance of General Dufour, attacked the the garrison lasted 2 days only, troops of the Sonderbund, under during which the allies lost 12 Colonel Salis-Soglio, strongly officers and 276 men killed and posted at Gislikon, near Lake wounded. Zug, and drove them from their position. The losses were very Gibraltar. small. On the following day From 1779 to 1783, Gibraltar the Federals entered Lucerne, sustained a siege at the hands and the Civil War, which had of a combined French and Span- lasted 20 days only, came to ish force, who, though provided an end. with powerful floating batteries, were unable to make any im- Gitschin (Seven Weeks' War). pression on the defences. In Fought June 29 and 30, 1866, the course of the siege, the between the Prussians, 16,000 garrison, under General EUiot, strong, under Prince Frederick were several times reinforced Charles, and the Austrians and and revictualled by British Saxons, 30,000 strong, under fleets, which ran the gauntlet Count Clam Gallas. The Aust- of the blockade. rians were defeated, and driven from all their positions with a Gihon, The. loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, Fought 1362, between the and 7,000 prisoners. Getes under their Khan, and the Tartars under Tamerlane. The Gladsmuir, Tartars were defeated, and the See Prestonpans. Getes marched upon Samar- Glen Fruin. cand, but sickness robbed them Fought 1604, between the of nearly all their horses, and royal troops under the Duke of they were forced to retire. Argyll, and the Macgregors and other clans, when the High- Gingi (Mogul Invasion of the Deccan). landers gained a complete vic- tory. This place was besieged by the Moguls in 1689, and was Glenlivet (Huntly's Rebellion). defended by Rajah Ram. The Fought October 4, 1594, be- siege was carried on in desultory tween the troops of James VI, fashion, first by Zulfikar Khan, 10,000 strong, under the Earl then by Kambaksh, son of of Argyll, and the rebel Earls DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 99

of Errol and Huntly. Though the Duke of Albemarle, and a inferior in numbers, the rebels Dutch fleet of 71 sail-of-the- gained a complete victory, driv- line, and 30 smaller vessels, ing off the royal troops with a under van Tromp and de Ruyter, loss of 500 men. The action lasted two days, and was desperately contested, but Glen Malone. the Dutch being reinforced in Fought 1580, between the the morning of the 3rd, Albe- English settlers under Lord marle bore away. On the 4th, Grey de Wilton, and the Irish having been joined by Prince septs. The English suffered a Rupert's squadron, he renewed serious defeat, among the slain the attack, but without success. being Sir Peter Carew. The English lost 10 ships, while others were disabled. Glenmarreston. most of the The killed and wounded amount- Fought 638, when the Scots ed to while 2,000 were under Donald Bree, King of 1,700, prisoners. Dalriada, utterly routed the taken invading Angles. Goraria (Indian Mutiny). Glorious First of June. Fought November 23 and 24, See Ushant. 1857, between a British column, about 3,000 strong, under Briga- Goits (Italian Rising). dier Stuart, and a body of 5,000 Fought May 30, 1848, be- rebels. The mutineers occupied tween the Piedmontese under a strong position, and the Brit- Charles Albert of Savoy, and ish were unable to dislodge the Austrians under General them on the 23rd. On the Radetsky. The Austrians were following day the attack was completely defeated, and Radet- renewed, and the rebels were sky compelled to take refuge driven out and dispersed, with behind the line of the Adige. a loss of over 1,500. Golden Rock (Seven Years' War). Gorni-Dubnik (Russo-Turkish Fought August 7, 1753, be- War). tween 1,500 British under Major be- Lawrence, together with 5,000 Fought October 24, 1877, Tanjore troops under Monakji, tween the 2nd Division of the and a detachment of French Russian Guard, under General and Mysoris, forming part of Gourko, and the Turks, who the army besieging Trichin- were holding the redoubt of opoly. The Golden Rock was Gorni-Dubnik, under Achmet taken by assault, and the enemy Hefzi Pasha. After very heavy driven off in confusion, but the fighting, the Russians succeeded victory would have been more in dislodging their opponents, decisive had the Tanjore horse with a loss of 1,500 killed and pursued with more vigour. wounded, and 53 officers and 2,250 men captured, including Goodwins, The (Dutch Wars). the Pasha. The Russians lost Fought July I, 1666, between 3,300 killed and wounded, in a British fleet of 60 sail, under eluding 116 officers of the Guards. lOO DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Gorodeczno (Campaign of Mos- Romans under Agricola, and cow). the Caledonians, 30,000 strong, Fought August 12, 1812, be- under Galgacus. The Cale- tween 36,000 French and Aus- donians attacked with great trians, under Cicneral Reynier bravery, but were beaten by and the Prince of Schwartzem- the superiority of the Roman berg, and the Russians, in equal discipline, and retired with a force, under General Tormazoff. loss of 10,000 men. The Ro- The Russians were defeated and mans also lost heavily. driven from their positions, with a loss of 4,000 men. The French Granada (Moorish Empire in Spain). and Austrians lost about 2,000. Fought 1 3 19, when a Spanish Goa. army, under the Regents Pedro In 1 5 1 1 , Goa, held by a Portu- and John of Castile, appeared guese garrison, under Albuquer- under the walls of Granada. A que, was invested by Kumal sortie of 5,000 picked Moors, Khan, General of the Rajah of under Said Othman took place, Bijapore, at the head of 60,000 and the Christians were utterly men. After a siege of 20 days routed, both the Regents being Albuquerque found his com- slain. munication with his fleet threat- ened, and withdrew the garrison. Granada (War of Granada). In the same year, however, hav- On April 26, 1491, Ferdinand ing collected a force of 1,500 the Catholic, with an army of men with 23 ships at Cananore, 50,000 Spaniards, sat down be- he attacked Goa, and at once fore Granada, the last strong- forced an entrance. After hold of the Moors in Spain. The severe fighting in the streets, siege was carried on in some- the Deccanis fled in confusion what desultory fashion, and in to the mainland, with a loss of the early days one serious sortie 6,000. The Portuguese lost 50 was made by the inhabitants only. and garrison, who were, how- ever, defeated, with a loss of Goa. 2,000 killed. The city held out This fort, which was held by a until November 25, when Ab- Portuguese garrison of 700, dallah, the last king of Granada, the under Viceroy, Luis de capitulated. Ataida, was attacked by Ali Adil Shah, Rajah of Bijapore, with Grandella (Italian Wars). 135,000 men and 350 guns, in Fought 1266, between the 1570. Aided by the civilians, troops of the Two Sicilies, under and 1,300 monks, the garrison Manfred, son of the Emperor made so strenuous a defence, Frederick II, and the French, that the Rajah was beaten off, under Charles of Anjou. Man- after losing 12,000 men. fred was defeated, and fell in the battle, Charles seizing the Grampians, The (Roman Inva- crown of the double kingdom. sion of Scotland). Fought 84, probably on the Grandson (Burgundian Wars). Moor of Ardoch, between the Fought March 2, 1476, be- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 101

tween the Swiss, i8,ocx3 strong, sion, with a naval brigade, 400 and the Burgundians, number- strong, and a Boer commando ing 36,000, under Charles the of about 2,500 men. The Boers Bold. Charles endeavoured to occupied a strong position, the entice the Swiss into the plain, key of which, a high kopje, was and to that end ordered a re- attacked in front and flank, and treat. He was followed by the carried, with a loss of 9 officers Swiss, and his rearguard being and 185 men. The marines, attacked, was seized with panic, who numbered 200, lost 3 officers and fled, and in the end Charles and 86 men of this total. The was completely defeated and Boers lost about 100. This is his camp captured. also called the battle of Enslin.

Granicus, The (Alexander's Gravelines. Asiatic Campaigns). Fought July 13. 1538, between Fought May, 334 b.c, be- 8,500 French and Germans, tween 35,000 Macedonians, under Marshal de Thermes.and under Alexander the Great, and about 10,000 Spanish, Germans 40,000 Persians and Greek mer- and Flemings, under Count Eg- cenaries, under Memnon of mont. De Thermes' right rest- Rhodes, and various Persian ed on the sea, and a cavalry satraps. Alexander crossed the charge, headed by Egmont, Granicus in the face of the Per- broke his line, after severe sian army, leading the way him- hand-to-hand fighting, and the self at the head of the heavy French fled in confusion, leaving cavalry, and having dispersed 1,500 dead on the field, while as the Persian light horse, he many more were driven into the brought up the phalanx, which sea, and drowned. Large num- fell upon and routed the Greek bers were cut down in the pur- mercenaries. The Persians lost suit, and de Thermes was cap- heavily, while the Macedonians' tured. loss was very slight. Gravelotte (Franco-GermanWar). Grant's Hill (Seven Years' War). Fought August 18, 1870, be- Fought September 14, 1758, tween the French, under Ba- when Major Grant, with 800 zaine, and the combined German Highlanders, and Provincials, army under the supreme com- attacked a body of Indians in mand of William of Prussia. the French service near Fort The battle was most hotly con- Duquesne. He was repulsed, tested, but while the French and in turn attacked by the held their ground in the neigh- garrison of the Fort, 3,000 bourhood of Gravelotte, the strong, under M. de Ligneris. Germans turned their right Grant was totally defeated, flank at St. Privat, and they losing 273 in killed, wounded were eventually obliged to aban- and prisoners, and was himself captured. don all their positions, and retire into Metz, where they were Graspan (Second Boer War). subsequently blockaded. The Fought November 25, i8go, German losses amounted to 899 between Lord Methuen's divi- officers and 19,260 men killed I02 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

and woundctl. The French engagement, the Russians were losses were somewhat less. This defeated, with a loss of 10,000 battle is also known as the battle killed and wounded. The Poles of St. Privat. lost about 5,000.

Great Meadows (Seven Years' Gross-Beeren (Campaign of War). Leipsic). Fought July 3, 1752, between Fought August 23, 181 3, be- 350 Virginians, under Washing- tween the French army of the ton, and 700 French, under north, under Oudinot, and the Coulon de Villiers. The Vir- allies, 80,000 strong, under the ginians occupied a square log Crown Prince of Sweden, who enclosure, known as Fort Neces- was covering the road to Berlin. sity, where they resisted the Regnier, whose corps formed French attack for nine hours, the centre of Oudinot's army, till lack of ammunition forced captured Gross-Beeren, which Washington to surrender. The was retaken by the Prussians Virginians lost 60 killed and under von Bulow, and again wounded ; the French consider- recovered by Fournier's and ably less. Guilleminot's divisions, but Ou- dinot was not sufficiently strong Grenada (American War of In- dependence). to press his advantage, and retired with a loss of 1,500 men, Fought July 3, 1779, between and 8 guns. a British tleet of 24 sail, under Admiral Byron, and a French Gross-Jagersdorf (Seven Years' fleet of 20 sail-of-the-line, and War). 10 frigates, under the Comte Fought August 30, 1757, be- d'Estaing. Admiral Byron at- tween 28,000 Prussians, under tacked the French with a view Marshal Lehwaldt, and a largely of recapturing Grenada, but superior force of Russians, under was unsuccefssul, though he General Apraxine. The Prus- inflicted upon them a loss of sians were defeated, but Aprax- 1,200 killed and 1,500 wounded. ine failed to follow up his vic- The British lost 183 killed and tory, and recrossed the frontier. 346 wounded. Grozka (Ottoman Wars). Grangam (Russo-Swedish Wars). Fought 1739, between the Fought 172 1, between the Austrians, imder Count Neip- Swedes, and the Russian fleet perg, and the Turks, under the under Admiral Golitshin. The Grand Vizier. The Austrians Swedes were completely de- were defeated, with heavy loss. feated, losing four line-of-battle ships captured. Grunnervaldt. Fought 1404, between the Grochow (Second Polish Rising). Poles, under Vladislas IV, and Fought February 25, 1831, the Teutonic Knights, under between the Poles, 90,000 strong their Grand Master. The Poles under Prince Michael Radziwill, gained a complete victory, and and 1 20,000 Russians, under Gen- it is said that 50,000 knights eral Dubitsch. After a sanguinary perished, though it is more than DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 103 doubtful whether their whole their guns and ammunition. army amounted to so many. The British lost 548 killed and wounded, but the victory served Guadeloupe (Wars of the French little purpose, as Lord Corn- Revolution). wallis was too weak to pursue This island was taken by a his advantage. British force under Sir John Jervis, July 3, 1794, with a loss Guinegate. of 3 officers and 33^ien killed Fought August 16, 1 5 13, when and wounded. It was recap- a body of French cavalry, who tured by the French, on Decem- aimed at relieving Terouenne, ber 10, of the same year. which was besieged by the Eng- lish, under Henry VIII, and the Guad-el-Ras (Moroccan War). Imperialists, under Maximilian I, Fought March 23, i860, when were put to flight by the allies 25,000 Spaniards, under Marshal without striking a blow. The O'Donnell, routed a large force French fled so precipitately that of Moors, entrenched in a very the action was dubbed the strong position behind the Battle of the Spurs. Guad-el-Ras. This victory end- ed the war. Gujerat (Second Sikh War). Guastalla (War of the Polish Fought February 22, 1849, Succession). between the British, 25,000 strong, under Lord Gough, and Fought September 19, 1734, Shir Singh. between the Imperialists, under 50,000 Sikhs, under the Prince of Wiirtemberg, and The British artillery, numbering the French, under Marshal de 84 pieces, broke the Sikh lines, Coligny. The Imperialists were and after resisting for over two prac- defeated with a loss of about hours, they fled, and were in the pur- 4,000, including the Prince of tically annihilated were Wiirtemberg. The French loss- suit. Fifty-three guns only es were about the same. taken. The British lost 92 killed and 682 wounded. Gubat. See Abu Klea. Gunzburg (Campaign of the Danube). Guildford Court House (Ameri- Fought October 9, 1805, when can War of Independence). Ney's corps carried the three Fought March 16, 1781, be- bridges over the Danube, at or the British, under Lord tween near this town, driving off the largely su- Cornwallis, and a Austrians with a loss of 300 perior force of Americans, under killed and wounded, and 1,000 General Greene. The Americans prisoners. occupied a strongly entrenched position in and round Guildford, Gwalior (First Mahratta War). and the battle consisted of a This strong fortress was series of independent actions, captured from the Mahrattas, in which the British were uni- August 3, 1780, by a British formly successful, driving out force of about 2,000 men, mostly the Americans with heavy sepoys, under Captain Popham. casualties, and the loss of all The wall was scaled by two^^com- I04 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES panics of sepoys, under Cap- on March 25, captured a large tain Bruce, supported by 20 and welcome convoy of provi- Europeans, and followed by two sions. On May 28, however, battalions. The garrison was the patriot flotilla of 1 50 vessels completely surprised, and an under Martin Brand, on the entrance effected without oppo- lake, was defeated by 100 Span- sition, whereupon the place was ish ships, under Count Bossu. surrendered to the assailants, From this point the reduction who had not lost a man. of the city by famine was in- evitable, and the place was Gwalior (Indian Mutiny). surrendered, July 12, 1573. Fought June 17, 18 and 19, The garrison, reduced to 1,800, 1S58, between a British column was massacred, with the excep- under Sir Hugh Rose, and a tion of 600 Germans, and alto- large body of rebels, led by the gether 2,300 persons perished Ranee of Jhansi in person. On after the capitulation. The the 17th the mutineers were Spaniards lost 12,000 men in the driven out of the cantonments course of the siege. with heavy loss, while on the following days the important Hadranum. between positions in the town were cap- Fought B.C. 344, deliverer of Sicily, tured in succession, until by the Timoleon, the followers, Hike- evening of the 19th, the British with 2,000 and of Leontini, with were in undisputed possession tas, Tyrant been of Gwalior. The Ranee was 10,000 men. The two had to assistance of known to be amongst the slain, summoned the though her body was never the rival factions in Hadranum, found. and Hiketas, who arrived first, was resting his men under the walls, when he was surprised by H. Timoleon, and totally routed. This was Timoleon's first ex- ploit, and Hadranum became Haarlem (Netherlands War of headquarters. Independence). his This city was invested by the Hadrianople (War of the Two Spaniards, 30,000 strong, under Empires). Don Francisco de Toledo, De- Fought July 3, 323, between cember II, 1572. It was held Constantine, Emperor of the by a garrison of 4,000, under West, wdth 120,000 troops, and Ripperda, including a corps of Licinius, Emperor of the East, Amazons.led by a widow named with 165,000. Licinius, by the Kenau Hasselaer. The bat- skilful manoeuvring of Constan- teries opened on the i8th, and tine, was enticed from his en- on the 2 1st an assault was re- trenched camp into the open pulsed, the assailants losing plain, and his raw levies being 400, the garrison three or four powerless against the Western only. A second assault, on veterans, he was totally de- January 31, 1573, was also re- feated, It is said that 34,000 pulsed, while a brilliant sortie, perished in the battle. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 105

Hadrianople (Second Gothic In- Halidon Hill (Scottish Wars). vasion of the East). Fought 1383, in the course of Fought August 9, 378, be- an attempt by Archibald Doug- tween the Romans, under the las, the Regent, to relieve Ber- Emperor Valens, and the Goths, wick, which was besieged by under Fritigern. The Roman Edward III. The Scots were cavalry fled from the field, and powerless against the English the legionaries were surrounded archers, and were defeated with and ridden down by the over- a loss of 30,000, including the whelming masses of the Gothic Regent, and four Earls. This horse. Two thirds of the legion- defeat resulted in the submission aries, and ;9 great officers and of Scotland, and Edward placed tribunes perished. Valens was Balliol upon the throne. carried off the field wounded, but the hut in which he was Halieis. lying was fired, and he perished Fought B.C. 459, between the in the flames. Athenians, and the combined forces of Corinth and Epidam- Hahozaki (Tartar Invasion of nus. The Athenians were vic- Japan). torious. Fought 1274, between the Hallue (Franco-German War). troops of the province of Kiushiu Fought December 23 and 24, and the Tartars forming the 1870, between 40,000 French, despatched by Kub- expedition, under General Faidherbe, and lai Khan, under Lin Fok Heng. 22,500 Germans, under Man- After severe fighting, in which teuffel. The French lost heavily the Japanese suffered heavily, in the village lying in front of Lin was severely wounded, and their position, but the Germans withdrew to his ships. A heavy were unable to carry the en- gale destroyed a large number trenchments on the heights. of the Tartar and Ivorean vessels, After their attack had been and finally the remnant of the repulsed, the French assumed invading force made good its the offensive, but with no de- escape. cisive result. The Germans lost

; the Haliartus. 927 killed and wounded French over 1,000, besides 1,300 Fought B.C. when Ly- 395, prisoners. sander, at the head of a Spartan force, without waiting as had Hampton Roads (American Civil been arranged to effect a junc- War). tion with Pausanius, attacked Fought March 8 and 9, 1862, the town of Haliartus. The between the Confederate ar- Haliartians, seeing from the moured frigate, Merriniac, and

battlements that a body of 5 gunboats, under Captain Bu- Thebans was approaching, made chanan, and 5 Federal warships, a sortie, and the Spartans, at- under Captain Marston. On the tacked simultaneously in front 8th, the Merrimac destroyed and rear, were routed, and two Federal vessels, and drove Lysander slain. one ashore, but on the 9th, the io6 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Federals were reinforced by and the Lowland Scots, under the arrival of the turret-ship the Earl of Mar, together with Mouitor, and after an indecisive the town militia of Aberdeen, action, the Merrimac drew off. led by their Provost. After a In the two daj-s, the Confeder- most sanguinary battle, the ates lost only lo killed and Lowlanders were utterly routed. wounded, but the Federal losses Among the slain were the Pro- were far heavier, the Cumber- vost, many knights, 500 men-at- land alone losing 150 out of a arms, and the majority of the crew of 400. burghers forming the militia. The Highlanders lost 500 only. Hanau (Campaign of Leipsic). Fought October 30 and 31, Harper's Ferry (American Civil 18 3, between 80,000 French, 1 War). the survivors of Leipsic, under Napoleon, and 45,000 Austrians Fought September 16, 1862, and Bavarians, under General when the Confederates, three Wrede, who had occupied a divisions.under General" Stone- " the position at Hanau, barring Na- wall Jackson surrounded Federal of Harper's poleon's retreat to France. On garrison the 30th, Napoleon attacked Ferry, 11,000 strong, wdth 73 guns, forced them to sur- Wrede's left, which was astride and render. of the road, and driving it back continued his retreat with the Hashin (Soudan Campaigns). main body, leaving three divi- sions, under Marmont, to seciire Fought March 20, 1885, when his rearguard. On the 31st, the 8,000 British troops, under rearguard, under Mortier, at- General Graham, defeated a tacked [Hanau, and Wrede being detachment of Osnian Digna's dangerously wounded, his suc- army, inflicting upon them a cessor, Fresnel, drew off, leaving loss of about 1,000 killed. The the road clear. The French lost British lost 48 killed and wound- 6,000, the allies 10,000 men in ed. the two days. Haslach (Campaign of the Hardenberg (Netherlands War Danube). of Independence). Fought October 11, 1805, Fought be- June 15, 1580, when General Dupont, with tween the Dutch Patriots, under 6,000 French, marching upon Count Philip Hohenlo, and the Ulm, was suddenly confronted Royalists, under Martin Schenck, w'ith an army of Austrians, Fatigued by a long march, the 60,000 strong, strongly posted Patriots were no match for on the Michelberg. Dupont at Schenck's fresh troops, and after once seized and entrenched the an hour's fighting, were broken village of Hanau, which he held and almost annihilated. until dark against 25,000 Aus- Harlaw. trians, under the Archduke Fought July 24, 141 1, be- Ferdinand. After nightfall he tween the rebel Highlanders, withdrew, carrying off 4,000 under Donald, Lord of the Isles, prisoners. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 107

Hastenbech (Seven Years' War). Havana (Seven Years' War). Fought July 26, 1757, be- In June, 1762, the Earl of tween 50,000 Hanoverians and Clanwilliam, with 11,000 Brit- others, under the Duke of Cum- ish troops, supported by a berland, and 80,000 French, squadron, under Admiral Po- under Marshal d'Estrees. The cocke, laid siege to Havana. Duke, who had taken post on Moro Castle, the key of the the Weser, to protect Hanover, defences, was taken by storm, was overpowered by d'Estrees, and after a siege of two months and driven back to Slade, on the and eight days the city was Elbe, with a loss of several captured. hundred men. This defeat was Heathfield. followed by the signature of the Fought 633, between the Convention of Closter-Seven. Mercians, under Penda, and Hastings (Norman Conquest). the Northumbrians, under Ed- Fought October 14, 1066, a win. The latter were defeated fortnight after the landing of and Edwin slain. William the Conqueror. The English, under Harold, fought Heavenfield. Fought between the entirely on the defensive, at first 634, Anglo-Saxons, under the Bret- with success, but were at last of Northumbria, lured from their position by a walda, Oswald Britons, under Cad- feigned flight of the Normans, and the were and were then totally routed. wallon. The Britons routed. Harold was among the fallen. totally the This battle is also known as Hedgeley Moor (Wars of the Battle of Senlac. Roses). Hatvan (Hungarian Rising). Fought April 25, 1464, be- Fought April 2, 1849, when tween the Lancastrians, under the Austrians, 15,000 strong Margaret of Anjou and Sir under Marshal Schlick, attacked Ralph Percy, and the Yorkists, the 7 th Hungarian corps, of under Lord Montague. The about equal strength, and after Lancastrians were totally de- a severe engagement, were to- feated, Percy falling in the tally defeated. battle.

Havana (War of the Austrian Heiliger-Zee (Netherlands War Succession). of Independence). Fought October 12, 1748, be- Fought May 23, 15 68, be- tween a British squadron of tween the '"Beggars," under seven ships, under Admiral Louis of Nassau, and 5,000 Knowles, and a^l^anish squad- veteran Spaniards, under Arem- ron of equal strength. The berg. Louis occupied a very action was fought with little strong position on a wooded determination, and though the height, near the monastery of British captured one ship, the the Holy Lion, his front being result was far from decisive. protected by a morass crossed The Spaniards lost 298, the by a narrow causeway. The British 179 killed and wounded. Spanish infantry traversed this io8 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

to the attack, but were repulsed, of several thousand men, while and Count Aremberg, leading a the French only lost about 300 charge of horse, in the hope of killed and wounded. restoring the day, fell mortally Hellespont (War of the Two wounded. Upon this the Empires). Spaniards broke and fled, hav- Fought between the ing suffered a loss of i,6oo men. 323, fleet of Constantine the Great, Heilsberg (Campaign of Fried- consisting of 200 small galleys, land). imtler Crispus, and that of Fought June lo, 1807, be- Licinius, numbering 350 sail, tween 30,000 French, under under Amandus. After two Marshal Soult, and 80,000 Rus- days' hard fighting, Crispus sians, under General Bennigsen. forced the passage of the Helles- The Russians occupied the pont, and totally routed the heights on both sides of the AUe, Eastern fleet, with a loss of 130 and the plains below, being in ships and 5,000 men. greater force on the left bank. The French attacked and drove Helorus. the Russians into the entrench- Fought B.C. 492, between ments, but could make no Hippocrates, Tyrant of Gela, further progress, and night put and the Syracusans, The Syra- an end to an obstinate but in- cusans were totally routed, and conclusive conflict, in which the were so weakened by this defeat, Russians lost about 10,000, the that Syracuse fell an easy pres- French, 8,000 killed and wound- to Gelon, Hippocrates' suc- ed. cessor, in the following year.

Hekitai-Kan (Invasion of Korea). Helsingborg (Dano - Spanish Wars). Fought 1595, between the Japanese, under Kobayagawa Fought 17 10, between 20,000 Takakage, and the Chinese, Swedes, of whom 12,000 were under Li Chin. The Chinese raw recruits, under General were utterly routed, Li's army Steinbock, and the Danish in- being almost annihilated, and vading army. The Swedes won signal he himself escaping with difti- a victory, and the in- culty from the field. vaders were compelled to take refuge under the walls of Hel- Heligoland (Napoleonic Wars). singborg, and a few days later This island was captured, to embark for Denmark. Be- August 31,1 807, from the Danes, sides killed, they left 4,000 by a small British squadron, wounded prisoners in the hands under Admiral Thomas Russell. of the Swedes.

Heliopolis (French Invasion of Hemushagu (Invasion of Korea). Egypt). Fought 1595, between the Fought March 20, 1800, be- Japanese, under Konishi Yuki- tween 10,000 French, under naga, and the Chinese, under Li Kleber, and about 70,000 Turks, Chin. The Japanese were de- under Ibrahim Bey. The Turks feated, and forced to retire upon were utterly routed, with a loss the capital. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 109

Hengestesdun (Danish Inva- Maximinus was defeated with sion). heavy loss. Fought when the men of 835, Herat (Tartar Invasion of Af- Wessex, under Egbert, totally ghanistan). defeated the Danes and Cornish This city was captured, 1220, Britons. by 20,000 Tartars, under Sudah Hennersdorf (War of the Aus- Bahadur. The Governor, Emin trian Succession). Malek, was entirely unprepared Fought November, 1745, be- to stand a siege, and surrendered tween 60,000 Prussians, under when the Tartars appeared be- Frederick the Great, and 40,000 fore the walls. Having mean- Austrians and Saxons, under while been retaken by a coup-de- Prince Charles of Lorraine. main, by Shems-ed-din, who Frederick surprised Prince held it as an independent chief- Charles on the march, and tain, Herat was again besieged utterly routed his vanguard, by the Mongols, under Tuli comprised of Saxons, with enor- Khan, in 1221. After a brief, mous loss. The Austrians were but resolute resistance, during compelled in consequence to which Shems-ed-din fell, the retire into Bohemia. inhabitants opened the gates to the besiegers, and the garrison Heraclea (Pyrrhus* Invasion of was put to the sword. Italy). Fought B.C. 280, between the Herat (Perso-Afghan Wars). Epirots, 30,000 strong, under On November 22, 1837, Mo- Pyrrhus, and about 35,000 Ro- hamed. Shah of Persia, laid mans, under P. Laverius Lae- siege to the city, which was held vinus. The Romans crossed by an Afghan garrison, under the Sirisin the face of the enemy, Yar Mohamed. After a some- when they were attacked by what desultory siege, an attempt Pyrrhus, and after a furious was made to storm the place, conflict, were at last broken by June 24, 1838, when the Persians his elephants, and fled in dis- were repulsed with a loss of order, losing about 7,000 men. 1,700 men. From this time a The Epirots lost 4,000. tacit armistice existed till Sep- Heraclea. tember 9, when the Shah with- Fought 313, between the drew his army. lUyrians, under Licinius, after- Herdonea (Second Punic War). of wards Emperor the East, and Fought B.C. 210, when the the troops of the reigning Em- Carthaginians, under Hannibal, peror Maximinus. Licinius was defeated, and practically des- marching with 30,000 men to troyed an army of 25,000 Ro- the relief of Heraclea, when he mans, under Cnaeus Fulvius. was attacked by Maximinus, Fulvius was among the slain. with 70,000. Licinius was at first driven back by weight of Hericourt (Burgundian Wars). numbers, but his skill, and the Fought November 13, 1474, steadiness of his troops, enabled between the Swiss, 18,000 him to rally, and eventually strong, and the Burgundians, no DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

10,000 in number. The Bur- defeated him, the Cristinos los- gundians were totally defeated, ing 50 officers, and 2,600 men the town of Hericourt taken. killed, wounded and missing. Don Carlos, after tliis victory, Hermanstadt (Ottoman Wars). advanced to within twelve miles Fought 1442, and notable as of Madrid, when the appearance being the first appearance of of Espartero, at the head of John Huniades in arms against 20,000 troops, obhged him to the Turks. With an army of retire. Hungarians he totally defeated Wejid Bey, who was besieging Herrings, The (Hundred Years' Hermanstadt, inflicting on the War). Turks a loss of 20,000 men, and Fought at Roncray-St. -Denis, relieving the place. The Hun- February 12, 1429. Sir John garians lost 3,000. Fastolfe was in charge of a convoy of salt fish for the Eng- Hernani (First Carlist War). lish army before Orleans, and Fought August 1836, be- 29, hearing of the approach of a tween the British legion, under French force, under the Bastard General Evans, and the Carlists. of Orleans, intrenched himself Evans was defeated. at Roncray. Here the French Hernani (First Carlist War). attacked him, and were repulsed with heavy loss, the Bastard Fought March 15 and 16, being severely wounded. 1837, between the British legion, and a small contingent of Cris- Hexham (Wars of the Roses). tinos, under General Evans, and about 17,000 Carlists, under Fought May 15, 1464, when Don Sebastian, strongly posted the Yorkists, under Montague, on the Hernani road. On the surprised the Lancastrians, under 15th, Evans attacked the Car- Somerset, in their camp at lists on the Venta heights, and Linnels, near Hexham. The after five hours' fighting occupied Lancastrians were practically the position. On the i6th, in a trap, and had no option but when the conflict was resumed, to surrender. Somerset and the Carlists retired into Hernani, many other important leaders but reinforcements arriving, were taken, and promptly exe- they took the offensive, and cuted. Tliis success secured forced Evans to retreat. Edward IV on the throne.

Herrera (First Carlist War). Himera (First Carthaginian In- Fought August 23, 1837, be- vasion of Sicily). tween the Carlists, under Don Fought 480 B.C., between the Carlos, with General Moreno in Syracusans and Agrigentines, actual command, and the Cris- 557,000 strong, under Gelon, tinos, under General Buerens. Tyrant of Syracuse, and the Don Carlos, who was marching Carthaginians, said to number upon Madrid, attacked Buerens 300,000, under Hamilcar. The before he could effect a junction Carthaginians were totally with Espartero, and severely routed, and Hamilcar slain. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Himera (Second Carthaginian Hochstett (Wars of the French Invasion of Sicily). Revolution). This place was besieged by Fought June 19, 1800, be- the Carthaginians, under Hanni- tween 70,000 French, under bal, B.C. 409. A first assault Moreau, and about 80,000 Aus- was repulsed, and Diodes arriv- trians, under de Kray. Moreau ing in the harbour with 25 ships, crossed the Danube with the rescued half the inhabitants. object of cutting off the Aus- Three days later he returned trians from their base, and forc- for the remainder, but too late, ing them to evacuate Ulm. In for before he could reach the a battle which lasted 18 hours, harbour the breach was stormed. he succeeded in establishing The town was sacked, and 3,000 himself upon the left bank, and prisoners were sacrificed to ap- making Ulm untenable. The pease the shade of Hamilcar, who French took 5,000 prisoners had fallen in the battle of 480. and 20 guns, but the losses on both sides in killed and wounded Hippo (Invasion of the Vandals). were small for the numbers Siege was laid to this city in engaged. May, 430, by the Vandals, under Genseric. It was defended by Hoechst (Thirty Years' War). Boniface, Count of Africa, who Fought June 10, 1622, be- having command of the sea, was tween 20,000 Palatinate troops, able to keep the city well pro- under Christian of Brunswick, visioned, and after fourteen and 33,000 Imperialists, under months Genseric retired. A- Tilly. Christian having failed mong those who died during the to join forces with Mansfeldt, siege was St. Augustine. was in retreat, and was engaged Hochkirchen (Seven Years' in holding a bridge over the War). Main. While thus employed overtaken Tilly, and Fought October 14, 1758, he was by between the Prussians, under though a village covering the Frederick the Great, and the bridge was held gallantly for Austrians, under Count Daun. five hours, he was at last over- Frederick, who was encamped powered, losing about 12,000 on the heights of Hochkirchen, in killed, wounded and prisoners. was surprised in the early morn- The Imperialist loss was com- ing by the Austrians, who broke paratively small. into his camp and seized his artillery. He succeeded, how- Hogland (Russo- Swedish Wars). ever, in forming up his troops, Fought 1789, between the and descending into the plain, Russian fleet, under Admiral made good his retreat to Baut- Greig, and the Swedes, under zen. The Prussians lost 9,000 the Duke of Sudermanland. men, including the Prince of Each side lost a ship, but strate- Brunswick and Marshal Keith, gically the affair was a Russian all their tents and baggage, and victory, for the Swedes were loi guns. The Austrians lost compelled to seek the protection 8,000 killed and wounded. of the forts of Sveaborg. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Hohenfriedberg (War of the retire until he had lost half his Austrian Succession). force. Fought June 3, 1745, between Homildon Hill (Scottish Wars). the Austrians and Saxons, under Fought September, 1402, when Charles of Lorraine, and the the Percies lay in wait for Prussians, under Frederick the a Scottish force, under Murdach Great. The Saxons, who were Stewart, and Archibald, Earl of encamped at Strigau, were at- Douglas, who were returning tacked in the early morning, from a foray into England. and defeated before the Aus- The Scots were totally routed, trians could come to their aid. losing Stewart, 4 Scottish Frederick then turned upon the peers, and 80 gentlemen of Austrians, and routed them, rank. after desperate fighting. The Austrians and Saxons lost 4,000 Honain. killed and wounded, 7,000 pri- Fought 629, between 12,000 soners, including 4 generals, and Moslems, under Mohammed, 66 guns. The Prussians lost and a force of pagan Arabs, 2,000. 4,000 strong. The Moslems were lured into the valley of Honain, Hohenlinden (Wars of the French and were assailed by slingers Revolution). and archers from the surround- Fought December 3, 1800, ing heights. They were, how- between the French, 60,000 ever, rallied by the Prophet, and strong, under Moreau, and totally routed the Pagans, who 70,000 Austrians, under the submitted to the rule of Mo- Archduke John. Moreau occu- hammed. pied the small clearing of Hohen- linden, and the surrounding Hondschook (Wars of the French forest, while the Austrian army Revolution). marched by five distinct routes Fought September, 1793, be- to rendezvous at Hohenlinden. tween the Austrians, under The Archduke's attack on the Freytag, and the French, under village was repulsed, and mean- Houchard. The Austrians occu- while Moreau had fallen upon pied a strong position from his advancing columns atvarious which they were driven in dis- points, and after severe fighting order, and with heavy loss defeated them. The Austrians As a consequence of this victory, lost 7,000 killed and wounded, the siege of Dunkirk was raised. 12,000 prisoners and 87 guns. Hooghly, The. Hollabrunn (Campaign of the Fought November 24, 1759, Danube). between three British ships, A rearguard action to protect under Commodore Wilson, and the retreat of the main Russian a Dutch squadron of seven sail. army, under Kutusoff, No- After two hours' fighting, the vember 16, 1805, between 7,000 Dutch were completely defeated, Russians, under Prince Bagra- and all their ships captured. tion, and the French, under Meanwhile a force of 700 Euro- Lannes. Bagration did not peans and 800 Sepoys landed DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 113 from the Dutch fleet, was de- Lopez, and the allied armies of feated with heavy loss by 330 Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. British troops and 800 Sepoys, The allies largely outnumbered under Colonel Forde. Lopez's forces, and forced him to abandon his entrenchments Huesca (Mohammedan Empire at Humaita, and retire to Te- in Spain). bienari. Fought 1 105, when the Moors, under Ali attacked the Spaniards, Humblebeck (Dano-Swedish who, under Alfonso VI of Cas- Wars). tile, were besieging Huesca. Fought 1700, when Charles Ali was utterly routed, losing XII, with a small force of Swedes, 10,000 killed in the battle. landed in face of the Danish army, which was strongly en- Huesca (First Carlist War). trenched close the shore, and Fought May 23, 1837, be- drove them headlong from their tween 20,000 Carlists, under position with heavy loss. Don Carlos and Don Sebastian, and 12,000 Cristinos and British Hydaspes, The (Alexander's under General Irribarreu. The Campaigns in Asia). British legion behaved un- Fought B.C. 327, between steadily and the Cristinos were 65,000 Macedonians and 70,000 driven from the field, though Asiatics, under Alexander the the pursuit was checked by a Great, and the army of the brilliant cavalry charge, in Indian king Porus, numbering ele- which Irriba.rreu fell. The 30,000 infantry, with 200 Cristinos lost over 1,000 killed phants and 300 war chariots. and wounded, of which number Alexander crossed the river a entrench- the British legion lost 277. few miles above Porus' ments, and utterly routed him, Humaita (Paraguayan War). with a loss of 12,000 killed and Fought May, 1866, between 9,000 prisoners, including Porus the Paraguayans, under Lopez, himself. The Macedonians lost and the Argentinians, under 1 ,000 only. Mitre. Mitre attacked the Para- guayan entrenchments, but was Hyderabad (Conquest of Scinde). Fought March 24, be- repulsed with heavy loss. 1843, tween 6,000 British troops, under Humaita (Paraguayan War). Sir Charles Napier, and 20,000 Fought February, 1868, be- Beluchis, under Shir Moham- tween the Paraguayan batteries, med. The latter was strongly and a flotilla of Brazilian gun- entrenched behind the FuUali, boats, endeavouring to force the but the Beluchis, being thrown passage. Their attempt was a into disorder by a heavy artil- complete failure, and the whole lery fire, were overthrown by a flotilla was sunk. charge of cavalry on their ex- posed flank, and a frontal attack Humaita (Paraguayan War). lay the 22nd Regiment. This Fought September, 1868, be- defeat put an end to the resist- tween the Paraguayans, under ance of the Scinde Emirs. 114 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Hysiae. when 8,000 French and Italians, Fought, approximately, 668 under Victor, defeated the Papal B.C., between the Spartans and troops, 7,000 strong, under the Argives. The former were General Colli. Victor took the totally defeated, and Argos was Papal army in the rear, and left in undisputed possession of routed them with a loss of a few the supremacy of the Pelopon- hundred only, as no stand was nesus. made.

Indus, The (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). I. Fought B.C. 1 22 1, between Ichinotani (Taira War). 300,000 Tartars, under Genghis Khan, and the army of Jellalla- Fought 1 1 89, between the troops of the Shogun Minamoto- din. Sultan of Kharismia, 30,000 no-Yoritomo, under his brothers strong. Jellalladin fought with Xorigoris and Yoshitsune, and his back to the river, and after the forces of the Taira clan. an obstinate conflict, in which The Taira were signally defeated. he inflicted heavy loss on his assailants, was driven across Iclistavisus (Germanic Wars). the Indus, ha\dng lost 19,000 Fought 16, between 8 Roman men killed and drowned. The legions, under Germanicus, and Tartars lost 20,000. the Germans, under Arminius. The Germans attacked the Ro- Ingavi. mans in the open plain, but Fought November 18, 1841, failed against the superior dis- between the Bohvians, under cipUne of the legionaries, and Balhvian, 3,800 strong, and the were routed with enormous loss. Peruvians, 5,200 strong, imder Arminius with difficulty cut his Gamarra. The Peruvians were way out of the press and es- utterly routed, and their army caped. dispersed, Gamarra being among the killed. Immac (Revolt of Elagabalus). Fought June 7, 218, between Ingogo (First Boer War). the Syrian legions, under Elaga- Fought February 8, 1881 balus, and the Imperial troops when a small British column, and Pretorians, under the Em- consisting of 5 companies of peror Macrinus. The Pretor- infantry, 4 guns, and a small ians, by their superior valour mounted force, attacked the and discipline, broke the legions Boer position, and were repulsed opposed, and the victory would with a loss of 139 killed and have been theirs, but at the wounded. The Boers admitted crisis of the fight, Macrinus fied, a loss of 14 only. and this so discouraged his Inhlobane Mountain (Zulu War). troops, that in the end they Fought March 28, 1879, when were totally defeated. a British force of 1,300 men, Imola (Napoleon's Italian Cam- under Colonels Buller and Rus- paigns). sell, attacked a strong Zulu Fought February 3, 1797, kraal, and after severe fighting, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 115

were repulsed with considerable small force of Scottish sym loss. pathisers with the English claims, under the Earl of Buchan. Inkerman (Crimean War). The English were totally de- Fought November 5, 1854, feated and driven from the field when Russians, under 50,000 with heavy loss. Prince Mentschikoff, attacked the British position at Inker- Ipsus (Wars of Alexander's man, held by about 8,000 troops. Successors). There was a dense fog, and the Fought B.C. 302, between the battle was chiefly a series of Syrians, 32,000 strong, under detached hand-to-hand combats Seleucus, and the Macedonians, some of the most serious fighting 30,000 in number, under Anti- being round the Sandbag Bat- gonus. Seleucus utterly routed tery, where the Russians lost the Macedonians, Antigonus 1,200 killed. At 10 o'clock, the being among the slain. Deme- French arrived on the scene, trius Poliorcetes, who now took and the Russians were soon in command, only succeeded in full retreat, having suffered very rallying 8,000 men, after fleeing heavy loss. for 200 miles.

Inverlochy (Civil War). Irun (First Carlist War). Fought February 2, 1645, This fortress was captured, when Montrose, with 1,500 May 18, 1837, by 10,000 Cris- Royalist Highlanders, defeated tinos and British, under General 3,000 Campbells and Lowland Evans. Evans appeared before Covenanters, with a loss of 1,700 the place at noon, and sum- men. Argyle left the command moned it to surrender. On the of his forces to Campbell of Carlists refusing, an assault was

Auchinbrech, taking refuge in a ordered ; by 1 1 p.m. the fortress vessel on Loch Linnhe. This was taken, with very small loss defeat broke the power of the to the assailants. Campbells in the Highlands for Isandhlwana (Zulu War). many years. Fought January 22, 1879, nverkeithing (Scottish Wars). when six companies of the 24th Fought 1317, between the Regiment, with two guns and a English invaders, and the Scots, small force of Natal volunteers, under the Earl of Fife. The under Colonel Durnford, were first onslaught of the English overwhelmed and massacred by drove the Scots from their the Zulus, under Matyana. Of positions, but they were rallied the regulars, 26 officers and 600 by William Sinclair, Bishop of men were killed, in addition to Dunkeld, and forced the English 24 officers, and a large number to retire to their ships. of men in the Colonial force.

Inverary (Scottish Wars). Isara, The (Third Gallic Inva-

Fought 1 5 10, between the sion). Scots, under Robert Bruce, and Fought August 8, 121 B.C., the English, under Sir John between the Arverni and AUo- Mowbray, with whom was a broges, under Betuitdus, and the Ii6 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Romans, under Q. Fabius Maxi- leaving 1,500 dead on the field. mus. The Gauls were totally Abd-el-Kader was captured. defeated, and a bridge breaking Ismail (Ottoman Wars). down under the press of the This fortress was fugitives, they sui?ered enormous taken by assault loss. by the Russians, under Suwaroff, December 23, 1790. Isaszcq (Hungarian Rising). The Russiaiis lost enormous Fought April 6, 1849, between numbers in the storm, and in the Hungarians, 42,000 strong, revenge they massacred the under Gorgey, and the Croats, garrison and inhabitants without under Jellachich. The Hun- mere}'. garian First Corps, under Klap- ka, was put to flight, but the Issus. (Alexander's Asiatic Cam- rest stood their ground, and paigns). repulsed the Croat attack. Both Fought B.C. 333, between armies bivouacked for the night 35,000 Macedonians, under on the ground they held, but Alexander the Great, and a vast early on the following morning horde of Asiatics, with 30,000 Jellachich retired, the Hun- Greek mercenaries, under garians thus being entitled to Darius, King of Persia. The claim a victory. Persians were drawn up on the right bank of the Pinarus, which Isle da France (Napoleonic Wars). crosses the plain of Issus. Alex- This island, now known as ander, led his heavy cavalry to Mauritius, cajitured was from the attack on the left, crossing the French, December 3, 18 10, the river, and routing the Per- by a fleet of 19 ships, under sian cavalry. The phalanx in Admiral Bertie, convoying a the centre was opposed to the number of transports, carrying Greek mercenaries, and after 10,000 troops, under General heavy fighting, the Macedonians Abercromby. The British lost made good their footing on the 167 killed wounded and right bank. Alexander mean- missing. Seven frigates and while led his squadrons against ten sloops were taken, as well as the bodyguard of Darius, who 21 French and captured 3 Brit- fled from the field, followed by ish merchantmen. the whole of the Asiatics, and Isly (Abd-el-Kader's Rebellion). the victory was complete. Fought August be- 14, 1844, Issus (Ottoman Wars). tween 8,000 F ench, under Fought 1488, between the Marshal Bugeaud, and 45,000 Turks, under Bajazet II, and Algerines, chiefly cavalry, under the Egyptians, under the Sultan Abd-el-Kader. The French in- of Egypt. The Turks were fantry repulsed all the charges defeated. of the Algerine Horse, and aided by the artillery, inflicted heavy Itabitsu. loss upon them; when suffi- Fought October, 740, between, ciently shaken, a charge of the the Japanese rebels, under Hirot- French cavalry completed the suke, 13,000 strong, and the rout, and the Algerines fled, troops of the Emperor Shommu DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 117

under Ono-no-Atsuma. The ani, and the Turks, under Imperial troops, who were only Osman II. The Poles were 8,000 in number, attacked the completely defeated. rebels as they were crossing the Jellalabad (First Afghan War). river, and routed them with This fortress was besieged by heavy loss. Hirotsuke was the Afghans, under Mohammed killed. Akbar Khan, March 11, 1842, Ivry (Eighth Civil War). after the destruction of General Fought March 14, 1590, be- Elphinstone's force in the tween the Huguenots, under Khoord Cabul pass. It was Henri IV, and the Catholics, defended by a small British under the Due de Mayenne. garrison, under General Sale. Henri gained a complete victory, Akbar led his whole army to and marched forward to invest the assault, but was gallantly Paris. repulsed, and then sat down to besiege the place in form. An attempt to relieve it by Briga- J. dier Wyld, in January, 1843, failed, Wyld being defeated in Jalula (Moslem Invasion of the Khyber Pass by the Khy- Persia). beris. The garrison mean- Fought 637, between the while made several successful Moslems, imder Said, and the sorties, and on April drove Persians, under Yezdegerd. 7, Akbar Khan out of his entrench- Yezdegerd fled from the field, ments, with a loss of all his guns, and his troops discouraged, and many men, forcing him to were totally routed with heavy raise the siege. All chance of loss. a renewal of the investment Jamaica. was ended by the arrival on This island was captured the 1 8th, of a strong relieving from the Spaniards, May, 1655 force, under General Pollock. by a combined English naval Jemappes (Wars of the French and military force, under Ad- Revolution). miral Penn and General Ven- Fought November 6, ables. 1792, between the Austrians, under Jarnac (Third Civil War). the Archduke Albert, and the Fought March 13, 1569, be- French, under Dumouriez. The tween the Catholics, under the Austrians occupied a very strong Marshal de Tavannes, and the position on the heights above Huguenots, under the Prince de Jemappes, from which they Conde. The brunt of the action were driven with heavy loss, was borne by the Huguenot the French gaining a signal cavalry, who were overpowered victory. by the Catholics, and Conde Jena (Campaign of Jena). slain. This name is generally given Jassy (Ottoman Wars). to the two battles fought Oc- Fought September 20, 1620, tober 14, 1806, by the two wings between the Poles under Grati- of the French army under Na- Ii8 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

poleon, at Auerstadt and Jena. tember 8, the resistance of the At Auerstadt the Prussian left, defenders was finally overcome. 70,000 strong, under the Duke Josephus says that 1,100,000 of Brunswick, was encountered persons perished in the siege, by the French right, under Da- but this is doubtless an exag- voust, with sUghtly inferior geration. The Romans after numbers, and after very severe the capture sold 97,000 into fighting, were defeated, the slavery. Duke of Brunswick being killed. Napoleon, on the left, with Jerusalem (Moslem Invasion of 100,000 men, attacked the Prince Syria). of Hohenlohe with 70,000 Early in 637 Jerusalem was Prussians, and after a sternly besieged by the Moslems, at fought engagement, drove him first, under Abu Obeidah, and from the field. The two de- later by the Khalif Omar. After feated armies, retiring by con- a defence of four months, during verging routes upon Weimar, which scarcely a day passed the retreat became a rout, and without a sortie or an assault, Napoleon's pursuing cavalry the city was surrendered by caused them further heavy the Patriarch Sophronius. losses. The Prussians in the two actions lost 22,000 killed Jerusalem (First Crusade). and wounded, 18,000 prisoners The Crusaders, under Godefroi and 300 guns. Twenty generals de Bouillon, laid siege to the were killed, wounded or cap- city, June 7, 1099, and on tured. The French lost 11,000 July 1 5, it was taken by assault, killed and wounded, 7,000 of and for three days was the scene whom fell at Auerstadt. of a promiscuous massacre, in which 70,000 Moslems perished. Jersey.

I Fought 1 5 50, when an English Jerusalem. squadron, under Sir William On October 2, 1187, the Holy Winter, attacked a French fleet, City was besieged by the Sara- which was besieging St. Heliers. cens, under Saladin, and after a The French were completely siege lasting fourteen days, in routed, losing 1,000 killed and the course of which several deter- wounded, and the siege was mined sorties were repulsed, the raised. Moslems forced an entrance, and Guy de Lusignan, the last Jerusalem (Jewish War). King of Jerusalem, surrendered. This city was besieged by The Christians were given forty Titus, with 60,000 Romans, in days to evacuate the city. March, 70 a. D. It was defended with the utmost heroism by the Jhansi (Indian Mutiny). Jews, who were led by the Zealot This place, which fell into the faction. At the end of six weeks hands of the mutineers in June, Titus gained possession of the 1857, was recaptured by Sir suburb of Bezetha, and then by Hugh Rose, who invested it in hard fighting, captured position March, 1858, and carried the after position, until on Sep- city by assault, April 2. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 119

Jidballi (Somali Expedition). General Elphinstone's army Fought January lo, 1904, made their last stand, January between the Somahs, 5,000 12, 1842, against the Afghans strong, and a small British and and Ghilzais. Of the few who native force, under Sir Charles escaped the massacre at this Egerton. The Somalis' camp point, only one. Dr. Brydon, was attacked, and after a brisk succeeded in reaching Jellala- action they were driven out and bad. pursued by the cavalry for Julian's Defeat by the Persians twelve miles, losing 1,000 killed (Persian Wars). in the fight and pursuit. The Fought June 28, 363, between British losses were very small. the Romans, under Julian, and Jiron. the Persians, under Sapor II. Fought February 28, 1829, Julian had advanced against between the Peruvians, under Ctesiphon, the Persian capital, Lamar, and the Colombians, but finding himself too weak to under Sucre. The battle was attack it, was retreating along indecisive, both sides claiming the left bank of the Tigris. In the victory, and it was followed the course of the retreat he was by the signature of peace, Sep- attacked by the Persians, and tember 23. worsted in an action unimport- ant in itself, but resulting in the Jitgurh (Gurkha War). death of Julian, who was mor- Fought January 14, 1815, be- tally wounded in the skirmish. tween 4,500 British troops, under The election of Jovian as Em- General Wood, and 1,200 Gurk- peror was followed by a peace has, occupying a strong stockade. which restored to Sapor almost all The British were led unex- the Roman conquests in Persia. pectedly into the zone of fire by a treacherous guide, and though Junin (South American War of Independence). Wood fought liis way to a the position from which he could Fought 1824, between General have carried the stockade, he Spanish Royalists, under the retired, having suffered con- Cauterac, and Colombian Patriots, under Sucre. The siderable loss, just when the de- Gurkhas were about to abandon Spaniards were completely their works. feated.

Jotapata (Jewish War). This place was besieged by K. Vespasian, with 60,000 Romans, Japanese War). December, 67, and was defended Kaiping (Chino- by the Jewish army under Fought January 10, 1895, Josephus. The fortress held out when a Chinese force in a strongly entrenched position was at- for 47 days, when it was stormed and sacked. Josephus gave him- tacked and driven out by a under General self up to Vespasian. Japanese brigade Nogi. The fighting lasted three Jugdulluck (First Afghan War). hours, the Chinese showing At this place the remnant of more steadiness than usual, .

I20 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

and inflicting on the assailants under Bulbuddur Singh. An a loss of 300 killed and wounded. unsuccessful assault cost the besiegers 260 officers and men, (Satsuma Rebel- Kagoshima and after waiting a month for lion). the arrival of heavy guns, a On August 1 8, 1876, the breach was made, and a general rebels, who were closely be- assault ordered. This also sieged in their lines at Enotake, failed, 680 men being killed and succeeded in passing through the wounded. The fortress was then Imperial troops, and making a shelled for three days, at the forced march, under Saigo end of which time the survivors Takamori, seized the city of of the garrison, 70 only out of Kagoshima. They were quickly 600, made their escape, and followed by the Imperial army, the place was captured. under Prince Taruhito, and an engagement followed which Kalpi (Indian Mutiny). lasted for ten days, at the end of This town, which had fallen which time the insurgents were into the hands of the mutineers, driven out and retired to was besieged by Sir Hugh Rose, Shirogama, both sides having May 19, 1858. The garrison suffered heavy loss. made two ineffectual sorties, in Kagul (Ottoman Wars). which they were repulsed with heavy loss, and on the 23rd the Fought August 3, 1770, be- town was entered without fur- tween 17,000 Russians, under ther resistance, the mutineers Roumiantsoif, and 150,000 having fled. Turks, under HaUl Pasha. The Russian rear was threatened by Kamarut (First Burmah War). a force of 80,000 Tartars, under the Khan of Crim Tartary, but Fought July 8, 1824, when a Roumiantsoff boldly attacked small British force, under Sir the Turkish lines, and after Archibald Campbell, stormed a severe fighting drove the Turks series of stockades held by out of their entrenchments in 10,000 Burmans, under Tuamba headlong flight, capturing all Wangyee. The Burmans left their artillery and baggage. 800 dead on the field, including their leader. Kalisch (Russo-Swedish War). Fought 1706, between 10,000 Kambula (Zulu War). Swedes, under General Meyer- Fought March 29, 1879, when feld, and 30,000 Russians and Colonel Wood, with 2,000 Poles, under Prince Mentschikoff British and native auxiliaries, The Swedes were defeated with was attacked in his lager by considerable loss. three Zulu impi. The Zulus were repulsed with very heavy Kalunga (Gurkha War). loss, and pursued for seven This place was attacked by miles. The British lost 81 the British under General killed and wounded. The defeat Gillespie, in October, 18 14, and practically broke Cetewayo's was defended by the Gurkhas power. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 121

Kandahar (Tartar Invasion of Kandahar (Second Afghan War). Afghanistan). Fought September i, 1880, This city was besieged by the between the British, under Lord Tartars, under Tuli Khan, in Roberts, and the Afghans, under 1 22 1. The Tartars possessed Ayub Khan, immediately after themselves of the city, and were the completion of the famous investing the citadel, when march from Kabul. Ayub was Jellalladin, Sultan of Kharismia, completely defeated, with a loss fell upon them with a large of 2,000 men, and his army dis- force and cut them to pieces. persed. The British losses were only 248 killed and wounded Kandahar. Siege was laid to Kandahar in Kapolna (Hungarian Rising). March, 1545, by the Moguls, Fought February 26 and 27, under Humayun. The place, 1849, between four Hungarian which was defended by an divisions, under Dembinski, and Afghan garrison under Mirza the Austrians, under Windisch- Askari, held out for five months, gratz, of whom only Schlick's when, weakened by famine and corps, 15,000 strong, was desertion, the garrison was seriously engaged. The Hun- forced to surrender. garians held their own on the 26th, but on the evening of the Kandahar (Perso-Afghan Wars). 27th Schlick captured the key In the autumn of 1648 the of the position at Kapolna, Persians, under Abbas II, laid whereupon the Hungarians re- siege to the city, which was tired, though unpursued. defended by a Mogul garrison. Kappel (Second War of Kappel). An attempt to relieve it was Fought October 10, be- made by Aurungzebe, but he 1531, tween the army of the Swiss arrived to find it already in the Catholic Cantons, 8,000 strong, hands of the Persians. He in and 1,300 Zurichers, under turn laid siege to it, but was un- George Goldli, reinforced later successful, and after four months in the day by a similar number was compelled to retire. Subse- under Rudolf Lavater. Goldli quent attempts to recapture the attacked in defiance of orders, city were made by Said Ullah, and was totally defeated, the Vizier, and Dara Sheko, among those who fell being the eldest son of Shah Jehan, Zwingli. but without success. Kara Burur (Ottoman Wars). Kandahar. Fought August II, 1 79 1, Fought July 29, 1834, when when the Russian fleet, under Shah Sujah, the expelled Amir Admiral Ouschakoff, totally de- of Afghanistan, attempted to feated the Turks after a san- take city. the His successor, guinary engagement. Dost Mahomed, and Kohandil Khan sallied forth at the head Karamuran. of their troops, and totally Fought during the winter of defeated Shah Sujah, dispersing 1225, between 300,000 Tartars his followers. under Genghiz Khan, and DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

500,000 Turks, Chinese and was finally forced by famine to others under Shidasker of Tan- capitulate, November, 1855. gat. Shidasker was totally routed, with a loss, it is said, of Kars (Russo-Turkish War). 300,000 men. This fortress, garrisoned by Karaku (Tartar Invasion of 24,000 Turks under Hussein Kharismia). Pasha, was stormed by the Russians under Loris Melikoff Fought 1218, between the on the night of Tartars, 700,000 strong, under November 17, The attacking force Genghiz Khan, and 400,000 1877. was led by Lazareff, Kharismians under the Sultan and after severe fighting captured all the eastern Mehemed. At nightfall the forts. Hussein then battle was undecided, and the endeavoured to cut his way through the armies u-ithdrew to their camps, to west, but the bulk of his force but Mehemet, who had lost was driven back, and only 140,000, refused to renew the he and a few of his officers suc- conflict on the following day, and Genghiz Khan, having ceeded in the attempt. The Russians lost killed suffered too severely to attack 2,273, and

wounded ; the his entrenchments, withdrew. Turks 2,500 killed, 4,500 wounded, 17,000 Karee (Second Boer War), prisoners, and 303 guns. Fought March 29, 1900, when a Boer force holding a line of Kashgal (Soudan Campaigns).

hills about eighteen miles north On November 3, 1883, an of Bloemfontein. were driven Egyptian force, 11,000 strong, from their entrenchments by under Hicks Pasha, with several a British division under General British officers, was led bv a Tucker. The British lost 10 treacherous guide into a defile, officers and 172 men killed and where they were attacked by wounded. the Mahdists, and after fighting for three days, were massacred Kargaula (Cossack Rising). almost to a man. Fought 1774, between the insurgent Cossacks of the Don, Kassassin (Arabi's Rebellion). under Ikkelman Pugatcheff, and the Russians, under Prince Fought August 28, 1882, be- Gallitzin. The insurgents were tween the British, under General routed with great slaughter, and Graham, and the Egyptians, Pugatcheff fled [to the moun- under Arabi Pasha. Arabi at- tains. tacked the British position, Graham remaining on the de- Kars (Crimean War). fensive throughout the day, but This fortress, held by a towards evening he launched Turkish garrison under General his heavy cavalry, under Sir Williams, was besieged by the Baker Russell, against the Russians in the course of the enemy, who broke and fled. Crimean war. The place was The British losses were only 11 most gallantly defended but killed and 68 wounded. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 123

Katzbach (Campaign of Leip- Mohammed III, and the Im- sic). perialists and Transylvanians, Fought August 22, 1813, be- under the Archduke Maximilian tween 130,000 French, under and Prince Sigismund of Tran- Napoleon, and 100,000 Prus- sylvania. The battle at first sians, under Blucher. Blucher, went badly for the Turks, and who had on the previous day Mohammed would have fled but retired behind the Haynau, was for the remonstrances of the pressed hard by Napoleon, and Grand Vizier. In the end, how- driven across the Katzbach, ever, they gained the upper with considerable loss. hand, and the Archduke was totally defeated. Katzbach (Campaign of Leip- sic). Kharisme (Tartar Invasion of Fought August 26, 181 3, be- Kharismia). tween the French, under Mac- This city, the capital of donald, and the Prussians, under Kharismia, was besieged by the Blucher. Macdonald crossed Tartars under the three sons of the Katzbach, and while waiting Genghiz Khan, in the summer for his left wing and cavalry of 1220. It was most obsti- under Souham, was attacked by nately defended for a period of Blucher, and driven back. As seven months by the inhabit- Macdonald was retiring Souham ants, under Himartekin, but appeared on the field, but before in February the Tartars mas- he could deploy he was attacked tered the place, massacring and routed with great slaugh- 100,000 persons. ter, while the centre under Khartoum (Soudan Campaign). Lauriston also suffered severely This city, defended by an in recrossing the river. The Egyptian garrison under General French lost 15,000 killed and Gordon, was invested by the wounded, and over 100 guns. Mahdi in the early part of 1884, gallant defence, Kazan (Cossack Rising). and, after a was stormed January 26, 1885. Fought 1774, between the rebel Cossacks, under Pugat- The forerunners of the relieving consisting of the river cheff, and the Russians, under force, General Michel son. The Cos- gunboats under Lord Charles sacks were utterly routed. Beresford, arrived off the city on the 28th, two days too late, Kemendine (First Burmah War). and after a brief engagement Fought June 10, 1824, when with the Mahdist batteries, re- 3,000 British troops, under Sir turned down the river. Archibald Campbell, stormed a Khelat (First Afghan War). series of stockades, occupied by This place, which was de- a large force of Burmans, and fended by a garrison of Beluchis, drove out the defenders with under Mehrab Khan, was cap- heavy loss. tured by a British force, 1,000 Keresztes (Ottoman Wars). strong, under General Willshire, Fought October 24 to 26, November 13, 1839. The de- 1596, between the Turks, under fenders lost 400 killed, includ- 124 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

ing their leader and 2,000 Kimberley (Second Boer War). prisoners. The British lost ^y This town, defended by a killed and 107 wounded. garrison of 4,000 (including

armed townsmen ) KhojahPassfFirst Afghan War). under Colonel Kekewich, was besieged Octo- Fought March 28, 1S42, when ber 15, 1890, by the Boers, General England, in an en- under Commandant Wessels, deavour to relieve General Nott and later under General Cronje. in Kandahar, marched into the It withstood a severe and con- pass with 500 men only, without tinuous bombardment till Feb- waiting for the rest of his ruary 15, when it brigade, and was defeated by 1900, was relieved by a force of cavalry, the Afghans with a loss of 100 5,000 strong, under killed and wounded, and com- General French. The losses of the pelled to retire to Quettah. garrison during the siege a- Khoord Kabul Pass (First Afghan mounted to 18 officers and 163 War). men. While passing through this Kin-chau. See Naushan. defile, the British force, under General Elphinstone, retreating Kineyri (Second Sikh War). on Jellalabad, was attacked by Fought June 18, 1848, be-

the Afghans, January 8, 1 842, and tween 8,000 Bhawalpuris, under lost 3,000, including followers. Futteh Mohammed Khan, aided by 3,000 Sikh irregulars, under Killiecrankie (Jacobite Rising). Lieutenant Edwardes, and the Fought July 27, 1689, be- Sikhs, 8,000 strong, under Rung tween 4,500 Royal troops, under Ram. The Bhawalpuris were General Mackay, and 2,500 repulsed in an attack on the Highland Jacobites, under Dun- Sikh positions, but the arrival dee. Dundee allowed Mackay of Lieutenant Edwardes' guns to enter the plain below the pass turned the scale, and at a of KiUiecrankie, and then des- second attempt the entrench- cending from the heights, fell ments were stormed and cap- upon and utterly routed the tured, with a loss to the victors Royalists, with a loss of over of 300 men. The Sikhs lost 500 2,000 killed and 500 prisoners. killed in the action, and many The Jacobites lost about 900, more during their flight to but amongst them was Dundee. Multan. Mackay on reaching Stirling Kinloss had only 400 men with the (Danish Invasion of colours. Scotland). Fought 1009, between the Kilsyth (Civil War). Danes under Sweyn of Den- Fought August 15, 1645, be- mark, and the Scots, under tween the Royalists, "under Malcolm II. The Danes were Montrose, and the Covenanters, besieging Nairne, and Malcolm under BaiUie. The Royalists attempting to raise the siege, won a signal victory, Baillie's they attacked and defeated infantry, 6,000 in number, being him after hard fighting, in which cut down almost to a man. Malcolm was wounded. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 125

Kinnesaw Mountain (American Ferdinand, and the French, Civil War). under Soubise and the Due de Fought June 27, 1864, be- Broglie. The French attacked tween 90,000 Federals, under the strong Prussian position in General Sherman, and 50,000 and around Kirch-Denkern, and Confederates, under General after severe fighting were re- Johnston. Sherman attacked pulsed with a loss of 4,000 killed Johnston in a strong position and wounded. and was repulsed with a loss Kirkee (Third Mahratta War). of about 3,000, the Confederates Fought November 18 losing 500 only. 5, 17, between the Mahrattas under Kinsale (O'Neil's Rebellion). Bajee Rao, and a British force This town, which had been of one European and three seized in September, 1601, by native regiments, under Colonel 5,000 Spaniards, under Juan Burr. On moving out of his d'Aguila, sent to support the entrenchments, the flanks of rebels, was besieged by the Burr's force were attacked by Royal troops, under Lord the Mahratta horse, but their Mountjoy and the Earl of charge was repulsed, and the Thomond. On December 23 an British advancing drove off the attempt by Sir Hugh O'Neil to enemy with a loss of over 500. relieve the place was defeated, The British loss was 75 killed whereupon d'Aguila surrendered and wounded. and was permitted to ship for Spain. Kiso (Taira War). Fought September, 11 80, be- Kioge (Dane-Swedish Wars). tween the adherents of the the Fought July, 1677, between Minamoto clan, under Yoshi- Danish fleet, under Admiral naka, and the troops of Taira- Juel, and the Swedes, under no-Kiyomori. The Taira men Admiral Horn. The Swedes attacked the position of Yoshin- disastrous defeat, suffered a aka at Kiso, but were defeated eleven ships of the line losing and driven from the field with or captured. sunk heavy loss. Kirbekan (Soudan Campaigns). Kissingen (Seven Weeks' War). Fought February 10, 1885, Fought July 10, 1866, between when the British, about 1,000 the Prussians, under General strong, under General Earle, Falkenstein, and the Bavarians, stormed the heights of Kirbekan, under General ZoUer. The which were held by a strong Bavarians were defeated and Mahdist force, and totally routed driven out of Kissingen with them, with heavy loss. The heavy loss. British lost 60, among whom Kiu-lien-cheng (Russo-Japanese was General Earle, killed. War). Kirch-Denkern (Seven Years' Fought May i, 1904, between War). 40,000 Japanese, under Marshal Fought July 16, 1761, between Kuroki, and the Russians, about the Prussians, under Prince 30,000 strong, under General 126 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Sassulitch. After four days of Austrians, who occupied a very skirmisliing, the Japanese strong position, were attacked crossed the Yalu, April 30, in the early morning by Prince and on the following day at- Frederick Charles, who, how- tacked the Russian position at ever, made little impression Kiu-lien-Cheng, driving out the upon them, and it was not till defenders with a loss of 4,000 the arrival of the Crown Prince killed and wounded, 30 officers on their right flank at 2 p.m. and 500 men prisoners, and 48 that any advantage was ob- guns. The Japanese lost 898 tained. Then, however, the killed and wounded. Prussians succeeded in piercing the Austrian lines, and seized Kizil-Tepe (Russo-Turkish War). the key of the position, after Fought be- June 25, 1877, which further resistance being tween the Russians, under hopeless, the Austrians retired, General Loris Melikoif, and the with a loss of 20,000 killed and Turks, in superior numbers, wounded, 20,000 prisoners, and under Mahktar Pasha. The 174 guns. The Prussians lost Russians were defeated, and 10,000. forced to raise the siege of Kars. Koenigswartha (Campaign of Klausenburg (Ottoman Wars). Leipzig). Fought May, 1660, between Fought May 19, 18 13, when the Turks, under the Grand General Peyri's Itahan division, Vizier, Mahomet Koprili, and about 8,000 strong, was at- the Transylvanians, under the tacked and defeated by 15,000 Voivode, George Ragotski II. Russians, under Barclay de The Turks gained a complete Tolly, with a loss of 2,000 killed victory, Ragotsld being mortally and wounded. The opportune wounded. arrival of the cavalry of Ney's Klonchino. corps saved the division from

Fought July 4, 1 6 10, between destruction. the Russians, under Choniski, Kojende (Tartar Invasion of aided by a contingent of 5,000 Kharismia). Swedes, under James de la This fortress was besieged in Gardie, and the Poles, under 1 2 by the Tartars, under Sigismund III. The Russians 19, Tuchi Khan, and defended by a were totally defeated, and, as a Kharismian garrison, under result, the usurper, Basil Cho- Timar Malek. After an obstinate niski, was deposed. resistance, Timar, finding he Koeniggratz (Seven Weeks' could hold out no longer, em- War). barked with his officers and his Fought July 3, 1866, between best troops, and sailed down the 200,000 Austrians, with 600 guns, Jaxartes, pursued by the Tar- under Marshal Benedek, and tars, whom, however, after the Prussian armies of Prince heavy fighting, he succeeded Frederick Charles and the Crown in escaping. The city surren- Prince, together about equal to dered the day after Timar's the Austrians in number. The departure. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 127

Kokein (First Burmah War). prised the Austrian entrenched Fought December 12, 1824, camp, taking 6 guns and 200 when 1,800 British troops, under prisoners. The Austrians re- Sir Archibald Campbell, stormed tired, though not energetically and captured two large stock- pursued, and the fortress was ades, garrisoned by about 20,000 relieved. Burmans, under Maka Bandula. Koniah (Mehemet Ali's First Kolin (Seven Years' War). Rebellion). Fought between the Fought June 18, 1757, be- 183 1, tween 34,000 Prussians, under Turks, under Reschid Pasha, Frederick the Great, and 54,000 and the Egyptians and Syrians, Austrians, under Marshal Daun. under Ibrahim Pasha. After a Daun occupied the heights be- severe engagement, the Turks tween Kolin and Chotzewitz, were totally defeated, and fled where he was attacked by in disorder. Reschid was severely Frederick, who had nearly suc- wounded, and captured. ceeded in turning his right Kornspruit. See Sanna's Post. flank when the Prussian right broke and tied. The Prussian Korygaom (Third Mahratta cavalry charged gallantly six War). times, but could make no im- Fought January i, 18 18, pression on the Austrian de- when a small British force of fence, and Frederick was beaten under 1,000 men, chiefly native back with a loss of 14.000 men troops, under Captain Staun- and 43 guns. The Austrians ton, was attacked by 25,000 lost 9,000. Mahrattas, under the Peshwa, Baji Rao. The British held Komatsu (Nine Years' War). their ground gallantly all day, Fought September 5, 1062, and the approach during the between the Japanese rebels, night of large reinforcements under Sadatoki, and the Im- under General Smith determined perial troops, under Yoriyoshi. the Peshwa to retreat, with a Sadatoki, who was besieged in loss of 600. The British lost 275, his vigorous sortie camp, made a including 5 out of 8 British at the head of 8,000 men, but officers. after a severe conflict was re- pulsed. The fighting was re- Kossova (Ottoman Wars). newed on subsequent days, and Fought June 15, 1389, be- tween the Turks, under Murad I, on the 1 6th Sadatoki was the slain, and the rebelhon came to and the combined army of an end. Servians, Bosnians, and Al- banians, under Lazar, Despot Komorn (Hungarian Rising). of Servia. The Turks gained a An action fought by Gorgey, signal victory, though Murad April 26, 1849, for the relief of was mortally wounded in the Komorn, which was besieged by battle. This success secured the Austrians. In the early morn- the Turkish domination over ing two Hungarian corps, under Servia and the neighbouring Klapka and Damjanics, sur- states. 128 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Kossova (Ottoman Wars), between 40,000 Poles and Fought October 17, 1747, and Lithuanians, under John So- two following days, between the bieski, and 80,000 Turks, under Hungarians and Wallachians, Hussein Pasha. The Turks So.ooo strong, under Jolin occupied a strongly entrenched Hunniades, and a vastly superior position, which was stormed Turkish army, under Murad II. by the Poles, and the Turks The Hungarians left their en- driven into the river, losing trenchments to attack the over 40,000 killed. In conse- Turks, and throughout the day quence of this signal victory, the battle was evenly con- Kotzim capitulated, and Caplan tested. On the 1 8th, however, Pasha, who was approaching the Wallachians deserted to with a large army, recrossed the Turks, and the Hungarians, the frontier. assailed in front and rear, were Krakovicz (Ottoman Wars). hard pressed, while on the 19th On January 40,000 they were unable to maintain 17, 1475, Moldavian peasants, aided by their position, and were forced 7,000 Hungarian and Polish to retire, defeated, with a loss of regulars, under Stephen of 17,000 killed and w'ounded. The Moldavia, fell upon Suleiman Turks are said to have lost Pasha, with 100,000 Turks, in 40,000 men in the three days. an untenable position near Lake Kotah (Indian Mutiny). Krakovicz, and totally defeated This place, which had been them, driving them into the seized by the rebellious troops lake. Very few of the Turks of the Rajah of Kotah, 5,000 escaped death, either by the in number, was besieged by sword or by drowning. General Roberts, March 22, Krasnaoi (Moscow Campaign). 1858. The Rajah, who held the Fought November 17, 18 12, citadel, joined forces with the when the Russians, 50,000 British, and after a short strong, under Kutusoff, after a bombardment the town was series of combats on the two stormed, March 30. preceding days, during which Kotzim (Ottoman Wars). they had inflicted heavy losses Fought September 22, 1622, on the retreating French army, between the Poles, 60,000 were defeated by the corps of strong, under Chodkiewicz, and Davoust and the Young Guard. the Turks, 300,000 in number, The French losses amounted to under Osman II. Chodkiewicz, 5,000 killed and wounded, and old and worn out by fatigue, about 8,000 missing. was forced to retire to his tent Kringellen (Dano-Swedish Wars ). in the middle of the battle, and Fought August 29, 161 on his death-bed handed over 2, when a force of Scots in the the command to Labomirski, Danish service, under Colonel by whom the Turks were totally George Sinclair, were ambushed routed, with a loss of 30,000 men. in the mountains by the Nor- Kotzim (Ottoman Wars). wegians, and massacred, not- Fought November 11, 1673, withstanding a strenuous re- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 129

sistance. Only two of the Scots Schwartzenberg, who were re- succeeded in escaping. treating after their defeat at Dresden. To check the pursuit Kronia (Ottoman Wars). they occupied Kulm, from which between the Fought 1738, they were driven by Vandamme under Counts Wal- Imperiahsts on the 29th. On the 30th, how- Neipperg, and the lis and ever, not having received his were defeated, Turks. Thelatter expected reinforcements, Van- cost, and the but at very heavy damme was compelled to re- weakened Imperial army was so main on the defensive, and it unable to prevent that was being attacked in front by the Semendaia, the Turks capturing Austrians and Russians, and in important Orsova, and other the rear by the Prussians, he fortresses. was totally routed, with a loss Krotzka (Ottoman Wars). of 6,000 killed, 7,000 prisoners, Fought July 23, 1739, be- and 48 guns, being himself tween 56,000 Austrians, under wounded and captured. The Count Wallis, and over 100,000 alhes lost about 5,000. Turks, under El Hadj Moham- Kumai. med Pasha. The Austrian Fought February, 1355, be- vanguard was attacked by the of the Emperor Turks when approaching Kotzin tween the troops Gomarakami, under Yoshinori, and driven back, but the main and the rebel Japanese, under body withstood the Turkish Moronoshi and Tokiushi. The onslaught from 5 a.m. to sunset, rebels were defeated, and when Wallis retired, with a loss Moronoshi severely wounded. of 5,700 killed and 4,500 wounded, including 9 generals. Kumamoto (Satsuma Rebellion). The Turkish loss is unknown, The castle in this town was but was very heavy. besieged February 22, 1876, by Satsuma rebels, 15,000 Kulevtcha (Ottoman Wars). the strong, under Saigo. The place Fought 1829, between the gallantly defended by the Russians, under General Die- was garrison under General Tani bitsch, and 40,000 Turks, though many Samurai under Reschid Pasha. The Tateki, deserted to the rebels, and Russians were lying in wait for strenuous efforts were made by Reschid in the Kalevtcha defile, the Imperial army under Prince and after a severe struggle, Taruhito to come to its reUef. totally routed the Turks, with a In the course of March Saigo was loss of 5,000 killed and wounded, attacked in the rear by a force and all their guns. The Pasha under General Kuroda, but still himself escaped with difficult}'. maintained the siege, and it wa,s Kulm (Campaign of Leipsic). not till April 14, when the garri- of starva- Fought August 29 and 30, 181 3, son was on the verge between the French, under tion, that Kuroda, bringing up Vandamme, and the Austrians, every available man, succeeded and Russians, with a small force in driving off the rebels and of Prussians, under the Prince of raising the siege. I30 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Kunersdorf (Seven Years' War). Lade (Ionian War). Fought August 12, 1759, be- Fought B.C. 494, between a tween 40,000 Prussians, under Persian fleet of 600 sail, which Frederick the Great, and 80,000 Avas blockading Miletus under Austrians and Russians, under Artaphernes, and 353 Lesbian, Generals Landon and Soltykoff. Chian and Samian ships, which Frederick first attacked the attempted to raise the siege. Russians in flank, driving them The Samians, bribed by the out of their entrenchments, and Persians, deserted at the be- capturing 180 guns. Then, ginning of the action, with the against the advice of SeidUtz, he exception of 11 vessels, and the attacked the Austrian position Greeks were totally defeated, on the left of the allies, and, with heavy loss. The Chians though deserted by the Rus- made a specially gallant fight. sians, the Austrians held their Lade. ground, and, bringing all their Fought artiller}- to bear on the Prus- B.C. 201, between the sians at close quarters, totally Rhodian fleet, under Theo- phiUscus, the routed them, with a loss of and Macedonians, under Heraclides. 20,000 men. The allies lost The Mace- 24,000. donians had rather the better of the encounter, though both Kunobitza (Ottoman Wars). sides claimed the victory. Fought 1443, between the Ladysmith (Second Boer Turks, under Amurath II, and War). the Hungarians, under John Sir George White, with about troops, Hunniades. The Turks w^ere 12,000 was shut up in utterly routed, and in conse- Ladysmith by the invading quence Amurath concluded with arm}-, under General Joubert, them a ten years' truce. November 2, 1899. The Boers, who were well provided with Kurdlah. heavy guns, contented them- Fought March 11, 1795, be- selves in the main with a con- tween the army of the Mahratta tinuous bombardment. On Confederacy, under the Peshwa, January 6, 1900, however, a Madhao Rao II, and Hari Pant, picked force, under Command- and the forces of the Nizam of ant de VilUers, supported by Hyderabad. The troops of the several thousand Boer marks- Nizam gained an advantage in men posted on the heights, made the fight, but the Nizam being attempt to force the British Unes persuaded to leave the field, his at Waggon Hill and Caesar's troops followed him, and were Camp. The battle lasted soon in headlong flight. The throughout the day, and more Nizam was captured a few days than once the defenders were later. very hard pressed, but they held their ground till nightfall, when the Boers withdrew, having lost L. about 800 men. From this date the Boers again contented them- La Belle Famille. See Niagara. selves with bombarding the DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 131

town, until it was finally re- warships. The skilful manoeuv- lieved by Sir Redvers BuUer, ring of Rooke, however, saved February 27. In addition to the rest of the convoy from deaths by disease, the garrison destruction. lost during the siege 89 officers La Hogue (War of the Revolu- and 805 men, more than half tion). of whom fell in the battle of Fought May 19 and 20, 1692, January 6. between a combined Dutch and La Favorita (Napoleon's Italian English fleet of 96 sail, under Campaigns). Admirals Russell and Allemande, Fought January 16, 1797, and a French fleet of 64 sail of between the French, under the line and 47 smaller vessels, Napoleon, and the Austrians, under de Tourville. After heavy under Provera. Provera moved loss on both sides, the French upon Mantua to succour the fleet was dispersed, with a loss beleaguered garrison, and was of three ships. On the 22nd aided by a sortie in force. Admiral Rooke destroyed 16 Napoleon, making a forced sail of the line and a number of march from the field of Rivoli, transports. fell upon Provera and totally Lahore (First Tartar Invasion routed him, while the sortie of India). was repulsed the by French Fought 1296, between the besieging force at the point of Mongols, 100,000 strong, under the bayonet. Provera sur- Amir Daood, and the army of rendered, with 5,000 men. Ala-ud-Din, King of Delhi, under his brother, Alaf Khan. La Fere Champenoise (Allied The Mongols were routed, with Invasion of France). a loss of 12,000 men. Fought March 25, 18 14, be- tween Marmont's and Mortier's Lake Erie (Second American corps, 30,000 strong, and the War). allied army marching on Paris. Fought September 10, 181 3, The French were defeated and between the English flotilla of forced to retire, with a loss of six schooners, under Commodore about 5,000 men and many Barclay, and a largely superior guns. This was the last action American squadron, under fought in the north before the Commodore Perry. The whole first abdication of Napoleon. British flotilla was destroyed, with a loss of killed and Lagos (War of the Revolution). 134 wounded. The Americans lost Fought June 17, 1693, when 27 killed and 96 wounded. a squadron of 23 Dutch and English ships, under Sir George Lake George (Seven Years' Rooke, was attacked by a War). French fleet of 71 sail, whilst Fought September 8, 1755, convoying 400 merchantmen to between 1,500 French and In- the Mediterranean. The French dians, under Baron Dieskau, destroyed 90 merchant ships, and 2,500 New England militia, and one English and two Dutch under Colonel William Johnson. 132 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

A small force sent by Johnson Romans, under P. Cornelius to the relief of Fort Lyman was Dolabella, and the Gauls and ambushed by the French and their Etruscan allies. Dolabella driven back to camp, but attacked the Etruscans as they Dieskau pursuing, was repulsed were crossing the Tiber close to in his attack upon the camp, the lake, and destroyed the with a loss of about 400. Dies- flower of their army. He then kau himself was wounded and fell upon the Gauls, whom he captured. The loss of the New also defeated with heavy loss, England men during the day with the result that in the was 216 killed and 96 wounded, following year they made peace most of whom fell in the ambush and withdrew from Italy. Lake Kerguel (Tartar Invasion Landau (War of the Spanish of Russia). Succession).

Fought July, 1 39 1, between This fortress, held by a French 300,000 Russians, under Tokat- garrison under M. de Melac, was mich, and an equal force of besieged by the Imperialists, Tartars, under Tamerlane. The under Prince Louis of Baden, battle began at daybreak, and June 19, 1702. The garrison by mid-day the Russians were made a gallant defence, but was utterly routed, and tied in dis- forced to surrender, September order, leaving their camp in the 10. The Comte de Soissons, hands of Tamerlane. elder brother of Prince Eugene, fell during the siege. Lake Regillus. Fought 497, the first authen- Landen. See Neerwinde. tic date in the history of Rome. Landskrone (Dano - Swedish The details handed down, how- Wars). ever, belong to the domain of Fought be- legend rather than to that of July 14, 1676, tween the Swedes, under Charles history. According to the XI, and the Danes, under chroniclers, this was the last Christian V, in which the Danes attempt of the Tarquinian suffered a serious defeat. family to recover the throne of Rome. They were, however, Langensalza (Seven Weeks' totally routed by the Romans, War). under Aulus Postumius, and all Fought June 27, 1866, be- the sons of Tarquinius, and his tween 12,000 Prussians, under son-in-law, Mamilius, were slain General Flics, and the Han- in the battle. The legend avers overians, in about equal strength, that the Romans, when victory under George, King of Hanover. was trembling in the balance, The Prussians attacked the found at their head two young Hanoverian position, and after men on white horses, whom severe fighting were repulsed they claimed to be Castor and with a loss of about 1,400 killed Pollux, and wounded, and 900 prisoners. Lake Vadimon (Gallic Invasion The Hanoverians lost 1,392. of Italy). The victory, however, was fruit- Fought B.C. 283, between the less, as the Prussians in the DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 133 neighbourhood were in over- pieces by the Spaniards, 2,600 whelming numbers, and the being killed in one hour's King was compelled to surrender fighting. on the 29th. This is the last Lansdown (Civil War). appearance of Hanover in his- Fought July 5, 1643, between independent state. tory as an the RoyaUsts, under Sir Ralph Langport (Civil War). Hopton, and the Parliamen- Fought July 10, 1 645,between tarians, under Waller, who was the Parliamentarians, under endeavouring to prevent Hop- Fairfax, and the Royalists, ton's advance upon Bath. The under Lord Goring. The Roya- Royalists stormed Waller's en- lists were routed, and driven trenchments and forced him to by Cromwell's horse nearly into retreat, though at a heavy cost Bridgwater, with a loss of 300 to themselves. killed and 1,400 prisoners. Laon (Allied Invasion of France). Lang's Nek (First Boer War). This fortress, held by the Fought January 28, 1881, allies under Blucher, was at- when a British column, 1,100 tacked May 9, 1 8 14, by the strong, under General CoUey, French under Ney and Marmont. attacked the Boers in a strong Ney seized two of the suburbs, position at Lang's Nek. The but Marmont, failing to support British were repulsed with a loss him as promised, he could not of 198 killed and Avounded. The make good his footing. During Boers lost 14 killed and 27 the night the allies attacked and wounded. routed Marmont, and on the loth Ney, after hard fighting, Langside. was forced to yield the ground Fought May 13, 1568, when he had gained. The French lost the army of Mary Queen of about 6,000 men ; the allies Scots, 6,000 strong, was de- ,000. feated and dispersed by the S forces of the Regent, Murray. La Paz. The Queen's troops were broken Fought January, 1865, be- by a cavalry charge, in which tween the partizans of General they lost 300, while only one Belza and those of Colonel man of the victorious horse was Melgarejo, each of whom had killed, and fled in confusion proclaimed himself Provisional from the field. Mary escaped President of Bolivia. Belza's to England. forces were totally defeated, and himself slain. Lannoy (Netherlands War of Independence). La Placilla (Chilian Civil War), Fought January, 1567, be- Fought August 28, 1 89 1, be- tween 3 ,000 Flemish Protestants, tween 10,000 Congressists, under under Pierre Cornaille, and a General Del Canto, and 14,000 small force of the Duchess of Balmacedists, under General Parma's troops, under Novi- Barbosa. The latter were carmes. The Flemings, mostly routed with a loss of 3,363 half-armed peasants, were cut to killed and wounded, including 134 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Barbosa, while thousands laid pulsed with a loss of 480. On down their arms on the field. Rlay 8 a relieving force of The Congressists, who lost 1,609, 10,500 men, under General at once occupied Valparaiso, Comonfort, was defeated by and a few days late Balmaceda a small French column under committed suicide. Bazaine, losing 8 guns and 1,000 prisoners, and from this La Puebla (Franco-Mexican point further resistance was War). useless. Ortega, therefore, after Fought May 5, 1S62, between a most gallant defence, surren- the French, 7,500 strong, under dered with 1,455 officers and General Lorencez, and about 11,000 men. May 17, 1863. 12,000 Mexicans, under General Zarago^a. The French endea- Larcay (Chilian Revolution). voured to carry the ridge of the Fought December, 1829, be- Cerro de Guadalupe, command- tween the Federalists, or Govern- ing the town, but were repulsed ment Party, under General by General Negreti, with 1,200 Zastera, and the Pelucones, or men, losing 456 killed and Unitarians, under General Pri- wounded, and forced to retire eto. The Pelucones gained a from La Puebla. The Mexicans signal victory, following which lost 215 only. they drove out the Government and abrogated the constitution La Puebla (Franco-Mexican of 1828. War). On Largs (Norse Invasion of Scot- May 4, 1863, the French land). army, 25,000 strong, under Fought October 2, 1263, be- General Forey, laid siege to tween the Norsemen, under La Puebla, which was held by Haco, and the Scots. The Norse a Mexican garrison under Gene- fleet of 160 ships was driven ral Ortega. Forey's force was ashore off Largs by a violent too small for a complete invest- storm, and many of them ment, and he began opera- wrecked, and Haco landed a tions against the Fort of San force to protect the shipwrecked Xavier. the On 29th this crews. This force was attacked post was taken by storm, the by the Scots and utterly routed, French losing the defenders 230, and Haco was forced to with- 600 men. From this point the draw, and abandon the project French obtained foothold in the of invasion. The only name on town, and then proceeded to the Scottish side which has come capture the houses block by down to us as taking part in the block. So determined was the battle is that of Sir Pierce Curry. resistance, however, that their progress was very slow, and by Larissa (Third Macedonia War). April 7 they had made next to Fought 171 B.C., between the no advance, though they had Romans, 40,000 strong, under lost a further 600 men. Later in P. Licinius Crassus, and 43,000 the month an attack on the Macedonians, under Perseus. Convent of Santa Cruz was re- The Romans were defeated with DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 135 a loss of 2,200 killed and 600 tured the village of La Rothiere. prisoners. Napoleon with the Young Guard retook the village, and the Larissus, The (Wars of the battle ended with the French in Achaean League). possession of the field. The Fought B.C. 209, between the French lost 5,000, the allies Achaeans, under Philopoemen, about 8,000, and Napoleon was and the ^tolians and Eleans. enabled to continue his retire- The allies were defeated and ment without molestation. cut to pieces, the Elean general being among the slain. Las Navas de Tolosa (Moorish Empire in Spain). La Rochelle (Hundred Years' Fought July 10, 1212, be- War), tween a huge army of Moors, Fought June 22, 1372, when said by the chroniclers to have an English fleet, under the amounted to 600,000, under Earl of Pembroke, intended for Mohammed al Nasin, and the the relief of La Rochelle, was allied armies of the Kings of intercepted by a greatly superior Castile, Leon, Aragon, Navarre, Spanish fleet, under Don Am- and Portugal. The Moors were brosio Bercenegra, and after utterly routed, very few of very hard fighting was entirely their enormous host escaping destroyed or captured. from the field.

La Rochelle (Huguenot Re- Las Salinas (Conquest of Peru). bellion). Fought April 20, 1538, be- This fortress, the principal tween the forces of Francisco Huguenot stronghold in France, Pizarro and those of Almagro. was besieged by the Royal The latter were totally routed, troops, under Richelieu, in 1627. and Almagro captured and The garrison, under the mayor, executed. Guiton, made a gallant defence, Laswari (Second Mahratta but the assassination of Bucking- War). ham prevented the arrival of Fought November i, 1803, the promised English succours, between the British, 10,000 and the town surrendered, after strong, under General Lake, and holding out for fourteen months. Scindhia's army, consisting of La Rothiere (Allied Campaign 9,000 infantry and 5,000 ca- in France). valry. Scindhia's veteran in- gallant Fought February i, 18 14, fantry made a most between 32,000 French, under defence, standing their ground Napoleon, and 100,000 Prussians until 7,000 had fallen, when the sians, Russians, and Wiirtem- survivors laid down their arms. bergers, under Blucher. Napo- The cavalry also suffered leon held a strong position, heavily. The British loss where he was attacked by amounted to about 800. Seventy- Blucher, whom he succeeded in two guns and a large quantity holding at bay till late in the of ammunition and stores were afternoon, when Bucher^cap- captured. 136 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Laupen (Burgundian Wars). hands of the Germans, who lost Fought June 21, 1339, be- 34 officers and 344 men. tween 5,000 Swiss of Berne and Leek, The (Thirty Years' War). the Forest Cantons, under Ru- Fought April between dolf von Erlach, and 15,000 5, 1632, 26,000 Swedes and German Burgundians, under the Counts Protestants, under Gustavus of Kiburg and Nidau. Despite Adolphus, and 20,000 Im- their superior numbers, the perialists, under Count Tilly. Burgundians were unable to Gustavus had prepared a bridge withstand the charge of the to cross the river, and immedi- Swiss, and were utterly routed ately after daybreak his engi- and forced to raise the siege of Laupen. neers commenced to fix it, the Swedish artillery meanwhile Lautulae (Second Samnite War). keeping the Imperialists in Fought B.C. 316, between the check. In the artillery duel Samnites, under Pontius, and Tilly was mortally wounded, the Romans, under Q. Fabius and his troops retired, leaving Maximus. The Romans were the Swedes to effect the passage defeated with great slaughter. unmolested. L'Ecluse (Hundred Years' War). Lawfeldt (War of the Austrian Fought 1340, when the Eng- Succession). lish fleet surprised the French Fought July 2, between 1747, in a narrow channel, and totally the alhed Austrians and British, routed them, with a loss of 90 under the Duke of Cumberland, ships and 30,000 men. and the French, under Marshal Saxe. The village of Lawfeldt Leghorn. was thrice carried by the French Fought off Leghorn March 31, and thrice recaptured, but about 1653, when six English ships, noon the British centre was under Commodore Appleton, driven in, and defeat was immi- were destroyed by a Dutch fleet nent, when a cavalry charge, of 16 sail, under Admiral Van headed by Sir John Ligonier, Gelen. Only a sloop escaped the saved the day, and enabled the destruction. Van Gelen was Duke to retire in good order. mortally wounded during the The allies lost 5,620 killed and action. wounded, the French about Legnano (Wars of the Lombard 10,000. League). Le Bourget (Franco-German Fought May 29, 1 176, between War). the Lombard League, aided by Venice A determined sortie by the and the Pope, and the Imperialists, under Frederick French from Paris, October 27, 1870, in which they carried the Barbarossa. Frederick was utterly village of Le Bourget. They held routed, and fled from their ground there until October Italy in disguise. 30, when they were driven out Leipsic (Thirty Years' War). by the Prussian Guard Corps, Fought September 7, 163 1, leaving 1,200 prisoners in the between 20,000 Swedes and an DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 137

equal force of Saxons, under about 35,000. Both sides re- Gustavus Adolphus and John ceiving reinforcements during George, Elector of Saxony, and the night. Napoleon on the 44,000 Imperialists, under Tilly. morning of the 17 th was at the

The Imperialist right totally head of 1 50,000 troops, while routed the Saxons, who fled the alhes numbered nearly from the field, headed by the 300,000, including the Swedes Elector. Meanwhile, the Swedes under Bernadotte. Little was had completely defeated the done on the 17th, but on the left of the Imperialists, under 18th Napoleon moved out to Pappenheim, and repulsed the drive back the allies, and leave centre under Tilly, and on the a road of retreat open. He was return of the right from pursuing repulsed at all points, and driven the Saxons, they were attacked back into Leipsic, whence dur- by the Swedish left, and driven ing the night of the iSthto 19th, from the field, only four regi- the French retired by the only ments holding their ground in a serviceable bridge. The corps wood until nightfall. The Im- under Poniatowski left to cover perialists lost 8,000 killed and the retreat was almost annihi-

wounded and 5,000 prisoners ; lated, and Poniatowsld killed. the allies 2,700, of whom only The French lost in the three 700 were Swedes. Gustavus cap- days over 60,000 men, while tured the whole of Tilly's the losses of the allies were also artillery, and his victory was the enormous. salvation of the Protestant Leitskau (Campaign of Leipsic). cause, which was trembling in Fought August 27, 1813, be- the balance. tween 5,000 French, under General Girard, and a Prussian Leipsic (Campaign of Leipsic). division, under General Hirsch- Fought October 16, 17, and berg, aided by some Cossacks, the 18, 1813, between French, under Czernitcheff. Girard was forces under Napoleon, and the defeated, losing heavily in killed of the Great Coalition. Napo- and wounded, besides 1,500 leon, who held Leipsic with prisoners and 6 guns. 155,000 men, was faced by 160,000 Austrians and Russians, Le Mans (Franco-German under the Prince of Schwartzem- War). berg, and 60,000 Prussians, Fought January 10, 11, and under Blucher. On the i6th 12, between the Germans, Schwartzemberg attacked, being 50,000 strong, under Prince faced by Napoleon with 115,000 Frederick Charles, and the men, and, after an obstinate French, numbering about engagement, which lasted till 1 50,000, under General Chanzy. nightfall, the French had gained The French army was com- a little ground. At the same pletely routed, and the whole time Blucher attacked Marmont, force so completely demoralised who, with 24,000 men, held his as to be no longer an effective own throughout the day. The fighting unit. The Germans

French lost 27,000 ; the allies took 20,000 prisoners, 17 guns. 138 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES and great quantities of war tween the Spaniards, under material, at a cost to themselves Leganez, and the French, under of 200 officers and 3,200 men. Lamothe-Houdancourt. The Spanish army was defeated, and Lens (Thirty Years' War). this victory, in conjunction with 20, 164S, be- Fought August the fall of Perpignan, gave the strong, tween the French, 14,000 French possession of Roussillon. under Conde, and the Austrians, in somewhat superior force, Lerida (Thirty Years' War). under the Archduke Leopold. This city, held by a garrison Conde feigned a retreat, to draw of 4,000 Spaniards, under Don the enemy from their lines, and Jorge Britt, was besieged by then turning upon them, de- the French, under the Great cisively defeated them, with Conde, May 12,^1647. The de- a loss of 4,000 killed, 6,000 fence was vigorous, the garrison prisoners, and all their baggage making constant sorties, and and artillery. about the middle of June the appearance of a large Spanish Leontini. army at Fraga forced Conde This city, the stronghold of either to deliver an assault or the National party in Sicily, to raise the siege. He chose the held by a garrison of Syracusans second alternative and with- and Roman deserters, was drew his troops June 17. stormed and sacked, B.C. 211, by three Roman legions under M. Lesno (Russo-Swedish War). Marcellus. Two thousand Roman A series of actions, fought deserters captured in the place 1709 between 40,000 Russians, were put to the sword. Hippo- under Peter the Great, and crates succeeded in escaping, 15,000 Swedes, under General Lepanto (Cyprus War). Levenhaupt, who was escorting a convoy of 8,000 waggons to Fought October 17, 1571, be- the army of Charles XII. The twen a fleet of 250 Spanish and battle lasted over five days, at Venetian ships, under Don John the of rem- of Austria, and a Turkish fleet end which time the nant of the Swedes, though de- of 270 sail, under Piale, the Capitan Pasha. The Turkish feated, were permitted to retire in without their left wing, under the Dey of good order, but Algiers, met with some success, convoy. The Swedes lost in but the centre and right were this series of actions two-thirds almost destroyed, the Turks of their numbers. The Rus- sians lost men. 1 osing 200 vessels, and, it is said, 10,000 Piale was killed. 30,000 men. Leucopetra (Wars of the Achaean Algiers succeeded The Dey of League). n extricating the majority of Fought 146 B.C., between a between his ships. The allies lost Roman Consular Army, under men, including 4,000 and 5,000 Lucius Mummius, and the forces 5 Venetian captains. 1 of the Achaean League, under Lerida (Thirty Years' War). Diacus. The Greeks, who were Fought September, 1642, be- only half as strong as their oppo- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 139 nents, were routed, and all re- Edward. The king was com- sistance came to an end, the pletely defeated, and the two Greek cities, one after another, parties signed an agreement, opening their gates to the Ro- known as the Mise of Lewes, mans. to submit the points in dispute to arbitration. Leuctra (BcEOtian War). Fought July, 371 B.C., between Lexington (American War of 11,000 Spartans, under Cleom- Independence). brotus,and 6,000 Thebans, under Fought April 19, 1775, be- Epaminondas. The principal tween the Royal troops, under fighting took place on the Theban General Gage, and the Ameri- left, where Epaminondas had cans. After a brief engage- massed his best troops, and after ment the Americans were de- a fierce encounter the Spartans feated, and retired. The losses were driven back, leaving 1,000 on both sides were very small. dead, including Cleombrotus, on Lexington (American Civil War), the field. As a result of this de- This place was invested Sep- feat, the Spartans evacuated Bneotia. tember 18, 1861, by the Con- federates, 8,000 strong, under Leuthen (Seven Years' War). General Price, who having cut Fought December 5, 1757, off their supplies, forced the between 33,000 Prussians, imder garrison of 3,500, under Colonel Frederick the Great, and 90,000 Mulligan, to surrender, Septem- Austrians, under Prince Charles ber 20. The Confederates lost of Lorraine and Count Daun. 100 men only. Frederick made a feigned attack Leyden (Netherlands War of on the Austrian right wing, and Independence). then under cover of the ground This city was invested May withdrew the major part of his 26, 1574, by 8,000 Walloons and force, and strongly attacked the Germans under Valdez, who in Austrian left, which was driven the course of a few days had back and finally overthrown by erected 62 batteries round the a charge of cavalry. The Aus- place. There was no garrison, trians lost killed and 7,000 with the exception of a few wounded, 20,000 prisoners, in- " freebooters " and a burgher cluding three generals, and 134 guard, under Jan van der Does. guns. The Prussians lost 5,000 The Prince of Orange, in order killed and wounded. In conse- to save the city, determined to quence of this victory, Breslau open the dykes, and on August surrendered to Frederick, with 3 the gates at Schiedam and over 18,000 troops, on Decem- Rotterdam were opened, and ber 10. the dykes broken along the Lewes (Barons' War). course of the Yssel. Mean- Fought May 14, 1264, be- while the citizens had come to tween the Barons, under Simon an end of their bread, but by deMontfort, and the Royalists, strenuous efforts the fleet under under Henry III and Prince Admiral Boisot succeeded in I40 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

throwing relief into the city at Lille (War of the Spanish Suc- the beginning of October. By cession). this time the city was on the This city was besieged August verge of starvation, and 8,000 12, 1708, by the Imperialists, of the inhabitants had perished under Prince Eugene, and was of pestilence. The Spaniards, defended by a French garrison, however, had been driven from under M. de Boufiers, which Avork after work, and on October after repulsing several deter- 3 tlie last of their redoubts was mined assaults, surrendered mastered, and Valdez v.as forced October 25. The besiegers lost to raise the siege. in the course of the siege 3,632. The French lost about 7,000. Lignitz (Seven Years' War). Lilybaeum (First Punic War). Fought August 15, 1760. This fortress was besieged B.C. Frederick the Great with 30,000 250, by the Romans, under C. Prussians was posted near Lig- Attilius and L. Manlius, and was nitz, and expecting to be defended by a Carthaginian attacked by the Austrians, garrison, 10,000 strong, under 90.000 strong, under Count Himilcon. The Romans in- Daim, commenced a retreat vested the place both by sea towards Parchwitz, and took and land, but the superior sea- up a position which, according manship of the Carthaginians to Daun's plan was to have enabled them from time to time been occupied by Landon's to throw succour into the place. corps. Landon. quite uncon- The first line of the defences scious of the presence of the was soon carried but the Ro- Prussians, marched into the mans were then confronted middle of Frederick's lines, and with a second rampart, equally was utterly routed, with a loss strong, and the siege was begun of 4,000 killed and wounded, anew. In 249 P. Claudiijs took 6,000 prisoners and 82 guns. over the command, but a defeat of the Ligny (Hundred Days). Roman fleet at Drepanum gave the Carthaginians com- Fought June 16, 1815, be- plete tween 84,000 Prussians under command of the sea, and though the Blucher and 60,000 French Romans continued to under Napoleon. The French blockade the fortress on the land side, it held out till attacked Blucher's position, and 241. After the naval battle of met with a stout resistance, ^gusae Carthage sued for peace. especially at the village of Ligny, but by sundown the Lincoln, Fair of. Prussians had exhausted their Fought in the streets of Lin- last resources, and Napoleon, coln, 1217, between the Royal bringing up the Guard, and a troops, under the Earl of Pem- division of heavy cavalry, drove broke, and the adherents of the them from their positions, with Dauphin Louis, under the Comte a loss of about 12,000. The de la Perche. The Royalists French lost 8,000 killed and were victorious, and the French wounded. leader was killed. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 141

Lindley (Second Boer War). Admiral Tegethoff, and the At this place a force of 500 Italian fleet of 10 armour-clads, yeomanry, under Colonel under Admiral Persano. Teget- Spragge, after holding out for hoff attacked in wedge forma- four days against a largely tion, with his flagship as the superior Boer force, surrendered apex, and broke the line of the May 27, 1900. Italian fleet, which was steam- ing, line ahead, across his bows. Linkoping. He rammed and sank the Italian Fought between the 1598, flagship, and the rest of the Poles, Sigismund III, under action was a melee in which the of Poland Sweden, King and Italians were defeated and and the Swedes, under Charles driven off, with a loss of 3 ships the Regent. Poles were The and over 1,000 men. This de- surprised totally defeated, and feat forced the Italians to raise with loss of 20,000 men, the a the siege of Lissa. Swedes losing, it is said, only 240. This victory was shortly Little Big Horn (Sioux Rising). followed by the dethronement On June 25, 1876, General of Sigismund and the accession Custer, with the 7th United of Charles as King of Sweden. States Cavalry, 700 strong, at- tacked the village of the Sioux Liparsean Islands (First Punic chief. Sitting Bull. He divided War). his force into three columns, The scene of a naval battle, one of which, led by himself, B.C. 257, in which the Roman marched into an ambush, and fleet, under the Consul, C.Atti- was massacred to a man. The lius, completely defeated the other two columns were vigour- Carthaginians. ously attacked by the Sioux, Lippe (Germanic Wars). and forced to retire. The

Fought B.C. 1 1 between the cavalry lost on this occasion Romans, under Drusus, and the 265 killed. Sicambri, Suevi and Cherusii. Lodi, Bridge of (Napoleon's The Romans were largely out- Italian Campaigns). numbered and surrounded, and Fought May 10, 1796, during so certain were the Germans of Napoleon's pursuit of the re- victory, that they had already tiring Austro- Sardinian army, apportioned the spoil among under Beaulieu. The bridge the various tribes. Drusus, how- over the Adda was defended by ever, attacked the barbarians the Austrian rear-guard, with vigorously, and totally routed some 20 guns, commanding them with very heavy loss. passage. Napoleon sent a force Lissa (Seven Weeks' War). of cavalry round by a ford to The only naval action be- take the defenders in rear, and tween ironclads in European then rushed the bridge, the waters, fought July 20, 1866, storm ers being led by Berthier between the Austrian fleet of and Massena, while Napoleon 7 armoured ships and some himself was in the thick of the obsolete wooden vessels, under fighting. The French loss is 142 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES said not to have exceeded 400, drawing in good order, he while the Austrians lost in the lost most of his baggage and action and subsequent pursuit, artillery. 2,000 killed and wounded, 1,000 prisoners, and 20 guns. Lonato. See Castiglione.

Loftcha (Russo-Turkish War). Londonderry (War of the Re- volution). Fought September 3, 1877, This town in which the Ulster between 20,000 Russians, under Protestants, to the number of Prince Imeretinsky, and 15,000 about taken refuge, Turks, under Adil Pasha. The 30,000, had was II, April actual attack on the Turkish besieged by James positions was made by Skobe- 19, 1689. It was defended by about 7,000 armed citizens, leff, at first with 5,000, and under Major Henry Baker, afterwards with 9,000 men, and and held out imtil the Turks were driven out of July 30, when Colonel Kirke succeeded in forc- Loftcha with a loss of 5,200 ing the boom at the head of killed. The Russians lost 1,500 killed and wounded. Lough Foyle and reprovisioning the town. The besiegers then withdrew, having lost Loigny - Pouprey (Franco - Ger- 5,000 man War). men during the siege. The garrison was reduced to Fought December i, 1870, 4,000. those died between the Germans, 34,000 Among who during strong, under the Grand Duke the siege was Major Baker. of Mecklenburg, and about Loose Coat Field. See Emping- 90,000 French, forming the ham. army of the Loire, under General d'Aurelle de Paladines. The Loudon Hill (Scottish Wars). Germans gained a signal victory, Fought 1306, between the completely breaking the aggres- Scots, under Robert Bruce, and sive power of the Army of the the English, under the Regent Loire. The French lost 18,000 Pembroke. Bruce met the at- killed and wounded and 9 guns, tack of the English cavalry the Germans 4,200. with a line of spearmen, which they were unable to break, and Loja (War of Granada). they were driven off with heavy Fought July 1482, between 4, loss. Pembroke thereupon with- the Spaniards, under Ferdinand drew his army and returned to the Catholic, and the Moors, England. under Ali A tar. The King, who was besieging Loja, was en- Louisburg (War of the Austrian camped on the heights of Almo- Succession). hacen, but finding the position This place, the strongest for- insecure, decided upon a retreat. tress in America, was captured As he was retiring he was vigor- June 16, 1745, by a force of New ously attacked by the garrison, Englanders, under Pepperel, and though, after very heavy aided by a naval force under fighting, he succeeded in with- Commodore Warren. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 143

Louisburg (Seven Years' War). ing, forced him to retire. Each Louisburg, having been re side lost about 3,000, but the stored to the French, was in- victory was of great importance vested June 3, 1758, by a force to Frederick, as it led to the of 11,600 British troops, under surrender at Pirna of 17,000 General Amherst, and a fleet of Saxons and 80 guns. of 41 ships of war, under Admiral Boscawen. It was defended by Luncena (War of Granada). 3,800 French regulars, besides Fought April, 1483, when the Indians and armed citizens, Moors, under Abdullah and Ali under the Chevalier de Drucour, Atar, who were besieging Lucena, while in the harbour were 12 were attacked by a Spanish re- ships of war, with crews number- lieving force under the Comte ing 3,000 men. Owing to heavy de Cabra. The Moorish infan- weather no siege guns were try fled, and Ali Atar, heading landed till the i8th, but by July a charge of cavalry in a gallant 20 a practicable breach had attempt to retrieve the day, been effected, whereupon the was slain, whereupon his follow- garrison surrendered. During ing broke and fled, pursued by the siege the defenders lost the Christians to the banks of 1,200 men killed or died of the Xenil, where the majority disease, while the prisoners were cut to pieces. numbered 5,637, and 239 guns and mortars were taken. Wolfe, Lucknow (Indian Mutiny). who commanded a brigade, On the approach of the rebel specially distinguished himself. Sepoy army, July i, 1857, the garrison and residents took re- Lowenberg (Campaign of Leip- fuge in the Residency, which sic). had been prepared to stand a siege. Fought August 21, 1 81 3, be- On September 19, 1857, tween 130,000 French, under a force of 3,179 British troops, Napoleon, and 80,000 Prussians, under Havelock and Outram, under Blucher. Blucher being left Cawnpore to relieve the vigorously attacked, retired be- garrison. On the 23rd they en- hind the Haynau without offer- countered and defeated a force ing any serious resistance to the of 12,000 rebels at the Alum- French advance. The Prussians bagh, capturing 5 guns. On lost 2,000 killed and wounded. the 25 th they forced the Char- bagh bridge, and captured the Lowositz (Seven Years' War). Secunderbagh, and the main Fought October i, 1756, be- body, after prolonged street tween 24,000 Prussians, imder fighting, reached the Residency, Frederick the Great, and a some- the rearguard with the wounded what superior force of Austrians, getting in on the 26th. The under Marshal Brown. Brown loss during the operations was marching to relieve the amounted to 535, while the Saxons penned up in Pirna, garrison up to this time had when he was attacked by the lost 483 killed and wounded. Prussians, who, after hard fight- Outram now took command 144 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES and the garrison held out until attacked by the Americans. November 19, when it was re- The fighting lasted till far into lieved, after very heavy fight- the night, when a final assault ing, by a column under Sir Colin- was repulsed, and the Americans Campbell, and the whole force retired to Chippewa with a loss withdrawn. On March i, 1858, of 858. The British lost 878. the recovery of the city from the rebels commenced by the Lutter (Thirty Years' War). capture of the Alumbagh, and Fought August 27, 1626, be- was completed on the 21st, tween the Imperialists, under when the mutineers were finally Tilly, and the Danes and Ger- driven from the place. During mans, under Christian IV of the interval the various fort- Denmark. The allies were re- resses and palaces held by the treating before Tilly, who came rebels were successively carried up with them in an open plain by assault, the fighting in many near the Castle of Lutter, where cases being exceedingly severe. the King had taken up a strong position. Tilly attacked, and Lugdunum. See Lyons. notwithstanding Christian's per- sonal gallantry, his infantry was Luncarty (Danish Invasions of overwhelmed, while the German Scotland). cavalry refused to take any part Fought 980, between the Scots, in the fight. The Danes left under Kenneth III, and the 4,000 dead on the field, and Tilly Danish corsairs, who had landed captured 2,000 prisoners, 22 on the Tay to attack Dunkeld. guns and 60 standards. The After a furious hand-to-hand King ^\dth difficulty cut his way fight the Danes were defeated through the enemy's horse, and and driven to their ships. escaped. Lunden (Dano-Swedish Wars). Fought 1676, between the Liitzen (Thirty Years' War). Swedes, under Charles XI, and Fought November 16, 1632, the Danes, under Christian V. between 20,000 Swedes, under Both sides claimed the victory, Gustavus Adolphus, and 30,000 but the advantage rested with Imperialists, under Wallenstein. the Swedes, for Christian had The Swedes attacked with suc- cess to fall back upon Copenhagen, on their right, but their left while Charles forced the Danes was driven back by Pappenheim, to raise the siege of Malmoe. and Gustavus, hurrying off to rally them fell mortally wounded. Lundy's Lane (Second American The fall of their king, however, War). did not dishearten the Swedes, Fought July 25, 1 8 14, be- and a fresh charge, in which tween 5,000 Americans, under Pappenheim was killed, gave General Jacob Brown, and 3,000 them a complete xnctory. A British, under Sir George Drum- dense fog, however, came on, mond. Drummound occupied which enabled Wallenstein to high ground on each side of effect an orderly retreat, though Lundy's Lane, where he was he left all his guns on the field. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES I4S

Lutzen (Campaign of Leipsic). 22 officers and 200 men killed Fought May 2, 1813, between and wounded. the French, 70,000 strong, under Napoleon, and the Russians and Lyons. Fought between the le- Prussians, 65,000 strong, under 197 Britain, under Clodius Wittgenstein and Blucher. The gions of Albinus, and the legions of Pan- King of Prussia and the Russian under Severus, both Emperor were present on the nonia, generals having been proclaimed field. Napoleon held five vil- Emperor by their respective lages in front of Liitzen, round troops on the death of Pertinax. which the battle centred. They Albinus was defeated and slain. were taken and re-taken several times during the day, but at 8 p.m., in spite of the remon- •« strances of Blucher, the two M. sovereigns ordered a retreat, Wars). and the honours of the day Macalo (Italian October 11, rested with the French. The Fought 1427, when the Venetians, under Car- allies lost about 20,000 ; the magnola, in a strong position French about 18,000. near Macalo, were attacked by the Milanese, under Malatesta. Luzzara (War of the Spanish Venetians repulsed the Succession). The attack, and assuming the offen- Fought August 15, 1702, be- sive, surrounded Malatesta, and tween the French, 35,000 strong, compelled him to surrender under the Due d'Anjou, and with his whole force, numbering 25,000 Imperialists, under Prince about 10,000 men. Eugene. The Prince attacked in their entrench- the French Madonna dell' Oleno (War of the ments in front of Luzzara, and Austrian Succession). resistance, after a stubborn Fought September 30, 1744, drove them out with a loss of between the French and Spani- about 4,000 men. The Imperi- ards, under Prince Louis de alists lost 27,000 killed and Conti and Don Phihp of Spain, wounded. and the Imperialists, under the King of Sardinia. With a view Lynn Haven Bay. of relieving Cuneo, which the • Fought September 5, 178 1, allies were besieging, the King between a British fleet of 19 attacked their lines, and though ships of the line and 7 frigates, he was defeated in the battle, under Admiral Thomas Graves, he gained his object, for Conti and a French fleet of 25 line of was compelled by lack of sup- battle ships. Admiral Graves plies to raise the siege, October attacked the French as they 22, having suffered heavy losses were lying in Lynn Haven Bay, from famine, flood and battle. but was unsuccessful, and drew off after two hours' hard fight- Madras. invested by the ing, with a loss of 79 killed and This city was 230 wounded. The French lost French under Labourdonnais, 146 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES with 9 ships and about 3,700 men, but finally the place was troops, mostly Europeans, Sep- taken by surprise, and a mas- tember 14, 1746. It was de- sacre followed, in which 6,000 fended by a garrison of 200, of the inhabitants perished. and after a week's bombard- ment, surrendered September Mafeking (Second Boer War). 25. The garrison lost 5 men This small township, entirely only the ; French not a single destitute of regular defences, man. was invested October, 1899, by a force Madras (Seven Years' War). of 5,000 Boers, under General Cronje, and defended by On December 16, 1758, Ma- a garrison dras was invested by Lally- of about 700 irregulars ToUendal with 2,000 European and armed townsmen, under Colonel and 4,000 native troops. The Baden-Powell. Later in the garrison consisted of 4,000 men, siege Cronje withdrew a large part more than half of whom were of his force, leaving Sepoys, under Colonel Laurence, about 2,000 under Snyman to prosecute After a bombardment lasting the siege. Though the bombardment was continu- from January 2, 1759, to Feb- ous, only one resolute ruary 16, Lally-Tollendal was attempt was to penetrate on the point of ordering an as- made the de-

fences ; when on 12, sa It, when the arrival of the May 1900, Boers, British fleet caused him to raise 300 under Sarel Eloff, succeeded the siege and retire. The garri- in getting within the lines, but were surrounded son lost during the siege 1,341 and killed and wounded. The forced to surrender. On May French losses amounted to 700 17, the place was relieved by a Europeans, besides Sepoys. cavalry column under Colonel Mahon. The garrison lost 273, Madeira (Napoleonic Wars). the Boers about 1,000, in the This island was occupied with- course of the siege. out bloodshed by a combined naval and militarj^ force, under Magdeburg (Thirty Years' War). Admiral Sir A. Cochrane and J. This cit}-, held by a small General Bowver, December 26, Swedish garrison, under Falken- 1 807, berg, was besieged by the Im- Maestricht (Netherlands War of perialists, under Tilly, March, Independence). 1 63 1. After a desultory bom- This city, the German Gate of bardment, Tilly was forced by the Netherlands, was besieged the approach of Gusta\-us Adol- by the Spaniards, under Prince phus either to raise the siege or Alexander of Parma, March 12, to attempt a storm. Choosing

1 579. It was held by a garrison the latter course, an assault was of 1,000 troops and 1,200 armed delivered, under Pappenberg, burghers, under Melchior, while and after two hours' severe the besiegers numbered 20,000. fighting, in the course of which Two unsuccessful assaults were Falkenberg fell, the garrison made April 8, which cost the was overpowered. The victory Spaniards 670 ofi&cers and 4,000 was sullied by an infamous mas- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 147 sacre of the unarmed inhabi- troops, and the Romans, 40,000 tants, thousands of whom perish- strong, under Cnaeus Domitius. ed at the hands of the Croats Antiochus, leading the right and Walloons. wing, drove back the Roman left and penetrated to their Magenta (Franco-Austrian War). camp, which he nearly suc- left Fought June 4, 1859, be- ceeded in capturing. His tween the 2nd French Corps wing, however, was routed, and d'Armee, under Macmahon, and his elephants becoming unman- the main Austrian army, under ageable, broke the ranks of the Marshal Giulay, about 100,000 phalanx, whereupon his whole strong. Macmahon attacked army fled in confusion, with a the Austrian position, and, after loss, it is said, of 50,000 killed. hard fighting, drove them out of The Romans lost 300 only. defeated Magenta, and totally Maharajpur (Gwalior War). them with a loss of about 6,000 Fought December 29, 1843, killed The and wounded. French between the British, 14,000 lost 4,400. strong, with 40 guns, under Sir Hugh Gougl^, and the troops of Magersfontein (Second Boer Bhagerat Rao Scindhia, 18,000 War). strong, with 100 guns. The Fought December 11, 1899, Mahrattas occupied a strong Boers, under between 9,000 position at Maharajpur, the Lord Me- General Cronje, and exact locality of their lines being with the addi- thuen's division, unknown to Sir Hugh, until his tion of the Highland Brigade. troops came under fire. The exceed- Cronje's position was British at once charged and car- attempt ingly strong, and an ried the batteries, and finally to turn it lay a flank march routed the Gwalior infantry at night led to a undertaken at a cost of 787 killed and wounded. the Highland brigade, disaster to The Mahrattas lost 3,000 killed heavy fire who came under a and wounded, and 56 guns. before they were extended, and lost 57 officers and over 700 Maharajpur (Indian Mutiny). men, including their brigadier, Fought July 16, 1857, be- General Wauchope. Eventu- tween 5,000 rebels, under the ally the attacking force was Nana Sahib, and the British re- withdrawn, without having lieving force, under Havelock. made any impression on the The Nana was entrenched across Boer position. The total British the Grand Trunk Road, and his losses were 68 officers and 1,011 position being too strong for a men. The Boers admitted a frontal attack, Havelock turned loss of 320, but it was probably his left flank. After severe considerably heavier. fighting the rebels were de- feated, though Havelock was Magnesia (War with Antiochus left with only 800 Europeans the Great). available for further service. On Fought B.C. 190, between the following day Cawnpore was Antiochus the Great, with 80,000 re-occupied. 148 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Mahidpur (Third Mahratta War). men wounded. The survivors Fought December 21, 18 17, escaped with difficulty to Kan- between the British, under Sir dahar. Thomas Hislop, and the army of Holkar of Indore. The Mah- Main, The (Germanic War). rattas, ^nth 70 guns, were Fought B.C. 9, when the Ro- strongly posted behind the mans, under Drusus, attacked Sipra, which Sir Thomas crossed and totally routed the Marco- in the face of a heavy fire, and manni, driving them to the east- completely defeated them. The ward and occupying their terri- British lost 778 killed and tory. wounded, the Mahrattas about 3,000. Majorca (Napoleonic Wars). This island was captured from Maida (Napoleonic Wars). the Spaniards in 1706, by a small Fought July 4, 1806, between British force under Sir John the British expeditionary force Leake. In Calabria, 5,000 strong, under Sir John Stuart, and the French, Majuba (First Boer War). in equal strength, under General Fought February 27, 1881, Reynier. The British charged when a British column, 647 strong, under Sir George Colley, with the bayonet, and the posted on the summit of French, though veterans, failing Majuba to withstand the onslaught, Hill, was attacked and driven off the Boers under General broke and tied, losing very by heavily in the pursuit. Joubert. A strong party of young Boers stormed the hill Maidan (First Afghan War). while the fire of the defenders Fought September 14, 1842, was kept down by a picked body between the British, under of marksmen, and the British General Nott, and 12,000 Af- were driven from their position ghans, under Shems-ud-din, who with heavy loss, especially occupied the heights command- during the retirement down the ing the road to Kabul. Nott hillside. The casualties amount- attacked and carried the Afghan ed to 223 killed and wounded, position, the Afghans being Sir George Colley being killed, driven off with heavy loss. and 50 prisoners. The Boer losses were very small. After Maiwand (Second Afghan War), this disaster an armistice was Fought July 27, 1880, be- agreed to, and peace soon after- tween a small British force, with wards concluded. 6 guns, under General Burrows, and the Afghan army, under Malacca. Ayub Khan. A Bombay native This city, which was defended regiment was broken by a Ghazi by 30,000 Malays, under the rush, and although the 66th Sultan Mohammed, was cap- Regiment fought magnificently, tured by Albuquerque, with 19 the British were routed, with a ships and 1,400 Portuguese re- loss of 32 officers and 939 men gulars, after a very feeble de- killed, and 17 officers and 151 fence, in 1 5 13. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 149

Malaga (War of Granada). men killed and wounded. The This city, defended by a Chitralis lost about 500. Moorish garrison, under Hamet Zeh, was besieged by the Span- Malakoff (Crimean War). iards, 60,000 strong, under Fer- This fort, forming an impor- dinand the Cathohc, April 17, tant part of the southern de- 1487. After an obstinate re- fences of Sebastopol, was sistance, lasting for four months, stormed by 30,000 French, the garrison was forced to sur- under General Pelissier, Sep- render, and Ferdinand and Isa- tember 8, 1855. The Russians bella entered the city August being taken by surprise, made

1 8th. The inhabitants were sold but a feeble resistance. into slavery. Malavilly (Third Mysore War). Malaga (War of the Spanish Suc- Fought March 20, 1799, when cession). the camp of the British force, Fought August 13, 1704, be- under Lord Harris, marching tween the combined British and on Seringapatam, was attacked Dutch fleets, consisting of 45 in force by Tippu Sahib. The sail of the line, under Sir George enemy was thrown into confu- Rooke, and the French fleet of sion by a charge of cavalry, 53 line-of-battle-ships, under the under General Floyd, and re- Comte de Thoulouse. The tired with a loss of about 1,000, French admiral was endeavour- The British losses were trifling. ing to effect a junction with the Spanish fleet, which was en- Maldon (Danish Invasion). gaged in the siege of Gibraltar, Fought 991, between the and was brought to action by Anglo-Saxons, under Brihtnoth, Sir George Rooke off Malaga. and the Danes, under Olaf The fighting was severe, and Triggvason and Guthmund, though no ships were lost on The Anglo-Saxons were com- either side, the British gained pletely defeated and Brithnoth an important strategic victory slain. as the junction of the two hostile fleets was prevented. The Malegnano (Franco - Austrian British lost 6 officers and 687 War). men killed, and 18 officers and Fought June 8, 1859, be- 1,645 men wounded. The tween three French divisions, French lost 191 officers and under Marshal Baraguay d'Hil- 3,048 men killed and wounded. liers, and the Austrians, in about equal force. After three Malakand Pass (Chitral Cam- hours' hard fighting, the paign). Austrians were defeated and Fought April 3, 1895, when driven out of Malegnano, with the British " expedition, under heavy loss, including 1,000 General Low, 15,000 strong, prisoners. The French lost 850 forced the pass, which was held killed and wounded. by about 12,000 tribesmen, with a loss of 8 officers and 61 Mahnate. See Varese. ISO DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Malo-Jaroslawetz (Moscow Cam- Capitan Pasha. It was de- paign). fended by the Knights of Malta, Fought October 24, 1812, be- under their Grand-Master Lava- tween 24,cxx) Russians, under lette, and though St. Elmo was General Doctoroff, and a portion taken, Valet ta held out against of Eugene Beauharnais' corps, numerous assaults until Sep- 15,000 strong, under General tember II, when Mustapha Uelzons. After a sanguinary raised the siege. The garrison engagement, in which Malo- lost 5,000 men, the Turks 20,000. Jaroslawetz was taken and re- Malta (Wars of the taken seven times, the action French Re- volution). ended in a drawn battle, but The town of Valetta the the strategical success lay with and island of Malta were captured the Russians, who obliged Napo- from the French September leon to abandon the southerly 5, 1800, by a combined British line of retreat he had projected. naval and military force, under The French lost 5,000, including Captain George Martin, R.N., General Delzons killed, the and Major-General Pigott. Two Russians about 6,000. line-of-bat tie-ships and three Malplaquet (War of the Spanish frigates were seized in the har Succession), bour. Fought September 11, 1709, Malvern Hill. Sec Seven Days' between the British Imperi- and Battles). alists, under Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and the French, Mandonia. under Marshal Villars. Villars Fought B.C. T,T,d', between the offered battle with the object of Italian Greeks, under Archi- relieving Mons, which the allies damus. King of Sparta, and the were besieging, but while they Lucanians. The Greeks were were waiting for reinforcement defeated, and Archidamus slain. from Tournay, he was enabled Mangalore (First Mysore War). to entrench himself strongly on This place was besieged June the ground he had chosen. After 20, 1783, by Tippu Sahib with desperate fighting, however, the his whole army, and was de- French position was carried fended by a small British garri- from end to end, and they were son, under Colonel Campbell. driven out with a loss of 17,000 On the conclusion of peace be- killed and wounded. The allies tween France and England, the lost, according to most accounts, French officer assisting Tippu about 8,000, though some con- withdrew, and on August 3 an temporaries assert that their armistice was arranged, during losses were even heavier than which the garrison was to receive those of the French. regular supplies. This article Malta (Ottoman Wars). was evaded, and the defenders This place was besieged May half starved, and after some de- 19, 1565, by 30,000 Turks, under lay Tippu renewed the siege. Mustapha Pasha, aided by a No attempt, however, was made fleet of 185 sail, under Piale, the to relieve the place, and after a DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 151 gallant defence, Campbell sur Athens, Sparta, and Mantineia. rendered January 26, 1763. Epaminondas attacked strongly with his left, holding back his Manilla (American-Spanish War) right in reserve, and after the Fought May i, 1898, between driving back of the Mantineians, the American squadron of 6 routed the Spartans in the ships, under Admiral Dewey, centre. The Athenians were and 1 1 Spanish vessels, chiefly hardly engaged, but the Boeotian small, and unarmoured. The victory was complete. In the Spanish fleet was totally de- pursuit Epaminondas, fell and stroyed, the Americans suffering the loss of the great leader so no loss. disheartened the Boeotians that they did not further press their Mansfield (American Civil War). victory. Fought April 8, 1864, be- tween 20,000 Federals, under Mantineia (Wars of the Achaean General Banks, and about 8,000 League). Confederates, under General Fought B.C. 208, between the Taylor. Banks, while march- Achsans, under Philopoemen, ing through a difficult country, and the Spartans, under Macha- was attacked by Taylor, and nidas. The Achsans drove the utterly routed, at a cost to the Spartans into a ravine in great assailants of less than a thousand disorder, and routed them with men. Besides heavy losses in a loss of 4.000 killed, amongst killed and wounded, the Federals whom was Machanidas. lost prisoners, 22 guns, 3,500 Mantua (Napoleon's Italian and 220 waggons of stores and Campaigns). ammunition. This city was invested by and Mantineia (Peloponnesian War). Napoleon June 4, 1796, was defended by 14,000 Aus- Fought B.C. 418, between under General Canto 10,000 Spartans and Tegeans, trians, d'lrles. The siege was vigor- under Agis, and an equal force prosecuted, but the ap- of Athenians, under Laches and ously proach of Wurmser with a large Nicostratus. The Spartan left army forced Napoleon was completely routed, but the Austrian to concentrate his forces, and Athenian centre and left failed raised the siege July 31, to withstand the Spartan he After a brief campaign, which attack, and but for the defeat resulted in the dispersal of of Agis' left wing, would have army, that general, been surrounded and captured. Wurmser's the remnant of his forces, In the end the Spartans gained with shut up in the city, which a signal victory. Larches and was was again closely invested Sep- Nicostratus both fell in the Wurmser held out action. tember 19. till his provisions were ex- Mantineia (Boeotian War). hausted, when, on February Fought B.C. 362, between the 2, 1797, he surrendered, with Boeotians, under Epaminondas, 20,000 men, of whom only and the combined forces of 10,000 were fit for service. It 152 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES is computed that 27,000 perished Romans, under Lupicinus, and during the siege. the Goths, under Fritigern. The Romans were totally de- Maogamalcha (Persian Wars). feated, but stood their ground This fortress, defended by a to the last, and were cut to Persian garrison, and considered pieces almost to a man. Lupi- impregnable, was besieged by cinus fled as soon as the ulti- the Romans under the Emperor mate success of the Goths be- Juhan in 363. A mine was came apparent. carried from the trenches under Mardis of the ramparts, and three cohorts (War the Two Em- pires), broke through into the streets, Fought shortly whereupon the garrison de- 315, after the battle of serted the ramparts and the Cibalis, between Con- stantine. Emperor of besiegers entered. The place the West, was sacked, and afterwards and Licinius, Emperor of the razed to the ground. East. Constantine moved a body of s,ooo men round his opponent's flank, and attacked Marathon (Second Persian In- him simultaneously vasion). in front and rear. The Illyrian vete- Fought September 490 B.C., rans formed a double front, and between the Athenians and held their ground, though with Plataeans, 10,000 and 1,000 heavy loss, till nightfall, when strong respectively, under Mil- Licinius, having lost thousands tiades, and the army of Darius of his best troops, drew off his Hystaspes, about 100,000 in army towards the mountains of number, under Datis. Being Macedonia. The consequence greatly outnumbered, Miltiades of this defeat was the altered the usual arrangement acquisi- tion by Constantine of Pan- of the Greek line, so as to extend nonia, Dalmatia, Dacia, Mace- his wdngs across the whole width donia and Greece. of the valley in which the battle was fought, and thus escape Marengo (Napoleon's Italian being outflanked. To effect Campaigns ). this he was forced to weaken Fought June 14, 1800, be- his centre, which was repulsed, tween 30,000 French, under but both his wings drove back Napoleon, and 40,000 Austrians, the invaders, and then fell upon under Melas. The Austrians and routed the victorious Persian attacked, and drove back in centre. The Persians fled in disorder the first line under confusion to their ships, which Victor, and, following up their they succeeded in launching, success, a serious defeat for and escaped with a loss of Napoleon seemed inevitable, 6,400. The Athenians lost 192 when the arrival of the reserve only. corps under Desaix turned the scale. Under cover of his attack, Marcianopolis (Gothic Invasion the broken divisions reformed, of Thrace). and the Austrians were finally Fought 376, between the repulsed at all points, and fled DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 153 in disorder. Desaix was killed 40,000 Swiss mercenaries. The at the head of his troops. Swiss attacked the French camp, and forcing the lines, Margus. fought till midnight without Fought May, 285, between decisive result. On the morn- the legions of the Emperor ing of the 14th the battle was Carinus and those of Diocletian, renewed, and the Swiss were on who had been raised to the the point of success, when the purple by his soldiers. The arrival of a small force of Vene- troops of Diocletian, wasted by tians obliged them to withdraw. the Persian War, were all but The French lost 6,000 men, and overpowered by the fresher the Swiss losses were very heavy, legions of Carinus, but the de- including 1,200 who perished fection during the battle of in the flames of a village they one of his generals turned the were defending after the repulse scale, and Carinus himself being of the attack. Marshal Trivul- killed by an officer whom he zio, who commanded a wng of had wronged, Diocletian gained the French army, called the a complete victory. action the " Battle of Giants."

Maria Zell (Campaign of the Marosch, The (Conquest of Danube). Dacia). Fought November 8, 1805, Fought loi, between the during the French advance on Dacians, under Decebalus, and Vienna, between Davoust's the Romans, under Trajan. corps, and the Austrian corps, The Dacians were utterly routed, under General von Meerfeld. and driven across the river with The Austrians were defeated heavy loss. and driven off in disorder, leaving 4,000 prisoners in the Marseglia (Wars of Louis XIV). hands of the French. Fought October 4, 1693, be- tween the French, under Mar- Mariendahl (Thirty Years' War). shal de Catinat, and the Aus- Fought May 2, 1645, between trians, Spanish, and English, the French, under Turenne, and under the Duke of Savoy. The the Imperialists, under Merci. allies, who were inferior in num- Turenne, who had 3,000 in- bers, were attacked by the fantry and 8 regiments of horse, French, and, after severe fight- was surprised in his camp by ing, driven aci^oss the Po with a Merci at 2 a.m., and being placed loss of about 6,000. The Duke between two fires, was com- of Schomberg and Lord War- pelled to beat a disastrous re- wick were taken prisoners. The treat, with the loss of almost all loss of the French was sUghtly his infantry, 1,200 cavalry, and less. all his artillery and baggage. Mars-la-Tour (Franco-German Marignano (Italian Wars). War). Fought September 13 and 14, Fought August 18, 1870, be- 1575, between 50,000 French, tween the French, under Mar- under Francis I, and about shal Bazaine, and the 3rd and 154 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

loth German Army corps, under the Rymna. The victors lost Von Alvensleben. The Ger- 617 killed and wounded. mans, though at times very hard Martinique (Wars of the French pressed, succeeded in holding Revolution). their ground, and prevented This island was captured the French breaking through to from the French in by a the westward. The battle is 1794, combined naval and mihtary chiefly remarkable for the force under Sir Jervis and desperate charges of the Ger- John Sir George Grey, -with a loss to man cavalry, and especially of the victors of 6 officers and Von Bredow's brigade, against 37 men killed and wounded. the French infantry, under cover of which the shattered Martinique (Napoleonic Wars). German infantry was enabled Having been restored to to reform. The losses were France at the Peace of Amiens, about equal, amounting to Martinique was again taken by about 16,000 killed and wounded the British, February 24, 1809, on each side. The action is the force engaged being under also known as the Battle of Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane, Vionville. and Lieut. -General Beckwith.

Marston Moor (Civil War). Maserfield, Fought July 2, 1644, between Fought 642, between the 18,000 Royalists, under Prince Northumbrians, under Oswald, Rupert, and 27,000 Parhamen- and the Mercians, under Penda. tarians, under Manchester, The latter were defeated, and Leven and Fairfax. For the Penda slain. first time in the war, Rupert's cavalry was repulsed by Crom- Masulipatam (Seven Years' War ). well's Ironsides, and though the This fortress, held by a French right wing under Fairfax was garrison, under Conflans, was broken, the left and centre were besieged by the British, about victorious, and the RoyaUsts 2,500 strong, under Colonel were totally defeated, with a Forde, in March, 1759. After loss of 4,000. This victory a fortnight's bombardment the gave the Parliament complete place was taken by storm, the control of the north. resistance being very feeble, and Conflans surrendered with Martinesti (Ottoman Wars). his whole force, which consider- Fought September 23, 1789, ably outnumbered the assail- between the Austrians and Rus- ants. One hundred and twenty sians, 27,000 strong, under the guns were taken in the fortress. Prince of Coburg and Suwaroff, and the Turks, 80,000 strong, Matchevitz (First Polish Insur- under Osman Pasha. The rection). alUes stormed the Turkish en- Fought October 10, 1794, be- trenchments, and drove out tween the Russians, under the defenders, of whom 7,000 Baron de Fersen, and the Poles, were killed and wounded, while under Kosciusko. The Poles, 8,000 were drowned in crossing after hard fighting, were totally DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 155 defeated, leaving 6,000 dead prisoners, the Chilians losing upon the field, while Kosciusko over 1,000 killed and wounded. was severely wounded. The result of the battle was the estabUshment of the independ- Matchin (Ottoman Wars). ence of Chili. Fought July 10, 1791, be- tween the Turks, under Yussuf Medellin (Peninsular War). Pasha, and the Russians, under Fought March 28, 1809, be- Prince Repnin. The left and tween the French, under Mar- centre of the Turkish army held shal Victor, and 30,000 Spani- its ground manfully, and the ards, under Cuesta. The Spani- victory was long in doubt, but ards soon gave way, and were a brilliant charge of the Russian mercilessly sabred in the pur- left, under General Kutusoff, suit by the French cavalry, drove back the Turks who were losing, it is said, 18,000 killed defeated with heavy loss. and wounded. The French only. Maxen (Seven Years' War). lost 300 Fought November 21, 1759, Medina (Mohammed's War with between the Austrians, under the Koreish). Marshal Daun, and the Prus- Siege was laid to this town in sians, under General Finck. 625 by 10,000 Koreish, under surrounded Finck' s posi- Daun Abu Sophian. It was defended comparatively tion, and after by Mohammed with 3,000 Mos- Uttle fighting compelled him to lems, and during the space of surrender with over 15,000 men, 20 days several half-hearted including 17 generals. Seven- assaults were easily repulsed. teen guns were captured. The At the end of this time Abu casualties on both sides were Sophian withdrew, and the very small. Koreish made no further at- Maya (Peninsula War). tempt to interfere with the pro- Fought July 25, 1813, be- gress of Mohammedanism. tween a British division, under Medola (Napoleon's Italian Cam- General Stewart, and the French paigns). divisions of d'Armagnac, Abbe Fought August 5, 1796, be- and Maransin. The French, at tween the French, 23,000 strong, a cost of 1,500 men, forced the under Napoleon, and 25,000 pass of Maya, driving back the Austrians, under Wurmser. The British with a loss of 1,400 men Austrians were totally defeated, and guns. 4 and driven back to Roveredo, Maypo (South American War of with a loss of 2,000 killed and Independence). wounded, 1,000 prisoners and Fought April 5, 18 18, between 20 guns. Prior to this defeat the Chilian Patriots, 9,000 Wurmser had succeeded in re- strong, under San Martin, and victualling Mantua, but at very 6,000 Spanish Royalists, under heavy cost, the Austrian losses General Osorio. The Spaniards during the three days' fighting, were totally defeated with a from the 3rd to the 5th, amount- loss of 1,000 killed and 2,350 ing to 20,000 men and^6o guns. 156 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Meeanee (Scinde Campaign). allies, under Agis, King of Sparta, Fought February 17, 1843, were besieging Megalopolis, between 2,800 British and native which had declined to join the troops, under Sir Charles Napier, league, when they were attacked and about 20,000 Beluchis, by the Macedonians, under An- under the Amirs of Scinde. The tipater, and completely routed, infantry were at one time ahiiost Agis falling in the battle. overpowered by the overwhelm- Megalopolis (Wars of ing numbers of the enemy, who the attacked with great bravery, Achaean League). but they were rescued by a Fought B.C. 226, between the Spartans, charge of the 9th Bengal cavalry, under Cleomenes, and the forces of the who broke up the assailants, and Achaean in the end the Beluchis were League, under Aratus. The Achseans early gained an ad- routed with a loss of 5,000 men vantage, and the fled, and several guns. The British Spartans lost pursued by the light troops. 256 killed and wounded. . These, however, being unsup- Meerut (First Mongol Invasion ported, the Spartans turned of India). and routed them, and then over- This place was besieged in whelmed the Achaean hoplites 1398 by the Tartars, under in their turn with enormous Tamerlane. It was considered slaughter. impregnable, and Tamerlane commenced mining operations, Melanthias (Sclavonian Inva- but these methods were too sion). slow for his followers, who by Fought 559, between the Im- means of scaling ladders carried perial troops, under Behsarius, the fortress by storm, and mas- and the Sclavonians and Bul- sacred all the inhabitants. garians, under Zabergan, Prince Tamerlane afterwards com- of Bulgaria. The barbarians pleted his mines and destroyed assailed the Roman lines, but all the defences. were easily repulsed, and so precipitate was their flight that Megaletaphrus (First Messenian only about 500 fell. This was War). Belisarius' last victory, and it Fought B.C., 740 between the was closely followed by liis dis Messenians, under Aristomenes, grace and death. and the Spartans. The Mes- senians were surrounded and Meldorp. cut to pieces, Aristomenes es- Fought 1500, between the caping with a few followers. Danes, 30,000 strong, under John of Denmark, and the in- Megalopolis. habitants of the province of Fought B.C. 331, in the Dithmarsh, which John de- attempt of the Spartans, aided signed to bring again under by the Arcadians, Achaeans Danish rule, after two centuries and Eleians, to shake off the of virtual independence. The Macedonian yoke, during Alex- advancing Danes delivered an ander's absence in Asia The assault against a small fortified DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 157 outpost, but we/e repulsed, and ment were laid the foundations driven in confusion into the of Old Cairo. marshes, where surrounding Memphis (American Civil War). over 1 ,000 perished. 1 A river action fought June 6, 1862, between 8 Confederate (Persian Wars). Melitene armed vessels, under Commo- Im- Fought 578, between the dore Montgomery, and 10 Tiberius, perial troops, under Federal gunboats, under Com- and the Persians, under Chosro- modore Davis. Only one of inde- es. After a somewhat the Confederate vessels escaped of which cisive battle, at the end destruction, and Memphis fell. each side had held its ground, Chosroes, owing to his heavy Mensourah (Fifth Crusade). losses, found it necessary to Fought 1249, between the retire during the night. The French, under Louis IX. and the battle was, however, signalised Moslems. The town of Mensourah by an exploit of a Scythian was seized by the Comte d' Artois, chief, in command of the Roman but being surrounded, he and left wing, who at the head of his the knights with him were cavalry charged through the killed. The king meanwhile Persian ranks, plundered the had seized the Saracen camp, royal tent, and then cut his way but was unable to hold his out through the opposing hosts. ground, and was driven back to Damietta. In the course of Memphis (Athenian Expedition his retreat, however, he was to Egypt). surrounded and taken prisoner This city was captured b.c. bv the Saracens, with his whole 459 by an Athenian fleet of 200 army. ships, which sailed up the Nile Mentana (Garibaldian Rising). assistance of Inaros, who to the Fought November 3, 1867, had raised the standard of re- between 10,000 Garibaldians, volt against Persia. The cita- under Garibaldi, and the French del, however, held out until and Papal troops, 5,000 strong, B.C. 456, when a Persian army, under General Kanzler. Gari- the under Megabyzus defeated baldi was totally defeated, a out Athenians and drove them result largely due to the brilliant of Memphis. work of I, SOD Papal Zouaves, who drove them out of position Memphis (Moslem Conquest of after position. The Garibal- Egypt). dians lost 1,100 killed and In 638, Amron, lieutenant of wounded, and 1,000 prisoners. the Caliph Omar, with 8,000 The alUes' losses were only 182 Moslems, invested the city, and killed and wounded, of which after a siege of seven months, the Papal troops lost 144. in the course of which the be- siegers were nearly overwhelmed Merida (Moorish Empire in by the rising of the Nile, the Spain). place was taken by assault. On This place was besieged in 712 the site of the Moslem encamp- by 18,000 Moors, under Musa. 158 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

After a defeat in the open plain stroying practically the whole before the city, the Spaniards of their fleet. Charles of Anjou made a long and obstinate de- was captured, and henceforth fence, which cost the besiegers made no further attempt to re- many lives, but in the end they estabhsh his authority in Sicily. were forced by famine to sur- render. Messina. See Cape Passaro.

Merseburg. Metauras (Second Punic War). Fought 934 between the Ger- Fought 207 B.C., between mans, under Henry the Fowler, 50,000 Romans, under Claudius and the Hungarian invaders. Nero and Marcus Livius, and The Hungarians were completely the Carthaginians, in rather defeated, with heavy loss, and smaller force, under Hasdrubal. withdrew from Germany, which The Carthaginians were sur- they did not again invade for prised at early dawn as they twenty years. were endeavouring to find a ford in the Metaurus, and being Merta (Mogul Invasion of the vigorously attacked, were totally Deccan), routed, Hasdrubal being slain. This strong fortress, belong- The completeness of the victory ing to the Rajput Rajah of was due to Nero, who being in Malwar, was besieged, 1561, by command of the right wing, Sharf-ud-Din Hussein, one of where the ground prevented his the generals of Akbar, the Great getting to close quarters, and Mogul. The place held out seeing the Roman left hard gallantly for several months, pressed by Hasdrubal's best but was then forced by famine troops, led the major part of his to capitulate. One of the Mal- force round the Roman rear, war chiefs, however, refused all and fell iipon Hasdrubal's right, terms, and cut his way out at routing him utterly. the head of 500 men, of whom 250 fell in the enterprise. Methuen (Scottish Wars). Fought June 19, 1306, when Merton (Danish Invasion). a small Scottish force, under Fought 871, between the West Robert Bruce, w^as attacked Saxons, under Alfred, and the and defeated by the English in Danish invaders. After a se- superior force. vere engagement the Danes were victorious. Metz (Franco-German War). This fortress was invested by Messina. the Germans after the defeat of Fought October 2, 1284, be- Bazaine at Gravelotte in August tween the Sicilian and Catalan 18, 1870, and after several fruit- fleet, under the Grand Admiral, less attempts to break through Roger de Lauria, and the French the German lines had been re- fleet, under Charles of Anjou. pulsed, Bazaine surrendered to The Sicilians, who largely out- Prince Frederick Charles on numbered the French, totally October 26, with 3 marshals, defeated them, burning or de- 6,000 officers, and 173,000 men. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 159

The Germans took 56 eagles, Miletopolis (First Mithridatic 622 field guns, 72 mitrailleuses, War). S76 pieces of fortress artillery, Fought B.C. 86, between the and about 300,000 rifles. Romans, under Flavins Fimbria, and the Pontic troops, under Mexico (Conquest of Mexico). Mithridates. The Romans gained Fought 20, when June 1520, a complete victory. the Spaniards, under Cortez, who were evacuating Mexico Millesimo (Napoleon's Italian during the night, were attacked Campaigns). by the Aztecs, and suffered Fought April 13, 1796, when heavy loss. The Spaniards the divisions of Augereau, called this event the " Noche Massena and La Harpe attacked Triste." the Austrians, strongly en- Michelberg (Campaign of the trenched, under General Colli, Danube). and after severe fighting, drove back, thus cutting CoUi's Fought October 16, 1805. them Ney's corps stormed the heights communications with General of the Michelberg at the same Beaulieu, the Austrian Com- time that Lannes carried the mander-in-Chief. The Austro- Frauenberg, driving the Aus- Sardinians lost about 6,000 trians back into Ulm, where on men and 30 guns, and all effec- the 17th General Mack capitu- tive co-operation between the wings Also lated with 30,000 men. two was at an end. called the Battle of Monte Lezino Middelburg (Netherlands War of Independence). Mill Springs (American Civil This fortress, the last strong- War). hold in Walcheren to hold out Fought January 19, 1862, for the Spanish king, was be- between the Federals, about sieged by the Patriots in the 9,000 strong, under General winter of 1593. It was de- Thomas, and 8,000 Confederates, fended by a garrison under under General Crittenden. The Colonel Mondragon, who in Confederates attacked, and at spite of a gallant resistance and first drove back the Federals, numerous attempts to relieve who began the action with him, was forced by famine to 5,000 men only, but reinforce- surrender, February iS, 1594. ments arriving, Thomas re- pulsed the assailants with con- (Unification Milazzo of Italy). siderable loss, capturing 12 Fought July 18, i860, be- guns. The Federals lost 246 tween the Italian Volunteers, only. This was the first con- under Garibaldi, and the Nea- siderable defeat suffered by the politans, under General Bosco. Confederates in the war. The Neapolitans occupied a strongly entrenched position, Minden (Seven Years' War). which Garibaldi succeeded in Fought August I, 1759, be- turning, the Neapolitans, after tween the French, 64,000 strong, a severe struggle, being totally under the Marquis de Contades, defeated and driven out. and the Hanoverians, British i6o DICTIONARY OF BATTLES and Prussians, 54,000 strong, 12,000 French and Spaniards, under Ferdinand of Brunswick. the garrison, under General Ferdinand detached a force of Murray, being only 700 strong. 10,000 men to threaten de Murray made a sturdy defence Contades' rear, and then, at- but was forced to surrender. tacking strongly, broke the first line of the French. But Miohosaki. for the failure of the allies' Fought September, 764, be- cavalry to advance, the French tween the Japanese rebels, under would have been routed. As Oshikatsa, and the Imperial troops, it was, they were able to rally, under Saiki-no-Sanya. and effect an orderly retreat, The rebels were totally routed, though with a loss of 7,086 killed, and Oshikatsa and his son slain. wounded and prisoners, 43 guns Miraflores(Peruvio-Chilian War). and 17 standards. The allies Fought January 15, 1881, be- lost 2,762, fully a half of this tween the Chilians, under number in being the ranks of General Baquedano, and the the six English regiments pre- Peruvians, under General Ca- sent, who bore the brunt of the ceres. The Pervuians were battle. totally defeated, losing 3,000 killed and wounded, while the Minorca (Seven Years' War), victors lost 500 killed and 1,625 This place, garrisoned by 2, 800 wounded. Following up their British troops, under General victory, the Chilians occupied Blakeney, was invested by the Lima on the 17th, and the war French, under the Due de came to an end. Richelieu, May, 1756. On May 20, a British squadron of Missionary Ridge. See Chattan- IS line-of-battle-ships and 3 ooga. sloops, under Admiral Byng, Missolonghi (Greek of In- attacked Richelieu's blockading War dependence). squadron of 12 sail of the line This place was besieged in and 5 frigates, with the object 1 82 1 by a force of 11,000 Turks, of throwing succours into the under Omar Brionis Pasha, and place. The attack, however, was defended by a small Greek was conducted with so little garrison, under Mavrocordatos. resolution and resource, that The little garrison made so Byng failed in his object, and gallant a defence, that at the allowed the French ships to end of months was escape him. Blakeney was two Omar forced to raise the siege. On shortly afterwards forced to April27,i825, the town was again surrender, and Byng was tried besieged by the Turks and was by court-martial, condemned again most obstinately defended and shot. by the garrison and inhabitants. Minorca. So little progress was made that Having been restored to Eng- it was found necessary to call land by the Treaty of Paris in for the aid of the Egyptian 1762, Minorca -was again re- army, under Ibrahim, son of

captured in 1 78 1, by a force of Mehemet Ali. It was not, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES i6i

however, till three months after enabled him to drive Cronje his arrival before the place that from his entrenchments. The it was finally taken by storm, British losses were 24 officers April 22, 1826, having held out and 46 1 men killed and wounded, for all but a year. those of the Boers being about the same. Mita Caban. Fought 1362, between the Mohacz (Ottoman Wars). Tartars, under Tamerlane, and Fought August 29, 1526, be- the Getes, under the Khan Elias. tween 30,000 Hungarians, under The Getes were routed with King Lewis, and Tomore, Bishop heavy loss. of Kolocz, and over 100,000 Turks, with 300 guns, under Miyako. Solyman the Magnificent. The Fought June, between 1353, Hungarians made a heroic re- the revolted Moronoshi, the and sistance against overwhelming troops of the Emperor of the numbers, but were finally South, Gomurakami, under routed, leaving 22,000 dead on Yoshinori. Moronoshi gained a the field, including the king, 7 complete victory, and Yoshinori bishops, 28 magnates, and over and the Emperor fled into the 500 nobles. This disaster Eastern provinces. placed Hungary at the mercy of Solyman, and was quickly Miyako. followed by the fall of Buda- Fought December 30, 1391, Pesth. between the troops of the pro- vinces of Idzumo and Idzumi, Mohacz (Ottoman Wars). under Mitsuyaki, and those of On the battlefield where 160 the Emperor of the South, Goka- years previously Solyman had meyama. A series of engage- gained so decisive a victory, the ments took place in and around Austrians and Hungarians sig- Miyako, and in the end Mitsu- nally defeated the Turks, under yaki was driven off with heavy Mohammed IV, in 1687. In loss, among the killed being the consequence of this disaster, fol- Daimio of Idzumi. lowing upon a long series of re- verses, Mohammed was deposed Modder River (Second Boer War). by the discontented solidery. Fought November 28, 1899, between a Boer force, about Mohilev (Moscow Campaign).

9,000 strong, under General Fought July 23, 18 1 2, be- Cronje, and the British, under tween 28,000 French, under Lord Methuen. Cronje held a Davoust, and 60,000 Russians, strong position on both banks under Prince Bagration. Ba- of the river, which was not gration attacked Davoust in a accurately known to Lord strong position, which counter- Methuen, who was marching to balanced the great disparity of the Modder. His columns numbers, and the Russians were came under fire about 7 a.m., repulsed with a loss of about and the action lasted till even- 4,000. The French lost barely ing, when a turning movement l62 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Mohrungen (Campaign of Fried- Contrecoeur, and about 1,400 land). British and Virginians, under Fought January 25, 1807, Braddock. The EngUsh were between 10,000 French, under attacked shortly after crossing Bernadotte, and 14,000 Rus- the river, and though the officers sians, under General Marhof. and the Virginians fought gal- The French were defeated with lantly, the troops, ignorant of a loss of about 1,000 killed and Indian warfare, gave way to wounded. panic, and after three hours' fighting, were driven across the Molino del Rey (Peninsular War). Monongahela, with a loss of 877 Fought December 21, 1808, killed and wounded. Of 86 between 26,000 French, under officers, 63 fell, including Brad- General St. Cyr, and the Spani- dock, who was mortally ards, about equal in strength, wounded. The French lost 16 under Reding. The Spaniards only ; their Indian allies some- were routed with a loss of 10,000 what more heavily. killed, wounded and prisoners, and 50 guns, at very slight cost Mons-en-Puelle (Flemish War). to the victors. Fought 1304, between the French, under PhiUp IV, and Molwitz (War of the Austrian the Flemings. The Flemings Succession). were unable to withstand the Fought April 8, 1741, be- charge of the French cavalry, tween the Prussians, 30,000 and broke and fled, leaving 6,000 strong, under Frederick the dead on the field. Great, and the Austrians, under Marshal Neuperg. Frederick Montcontour (Third Civil War). surprised the Austrian general, Fought October 3, 1569, be- and, after severe fighting, drove tween the Huguenots, under him from his entrenchments, Henri le Bearnais, and the with a loss of about 5,000 killed, Catholics, under the Due wounded and prisoners. The d'Anjou and Marshal de Tavan- Prussians lost 2,500. nes. The Huguenots occupied Monarda (Moorish Insurrection). an untenable position, and at Fought March 18, 1501, be- the end of half an hour were tween the Spaniards, under the utterly routed, and almost ex- Count di Cifuentes and Alonso terminated, some 700 only re- de Aguilar, and the insurgent maining with the colours after Moors. The Spaniards were the battle. largely outnumbered, and were Monte Aperto (Guelfs and Ghi- overpowered by the rebels, bellines). suffering a disastrous defeat. Fought September 4, 1260, De Aguilar was killed, fighting to the Florentine Guelfs, the end. between and the GhibelUnes, who had Monongahela (Seven Years' been driven from the city, under War). Manfred of Sicily. The Guelfs Fought July 9, 1755, between were totally routed, and the 900 French and Indians, under victors took possession of Flor- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 163 ence, and re-established their when d'Argentian, with the rule. central division of the Austro- Sardinian army, Montebello (Napoleon's Italian attacked the Campaigns). French position at Montenotte, held by Cervoni's Fought June 1800, between division. Cer- 9, voni was the French, under Napoleon, driven back, but the key to and the Austrians, under General the position was held throughout the Ott. Napoleon, being igno- day by Tampon, with 1,500 men, and ran of the fall of Genoa, was on the 12th d'Argentian found marching to the relief of that himself out- flanked by city, when his advanced guard, Augereau and Massena, under Lannes, was attacked by and was compelled to fall back, with Ott, who was endeavouring to a loss of 1,000 killed, prisoners, effect a junction with Melas. 2,000 and some guns. This Lannes held his ground until was Napoleon's first victory. reinforcements arrived, when he assumed the offensive, and Montereau (Allied Campaign in drove the Austrians from the France). field loss, Fought with heavy capturing February 18, 18 14, 5,000 prisoners. between the rearguard of the French army, under Napoleon, Montebello (Franco - Austrian and the War). Wiirtembergers, under Prince Eugene of Wiartemberg. Fought May 20, be- 1859, Eugene attacked tween the Austrians, under Napoleon's position, but was repulsed General Stadion, and about with a loss of about 2,000 7,000 French, under General killed and wounded and 4,000 prisoners. Forey. The Austrians were de- feated and driven back to Stra- Monterey (Americo - Mexican della, with a loss of 2,000 killed War). and wounded, and 200 prisoners. This town in southern Cali- fornia was captured Monte Caseros (Urquiza's from the Mexicans, September Rising). 23, 1846, by the Americans, under General Fought February 3, 1852, be- Taylor, and this tween the Argentine Govern- success was followed by the occupation ment troops, under President of the whole of Northern Rosas, the leader of the Gaucho Mexico by the American army. party, 25,000 strong, and 20,000 insurgents, under Urquiza. Montevideo (Napoleonic Wars). Rosas was totally defeated, and This city was taken by assault compelled to fly to England, February 3, 1807, by 3,000 thus ending the long domination British troops, under Sir Samuel of the Gauchos in the Argentine Auchmuty. The capture was Republic. preceded by an action outside Monte Lezino. See Millesimo. the town, in which the Rifle corps, now the Rifle Brigade, Montenotte (Napoleon's Italian especially distinguished itself. Campagns). The British losses amounted to Fought April 10 and 11, 1796, about 600. 1 64 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Montevideo (Uruguayan War of Montiel. Independence). Fought 1369, between the This city was besieged Febru- French, under Bertrand du ary i6, 1843, by the Argentine Guesclin, and the Spaniards, troops, under Oribe, and was under Pedro II of Castile. Pedro defended by the Uruguayans, was routed and taken prisoner, and a number of foreign resi- and Henry of Trastamare placed dents, amongst others Gari- on the tlurone of Castile. General Paz. In baldi, under Montlhery (War of the Public Gari- the course of the siege, Good). baldi, at the head of 160 ItaUans, Fought 1465, between the in which he held made a sortie, forces of the Ligue du Bien whole day against his own for a Public, under the Comte de Argentines, and eventu- 12,000 Charolais, and the Royal troops, retreat in good ally effected a under Louis XL Louis was intervention of order. The totally defeated, after a sangui- France and England eventually nary engagement, and driven forced Oribe to raise the siege, from the field. November, 1845. Montmirail. See Champ Aubert. Montevideo (Uruguayan War of Montmorenci (Seven Years' Independence). War). Fought October 8, 1851, be- Fought July 31, 1759, during tween the combined forces of the siege of Quebec, when Wolfe, Uruguay, Brazil and Paraguay, with 5,000 men, attacked the under Urquiza, and the Argen- entrenched camp of the French, tines, under Oribe. The Argen- which was defended by 12,000 tines were besieging Monte- men under Montcalm. As the video, and Oribe was hemmed British were landing, 13 com- in in his lines by the allies, and panies of grenadiers advanced forced to capitualte. to the attack without waiting for the main body. They were Montevideo. repulsed with heavy loss, which between Fought August, 1863, so weakened Wolfe that he de- Liberal party, the Colorados, or cided not to press the attack under General of Uruguay, further. The British loss a- Venancio Flores, and the, mounted to 443, almost the Blancos, under General Medina. whole of which fell upon the victorious. The Blancos were grenadiers. The French losses Montfaucon (Norman Invasion were very small. of France). Montreal (Seven Years' War). Fought 887, between the This city was surrendered to French, under Eudes, and the the British, under General Am- Norman invaders. The latter herst, by Vaudreuil, Governor- were totally defeated, losing General of Canada, September 19,000 men in the battle, and 8, 1760. One of the conditions were forced to retire from before of the surrender was that the the walls of Paris, which they whole of the French army in were besieging. Canada and its dependencies DICTIONARY OF BATTLES i6s must lay down their arms. Morawa (Ottoman Wars). Canada thus became a part of Fought November 3, 1443, the British dominions. between the Hungarians, under John Hunniades, with 12,000 Mont Valerien. See Buzenval. horse and 20,000 foot, and a greatly superior Turkish army, Moodkee (First Sikh War). under Amurath JI. The Turks Fought December i8, 1845, were defeated, with a loss of between the British, 12,000 2,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners. strong, with 42 guns, under Sir This battle is also called the Hugh Gough, and the Sikhs, Battle of Nissa. 30,000 strong, witli 40 guns, under Taj Singh. Gough, at the end of a long march, was Morazzone (Italian Rising). surprised by the Sikhs, and his Fought 1848 between 1.500 under force thrown into some confu- Garibaldian volunteers, Austrians, sion, but he succeeded in rally- Garibaldi, and 5,000 d'Aspre. After ing them, and finally drove the under General lasting eleven hours. Sikhs from the field, capturing a resistance Garibaldi, hopelessly out-num- 17 guns. The British loss was force from 872 killed and wounded, among bered, withrdew his the former being Generals the town, and executed a M'Caskill and Sir Robert Sale. masterly retreat to Arona. (Netherlands War of In- Mook Morella (First Car list War). dependence). This fortress, the last strong- be- Fought April 14, 1574, hold of the Carlists, was be- tween the Dutch Patriots, 8,000 sieged by Espartero, with 20,000 strong, under Count Louis of Cristinos, May 23, 1840. It was Nassau, and 5,000 Spaniards, defended by a garrison of 4,000 d'Avila. under Don Sancho veterans, under Cabrera, who on held The village of Mook was by the 30th attempted to break infantry, were the Dutch who through the besiegers' lines. the Spaniards, driven out by His plan, however, had been and totally routed, with a loss betrayed, and he was met and of at least 4,000. Among the driven back, whereupon the and slain were the Counts Louis place surrendered. Cabrera, how- Nassau. Henry of ever, with a portion of the Morat (Burgundian Wars). garrison, made a second and Fought June 22, 1746, be- this time a successful attempt tween the Burgundians, 35,000 to cut his way out. strong, under Charles the Bold, and 24,000 Swiss, under Hans Morgarten (First Swiss-Austrian Waldmann. After a few hours' War). hard fighting the Burgundians Fought November 16, 131 5, were driven into the plain, The men of Schwyz, 1,400 in where the Swiss utterly routed number, took post in the Pass them, no less than 8,000 falling. of Morgarten, and lay in wait The Swiss chroniclers aver that for the Archduke Leopold, who, the victors only lost 500 killed. with 15,000 Austrians, was 1 66 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES marching into Schwyz. Having Mortlack (Danish Invasion of disordered the Austrian ranks Scotland). by roUing down boulders upon Fought loio, between the them, the Swiss then fell upon Danes, under Sweyn, and the them with their halberds, and Scots, under Malcolm II. After totally routed them, with a loss a long and obstinate engage- of 1,500 killed. ment the Danes were totally defeated, and forced to flee to Morshedabad. their ships. A victory for them Fought July 24, 1763, be- on this occasion would probably tween the troops of Mir Cossim, have given them a permanent the deposed Nawab of Bengal, lodgment in Scotland, as Mal- and British a force of 750 Euro- colm had his last available man peans large of and a body native in the field. troops, under Major Adams. The British stormed Cossim's Mortmant (Allied Invasion of entrenchments, driving out his France). army in confusion, and followed Fought February 17, 1S14, up their victory by the occupa- between the Russian advance- tion of Morshedabad, without guard, under the Count de further opposition. Pahlen, and the French rear- guard, under Victor. The Rus- Mortara (Italian Rising). sians were repulsed with a loss Fought March 21, 1849, be- of 3,000 killed and wounded,

tween the Piedmontese, under and 1 1 guns. the Duke of Savoy (Victor Em- manuel) and General Darando, Moskirch (Wars of the French and the main Austrian army, Revolution). under Radetsky. No steps had Fought May 5, 1800, between been taken by the Piedmontese 50,000 French, under Moreau, to render Mortara defensible, and 60,000 Austrians, under de and little guard was kept, with Kray. The French advance- the result that they were sur- guard, under Lecourbe, ap- prised by Radetsky, and driven proaching Moskirch found the the out of the town in confusion, heights strongly held by with a loss of 500 killed and Austrians, and attempted to wounded, 2,000 prisoners and carry them, but without suc- cess. The arrival of the main 5 guns. The Austrians lost 300 only. body, however, turned the scale, and the Austrians were Mortimer's Cross (Wars of the obliged to abandon all their Roses). positions, with a loss of about Fought February 2, I4'5i, 5,000 men. The French lost when Edward, Duke of York, about 3,500. defeated the Lancastrians, Moskowa. See Borodino. under the Earls of Pembroke and Wiltshire, and drove them Motya. back into Wales, thus pre- This city, the chief stronghold venting a concentration of the of the Carthaginians in Sicily, Lancastrian forces. was besieged by Dionysius of DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 167

Syracuse, with 83,000 men, Mount Seleucus (Revolt of B.C. 398. Having built a mole Magnentius). to connect the mainland and Fought August 10, 353, be- the island on which Motya stood, tween the rebels, under Mag- he erected thereon his new nentius, and the Imperial legions, engines of war, the catapults, under Constantius. Constan- used for the first time in this tius forced the passage of the siege. He also built large mov- Cottian Alps, and defeated ing towers to enable him to cope Magnentius in a sanguinary with the lofty defences of the battle, which dispersed his army place, and by these devices suc- and finally broke his power, ceeded in effecting an entrance. Gaul and Italy being thus again Every house, however, was in brought under the Imperial sway. itself a small fortress, and after Invasion days of street fighting, which Mount Tabor (French cost the assailants a heavy of Egypt). April when price, the city was still unsub- Fought 15, 1799, dis- dued. At last by a night sur- Napoleon defeated and prise he mastered the quarter persed the Syrian army raised to create diversion in favour of which still held out, and the in- a habitants were massacred or thejbeleaguered garrison of Acre. brunt sold as slaves. Kleber's division bore the of the fighting. Mount Gaurus (First Samnite War). Mount Taurus (Moslem Invasion Fought B.C. 342, between the of Asia Minor). Romans, under Valerius Corvus, Fought 804, between the Mos- and the Samnites. The Romans lems, under Harroun-al-Raschid, won a signal victory. and the Greeks, under the Em- peror Nicephorus I. The Greeks Mount Lactarius (Second Gothic were totally defeated, with a War). loss of 40,000 men, and Nice- Fought March 553, between phorus, wounded in three places, the troops of the Emperor with difficulty escaped from the Justinian, under Narses, and field. the Goths, under Teias. the last Gothic king of Italy. The Mount Tifata (Civil War of Romans gained a signal victory, Marius and Sulla). and Teias was slain, the Goths Fought B.C. 83, when the thereupon accepting the rule legions of Sulla defeated the of Justinian. army of the Consul, Norbanus, with heavy loss, and drove them Mount Panium. to take refuge in Capua. Fought B.C. 198, between the Syrians, under Antiochus the Mouscron (Wars of the French Great, and the Greeks and Revolution). Egyptians, under Scopas. Sco- Fought 1794, between the pas was routed, and Antiochus French, under Moreau and took possession of all the terri- Souham, and the Austrians, tory held by Egypt in Asia, up under General Clarifait. The to the frontier of Egypt proper. French were victorious. i68 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Miihlberg (Wars of Charles V). the assailants with very heavy Fought April 24, 1547, be- loss. tween the German Protestants, 9,000 strong, under the Elector Multan (Second Sikh War). Frederick of Saxony and the This fortress, defended by the Landgrave of Hesse, and the Sikhs, under Mulraj, was be- Imperial army, together with sieged by Lieutenant Edwardes 3,500 Papal troops, 13,000 in with about 1,200 men in all, under Charles V. The Pro- July, 1848. After an ineffectual testants were totally defeated, bombardment, the siege was and their two leaders taken raised September 22, but was prisoners. The ImperiaUsts lost renewed December 27 by Gene- 50 only. ral Whish, Avith 17,000 men and 64 guns. After a heavy Miihldorf. bombardment the place was Fought 1322, between the stormed January 2, 1849, and Imperial troops, under the Em- on the 22nd of the same month peror Louis the Bavarian, and Mulraj surrendered the citadel. the German malcontents, under The British loss during the Frederick, Duke of Austria. siege was 210 killed and 910 Louis won a signal victory, and wounded. put an end to the resistance to his rule. Miinchengratz (Seven Weeks' War). Miihlhausen (Gallic War). Fought June 28, 1866, be- Fought B.C. 58, between the tween the advance-guard of Romans, 36,000 strong, under Prince Frederick Charles' army, Julius Cjesar, and the Sequani, and the Austrians, under Count under Ariovistus. The Romans Clam-Gallas. The Austrians occupied two camps, one of were defeated with a loss of which was held successfully by about killed wounded, two legions against a deter- 300 and and 1 ,000 prisoners. The Prus- mined attack of the Gauls. The sian losses were very small. attack having been repulsed, Caesar united his forces, and led Munda (Civil War of Caesar and them against the Sequani, whom Pompey). he totally routed with enormous Fought March 17, B.C. 45, loss. between the Pompeians, under Mukwanpur (Gurkha War). Cnaeus Pompeius, and the Fought February 27, 18 16, Caesareans, under JuUus Caesar. when a village, forming part of The Pompeians were totally Sir David Ochterlony's position, defeated, losing 30,000 men, was attacked by 2,000 Gurkhas. including Labienus and Varro, The \dllage was defended by while the Caesareans lost 1,000 three companies of Sepoys and only. Cnasus Pompey was 40 men of the 87th Regiment, wounded. This defeat put an and the defenders were hard end to the resistance of the pressed, but the arrival of re- Pompeian faction in Spain, and inforcements enabled them the action is further notable as after severe fighting to beat off being Caesar's last battle. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 169

Muret (Albigensian Crusade). a British force, under Sir James Fought 1213, between the Outram, totally routed a body CathoUcs, under Simon de of mutineers, 7,000 strong, Montfort, and the Albigenses, under Huzrat Mahul, Begum under the Count of Thoulouse, of Oude, which was holding the aided by Pedro II of Aragon. Musa Bagh, a fortified palace The Albigenses were routed, in the outskirts of Lucknow. and this defeat put an end to Invasion of their organized resistance. Pe- Muta (Moslem Syria). dro fell in the battle. Fought 629, between the Mos- Murfreesboro (American Civil lems, under Zaid, and the troops War). of the Emperor Heraclius. Zaid Fought 1862, December 31, was slain, and so successively between 35,000 Confederates, were Jaafar and Abdallah, who under General Bragg, and 40,000 followed him in the command, Federals, under General Rose- but the banner of the prophet crans. Bragg attacked and was then raised by Khaled, who drove back the Federal right, succeeded in repulsing the on- but the centre and left held slaught of the Imperial troops, their ground, and prevented and on the following day led the the defeat degenerating into a Moslems undefeated from the Both sides lost heavily, rout. field. This is the first battle but the Confederates captured between the Mohammedan a large number of prisoners and Arabs and a foreign enemy. over 20 guns. On the following day the Federal right retook the Muthal, The (Jugurthine War). ground it had lost on the 31st, Fought B.C. 108, between the and at the end of the day both Numidians, under Jugurtha, armies occupied their original and the Romans, under Metellus positions. Early on January 2, Numidicus. The Numidians however, Bragg retired in good were strongly posted on the order. Each side lost about heights above the river, but 8,000, killed, wounded and were driven out by the legiona- missing, in the two days' fight- ries with heavy loss. Jugurtha ing. did not again face the Romans field, contenting himself Mursa (Revolt of Magnentius). in the with a guerilla warfare. Fought September 28, 351, between the usurper Magnen- Mutina (Mark Antony's First tius, with 100,000 troops, and Rebellion). the Emperor Constantius, with Fought April 16, 43 B.C., be- 80,000. The battle was se- tween the adherents of Antony, verely contested, but finally and three Consular armies, the legions of Magnentius were under Hirtius, Octavius, and driven the field with a loss from Vibius Pansa. Antony, who

of ; that of the victors 24,000 was besieging Mutina, was amounting to 30,000. attacked simultaneously by the Musa Bagh (Indian Mutiny). three armies. That of Pansa slain Fought March 19, 1858, when was routed, and Pansa I70 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES but Octavius and Hirtius gained and the fleet of Antiochus, under some small success. Antony, Polyxenides, who had an ad- however, was undefeated, and vantage of nine ships. He was, continued the siege. On the however, defeated by the supe- 27th Octavius and Hirtius made rior seamanship of the Romans, a combined attack on his lines, with a loss of 42 vessels. and succeeded in forcing their way through into the town, Mytilene (Peloponnesian War). revolted though Hirtius fell in the action. This city, which had against Athens, was invested Mycale (Third Persian Invasion). in the autumn of 428 B.C. by the Fought August, 479 B.C., be- Athenians, under Paches, with tween the Greeks, under Leoty- 1,000 hoplites and a fleet of chides the Spartan, and a large triremes. A feeble attempt at Persian army. The Greeks ef- relief by a Peloponnesian squad- fected a landing near Cape ron, under Alcidas, was unsuc- Mycale, and drove the Persians cessful, and in May, 427, the back upon their entrenchments, city surrendered, and all the which they then carried by iT'ale inhabitants were con- storm, whereupon the Persian demned to death. In the end, auxiliaries fled. The fugitives however, only the leaders of the were slaughtered in detail by revolt were executed. the revolted lonians, and the whole army destroyed. Mytilene (Peloponnesian War). A naval action fought B.C. Mylae (First Punic War). 406, between 140 Peloponnesian Fought B.C. 260, when the vessels, under Caliicratidas, and Roman fleet, under Caius Dui- 70 Athenian triremes, under lius, defeated the Carthagini- Conon. Conon was defeated, ans, under Hannibal, with loss with the loss of 30 ships, the of 50 ships, 3,000 killed and rest of his fleet being driven into 7,000 prisoners. Duilius had IMytilene, where it was blockaded. introduced the boarding bridge, which was lowered on to the deck of the opposing galley, and this gave full scope to the supe- rior powers of the Romans in N hand-to-hand fighting. Nachod (Seven Weeks' War). Mylex (Civil War of Caesar and Fought June 27, 1866, be- Pompey). tween the 5 th Prussian Corps, Fought B.C. 36, between the under General Steinmetz, and fleet, under Sextus Pompeian the Austrians, under General the fleet of the Pompeius, and Ramming. The Austrian ca- under Agrippa. The Triumvirs, valry, which was considerably were defeated. Pompeians superior in number, was de- Myonnesus (War with Antiochus feated by the Prussian Uhlans, the Great). and the action resulted in the Fought B.C. 190, between the retreat of the Austrians, ^^^th a Roman fleet, under Caius Livius, considerable loss in killed and DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 171 wounded. The Prussians, who Nanshan (Russo-Japanese War). lost 900, captured 2,000 pri- Fought May 26, 1904, between three Japanese divisions, under soners and 5 guns. General Oku, and a Russian Naefels (War of Kiburg). division, with a large force of General Stoes- Fought April 9, 1388, between artillerj'-, under 6,000 Austrians, under Tocken- sel. The Russians occupied a burg, and 500 men of Glarus very strongly entrenched posi- with a few Schwyzers. The tion on the heights of Nanshan. Swiss were driven from their After an artillery preparation, first position behind the " Letzi" the Japanese attempted to at the entrance to the valley, storm the heights, eight suc- but, retiring to the heights of the cessive attacks failing before Rauhberg, disordered the ad- the concentrated fire of the vancing columns by rolling Russian guns, though the last boulders upon them, and, then survivors of the assailants got attacking, utterly routed them. within 30 yards of the trenches. The Austrians lost 80 knights The infantry were then retired, and 2,000 soldiers. and after a further bombard- ment, aided by the Japanese Nagy-Sarl6 (Hungarian Rising). fleet in Kiuchau Bay, the whole attacked simultaneously, Fought April 19, 1849, be- force tween the Hungarians, 25,000 and, penetrating the defences on strong, under Gorgey, and the the Russian left, drove them Austrians, who endeavoured to from their positions with heavy prevent Gorgey constructing loss, the defenders leaving 500 bridges over the Gran. The dead on the field. The Japan- Austrians were signally de- ese lost 4,304 killed, wounded -eight feated, and the river success- and missing. Seventy the fully bridged. guns were taken, and Rus- sians penned up in Port Arthur. Naissus (Gothic Invasion of the East). Narva (Russo-Swedish War). Fought 269 between the Fought November 30, 1700, Imperial troops, under the Em- between 8,000 Swedes, under peror Claudius Crotliicus, and Charles XII, and ^'o.ooo Rus- the invading Goths. The Ro- sians, under General Dolgorouky, mans were hard pressed, when The Russians were besieg- the Gothic lines were attacked ing Narva, and after driving in the rear by a force of 5,000 in two large bodies who occu- men, which Claudius had con- pied advanced positions, Charles cealed for this purpose in the boldly attacked their entrenched neighbouring mountains, and camp. After a brief cannonade, being thrown into confusion, the Swedes stormed the trenches, were totally routed. Fifty and though the Russian artil- thousand men are said to have lerymen stood to their guns, fallen in the battle. after three hours' hard fighting, the defenders were driven out Najara. See Navarrete. in disorder having lost 18,000 172 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

in the trenches, while many 300 sliips, under Sextus Pom- more fell in the fight. The peius, and the fleet of the Swedes lost 600 only. Triumvirs, of equal strength, under Agrippa. The action Kaseby (Civil War). was severely contested, but in Fought June 14, 1645, be- the end Agrippa was victorious, tween 14,000 Parliamentarians, and Pompeius fled with 17 ves- under Fairfax, and 7,500 Roya- sels only. lists, under Charles I, with Prince Rupert in actual com- Naupactus (Peloponnesian War). mand. Rupert's first charge Fought 429 B.C. between 20 broke the Parliamentary left Athenian ships, under Phormio, wing, but, as usual, the pursuit and 27 Peloponnesian ships, was carried too far, and before under Cnemas. The Athenians the cavalry returned, Cromwell were entrapped by Cnemas at on the right had turned the the entrance to the Bay of Nau- scale, and the battle was over. pactus, and 9 of his vessels The Royalist infantry, over- driven ashore. The remaining whelmed by superior numbers, 1 1 fled towards Naupactus, was almost annihilated, 5,000 closely pursued by the Pelopon- prisoners, and all the artillery nesians, when the rearmost of and munitions of war being the flying Athenians suddenly captured. turned, and rammed the leading ship of Cnemas' squadron. The Nashville (American Civil War). pursuers hesitated, and the rest Fought December 15 and 16, of the Athenians then returned, 1863, between 50,000 Federals, and gained a complete victory, under General Thomas, and taking 6 ships, and recovering 40,000 Confederates, under 8 of the 9 which had run ashore. General Hood. Thomas at- tacked the left of Hood's lines Navarino (Greek War of Inde- before Nashville, and after hard pendence). fighting, in which Hood lost Fought October 20, 1827, 1,200 prisoners and 16 guns, the when the allied fleets of Great Confederates withdrew during Britain, France and Russia the night to a position a few under Codrington, de Rigny, miles in the rear. Here they and Heiden respectively, and were again attacked on the i6th, numbering in all 24 ships, anni- and, though at first holding hilated the Turkish and Egyptian their ground, were in the end fleets, 60 vessels being en- driven from the field in confu- tirely destroyed, and the re- fusion, with heavy loss in killed mainder driven ashore. The and wounded, besides 4,460 allies lost 272 in killed and prisoners and guns. 54 wounded ; the Turks over 4,000. This battle is note- Naulachus (Civil War of Caesar worthy as being the last general and Pompey). action fought under the old Fought September 3, b.c. 36, conditions between wooden between the Pompeian fleet of sailing ships. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 173

Navarrete (Hundred Years' order. This victory which cost War). the French 10,000 men, was a Fought April 3, 1367, be- barren one, for William's retreat tween 24,000 English, under was unmolested, and he was Edward the Black Prince, and almost at once in a condition to 60,000 French and Spaniards, renew the conflict. This is also under Bertrand du Guesclin called the Battle of Landen. and Henry de Trastamare. The English, mainly owing to the Neerwinde (Wars of the French Revolution). skill of their archers, completely defeated their opponents, with Fought March 18, 1793, be- tween the French, under heavy loss, du Guesclin being Du- mouriez, and the Austrians, made prisoner. This battle is under the also known as the Battle of Prince of Coburg. Najara. The Austrians won a signal victory, and in consequence of Naxos. his defeat Dumouriez was com- Fought September, 376 B.C., pelled to evacuate Belgium. between 80 Athenian triremes, under Chabrias, and 60 Spartan Negapatam. Fought off the Coro- ships, under PoUio, who was 1746, mandel coast between British endeavouring to waylay the a squadron of ships, Athenian grain ships from the 6 under Cap- tain Peyton, Euxine. PoUio was totally de- and 9 French ships, under Labourdonnais. The feated, with a loss of 49 triremes. fight was conducted almost en- Nechtan's Mere. tirely at long range, and was Fought May 20, 685, between indecisive, but after the action the Picts, under Brude, and the Peyton sheered off and made Northumbrians, under Ecgfrith. for Trincomalee, thus practically The latter was defeated, and the admitting defeat, though the Picts by their victory freed French had in fact suffered the themselves from the North- heavier loss. umbrian domination. Negapatam. Siege was laid to this place Neerwinde (War of the Revolu- October 21, 178 1, by a British tion). force, 4,000 strong, under Fought July 19, 1693, be- Colonel Braithwaite. The gar- tween the English, under Wil- rison, partly Dutch and partly liam III, and the French in Mysore troops, though 8,000 superior force, under Marshal in number, did not wait for a Luxemberg. The French at- bombardment, but surrendered tacked the English entrench- November ments, and were at first re- 3. pulsed, but after eight hours' Negapatam. hard fighting, they succeeded A naval action was fought off in driving them back all along this place in 1782 between a the line, though owing largely British squadron, under Sir to the personal bravery of the Edward Hughes, and a French King, the retirement was in good squadron, under Suffren. The 1/4 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES opposing forces were of about Newburn (Scottish Wars). equal strength, and the action Fought August 28, 1640, be- was indecisive, but the French tween 4,500 English, under designs on Negapatam were Lord Conway, and the Scottish frustrated, and Suffren drew off army, 22,500 strong, under to the southward. Leslie. Conway endeavoured to hold the ford of Newburn, Nehavend (Moslem Invasion of near Newcastle, but his raw Persia). levies, after a cannonade of three Fought A.D. 637 between the hours, fled in confusion. Con- Moslems, under Said, the lieu- way was consequently obliged tenant of the Caliph Omar, and to evacuate Newcastle, which a Persian army, 1 50,000 strong. was occupied by the Scots. The Persians were utterl}'^ The losses on both sides were routed, tliis being the last stand small. made against the conquering Moslems. Newbury (Civil War). Neon (Sacred War). Fought September 20, 1643, between the Royalists, under Fought B.C. 354, between the Phocians and certain mercenary' Charles I, and the Parliamenta- rians, under Essex. troops, 10,000 in all, under Phi- The object lomelus, and the Thebans and of Charles was to stop Essex's Locrians. The Phocians were march on London, and though totally defeated, and Philo- his troops held their ground melus, driven fighting and throughout the day, he could covered with wounds to the not be said to have gained a edge of a precipice, preferred victory, as during the night he death to surrender, and sprang felt himself obliged to abandon his position. over the cliff. A second indecisive battle Neuwied (Wars of the French was fought at Newbury, October Revolution). 27, 1644, when the Royalists, Fought April 18, 1797, be- under Charles I, again sustained tween the French, 80,000 strong, throughout the day, without under Hoche, and the Austrians, giving ground, the attacks of under Werneck. Hoche won a the Parliamentary army, under signal victory, driving the Aus- Waller, Manchester, and others, trians beyond the Tahn, with a but, as on the previous occasion, loss of 8,000 men and 80 guns. retired during the night.

Neville's Cross (Scottish Wars). Newmarket (American Civil Fought October 17, 1346, War). between the Scottish invading Fought May 13, 1864, be- army, under David II, and the tween 15,000 Federals, under northern levies, under Henry Sigel, and 3,500 Confederates, Percy and Ralph Neville. The under Breckenridge. The Con- Scots were completely routed, federates, by a rapid flank move- with a loss of 15,000 men, and ment, fell upon Sigel's force David and many of his nobles while on the march, and drove captured. them to seek shelter m a wood DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 175 behind their artillery. The After this fort and Fort Mary guns were then most gallantly- had been shelled with little in- attacked and taken by 250 boys, termission until the 25th, Fa- pupils of the Lexington Military ragut forced the passage, and School, who lost 80 of their num- anchoring off the Levee of New ber in the charge. Sigel re- Orleans, the city at once sur- tired, having lost very heavily rendered. The forts, however, in men, and leaving 6 guns in still held out, but a mutiny the enemy's hands. broke out in Fort Jackson, and on the 28th they surrendered New Orleans (Second American to Commodore Porter. War). This city, held by a garrison New Ross (Irish Rebellion). of 12,000 Americans, under Fought June 5, 1799, between General Jackson, was attacked 30,000 rebels, under Father December, 1814, by a British Roche and IBagenal Harvey, force of 6,000 men, under and about 1,400 regulars, under General Keane, aided by the General Johnstone. The rebels fleet. On the 13th the Ameri- attacked the troops posted in can warships, lying in the Mis- New Ross, and penetrated into sissippi, were captured by a the centre of the town, but were boat attack, and by the 21st then driven back with the the whole of the troops were bayonet, and totally routed, disembarked. After a few skir- with a loss of 2,600 killed. mishes. Sir Edward Pakenham, arrived and took command Newtown Butler (War of the on the 25th, and on Janu- Revolution). ary I, 181 5, a determined Fought August 2, 1689, be- attack was made upon the tween 5,000 Catholics, under American position. This failed, Maccarthy, and 3,000 Protes- and owing to difficulties as to tants, under Colonel Wolseley, supplies, the British retired. in defence of Enniskillen. The On the 7th a final assault took Catholics were totally routed, place, but the assailants were and fled in disorder, losing 1,500 again repulsed, with a loss of in the action, and 500 drowned 1,500, including Pakenham, and in Lough Erne. the expedition then withdrew. Niagara (Seven Years' War) At the time of the action peace fort was besieged in had already been concluded, This by 2,500 British, though of course neither party June, 1759, with 900 Indians, under General was aware of the fact. Prideaux, the garrison consist- New Orleans (American Civil ing of 600 French, under Cap- War). tain Pouchot. Prideaux was On April 16, 1862, the Federal killed by the premature explo- fleet of 30 armed steamers and sion of a shell, and Sir William 21 mortar vessels, under Com- Johnson succeeded to the com- modore Farragut, began the mand. On July 24, when the attack on this city by the bom- garrison were almost in extremis, bardment of Fort Jackson. an attempt to relieve the fort 1/6 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES was made by 1,300 French and Asiatic troops fled at the first Indians, under Ligneris, but he onset, and he was completely was repulsed by Johnson with defeated, only the steadiness of considerable loss, at La Belle the Romans saving him from Famille, and Pouchot at once disaster. surrendered. Nicopolis (Ottoman Wars). Nicaea (First Crusade). Fought September 28, 1395, This city was besieged by the between 10,000 French and Crusaders, under Godefroi de 50,000 Hungarians, under the Bouillon, May 14, 1097. The Due de Nevers and Sigismundof Saracens were greatly aided in Hungary, and the Turkish army the defence by the possession of of Bajazet I. The French Lake Ascanius, but with great charged the Turkish lines, with- labour the crusaders trans- out waiting for the Hungarians, ported boats from the sea to and penetrated the two first the lake, and thus completed lines, kilhng 1,500 Turks, but the investment of the place. they were then overpowered by Two determined attempts to the Janissaries in the third line relieve it were made by the and 3,000 killed, while all the Sultan Soliman, but both were survivors were captured. Baja- repulsed, and Nicsea surren- zet then turned upon the Hun- dered June 20. garians, who fled Avithout strik- ing a blow. Bajazet massacred Nicholson's Nek. See Farquhar's all his prisoners, excepting 25 Farm. nobles. Nicopolis (Russo-Turkish War). Nicopolis (Third Mithridatic This place was captured July War). 16, 1877, by the 9th Russian Fought B.C. 66, between the Army Corps, under General Romans, under Pompey, and Krudener, after two days' bom- the army of Mithridates. The bardment, when the garrison occupied the Romans had of 7,000 Turks surrendered. of the retreat- heights in front The Russians lost 1,300 killed ing Asiatics, and Mithridates and wounded. encamped under their position. In the night the Romans at- Nieuport (Netherlands War of tacked him in his camp, and Independence), utterly routed him. This was Fought July 2, 1600, between the last battle fought by Mithdri- the Dutch, under Maurice of dates against the legions of Orange, and the Spaniards, Rome. under the Archduke Albert of Austria. Prince Maurice was Nicopolis. surprised by the Archduke in a Fought B.C. 47, when Domi- very critical position, but suc- tius Calvinus, wth one Roman ceeded in holding his own, and legion and a contingent of after a long and evenly-con- Pontic and other Asiatic troops, tested engagement, ultimately encountered the Bosporans, defeated the Spaniards with under Phamaces. Calvinus' heavy loss. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 177

Nikko (Japanese Revolution). bian Patriots, under Bolivar, Fought 1868, between the completely defeated the Spanish adherents of the Shogun, under Royalists. Otori Keisuke, and the Imperial Nisib (Mehemet Ali's Second Re- army, under Saigo Takamori. bellion). The rebels were defeated, and Fought June 23, 1839, be- fled to the castle of Wakamatsu. tween 30,000 Turks, under Nile (French Invasion of Egypt). Hafiz Pasha, and Mehemet Fought August I, 1798, Ad- Ah's Syro-Egyptian army, miral Brueys, with 13 ships of under his son Ibrahim. Ibrahim the line and 4 frigates, was was far the stronger in artillery, anchored in Aboukir Bay. and his fire so shattered the Nelson, with 13 line-of-battle- Turks, that when he finally ships and one 50-gun ship, advanced his infantry, they penetrated with half his squad- made no stand, but turned and ron between the French line fled. Von Moltke, as a captain and the shore, while his remain- in the Turkish service, was ing ships engaged them on the under fire in this action for the outside. Thus caught between first time. two fires, the French were Nisibis (Persian Wars). utterly routed, only two of This fortress, known as the their vessels escaping capture Bulwark of the East, was thrice or destruction. Admiral Bru- besieged in 338, 346 and 350 by eys was killed, and his ship Sapor II, King of Persia. In L'Orient blown up. This battle the two former years he was is also known as the Battle of compelled to retire after a siege Aboukir. of 60 and 80 days respectively, Nineveh (Persian Wars). In 350 the city was defended by Fought December i, 627, a garrison under Lucilianus, between the Imperial troops, and Sapor, finding the ordinary under the Emperor Heraclius. methods unavailing, diverted and the Persians, under Rhaz- the course of the Mygdonius, ates, the general of Chosroes II. and by building dams formed a The Persians stood their ground large lake, upon which he placed manfully throughout the day a fleet of armed vessels, and and far into the night, and were attacked the city almost from almost annihilated before the the level of the ramparts. surviving remnant retreated in Under pressure of the water a good order to their camp. The portion of the wall gave way, Romans also lost heavily, but and the Persians at once de- the victory opened the way to livered an assault, but were

the royal city of Destigerd, repulsed ; and by the following which fell into the hands of day the garrison had rebuilt the Heraclius, and peace was made wall. At the end of about the following year. three months. Sapor, having lost 20,000 men, raised the siege. Niquitas (South American War of Independence). Nissa. Fought 1813, when the Colom- A naval action, fought at the 1/8 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES mouth of the Nissa in 1064, resulted in the total defeat of between the Danish fleet, under the allies, who lost 12,000 killed, Horn, Sweyn II, and the Norwegians 6,000 prisoners, including under Harold Hardrada. Sweyn and 80 guns. his was totally defeated, and Nordlingen (Wars of Louis XIV). fleet destroyed, he himself es- Fought August 3, 1645, be- to Zea- caping with difiiculty tween 17,000 French under land. Conde, and 14,000 Imperialists, Nissa. See Morawa. under Mercy. The French at- tacked the village of Allersheim, Nive (Peninsular War). where the Imperialists were Fought December 13, 1813, strongly entrenched, and after under between 35,000 French, very severe fighting, the left Soult. and 14,000 British and under Turenne succeeded in Wellington. Portuguese, under expelling them, with a loss of the Nive on the Having crossed 6,000 killed, wounded and took up a loth, Wellington prisoners, and almost all their the heights strong position on guns. General Mercy was killed. Pierre. near the village of St. The French loss amounted to by Soult, Here he was attacked about 4,000. but repulsed him, and occupied the French position in front of Noisseville (Franco - German the Adour. The French losses War). in this battle and the combats A sortie of the French, under Metz, August which preceded it, amounted to Bazaine, from 31, 10,000 men. The British lost 1870, in the endeavour to break investing line of 5,019 killed and wounded. through the the Germans, under Prince Nivelle (Peninsular War). Frederick Charles. The French Fought November 10, 181 3, had some slight success at first, when the French, under Soult, and maintained the ground were driven from a very strong they had won during the day, British, position by the under but on September i, their WelUngton, and forced to retire further efforts to advance were behind the Nivelle. The French fruitless, and they were driven lost 4,265, including about 1,200 back into I\Ietz with a loss of prisoners, 51 guns, and all their 145 officers and 3,379 men. field magazines. The British The Germans lost 126 officers lost 2,694 kiUed and wounded. and 2,850 men.

Nordlingen (Thirty Years' War). Northallerton. See Standard. Fought September 6, 1634, between 40,000 Imperialists, Northampton (Wars of the under Ferdinand of Hungary, Roses). and a numerically inferior force Fought July 10, 1460, be- of Germans and Swedes, under tween the Lancastrians, under the Duke of Weimar and Count Henry VI, and the Yorkists, Horn. The action was fought under the Earl of Warwick. to relieve Nordlingen, which The king's entrenchments were Ferdinand was besieging, and betrayed by Lord Grey de DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 179

Ruthyn, and the Lancastrians Radetsky. After hard fighting, were defeated with a loss of the Piedmontese were com- 300 killed, including Bucking- pletely defeated and driven ham, Shrewsbury, Egremont, from the field in disorder. and other prominent men. The King was made prisoner. Novi (Wars of the French Re- volution). North Foreland (Dutch Wars). Fought August 15, 1799, be- Fought July 25, 1666, be- tween the French, under Jou- tween the English fleet, under bert, and the Russians and the Duke of Albemarle and Austrians, under Suwaroff. Prince Rupert, and the Dutch, Early in the action Joubert fell, under Van Tromp and de Moreau succeeding to the com- Ruyter. The English gained mand. The result was disas- a complete victory, capturing trous to the French, who were or burning 20 ships. The Dutch defeated with a loss of 7,000 had 4,000 men killed or drowned. killed and wounded, 3,000 guns. The Notion (Peloponnesian War). prisoners, and 37 allies lost 6,000 killed and Fought B.C. 407 between the wounded and 1,200 prisoners. Peloponnesian fleet, under Ly- sander, and the Athenian fleet of Nujufghur (Indian Mutiny). Alcibiades, which was lying at Fought August 24, 1857, be- Alcibiades Notion. was not tween 6,000 rebels, under Mo- present during the action, hammed Bukht Khan, and a which was the result of a sur- small British force, under John prise, were and the Athenians Nicholson. The rebels were defeated with loss of 5 ships a 1 defeated, at small cost, with a Nova Carthago (Second Punic loss of over 800 men and all War). their guns. This city, defended by a small Numantia (Lusitanian War). Carthaginian garrison, under This city, defended by the Mago, was stormed by 27,500 inhabitants under Megaravicus, under Scipio, b.c. 209. Romans, was besieged B.C. 142 by a consular In the Novara (Italian Wars). Roman army. course of 141 the Romans were Fought June 6, 1515, between 10,000 French, under La Tre- twice defeated under the walls, negotiations for a mouille, and 13,000 Swiss. The and though French camp was surprised by surrender were entered into in following year, were the Swiss, who, after hard fight- the they concluded, in the ing, totally routed the French not and 139 Popi- with a loss of 6,000 men. The new Roman commander, refused to ratify Swiss losses were also heavy. lius La?nas, the terms. Shortly afterwards Novara (Italian Rising). he was again defeated by the Fought March 23, 1849, be- Numantians, as was his suc- tween 50,000 Piedmontese, cessor Mancius in 137. It was under Chrzanowski, and three not till the arrival of Scipio Austrian army corps, under /Eiuilianus in 134 that the i8o DICTIONARY OF BATTLES lengthy resistance of the in- were attacked by Seymour, habitants was at last overcome, whom they defeated with a loss and fifteen months after he of 1,200 men and 5 guns. The took command the city fell, in Confederates loss amounted to the autumn of 133 B.C. 700. Ockley (Danish Invasion). Fought 851, between the Danes, and the West Saxons, under Ethelwulf. The Danes Oberstein. were completely defeated. Fought 1533, between the Wars). Poles, under Tarnowski, and Oczakov (Ottoman the Wallachians, under Bogdan. This fortress, defended by 10,000 Turks Bosnians, was The Wallachians were signally and besieged by the Russians, defeated, with heavy loss. 1737, under Count Miinnich, and Obligado (Uruguayan War of after the magazine had been Independence). blown up was stormed by the Fought November, 1845, be- besiegers, and the garrison cut tween the Argentine fleet, under to pieces. In 1788 the place Oribe, and the combined French was again besieged by the Rus- and British squardons. The sians, under Potemkin, and allies were victorious, and Oribe after a strenuous resistance of was forced to raise the siege of six months, was taken by storm, Montevideo, while the waters of December 17. In the massacre the Parana were opened to the which followed, 40,000 of the shipping of all nations. garrison and inhabitants were Ocaiia (Peninsular War). put to the sword. In this action, at which Odawara (Hojo RebeUion). Joseph Buonaparte was pre- The castle of Odawara, the sent, Soult, with 30,000 French, last stronghold of the Hojo defeated 53,000 Spaniards, un- family, was besieged by the der Areizaga, with a loss of Japanese Imperial troops, under 5,000 killed and wounded, Hideyoshi. The castle held out 26,000 prisoners, including 3 for over three n^onths, but at generals, 45 guns, and all their last finding that they could hope baggage and transport. The for no support from without, the French only lost 1,700 men. garrison surrendered, and the power of the Hojo family came Ocean Pond (American Civil War). to an end. Fought February 20, 1864, CEnophyta. between 5,000 Confederates, Fought B.C. 457, between the under General Finnegan, and Athenians, under MjTonides, 6,000 Federals, under General and the Thebans and other Seymour. The Confederates oc- Boeotian states. The Boeo- cupied a strong position, pro- tians were totally defeated, and tected by swamps and forests, were in consequence compelled near Lake City, where they to acknowledge the headship of DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Athens, and to contribute men Frederick's task was a difficult to her armies. one, and Marshal Daun was able to keep communications Ofen (Hungarian Rising). open, and supply the town with held This fortress, by an provisions. After a siege of Austrian garrison, under General seven weeks, the Austrians Hentzi, was besieged by the captured a convoy of 4,000 Hungarians, G

rear were threatened by the contingent, under Morari Rao, Dervish left, which had not forming a part of Colonel Donald previously been engaged. The Campbell's column, was attack- position was critical, but through ed by a detachment of Hyder the extreme steadiness of the Sou- Ali's army. The Mahrattas re- danese, who changed front under pulsed the Mysore cavalry with heavy fire, the attack was re- a loss of about 300, at a cost to pulsed. The British and Egyp- themselves of 18 only. tian losses were 500 killed and Opequan (American Civil War). wounded. The Dervishes lost Fought September 19, 1864, about 15,000. between 13,000 Confederates, Onao (Indian Mutiny). under General Early, and 45,000 Fought July 28, 1857, between Federals, under General Sheri- Havelock's relieving force, 1,500 dan. Success at first inclined strong, and the rebels, who to the side of the Southerners, occupied a strong position near but their left wing was broken Onao, so protected on the flanks by a charge of 7,000 cavalry, that a frontal attack was neces- under Custer, and the Con- sary. This was successful, and federates were completely routed after the town had been passed, and fled in confusion. a further attack by the muti- Oporto (Peninsular War). neers was repulsed, with a loss Fought March 28, 1809, when of 300 men and 15 guns. the French, under Soult, com- Onessant. pletely defeated the Portuguese Fought July 27, 1778, be- under Lima and Fareiras, out- tween 30 British ships of the side the city of Oporto. Soult line, under Admiral Keppel, and followed up his success by storm- a French squadron of equal ing Oporto, with horrible slaugh- force, under the Comte d'Es- ter, it being computed that taing. After a fight which 10,000 of the inhabitants perish- lasted throughout the day, the ed. The Fi^ench lost 500 only. two fleets drew off to repair Oran (Ximenes' Expedition to damages, neither side having Morocco). lost a ship. Fought May 17, 1509, be- Oondwa Nullah. tween the Moors and the Spani- ards, under Navarro. The Fought September, 1763, when 3,000 British and native Spaniards, late in the evening, troops, under Major Adams, attacked and drove off the Moors carried by storm the entrench- from a strong position on the ments and the fort held by heights above the city. They Mir Cossim's army of 60,000 then stormed the city itself, men with 100 guns. Mir Cos- escalading the walls by placing sim fled and his army was their pikes in the crevices of the entirely dispersed. stones. The Moors lost in the battle and the storm 4,000 Ooscata. killed and about 8,000 prisoners, Fought August 23, 1768, while the losses of the victors when the camp of the Mahratta were very small. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 183

Orchomenus (First Mithridatic 4,000 killed and wounded, and War). 6 guns. Fought B.C. 85, between the Pontic army, under Archelaus, Oruro. between the and the Romans, under Sulla. Fought 1862, Bolivian Government troops, The Asiatic cavalry attacked under the President, General and drove back the Roman line, Acha, the rebels, under but Sulla himself rallied his and General Perez, who had pro- troops, and led them in a charge claimed himself President. Perez which totally routed the enemy was utterly routed. with heavy loss. Ostend (Netherlands War of Ordovici, The. Independence). Fought A.D. 50, between the This place was besieged, July Romans, under Ostorius Scapula, 1601, by the Spaniards, under and the Britons, under Carac- 5, the Archduke Albert. The town tacus. The Britons occupied made a most remarkable defence} the slope of a hill, where they holding out for more than three were attacked by the Romans years, but Spinola having taken and totally routed. Caractacus command of the besiegers, it fled to the Brigantes, by whom was finally captured, September he was surrendered, and sent a 1604, by which time scarcely captive to Rome. 14, a house in the town was left standing. The Spaniards lost Orleans (Hundred Years' War). 70,000 men in the course of the This city was besieged by the siege. English, under the Regent, the Duke of Bedford, in October, Ostia (Italian Wars). 1428. In April, 1429, a French This place, held by a French force, 7,000 strong, under Dunois garrison, under Menaldo Guerri, and Joan of Arc, succeeded in was besieged in 1500 by the entering, it having been found Spaniards, under Gonsalvo de impossible to invest the place Cordova. After five days' bom- completely. After various suc- bardment, an attack was made cessful attacks on the batteries upon the town on the opposite erected by the besiegers, Joan, side by a small party of Span- on the 6th and 7th of May, led iards resident in Rome, under the garrison to victory against Garcilasso de la Vega. Thus the English lines, and on the between two fires, Guerri sur- 8th Bedford was compelled to rendered. raise the siege. Ostrolenka (Crimean War). Orthez (Peninsular War). Fought 1853, between the Fought February 27, 1814, Turks, under Omar Pasha, and between the British under Wel- the Russian army which had lington, and the French, under invaded the Danubian Princi- Soult. The French were driven pahties. The Turks, who were out of Orthez and across the considerably superior in num- Luy de Beam, with a loss of bers, gained a complete victory. i84 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Ostrowno (Campaign of Mos- totally defeated, with a loss of cow). about 2,000. The battle is Fought July 25 and 26, 18 12, celebrated in the old ballad of between the French corps of " Chevy Chace." Ney and Prince Eugene, with Murat's cavalry, and the Rus- Otumba (Conquest of Mexico). sian corps of Count Osterman Fought July 8, 1520, between and General Konownitzyn. The 200 Spaniards, with some Russians were defeated and thousands of Tlascalan auxili- driven back on both days, with aries, under Cortes, and a force Aztecs. a loss of 3,000 killed and wound- of about 200,000 The wearied a long ed, 800 prisoners and 8 guns. Spaniards, by retreat The French loss was about the march on their from Mexico, were intercepted by the Aztecs, and after many Oswego (Seven Years' War). hours' fighting, were on the This place, held by a garrison verge of defeat, when a charge

of 1 ,400 Provincial troops, under of a few cavahers, headed by Colonel Mercer, was besieged Cortes, into the very heart of by the French, under Mont- the Aztec army, so discouraged calm, August II, 1756. After them that they fled in disorder. a bombardment of 3 days, It is said that 20,000 Aztecs in the course of which Mercer fell. was killed, the place surrendered. Oudenarde (War of the Spanish The losses on both sides were Succession). very small. Fought July II, 1708, be- Otrar (Tartar Invasion of Khar- tween -80,000 British and Im- ismia). perialists, under Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and 100,000 This city was besieged, 12 19, by 200,000 Mongols, under French, under the Duke of Bur- Oktai and Zagatai, sons of Gen- gundy and Marshal Vendome. ghiz Khan, and defended by a The French, who were besieging garrison of 60,000, under Gazer Oudenarde, raised the siege on Khan. The place was entered the advance of the allies, and after a four months' siege, by marched to meet them, but were which time the garrison was totally defeated with a loss of reduced to 20,000 men, but with 3,000 killed, 7,000 prisoners, this remnant Gazer Khan held and 10 guns. The allies lost out in the citadel for another 2,000. month.

Otterburn (Scottish Wars), Fought August 19, 1388, be- Paardeberg (Second Boer War). tween 9,000 English, under Fought February 18, 1900, Henry Percy (Hotspur) and a between 5,000 Boers, under greatly inferior force of Scots, Cronje, and the British, number- under Earls Douglas and Mur- ing 4 Infantry Brigades, with 4 ray. Hotspur attacked the batteries, under Lord Kitchener. Scottish entrenchments, and was Cronje had taken refuge in the DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 185 bed of the Tugela river, and an of a third of their number. attempt was made to dislodge Onomarchus was slain. him. The absence of cover for Palais Gallien (War of the the attacking force, however, Fronde). this impossible, but he rendered Fought September 5, 1649, was surrounded, and on the between the Royal troops, 8,000 arrival of Lord Roberts, sub- strong, under the Marshal de la jected to a sustained artillery Meilleraic, and 7,000 Bordelais, fire, which lasted until he sur- under the Dues de Bouillon 27th. The rendered on the and de la Rochefoucauld. The British losses during the opera- Bordelais successfully repulsed tions amounted to 98 officers four or five assaults, but by and 1,437 men, of whom 1,100 nightfall were driven from their fell in the battle of the i8th. entrenchments into the city, The prisoners taken numbered with a loss of about 120. The 3,000 Transvaalers and 1,100 assailants lost over 1,000 killed Free Staters, with 6 guns. and wounded. Pabon. Palermo (Italian Rising). Fought September 17, 1861, Fought May 26 and 27, 1848, between the troops of Buenos when Garibaldi, with 750 of his " Ayres, under Mitre, aided by an Thousand Volunteers," and " Italian legion, under Piloni, and about 3,000 Sicilian Picciotti," the army of the Argentine Con- succeeded in surprising one of federation, under Urquiza. The the gates of Palermo, which Nea- latter were defeated. was garrisoned by 18,000 politans, under General Lanza. Pagahar (First Burmah War). The " Picciotti " fled at the The only occasion during the first shot, but Garibaldi pene- war when the Burmans met trated into the city, where, be- the British in the open. In 1825 ing joined by the citizens, he Sir Archibald Campbell, with erected barricades, and after 1,300 men, encountered 15,000 some severe fighting, in which Burmans, under Zay - ya- the Neapolitans suffered heavily. Thayan but the battle was General Lanza surrendered. The almost a bloodless one, for the last of the Neapolitan troops Burmans failed to make any were withdrawn on June 20. stand, their general being the Palestrina (Italian Rising). first to flee. Fought May 9, 1849, between Pagasaean Gulf (Sacred War). 4,000 Italian Patriots, under Neapoli- Fought B.C. 352, between the Garibaldi, and 7,000 Phocians, under Onomarchus, tans, under King Ferdinand. and the Macedonians, under After three hours' fighting, the Philip. Phihp's infantry was Neapolitans were totally routed. about equal in numbers to that Garibaldi was wounded in the of the Phocians, but he was far action. superior in cavalry, and in the Palestro (Unification of Italy). end the Phocians were com- Fought May 30, 1859, be- pletely defeated, with the loss tween the Sardinians, under r86 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

General Cialdini, and the Aus- cost the assailants 170 out of trians, under General Stadion. 400 men engaged, while two- The Austrians attacked the thirds of the garrison were Sardinians while they were killed, Morgan started to cross crossing the Sesia, but were the Isthmus, at the head of repulsed, and Cialdini effected 1,200 men, January 18, 1671. the passage successfully and The garrison of Panama, 2,400 drove the Austrians out of strong, met him outside the Palestro with considerable loss. city, and were defeated with heavy loss, the Buccaneers Palmyra (Expedition to Pal- losing 600 men. Morgan then myra). sacked the place, and on Feb- This city was besieged the by ruary 24, withdrew with 175 Romans, under Aurehan, after mule loads of plunder, and 600 the defeat of Zenobia at Emesa prisoners. in 272. An obstinate defence was made by the Queen, but Panama (Raids of the Buc- Aurehan being reinforced by caneers), Probus early in 273, Zenobia Fought April 23, 1680, be- fled from the city and the place tween the Buccaneers, with was captured. Zenobia failed three ships, under John Coxon, to escape, and was brought into and three Spanish vessels. The Aurelian's camp. During his Spaniards were defeated, after return march, Aurehan learnt a hard fight in which two Span- that the citizens had risen, and ish vessels were captured by massacred the Governor and boarding. The Spanish com- the garrison he had left in the mander was killed. The Buc- place. He thereupon retraced caneers then entered the Bay, his steps, and destroyed the and captured six vessels lying city, sparing neither young nor in the roads. old. Pandosia. Palo Alto (Americo - Mexican Fought 331 B.C., between the War). Italian Greeks, under Alexander Fought May 8, 1846, between of Epirus, and the Lucanians. the Americans, under General During the battle Alexander Taylor, and the Mexicans, under was stabbed by a Lucanian Arista. The Mexicans were exile serving in the Greek army, completely routed, at very small and the Greeks were in the end cost to the victors. defeated.

Panama (Raids of the Buc- Pandu Naddi (Indian Mutiny),

caneers ). Fought July 15, 1857, be- On December 16, 1670, Morgan tween a British relieving force, the Buccaneer sailed from His- under Havelock, and the muti- paniola with 2>7 ships and about neers who were opposing his 2,000 men to plunder this town. advance to Cawnpore. By a Having captured the castle of forced march in the heat of the San Lorenzo, at the mouth of day, Havelock succeeded in the Chagre, an exploit which seizing the bridge over the DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 187

Pandu Naddi, which the muti- a complete victory. Hemu was neers were engaged in mining, wounded and captured. By thus securing an open road to this victory Akbar recovered Cawnpore. The rebels were Delhi, which had fallen into the driven off after a short engage- hands of the rebels. ment. Panipat. Pandu Naddi (Indian Mutiny). Fought 1759, between the Fought November 26, 1857, Mahrattas, 85,000 strong, under between 1,400 British, under Sedashao Rao Bhao, cousin of General Windham, and the the Peshwa, and the Duranis, advance guard of the mutineers numbering, with Hindu allies, and the Gwalior contingent, about 90,000. The Bhao at- under the Nana Sahib. The tacked, and dispersed Ahmed's rebels were posted beyond the Indian troops, but on the Du- river, and the British crossing ranis coming into action, the the dry bed, drove them from Mahrattas were broken and their entrenchments, capturing utterly routed, with enormous 3 guns. Windham, then finding loss. The Bhao, and the son himself close to the main body of the Peshwa were among the of mutineers, retired towards slain. Cawnpore. Panormus (First Punic War). Panipat (Third Mongol Inva- Fought B.C. 250, between sion). 25,000 Romans, under L. Cte- Fought April 20, 1526, be- cilius Metellus, and the Cartha- tween the Delhi Mohammedans, ginian army in Sicily, under 10,000 strong, with 100 ele- Hasdrubal. Hasdrubal offered phants, under Ibrahim, and the battle in front of Panormus, and Mongols, about 2,000 picked Metellus sent out his light men, under Baber, the first of troops to engage him. They the Great Moguls. Ibrahim was ran back into the town before a totally defeated, being himself charge of the elephants, which, among the slain. The battle following closely, were driven marked the end of the Afghan into the ditch surrounding the dynasty of Delhi, and the com- place, where many were killed. mencement of the Mogul Em- Meanwhile Metellus sallied out pire. with his legionaries, and taking Hasdrubal in flank completely Panipat. routed him. The whole of the Fought November 5, 1536, Carthaginian elephants in Sicily between Akbar, the Great were killed or captured in this Mogul, with about 20,000 troops, battle. and the forces of the revolted Hindu Rajahs, 100,000 strong, Paraetakene Mountains (Wars under Hemu. The Hindus of Alexander's Successors). attacked, and the onslaught Fought 316 B.C., between the of the elephants being repulsed, Macedonians, 30,000 strong, their ranks were thrown into under Antigonus, and an equal disorder, and the Moguls gained force of Asiatics, under Eumenes. t88 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Eumenes attacked the Mace- Parkany (Ottoman Wars). donian camp, and after a severe Fought August, 1663, be- engagement, in which the tween 200,000 Turks, under the Asiatics held the advantage, Grand Vizier, Achmet Koprili Antigonus, by successful man- Pasha, and the Hungarians, in oeuvring, withdrew his army far smaller force, under Count without serious loss, leaving Forgacz. The Hungarians were Eumenes a barren victory. defeated, and driven into Neu- hausel, which town, after a Parana (Paraguayan War). valiant resistance of six weeks, Fought 1866, between the capitulated September 24. Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the Brazihans, under Porto Parma (War of the Polish Suc- Alegre. Lopez was victorious. cession). Fought June 29, 1734, be- Paris (Allied Invasion of France ). tween the French, under Marshal On March 30, 18 14, Paris, de Coigny, and the Imperialists, which was defended only by 60,000 strong, under General de 20,000 regulars and National Mercy. The Imperialists were Guard, under Marmont, was defeated with a loss of 6,000, attacked by the Grand Army including de Mercy. The French of the aUies, under Schwartz- loss was almost as heavy. emberg. Three columns as- saulted the French positions at Paso de la Patria (Paraguayan Vincennes, Belleville and Mont- War). martre, while a fourth attacked Fought 1866, between the the extreme left of the French Paraguayans, under Lopez, and Hne in order to turn the heights the Brazilians, under Porto of Montmartre. The two first Alegre. The Paraguayans gained positions were carried, and a signal victory. Montmartre turned, whereupon Joseph having fled, Marmont Patay (Hundred Years' War). surrendered. The French lost Fought June 18, 1429, be- allies the French, under over 4,000 men ; the about tween Joan 8,000. of Arc and the Due d'Alenfon, and the English, under Talbot Paris (Franco-German War). and Sir John Fastolfe. The Paris was invested by the English were retiring after the main German army, under the siege of Orleans, and their ad- King of Prussia and von Moltke, vanced guard under Talbot, September 19, 1870, The gar- being attacked by the French, rison, under the command of was seized with a panic, and General Trochu, made a gallant refusing to meet the charge of defence, many serious sorties the French cavalry, broke and taking place, but the Germans fled. The main body, under gradually mastered the outer Fastolfe, however, maintained defences, and finally, being much its formation, and made good straitened by famine, the city its retreat to Etampes. Talbot surrendered January 28, 1871. was made prisoner. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 189

Patila (Tartar Invasion of the attack of the Imperialists Persia). on his lines, and his artillery Fought 1394, between the wrought great havoc in their Tartars, under Tamerlane, and ranks, then, charging at the the Persians, under Shah Man- head of his cavalry, he was sur. The Persians vigorously repulsed by Lannoy 's infantry, attacked the Tartar centre, and and the Swiss mercenaries being Tamerlane was nearly over- taken in flank, and thrown into whelmed, but rallying his troops disorder, the battle was lost. he led a charge which restored Francis was captured. This is the battle, and gained a com- the occasion on which he wrote plete victory. The complete to his mother, " Rien ne m'est subjugation of Persia followed. demoure, excepte I'honneur et la vie qui est sauve." Pavia (Invasion of the Ale- manni). Peach Tree Creek (American Fought 271, between the Civil War). Romans, under Aurelian, and Fought July 22, 1864, in the the German invaders. Aurelian course of the operations round gained a signal victory, and the Atlanta, between the Federals, Alemanni recrossed the frontier. under General Sherman, and the Confederates, under General Pavia (Lombard Conquest of Hood. Hood attacked the Italy). Federal position, and drove off This city was besieged in 568 their left wing, capturing 13 by the Lombards, under Alboin, guns and some prisoners ; being and after a gallant defence, last- reinforced, however, the Federals ing over three years, was at last rallied, and recovered the lost subdued, rather by famine than ground. The Confederates, how- by force of arms, and surrend- ever, claimed the victory. ered to the besiegers. Pavia The Federals lost 3,722, in- then became the capital of the cluding General McPherson. Lombard kingdom of Italy. The Confederate losses were Pavia (Italian Wars). about the same. Fought May 22, 1431, on the Pea Ridge (American Ticino, near Pavia, between Civil War), Fought March and 8, 85 Venetian galleys, under 7 1862, between 16,000 Nicolas Trevisani, and a some- Confederates, under General von Dorn, what superior number of galleys and the Federals, in equal in the pay of the Milanese. force, under General Curtis. The Venetians were defeated, On the th the Confederates drove with a loss of 70 galleys and 7 back the Federal right 3,000 men. wing, and nearly succeeded in cutting Pavia (Wars of Charles V), their communications, though Fought February 25, 1525, they lost General M'Culloch between the French, under in the course of the action. On Francis I, and the Imperialists, the 8th the Federals drove back under Lannoy. Francis, who the Southerners, and recovered was besieging Pavia, awaited the ground they had lost, the .

190 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

battle ending without decisive strong, under General Zotoff, result. The losses on each side succeeded in repulsing all the were about i,ooo. This is also Turkish attacks, with a loss of called the Battle of Gek Horn. about 3,000 killed and wounded. The Russians lost Peiwar Kotal (Second Afghan 1,000. War). Pelusium (Persian Conquest of Fought December 2, 1878, Egypt). between a British force, 3,200 Fought 525 B.C., between the strong, under Sir Frederick Persians, under Cambyses, and Roberts, with 13 guns, and the Egyptians, under Psam- about 18,000 Afghans, with 11 meticus. The Egyptians were guns, strongly posted in the totally defeated, and this vic- Kotal. By an able, but diffi- tory was followed by the com- cult turning movement, the plete subjugation of Egypt, pass was crossed, and the Af- which became a Persian j sa- ghans completely defeated, with trapy. heavy loss, all their guns being Pelusium (War of Alexander's captured. The British lost 20 killed and 78 wounded. Successors). Fought B.C. 321, between the Peking (Tartar Invasion of Macedonians, under the Regent, China). Perdiccas, and the Egyptians, This city was besieged by the under Ptolemy Lagus. Per- Tartars, under Genghiz Khan, diccas attacked the fortress, but in 1 210, and after a long and was driven off with heavy loss, in- obsintate defence, which so cluding 1 ,000 drowned in the Nile. exhausted the besiegers that Genghiz Khan is said to have Pena Cerrada (First Carlist War). decimated his men in order to This fortress, held by a Carlist feed the rest, the city was garrison, under Gergue, was taken by stratagem. captured by Espartero with 19,000 Cristinos, June 21, 1838. Pelekanon (Ottoman Conquest After shelling the place for of Asia Minor). 7 hours, Espartero attacked the Fought 1329, between the Carlists, who held the heights Turks, under Orkhan, and the outside the town, and dispersed forces of Andronicus the Young- them, capturing 600 prisoners, er, Emperor of the East. The and all their guns. The re- Imperialists were defeated. mainder of the garrison then This is the first occasion in abandoned the place. which the Byzantines met the Ottoman invaders in battle. Penobscot Bay (American War of Independence). Pelischat (Russo-Turkish War). Fought July 14, 1779, when Fought August 30, 1877, a British squadron of 10 ships, when the Turks, 25,000 strong, under Sir George Collier, com- with 50 guns, made a sortie pletely destroyed an American from Plevna, and attacked the squadron of 24 ships, and cap- Russian lines in front of Pora- tured the 3,000 men who formed dim. The Russians, 20,000 their crews. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 191

Pen Selwood (Danish Invasion). rison, reduced to 400 men, Fought 1016, between the surrendered, and were allowed EngUsh, under Edmund Iron- to march out with the honours side, and the Danes, under Knut, of war. The capture of Per- shortly after Edmund's elec- pignan gave France possession tion as King by the Witanege- of Rousillon. mot. This the first of the was Perryville (American Civil War). series of engagements between Fought October 8, 1862, be- two rivals, which ended the tween 45,000 Federals, under of Olney. with the Peace General Buell, and a somewhat Pered (Hungarian Rising). smaller Confederate army, under Confeder- Fought June 21, 1849, be- General Bragg. The tween the Hungarians, 16,000 ates attacked, and drove back strong, under Gorgey, and the the Federals, but no decisive Austrians and Russians, under result was arrived at, and dur- Prince Windischgratz. The al- ing the night Bragg withdrew, loss of lies attacked the Hungarian having inflicted a 4,000 position, and after severe fight- on the enemy, and captured ing, drove them out, with a loss an artillery train. The Con- killed of about 3,000. federates lost about 2,500 and wounded. Perembacum (First Mys ore War ). Persepolis (Wars of Alexander's Fought September 10, 1780, Successors). when a Mysore force, 11,000 Fought B.C. 316, between strong, under Tippu Sahib, the Macedonians, 31,000 strong, surrounded and cut to pieces a with 65 elephants, under Anti- detachment of Sir Hector Mon- gonus, and 42,000 Asiatics, ro's army, 3,700 in number, with 114 elephants, under Eu- under Colonel Baillie. Only a menes. At the first onslaught, few, including Baillie himself, Antigonus' infantry was escaped the massacre. overwhelmed, but his cavalry Perisabor (Persian Wars). retrieved the day, and seizing This fortress, defended by an the enemy's camp, threw Eu- Assyrian and Persian garrison, menes' phalanx into confusion. was captured. May, 363, by the Upon this the Macedonian in- Romans, under Julian. The fantry ralhed, and gained a fortress was dismantled and complete victory, Eumenes be- the town destroyed. ing captured. Perpignan. Peshawar (Second Mohammedan This fortress was besieged by Invasion of India). the French, 11,000 strong, under Fought looi, between 10,000 the Seigneur du Lude, at the Afghans, under Sultan Mahmud end of 1474, and was defended of Ghuzni, and 42,000 Punjabis, by a Spanish garrison. The with 300 elephants, under the Spanish army could not succeed Rajah Jaipal of Lahore. The in relieving the place, and after Rajah was totally defeated, and holding out with great gallantry captured with 15 of his prin- until March 14, 1475, the gar- cipal chiefs. 192 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Petersburg (American Civil Prince Eugene, with 80,000 War), Imperialists, mostly veteran s Fought June 15 to 18, 1864, from the Flanders campaign, forming an episode in the signally defeated 150,000 Turks Federal attp.ck on Richmond. under Darnad Ali Pasha. The General Beauregard, with 8,000 Turks lost 30,000 killed, 50 men, was charged with the standards and 250 guns. The defence of Petersburg, and at Imperialists lost about 3,000. the same time had to contain General Butler at Bermuda Petra (Persian Wars). Hundred. His entrenchments This strong fortress, gar- before Petersburg were attacked risoned by 1,500 Persians, was on the 15th by General Smith, besieged by tlie Romans, 8,000 strong, under Dagisteus, in and a portion of the first line 549, After a series of unsuccessful carried. On the i6th Beaure- succeeded gard withdrew the force mask- assaults the Romans ing Bermuda Hundred, and in bringing down a large portion of the outer wall mining. concentrated his troops in front by By this time the garrison re- of Petersburg, but after holding was duced to 400, but Dagisteus, out till the afternoon, a panic seized the defenders, and they delaying to storm the fortress, the Persians succeeded in throw- were driven from the first line. ing in reinforcements, Beauregard, however, rallied which them, and retook the entrench- brought the garrison up to ments. During the night he 3,000. Meanwhile all the breaches been repaired, withdrew to a second and had and the had to undertake stronger line of defences, and on Romans the 17th and 18th repulsed, with a second siege. At last a breach was effected, and after very terrible slaughter, all the efforts severe fighting the besiegers of the Federals to carry it. effected a lodgement. Of the Petersburg (American Civil War ). defenders 700 fell in the second On June 30, 1864, a mine was siege, and 1,070 in the storm, exploded under the Confederate while of 700 prisoners, only 18 defences in front of Petersburg, were unwounded. Five hun- and an attempt was made by the dred retreated to the citadel, Federals to carrj^ the entrench- and held out to the last, perish- ments during the confusion ing in the flames when it was that ensued. The Confederates, fired by the Romans. however, stood their ground, Pharsalus (Civil War of Caesar repulsing all attacks with heavy and Pompey). loss, and of the Federals who Fought August B.C. succeeded in entering the breast- 9, 48, between the Pompeians, 60,000 works, 5,000 were killed or strong, under captured. Both the generals Pompey, and commanding, Lee and Grant, Caesareans, 25,000 strong, under Caesar. Pompeian cavalry were present during the action. The drove back that of Csesar, but Peterwaradin (Ottoman Wars). following in pursuit, were thrown

Fought August 5, 1 7 16, when into confusion by the legion DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 193 aries, whereupon they turned by the Goths, under Cniva, and defence, and the and fled from the field ; the in- after a gallant fantry followed and the battle defeat of an attempt by Decius became a rout, in which 15,000 to relieve it, was stormed and Pompeians, and only 200 Caesar- sacked. It is said that 100,000 eans fell. After the battle, of the garrison and inhabitants 20,000 Pompeians surrendered. perished in the siege and sub- sequent massacre. Pharsalus (Greco-Turkish War). Fought May 6, 1897, when Philippopolis (Russo-Turkish Edhem Pasha, with three Turk- War). ish divisions, drove the Greeks Fought February 17, 1878, from their entrenchments in between the Russians, under front of Pharsalus, at a cost of General Gourko, and the Turks, about 230 killed and wounded. under Fuad and Shakir Pashas. The Greek loss was not very The Turks made a stubborn heavy. defence of the approaches to over- Philiphaugh (Civil War). Philippopolis, but were powered by superior numbers, Fought September 13, 1645, retreat with a loss when 4,000 Lowland horse, and forced to wounded, under David Leslie, surprised of 5,000 killed and guns. and cut to pieces Montrose's 2,000 prisoners, and 114 force of Highlanders, encamped The Russians lost 1,300. near Selkirk. Montrose escaped Philipsburg (War of the Polish with few followers. a Succession). Philippi (Rebellion of Brutus). This fortress, held by the Fought B.C. 42, between the Imperialists, was besieged 1734. Republicans, under Brutus and by the French, under the Duke Cassius, 100,000 strong, and the of Berwick. The Duke was army of the Triumvirs, about killed by a cannon ball while equal in numbers, under Octa- visiting the trenches, but the vius and Mark Antony. Brutus place fell soon afterwards, not- on the right repulsed the legions withstanding the efforts of of Octavius, and penetrated into Prince Eugene to relieve it. his camp. Cassius, however, was overthrown by Antony, Plater's Hill (Second Boer War). and would have been over- The scene of the severest fight- ing in the course of Sir Redvers whelmed but for the arrival of final and successful aid from the successful right Buller's relieve Ladysmith. wing. The action was renewed attempt to operations commenced by on the second day, when the The the capture of Hlangwane, on Triumvirs were completely vic- which gave torious, and the;Republican army February 19, 1900, of the dispersed. Brutus committed the British command Tugela, which was crossed on suicide on the field of battle. the 2 1 St. On the 22nd a steady Philippopolis \First Gothic In- advance was made up to the vasion of the Empire). line of Pieter's Hill, which was This city was besieged, 251, attacked by the Irish Brigade, 194 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

under General Hart, on the 23rd. surprise attack, recovered Pirot, At a cost of nearly half their which was later retaken by the numbers, they succeeded in Bulgarians, though the Servians establisliing themselves under continued to hold a position to cover, close to the Boer trenches, the south of the town till night- but could not dislodge the de- fall. Early next morning an fenders. It was not till the armistice was conchided. The 27th, when BuUer had turned Bulgarians lost 2,500, the Ser- the Boer left, that a general vians 2,000 killed and wounded. assault was successful, and the Boers evacuated the position. Pittsburg Landing. See Shiloh. The British losses during the Placentia (Invasion of the Ale- operations were 1,896 killed and wounded. manni). Fought 271, between the Pingyang (Chine- Japanese War). Romans, under Aurelian, and Fought September 15, 1894, the invading Alemanni. The between the Japanese, 14,000 barbarians attacked the Romans strong, under General Nodzu, in the dusk of evening, after a and 12,000 Chinese, entrenched long and fatiguing march, and in a strong position. After threw them into disorder, but severe fighting the Chinese were they were rallied by the Em- driven from their entrench- peror, and after severe fighting, ments with heavy loss. The succeeded in beating off their Japanese lost 650 killed and assailants. wounded. Plains of Abraham (Seven Years' Pinkie Cleugh (Scottish Wars). War). Fought September, 1547, be- Fought September 13, 1759, tween the Scots, under the Earl when Wolfe, who was Ijdng on of Huntly, and the English, shipboard in the St. Lawrence under the Protector Somerset. above Quebec, with 4,000 troops, The Scots crossed the Esk, and effected a landing secretly in the attacked the EngUsh lines, at night of the 12th to the 13th, first with success, but they were and took up unperceived a thrown into confusion by a strong position on the Plains of charge of cavalry, and in the Abraham. Next morning he end fled from the field with was attacked by Montcalm, heavy loss. with about equal numbers, but notwithstanding the most des- Pirot (Servo-Bulgarian War). perate efforts, the French were Fought November 26 and 27, unable to carry the position, 1885, between 40,000 Servians, and were driven back into under King Milan, and 45,000 Quebec ^^athaloss of about 1,500. Bulgarians, under Prince Alex- Both Wolfe and Montcalm fell ander. After some desultory mortall}' wounded. The British fighting, the Bulgarians seized loss amounted to 664 killed and the town of Pirot in the course wounded. The French imme- of the afternoon. At dawn on diately afterwards evacuated the 27th, the Servians, by a Quebec. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 195

Plassy (Seven Years' War). was made to break through the Fought 1757, between the enemy's lines, which half the gar- British, 3,000 strong, witli 8 rison succeeded in doing, with the guns, under Clive, and the army loss of one man. The remainder of Surabjah Daulah, Nawab of held out till 427, when being on Bengal, aided by a small force the verge of starvation, they of Frenchmen. Clive was en- surrendered. The survivors camped in a grove of mango- were tried for having deserted trees, where he was attacked by Boeotia for Athens, at the out- the Nawab. He beat off the break of the war, and 200 attack, and then stormed the Plataeans, and 25 Athenians Nawab's lines, totally routing were put to death. his army, which fled in panic, Plescow with a loss of about 500. The (Russo-Swedish Wars). This fortress was besieged British lost 72 only. by the Swedes, under Gustavus Plataea (Third Persian Invasion). Adolphus, August 20, 161 5, Fought B.C. 479, between the and defended by a Russian Greeks, about 100,000 strong, garrison. It is notable as mark- under Pausanias the Spartan, ing a departure from the estab- and 300,000 Persians, with lished practice of surrounding 50,000 Greek auxiliaries, under a besieged city with walls of Mardonius. The Persians fought circumvallation. For these bravely, but were overborne by Gustavus substituted a series the superior discipline and of entrenched camps, communi- heavier armour of the Greeks, cations between which were and Mardonius falling, a panic maintained by strong patrol- ensued, and they fled to their ling forces. Little progress was entrenched camp. This was made, owing to a delay in the stormed by the Athenians, and arrival of the Swedish breaching no quarter was given, with the guns, and through the media- result, it is said, that with the tion of England, negotiations exception of a body of 40,000 were opened with Russia, and which left the field early in the the siege raised, October 14, battle, only 3,000 Persians 1615. escaped. Plevna (Russo-Turkish War). Plataea (Peloponnesian War). Four battles were fought in In 429 B.C., this city, held by the course of the siege of Plevna, a garrison of 400 Plataeans and the first three being attacks on So Athenians, was besieged by the Russian defences, and the the Spartans, under Archida- fourth, Osman Pasha's final mus. All the useless mouths attempt to cut his way through were sent out of the place, only the besieger's lines. no women being retained to On July 20, 1877, the advance bake bread. The garrison re- guard of Kriidener's corps, pulsed numerous assaults, and 6,500 strong, under Schilder- the siege soon resolved itself Schuldener, attacked the de- into a blockade, but provisions fences to the north and east becoming scarce, an attempt of Plevna. The Russians ad- 196 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

vanced with impetuosity, and that angle of the fortress. On

carried some of the advanced the 1 2th, the attack on the trenches, driving the defenders second Gravitza redoubt was back to the outskirts of the repulsed, and the two redoubts town, but their heavy loss, and a captured by Skobeleff were failure of ammunition compelled retaken, after a terrible struggle. a retreat, and the Turks rallj'ing, The losses in the two days' drove them from the positions fighting amounted to 20,600 they had captured, and pursued including 2,000 prisoners, on them for some distance. The the Russian side, on that of the Russians lost two-thirds of their Turks to 5,000, Of these, 8,000 officers, and nearly 2,000 men. Russians, and 4,000 Turks fell The second battle took place, in Skobeleff's attack. July 30, when General Krudener, On December 10, Osman with 30,000 Russians in two Pasha, at the head of 25,000 divisions, assailed the Turkish Turks, accompanied by 9,000 redoubts to the north and east convalescents and wounded in of the town. Schakofsky had carts, attempted to cut his way command of the latter attack, through the Russian army, now Kriidener himself leading the 100,000 strong, under the King assault on the Gravitza redoubt of Roumania, with Todlebeii on the north. Krudener was as Chief of the Staff. The absolutely unsuccessful. Scha- attempt was made on the east kofsky by 5.30 p.m. was in pos- of Plevna, and was directed session of two of the eastern against the Imperial Grenadiers, redoubts, but before nightfall under General Ganetzki. Hav- these were retaken by the Turks, ing successfully crossed the Vid, and the Russians retired, de- Osman charged down upon the feated all along the line. Their Russians, on a line two miles in losses amounted to 169 officers length, and carried the first line and 7,136 men, of whom 2,400 of entrenchments. Todleben, were left dead on the field. On however, hurried up reinforce- the nth and 12th of September, ments, and the Turks were in the investing army, 95,000 turn attacked, and driven back strong, under the Grand Duke in confusion across the river, Michael, attacked Plevna on Osman being severely wounded. three sides, Osman Pasha having Here they made their last stand, now 30,000 men under his com- but were overpowered, and mand. On the nth an attack driven into Plevna, which be- on the Omar Tabrija redoubt fore evening capitulated, after a w-as repulsed with a loss to the defence lasting 143 days. In Russians of 6,000 men. The this engagement, the Turks lost attack on the Gravitza redoubts 5,000, and the Russians 2,000 resulted in the capture of the killed and wounded. " Bloody Battery," which the Russians held till the end of the Podhaic. siege. On the south-west, Sko- Fought 1667, between 10,000 beleff captured two of the six Poles, under John Sobieski, and inner redoubts which protected So,ooo Cossacks and Tartars DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 197 who were besieging Kaminiec. battle to the Venetian fleet, The Cossacks were totally routed under Pisani, which was lying and forced to evacuate Poland. at Pola. Pisani sallied out with 20 galleys, and captured the Podol (Seven Weeks' War). Genoese flag-ship, Doria being Fought June 26, 1866, be- killed. The Genoese, however, of tween the advance-guard rallied, drove Pisani back, and Prince Frederick Charles' army, defeated him with a loss of and the Austrians, under General 2,000 killed, and 15 galleys and Clam-Gallas. The Austrians 1,900 men captured. were defeated and driven out of Podol, after severe fighting, Pollentia (First Gothic Invasion in which they lost heavily. The of Italy). Prussians took 500 prisoners. Fought March 29, 403, be- tween the Goths, under Alaric, Poitiers (Gothic Invasion of and the Romans, under Stilicho. France). Stilicho attacked the Gothic Fought 507, between the camp while they were celebrat- Franks, under Clovis, and the ing the festival of Easter, and Visigoths, under Alaric II. owing to the surprise, the charge Clovis and Alaric met in single of the Roman cavalry threw combat, and Alaric was slain, them into confusion. They following which the Goths were were, however, soon rallied by utterly routed. By this decisive Alaric, and the Romans driven victory, the province of Aqui- off with heavy loss, but Stilicho taine was added to the Frankish advancing at the head of the dominions. legionaries, forced his way into out the Poitiers (Hundred Years' War). the camp, and drove Goths with enormous slaughter. Fought September 19, 1356, the between 8,000 English, under Alaric's wife was among Edward the Black Prince, and captives. 80,000 French, under King Pollicore (First Mysore War). John of France. The English Fought August 27,^1781, be- occupied a strong position be- tween 11,000 British, under Sir hind lanes and vineyards, in Eyre Coote and the Mysoris, which their archers were posted. 80,000 strong, under Haidar Ali. The French cavalry, charging Coote seized the village of Polli- up the lanes, were thrown into core, turning Haidar's flank confusion by the bowmen, and and forcing him to retreat,' after were then taken in flank by the an action lasting eight hours. English knights and men-at- The British lost 421 killed and arms, who completely routed wounded, the Mysoris about them, with a loss of 8,000 killed, 2,000. and numerous prisoners, in- Polonka (Russo-Polish Wars). cluding the King, The English Fought 1667, between the losses were very small. Russian invaders, and the Poles, Pola (War of Chiozza). under Czarnie^ki. The Rus- Fought 1380, when Doria, sians were totally routed, a with 22 Genoese galleys, offereil defeat which was largely in- 198 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES strumental in bringing about by sickness or in action nearly the signature of peace in the a third of his land force. The same year. French lost 250 only during the Polotsk (Moscow Campaign). siege. Fought August 1 8, 1812, be- Pondicherry (Seven Years' War ). tween 33,000 French and Bavar- In August, 1760. Colonel ians, under General Saint Cyr, Coote, with about 8,000 British and 30,000 Russians, under and native troops, invested Count Wittgenstein. The Rus- this place, which was held by a sians were taken by surprise, French garrison, 3,000 strong, and after an action which lasted under Lally-Tollendal. Coote two hours only, were driven was almost immediately super- back with a loss of 3,000 killed, seded by Colonel Monson, but 1,500 prisoners and 14 guns. the latter having been wounded, The French lost a little over Coote resumed the command. 1,000 killed and wounded. Fire was not opened from the Polotsk (Moscow Campaign). breaching batteries till Decem- ber 8th, and the Fought October 18, 18 12, on 31st a when General Saint-Cyr, with terrific hurricane wrecked all 30,000 French and Bavarians, the land batteries, and drove was attacked and defeated by ashore six ships of the blockad- the Russians, in slightly superior ing squadron. On January 10,

76 , fire force, under Count Wittgenstein, 1 1 however, was reopened, and forced to evacuate Polotsk. and the town surrendered on the 15th. Ponani (First Mysore War). Fought November iq, 1780, Pondicherry. when a force of British and Having been surrendered to native troops, about 2,500 the French hy the Peace of strong, under Colonel Macleod, Paris, Pondicherry was again entrenched near Ponani, were besieged by a British force, attacked before daybreak by a under Sir Hector Monro, in strong force of Mysoris, under conjunction with a squadron of Tippu Sahib. The Mysoris were ships, under Sir Edward Vernon, repulsed at the point of the August 8, 1778. It was gallant- bayonet, with a loss of 1,100. ly defended by the French, under The British loss was 87 only. M. Bellecombe, until the middle of October, when after a month's Pondicherry. bombardment the place sur- This place was invested by rendered. the British, under Admiral Bos- cawen, with a fleet of 30 sail, Pondicherry. and a land force of 6,000 men, A naval action was fought off August 30, 1748, and was de- Pondicherry, August 10, 1778, fended by a French garrison of during the third siege, when a 4,800, under Dupleix. The French squadron of 5 ships, siege was grossly mismanaged, under M. TronjoUy, issued from and in October Boscawen was the roads, and offered battle to forced to withdraw, having lost the 5 ships of Sir Edward DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 199

Vernon. The French were Rao, and the united armies of worsted, and driven back to the Peshwa and Sindhia of their anchorage. GwaUor. After an evenly con- tested action, Jeswunt Rao got Pondicherry. the upper hand, and gained a A second naval action off complete victory, Sindhia fleeing this place was fought June 20, from the field, leaving behind 1783, between a British squad- him all his guns and baggage. ron of 18 ships of the line, and 12 frigates, under Sir Edward Port Arthur (Chino - Japanese Hughes, and a French squadron, War). under de Suffren. The battle This place, held by a Chinese was undecided, the British ships garrison of 9,000 men, was at- suffering considerably in masts tacked and stormed by the Jap- and rigging, and being unable anese, after a short bombard- to chase when de Suffren sheered ment. The Chinese made but a off. The British loss was 520 feeble resistance, the assailants killed and wounded. losing only 270 killed and wounded. Pontevert (Gallic War). (Russo - Japanese Fought 57 B.C., between Port Arthur 50,000 Romans, under Caesar, War). and the Suevi, 300,000 strong, Fought February 8, 1904, under Galba. The Suevi attack- between a Japanese fleet of 16 ed the Roman entrenched camp, warships, under Vice-Admiral but were repulsed with very Togo, and the Russian fleet of cruisers, heavy loss and their army dis- 6 battleships and 10 persed. under Vice-Admiral Stark, lying at anchor off Port Arthur. The Pont Valain (Hundred Years' Japanese attacked with torpedo War). boats, and succeeded in seriously Fought 1370, between the damaging 2 battleships and a French, under du Guesclin, and cruiser, which were beached at the English, under Sir Thomas the mouth of the harbour. They Granson. The French sur- then opened a bombardment, prised the English camp, but in which they injured a third the English ralhed, and a severe battleship and four more cruisers conflict followed, in which the sustaining no damage to their French attack was at first re- own ships. The Russians lost pulsed. A flank movement of 56 killed and wounded, the the French, however, threw Japanese, 58, chiefly in the the English into disorder, and torpedo boats. they were defeated with a loss On April 13, the Japanese of nearly 10,000 in killed, torpedo flotilla attacked the wounded and prisoners, a- Russian squadron, under Makar- mong the latter being Sir Thomas off. The battleship Petropav- Granson. lovsk was torpedoed and sunk, Poonah (Second Mahratta War). Makaroff and 700 officers and Fought October 25, 1802, men being drowned. The battle- between the forces of Jeswunt ship Pobieda, and a destroyer DICTIONARY OF BATTLES were also torpedoed, but man- divisions, under General Banks, aged to reach the harbour. The and defended by 6,000 Con- Japanese suffered no material federates, under General Gard- loss. ner. An assault on the 27th After numerous only partially was repulsed, and a regular successful attempts to block siege commenced. After a the fairway, the Japanese, on second unsuccessful assault, on the garrison, having no May 2, sent in a fleet of mer- June 14, chant steamers, accompanied by hope of relief, surrendered, lost the torpedo flotilla. Of these, July 9, having 800 men eight succeeded in reaching the during the siege. The losses of outer harbour, and two of them the besiegers were far heavier, broke the boom guarding the the two unsuccessful assaults inner harbour, and were blown showing a heavy list of casual- up by their commanders in the ties. fairway. Several others were Portland (Dutch Wars). simk near the harbour entrance. Fought February iS, 1653, Of the officers and men 179 between an English fleet of forming the crews of the mer- about /O sail, under Blake, were chant steamers, only 42 Deane and Monk, and a Dutch rescued by the Japanese, though fleet of 73 ships, convoying 300 a few survivors fell into the merchantmen, under VanTromp, Russians. This is hands of the de Ruyter and Evetzen. In one of the most daring exploits the early part of the engage- in the history of naval warfare. ment, which was very severely Porte St. Antoine (Wars of the contested, three English ships Fronde). were carried by the board, and Fought July 2, 1652, between that portion of the fleet which the Royal troops, under Tu- had come into action was nearly renne, and 5,000 insurgents, overwhelmed. At this crisis, under Conde. Conde occupied however, the rest of the English a position round the gate, pro- ships engaged, the battle was tected by barricades and fortified restored, and the captured ships houses, where he was attacked retaken. On the 19th the battle by Turenne. The barricades was renewed off the Isle of Wight, were taken and retaken several 5 Dutch ships being captured times, but at last, after heavy or destroyed. On the 20th the fighting, Conde abandoned all Dutch sheered off defeated, idea of penetrating into Paris, having lost during the three and retired. His losses were days' fighting, 1 1 men-of-war, heavy, especially in officers, 60 merchant ships, 1,500 killed among the severely wounded and wounded and 700 prisoners. being the Due de Nemurs, and The English losses were also the Due de la Rochefoucauld. heavy.

Port Hudson (American Civil Porto Bello (Raids of the Buc- WarJ. caneers). This fortress was invested, This Spanish-American fort- May 25, 1863, by five Federal ress was captured in 1665 by 1

DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 20

460 Buccaneers, under Morgan. being driven from the field in The walls were scaled, and the disorder and with heavy loss. town sacked, unheard-of cruel- ties being perpetrated by the Potidaea. Filibusters. This city was besieged by a force of about 3,000 Athenians, Porto Bello (War of the Austrian B.C. 432, and was defended by a Succession). small garrison of Corinthians, This place was captured from under Aristaeus. The town the Spaniards, November 21, held out until the winter of 429, 1740, by a British fleet of 6 when the garrison surrendered, ships, under Admiral Vernon. and were permitted to go free. The British loss was trifling. Potosi. (South-American War Porto Novo (First Mysore War), of Independence). Fought July I, 178 1, between Fought April, 1825, between, 8,500 British troops, under Sir the Bolivians, under Bolivar, Eyre Coote, and about 65,000 and the Spanish Royalists, Mysoris, under Hyder Ali. under Olaneta. The Spaniards Hyder occupied a strongly en- were completely defeated. trenched camp, blocking the British advance upon Cuddalore. Prague (Thirty Years' War). Here he was attacked by Coote, Fought November 8, 1620, and after a day's hard fighting when the Imperialists, under the position was stormed, and Maximilian of Bavaria and Hyder forced to retreat. The Count Tilly, drove 22,000 Bo- British lost 306 only, while the hemians, under Frederick of Mysoris are computed to have Bohemia, up to the walls of lost 10,000. Prague, and signally defeated them, with a loss of 5,000 men Porto Praya Bay. and all their artillery. Frede- Fought April 16, 1781, when rick was obliged to take refuge Commodore Johnstone, in com- in the city, and soon afterwards mand of a British squadron of capitulated. The battle onlj' 5 ships of the line and 5 frigates, lasted an hour, and the Imperi- repulsed a determined attack of alists lost no more than 300 men. a French squadron of 1 1 sail, under de Suffren. The loss in Prague (Seven Years' War). the British squadron amounted Fought May 6, 1757, between to 36 killed and 147 wounded. 70,000 Austrians, under Charles of Lorraine, and 60,000 Prus- Port Republic (American Civil sians, under Frederick the War). Great. The Austrians occupied Fought June 9, 1862, between a very strong position on the the Federals, 12,000 strong, Moldau, which was attacked under General Shields, and an and carried by Frederick, equal force of Confederates, Charles being driven back into under General Jackson. The Prague with a loss of 8.000 Federals were completely de- killed and wounded and 9,000 feated, a portion of their army prisoners. Marshal Braun was 202 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES among the killed. The Prus- between 2,300 Royal troops, sians lost 13,000, including under Sir John Cope, and a Marshal Schwerin. slightly superior force of Jaco- bites, under the Young Pre- Prairie Grove (American Civil tender. Cope's infantry failed War). to stand up against the charge A sanguinary but indecisive of the Highlanders, and fled in action, fought December 7, confusion, losing heavily in 1862, between the Confederates, killed and wounded, and 1,600 under General Hindman, and prisoners, including 70 officers. the Federals, under General The Highlanders lost about Herron. The losses were about 140 killed and wounded. This equal. action is also knowTi as the Preston (Civil War). Battle of Gladsmuir. Fought August 17, 1648, Italian when Langdale, with 4,000 Primolano (Napoleon's Royalists, was deserted by the Campaigns). Fought September main body of the Scottish in- 7, 1796, when Napoleon surprised and vading army, and left to face totally routed the vanguard of the attack of about 8,000 Par- liamentarians under Cromwell, Wurmser's army. The Aus- The Royalists fought despe- trians lost over 4,000 killed, rately for four hours, but were wounded and prisoners. overpowered, and the whole Princeton (American War of force killed or captured. Independence). Preston (Rebellion of the Fifteen). Fought 1776 between the Washington, Fought November 12, 171s. Americans, under between 4,000 Jacobites, under and the British, under General General Forster, and a small Gage. The British were de- force of Royal troops, chiefly feated, and this victory enabled dragoons, under General Wills. Washington to regain posses- The Jacobites had barricaded sion of New Jersey. the approaches to the town, Pruth, The (Ottoman Wars). and held their ground through- Fought August 2, 1770, when out the day, but reinforcements the Russians, under General arriving. Wills was able to in- Romanzoff, stormed the triple

vest the place completely ; and entrenchments held by the early on the morning of the 14th main Turkish army, 120,000 Forster surrendered. Many of strong, under Halil Bey, and the rebels having left the town drove out the Turks with a loss on the night of the 12th, the of 20,000 killed and wounded. prisoners numbered 1,468. The Jacobite loss in killed and Puente (South American War of wounded that of the was 42, Independence). Royalists about 200. Fought February 16, 18 16, Prestonpans (Rebellion of the between the Colombian Patriots, Forty-five). under Lorrices, aud the Spanish Fought September 21, 174?, Royalists, under Morillo. The DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 203

Royalists gained a complete getting through, and in this victory. part of the field the action was indecisive. On the left the Puente de la Reyna (Second French did little more than Carlist War). hold their own, but the Rus- be- Fought October 6, 1872, sians retired during the night, tween Carlists, under 50,000 having lost 3,000 killed and Republi- Olio, and about 9,000 wounded, 2,000 prisoners, and cans, Moriones. The Re- under a large number of guns. The after publicans were defeated French admitted a loss of 1,500 hard fighting, and were at last only, but this is probably an driven in disorder from the field understatement, Russian ac- by a bayonet charge. The Car- counts estimating the French lists lost only ; the losses of 113 losses at 8,000. the Republicans were far heavier. Puna (Raids of the Buccaneers). Pultowa (Russo-Swedish Wars). On April 27, 1687, three Buc- Fought 8, between July 1709, caneering vessels, under Captain the Swedes, strong, under 24,000 Davis, engaged two Spanish Charles XII, and the Russians, men-of-war off Puna. The ac- 70,000 in number, under Peter tion was entirely one of long- the Great. After some suc- range firing, and lasted till May cesses early the battle the in when the Spanish commander Swedes were overwhelmed by 3, withdrew his ships. In the the Czar's great superiority in seven days only three or four artillery, were defeated and Buccaneers were wounded. with a loss of 9,000 killed and wounded and 6,000 prisoners. Punniar (Gwalior Campaign). Charles with difficulty made his Fought December 29, 1843, escape from the field by swim- between the left wing of Sir ming the Borysthenes. Hugh Cough's army, under Grey, and a force of Pultusk (Russo-Swedish Wars). General 12,000 Mahrattas, with 40 guns. Fought 1703, between 10,000 were totally Swedes, under Charles XII, and The Mahrattas routed. an equal force of Saxons, under Marshal von Stenau. The Saxons Pydna (Third Macedonian War). practically no resis- made Fought June 22, 168 B.C., tance, but fled from the field, between the Romans, under losing only 600 killed and 1,000 ^milius Paulus, and the Mace- prisoners. donians, under Perseus. The Pultusk Campaign of Fried- Macedonian phalanx attacked land). the Roman hne, and drove them Fought December 26, 1806, back on their camp, but be- between 43,000 Russians, under coming disordered by the un- Bennigsen, and 18,000 French, even ground, was broken by the under Lannes. Lannes endea- legionaries and cut to pieces. voured to pierce the Russian The result was a total defeat of left and cut them off from the the Macedonians, with a loss town, but he did not succeed in of 20,000 killed and 11,000 204 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES prisoners. The phalanx here 43 ships, the crews of which fought its last fight and perish- occupied Sphacteria. Demos- ed to a man. thenes repulsed an attack on Pylos, and Eurymedon, arriving Pyramids (French Invasion of with 50 Athenian vessels, de- Egypt). feated the Spartan fleet, and Fought July 21, 1798, when blockaded Sphacteria. After a the Mameluke army, under protracted siege, the arrival of Murad Bey, endeavoured to reinforcements, under Cleon, arrest Napoleon's march on enabled the Athenians to land Cairo. The Mameluke infan- 14.000 men in the island, and try, numbering about 20,000, the garrison, reduced from 420 took no part in the fight, but to 292, surrendered. their cavalry, perhaps at that time the finest in the world, charged the French squares with the utmost gallantry. They were, however, repulsed time after time, with great slaughter, Quatre Bras (Hundred Days). and were eventually driven into Fought June 16, 181 5, be- the Nile, where the shattered tween the advance guard of the remnants escaped by swimming. British army, under Wellington, and the left wing of the French Pyrenees (Peninsular War). army, 16,000 strong, under Ney. The engagements fought be- Napoleon's object was to pre- tween Wellington's lieutenants vent the junction of the British and Soult's army, which was and the Prussians, and Ney's endeavouring to relieve San orders were to drive back the Sebastian, are known as the British, while Napoleon, with Battles of the Pyrenees. They his main body, engaged the include the fighting from July Prussians. Ney attacked at 3 25 to August 2, 181 3, and speci- p.m., but the British held their ally the actions of Roncesvalles, own till evening, when Ney, not Maya, Santarem and Buenzas. receiving the reinforcements he The British loss in these battles expected, began to fall back. amounted to 7,300, while the Wellington then attacked vigor- French lost fully double that ously all along the line, retaking number. all the positions occupied by the French during the day. Pylos and Sphacteria (Pelopon- nesian War). Quebec (Seven Years' War). The promontory of Pylos, This city was besieged June, which is separated by a narrow 1759, by 9,000 British troops, channel from the island of under General Wolfe, assisted Sphacteria, was seized and for- by a fleet of 22 ships of war, tified by an Athenian force under Admiral Holmes. The under Demosthenes, B.C. 425. place was defended by about Here he was besieged by the 16,000 French, under Montcalm. Spartans under Thrasymelidas, Wolfe was too weak numerically with a land force and a fleet of for an investment, and his object DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 205

was to draw Montcalm into an sail of the line and 10 frigates, engagement. On July 31 he under Hawke, and 21 French was defeated in an attack on line-of-battleships and 3 frigates, Montcalm's lines outside the under Conflans. The action city, but on September 13, was fought in a heavy gale on a having landed above Quebec, lee shore, and resulted in the he met and defeated the French, French being driven to take who evacuated the place on the refuge in Quiberon Bay, with a

17th . loss of 2 ships sunk and 2 cap- After defeating General Mur- tured. Notwithstanding the gale, followed his ray, April 27, 1760, the Cheva- Hawke up lier de Levis laid siege to Quebec, advantage, and standing in, with about 8,000 French and succeeded in capturing or de- Canadians. The garrison con- stroying all but four of the ships sisted of no more than 2,500 which had taken refuge in the effectives, but owing to the bay, though in so doing he lost superiority of their artillery, two of his own ships, which Levis was unable to make any were driven ashore and wrecked. impression on the defences. On The British lost in the action May 15a small British squadron only I officer and 270 men killed anchored off the city, and on and wounded. the following day attacked and Quipuaypan (Conquest of Peru). destroyed the French ships Fought 1532, between the carrying de Levis' suppUes and rival Peruvian chiefs, Atahualpa reserve of ammunition, where- and Huascar. Huascar was upon he hastily raised the siege, totally routed, and taken pri- leaving behind him 40 siege soner. guns and all his sick and wounded. Quistello (War of the Polish Succession). Queenston Heights (Second Fought July, 1734, between American War). the Imperialists, under Prince Fought October 13, 18 12, Eugene, and the French, under between 4,000 British (chiefly the Due de Broglie. Prince Canadian volunteers), under Eugene gained a signal victory. General Brock, and about 5,000 Americans, under Van Reusse- laer. The Americans attacked the British position on Queens- R ton Heights, and after very Raab (Campaign of severe fighting, were totally Wagram). Fought be- defeated. The exact losses are June 14, 1809, tween French, under unknown, but the British took 44,000 Eugene Beauharnais, about 1,000 prisoners, and the Ameri- and 40,000 Austrians, under the can column was practically annihilated. Archduke John. The French attacked the Austrian position,

Quiberon Bay (Seven Years' War ). and driving them successively Fought November 20, 1759, from the villages of Kismegyer between the British fleet, 23 and Szabadhegy, totally de- 2o6 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES feated them. Under cover of them from the field utterly night, however, the Archduke routed. It is said that the was able to make an orderly Turkish losses amounted to retirement, with a loss of about more than the whole Christian 3,000 killed and wounded and army. Ahmed Bey was among 2,500 prisoners. The French the slain. lost something over 2,000. Ramillies (Seven Years' War). Radcot Bridge. Fought May 23, 1706, be- Fought 1387, between the tween the British and Imperi- troops of Richard II, under De alists, under Marlborough and Vere, Duke of Ireland, and the Prince Eugene, about 80,000 forces of the Lords Appellant, strong, and the French, in equal under the Earl of Derby (Henry force, under Marshal Villeroy. IV). De Vere and his troops The allies drove the French out fled almost without striking a of Ramillies, their resistance on blow, and the King was thus left the whole being unworthy of entirely in the power of the them, and in the end they were Barons. disastrously defeated with hea- vy loss, 5,000 being killed Ragatz (Armagnac War). and wounded, while 6,000 pri- Fought March, 1446, between soners and 50 guns were taken. the Austrians and the Swiss The allies lost less than 3,000. Confederation. The Swiss gain- Ramla. ed a brilliant victory, which was Fought 1 between the followed by peace with Austria 177, Saracens, under Saladin, and and the Armagnacs. the Christians of Jerusalem, Rajahmundry (Seven Years' under Renaud de Chatillon. War). The Christians won a complete Fought December 9, 1758, victory. between British troops, 2,500 Ramnugger (Second Sikh War). under Colonel Forde, in con- Fought November, 1849, junction with about 5,000 native when Lord Gough attempted to levies, and the French, 6,500 dislodge Shir Singh, who with strong, under Conflans. The about 35,000 Sikhs, had occu- native troops did little on either pied a position behind the side, but Forde's 500 Europeans Chenab opposite Ramnugger. routed Conflans' Frenchmen, The attempt was made by a the latter fled with and con- brigade under General Camp- siderable loss. bell, with a cavalry force under Raker sberg (Ottoman Wars). General Cureton, and failed ow- ing to the unexpected strength Fought 14 1 6, between 20,000 Turks, under Ahmed Bey, and of the Sikh artillery, which well served. 12,000 Austrians and others, was posted and General Cureton was killed. under Duke Ernest of Stjnria. Duke Ernest marched to the Raphia. relief of Rakersberg, which the Fought B.C. 223, between the Turks were besieging, and drove Egyptians, under Ptolemy Phi- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 207 lopator, and the Syrians, under tween the Royalists, under Antiochus the Great. Anti- Ormonde, and the Parhament- ochus at first held the advan- ary garrison of Dublin, under tage, but pressing too far in the Colonel Jones. Ormonde having pursuit, was overpowered and ordered a night attack upon totally routed. The Syrians lost DubUn, the Parliamentarians 14,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners. made a sortie, and driving back column, attacked Rastadt (Wars of the French the assaulting the Royalists Revolution). the main body of their camp, totally routing Fought 1796, between the in killed Fiench, under Moreau, and the them, with a loss of 4,000 pri- Austrians, under the Archduke and wounded and 2,000 artillery Charles. After a severe engage- soners. All Ormonde's ment Moreau succeeded in seiz- was captured. ing the heights held by the Aus- Ravenna. trians, Charles to and forced Fought 729 between the retreat to the Danube. troops of Leo the Iconoclast, Raszyn (Campaign of Wagram). and a force of Italians, raised Fought April 19, 1809, be- by Pope Gregory II, in defence tween 30,000 Austrians, under of image worship. After a the Archduke Ferdinand, and severe struggle, the Greeks were about 20,000 French and Poles, routed, and in their flight to under Poniatowski. The Arch- their ships were slaughtered by duke was marching on Warsaw thousands. It is said that the when Poniatowski, to whom the waters of the Po were so in- defence of that city had been fected with blood, that for six entrusted, came out to meet years the inhabitants of Ra- him, and after a stubborn fight venna would not eat any fish in the woods and marshes round caught in that river. Raszyn, was driven back upon Ravenna (War of the Holy Warsaw, with a loss of 2,000 League). killed and wounded. A few Fought 1512, between the days later he surrendered the troops of the Holy League, and city to the Austrians to save it French, under Gaston de from a bombardment. the Foix. The French gained a Rathenow (Swedish Invasion of signal victory, but Gaston de Brandenburg). Foix fell in the moment of his Fought June 25, 1675, be- triumph, pierced with sixteen tween the Brandenburgers, wounds. 15,000 strong, under the Elector Frederick William, and the Reading (Danish Invasion). Swedes, under Charles XI. The Fought 871, between the Swedes, wearied by a long Danish invaders, and the West march, were surprised by the Saxons, under ^Ethelred and Elector in their camp, and Alfred. The West Saxons, suffered a serious reverse. after a stubborn resistance, Rathmines (Civil War). were defeated and driven from Fought August 2, 1649, be- the field with great slaughter. 208 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Rebec (Wars of Charles V). spring of 1790 by the Swedish Fought 1524, between the fleet, under the Duke of Suder- Imperialists, under Constable de manland. The Russian bat- Bourbon, and the French, under teries, however, aided by the Bonnivet. The French were fleet under Admiral Chitcha- totally defeated, with heavy goff, drove them off with con- loss, among those who fell being siderable loss. the Chevaher de Bayard. Revolax (Finland War). Redan (Crimean War). Fought April 27, 1808, when This fort, forming part of the General Khngspoor, with about southern defences of Sebasto- 8,000 Swedes, surprised an pol, was attacked by the British isolated Russian column of Second and Light Divisions, about 4,000 men, under General September 8, 1855. The ram- Bonlatoff. The Russians were parts were stormed, but the surrounded, and tried to cut assailants were unable to make their way through, but failed, good their footing, and were less than 1,000 succeeding in eventually repulsed with heavy escaping from the trap. Gene- loss. The fall of the Malakoff, ral Bonlatoff fell fighting to the however, rendered the southern last. side of Sebastopol untenable, Rhe. and the Russians retired during St. Martin, the capital of this the night. The British losses island, was besieged by the amounted to 2,184 killed and wounded. English, under the Duke of Buckingham, from July 17 to Reddersberg (Second Boer War)- October 29, 1627. An assault Fought April 3, 1900, when on October 27 was repulsed, 5 companies of British infantry and the landing of the Duke of were surrounded by a force of Schomberg, with 6,000 French, Boers, with 5 guns, and after on the island, made the English holding out for twenty-four lines untenable, whereupon hours, were compelled by want Buckingham raised the siege. of water to surrender, having While returning to his ships lost 4 officers and 43 men killed Buckingham was attacked by and wounded. The prisoners the French, and suffered con- numbered 405. siderably. The English losses Reims (Allied Invasion of during the operations amounted

France ). to about 4,000 men. Fought March 13, 18 14, when Rheinfeldt (Thirty Years' War). Napoleon, with 30,000 French, Fought 1638, between the surprised and routed 13,000 Protestant Germans, under Prussians and Russians, under Duke Bernard of Saxe Weimar, Saint-Priest, with a loss of and the ImperiaUsts, under 6,000 killed, wounded and pri- Jean de Wert. The Duke was soners. The French lost a few besieging Rheinfeldt, when he hundreds only. was attacked by de Wert, and Revel (Russo-Swedish Wars). forced to raise the siege and This port was attacked in the retire. After retreating, how- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 209

ever, a short distance only, un- rals, under General Manson. pursued, he suddenly retraced The Federals were routed and his steps, and taking the Im- driven headlong into Richmond, perialists by surprise, inflicted where 5,000 prisoners, 9 guns upon them a severe defeat, dis- and 10,000 stand of arms were persing their army and captur- captured. The Confederate ing de Wert. In this action losses were slight. fell the veteran Due de Rohan. Richmond (American Civil War), Rhodes (Ottoman Wars). In the neighbourhood of this This place, defended by the place were fought the final Knights, under their Grand actions of the war, when Lee, Master, Pierre d'Aubusson, was with the army of Virginia, en- besieged May 23, 1480, by a deavoured to break through Turkish army, under Meshid the ring of Grant's troops by Pasha, aided by a fleet of 160 which he was surrounded, and ships. The siege lasted three being everywhere repulsed, was months, and was raised after compelled to surrender March the failure of the second assault, 8, 1865, on which date he had the Turks having by that time but 10,000 effectives under his lost 10,500 killed and wounded. command.

Rich Mountain (American Civil A second and successful siege War), was begun July 28, 1522, by Fought 12, 1861, be- Solyman the Magnificent. The July tween 15,000 Federals, under Knights, under Villiers de LTsle General McClellan, and 6,000 Adam, held out until December Confederates, under General 21, repulsing numerous attacks, Garnett. The Federals stormed but at last, worn by famine, they the heights of Rich Mountain were compelled to surrender. and Laurel Hill, and drove the The Turks are stated to have Southerners from their posi- lost by disease and battle over tions, with a loss of about 1,000, 100,000 men. This siege is not- including prisoners. During able as being the first in which the'pursuit on the following day, the Turks used explosive bombs. General Garnett was killed in a cavalry skirmish. Riachuelo (Paraguayan War). Fought June 11, 1865, be- Rietfontein (Second Boer War). tween the fleets of Paraguay Fought October 24, 1899, and Brazil. After a sanguinary between 4,000 British, under engagement the advantage rest- Sir George White, and the Free ed with the Brazilians. Staters, who were advancing to interrupt the retreat of Colonel Richmond (American Civil War), Yule from Dundee. The enemy Fought August 30, 1862, be- occupied a range of hills about tween the Confederates, about seven miles from Ladysmith, 6,000 strong, under General where they were attacked by Kirby Smith, and 8,000 Fede- White. After an indecisive 1

DICTIONARY OF BATTLES action the British retired to Rinya (Ottoman Wars). Ladysmith, with a loss of 1 1 Fought July 21, 1556, be- killed and wounded, but the tween 40,000 Turks, under Ali object aimed at was attained, Pasha, and a comparatively for the Boers were prevented small force of Austrians and from interfering with Colonel Hungarians, under Thomas Na- Yule's march. dasdy. The Turks were de- feated loss, Rieti (Neapolitan Rising). with heavy the Christians losing only. Fought March 21, 1821, be- 300 men tween 12,000 Neapolitans, under Rio Seco (Peninsular War). General Pepe, and the Austrian Fought July 14, 1808, when invading army, 80,000 strong. Marshal Bessieres, with about As long as he was opposing only 14,000 French, defeated 26,000 the advance guard, Pepe made Spaniards, under Cuesta. The a most resolute resistance, but Spaniards lost about 6,000, on their being reinforced from while the French loss was only the main body, the Neapolitans 370 killed and wounded. Fol- were overpowered by superior lowing upon this victor3^ Joseph numbers, and finally driven in entered Madrid. confusion from the field. Two Rivoli (Napoleon's Italian Cam- days' later the Austrians entered paigns). Naples, and reinstated Ferdi- Fought January nand on the throne. 14, 1797, when the Austrians, wdth five Riga (Thirty Years' War). divisions, under Alvinzi, at- This place was invested by tacked Napoleon's position on the Swedes, under Gustavus the heights of Rivoli. The Adolphus, in the early part of position proved too strong to August, 162 1, and was defended be carried, and Napoleon's by a garrison of 300 Poles. A superb handling of liis troops resolute defence was made, and resulted in the total defeat of several determined assaults re- the assailants. The fifth Aus- pulsed, but a large breach having trian division, which had not having been effected by Sep- taken part in the frontal attack, tember II, the garrison, now appeared in the rear of the reduced to a handful, had no French position after the battle option but to surrender, and was over, and being forced by the to^\Ti was entered by the overwhelming numbers, laid Swedes, September 15, 1621. down its arms. Massena, who had specially distinguished him- Rimnitz (Ottoman Wars). self, took his title from this Fought September 22, 1789, battle when later ennobled by when 25,000 Austrians and Napoleon. Russians, under the Duke of Coburg and Suwaroff, routed Roanoke Island (American Civil an army of 90,000 Turks, under War). the Grand Vizier. The Turkish This island, which com- losses were enormous, the whole manded the entrance to Albe- army being killed, captured, or marle Sound, North Carolina, dispersed. and which was defended by DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 211

1, 800 Confederates, under Gene- whom only 4,000 came into ral Wise, was attacked Febru- action, attacked the French, ary 7, 1862, by three brigades 3,000 strong, under Laborde, of Federals, under General and after a half-hearted re- Burnside, aided by 26 gunboats. sistance drove them from their On the 8th the Federals landed, position, with a loss of 500 men. overpowered the garrison, and The allies lost about 400. occupied the island, losing 235 killed and wounded. The Con- Rome (First Invasion of the federates lost 91 killed and Gauls). wounded. Of 7 Confederate The first siege of Rome by the gunboats employed in the Gauls, under Brennus, took defence, 5 were captured or place B.C. 387. No attempt destroyed. was made to defend the city, which was seized and burnt by Rocoux (War of the Austrian the barbarians, the greater part Succession). of the population fleeing to the Fought 1747, between Veii and other neighbouring French, under Maurice de Saxe, cities. The Capitol, however, and the Imperialists, under was held by the leading Patrician Charles of Lorraine. The families, and it is said withstood signal victory, French won a a siege of six months, when as the result of which they Brennus accepted a heavy ran- occupied Brabant. som and withdrew his army. Rocroi War). (Thirty Years' Rome (Second Gothic Invasion Fought May 19, 1643, be- of Italy). tween the French, 22,000 strong, The city was besieged in 408 under the Great Conde; and by the Goths, under Alaric, and 27,000 Spaniards, under Don after being brought to the verge Francisco de Melo. The battle of starvation and losing many was sternly contested, at and thousands from famine, the first went against the French, Romans capitulated, but re- their left wing being repulsed, tained their freedom on pay- and the centre shaken. Want ment of a heavy ransom, where- of cavalry, however, prevented upon Alaric retired northward Melo pressing home his advan- in 409. In the course of the tage, and the French, rallying, year, however, Alaric seized broke the Spanish line, and Ostia, the port of Rome, and severely defeated them. The summoned the city to sur- Spaniards lost 9,000 killed, and render. In the absence of the infantry 6,000 prisoners in the Emperor Honorius, the populace alone. The French only ad- forced the authorities to yield ; mitted a loss of 2,000, but it and Alaric, after deposing Hono- was doubtless considerably hea- rius, and bestowing the purple vier. on Attalus, withdrew his troops. Roliga (Peninsular War). In 410, during the month of Fought August 17, 1808, August, Alaric for the third when Wellington, with 14,000 time appeared before the walls, British and Portuguese, of and on the night of the 24th 212 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES the Salarian gate was opened the besiegers by some Isaurian to the besiegers by some sym- sympathisers within the walls, pathisers within the city, and and Totila thus made himself Rome was given over to pillage master of the last Italian city and massacre, in which thou- excepting Ravenna, which had sands perished. resisted his victorious army. In after defeat of Rome (Ricimer's Rebellion). 552, the The rebel Count Ricimer, Totila at Tagina, Rome was invested the Imperial army, with a large army of Burgun- by under Narses, brief dians, Suevi and other bar- who, after a siege, stormed the defences, barians, laid siege to Rome in and finally delivered the city 472, and after a defence of three months the besiegers entered from the Gothic domination. the city by storming the Bridge Rome. of Hadrian, and sacked it. In the course of dispute with Rome (First Gothic War). Pope Gregory VII, who had In March, 537, the city was refused to recognize him as besieged by the Gotiis, under emperor, Henry III of Germany Vitiges, and defended by Beli- laid siege to Rome in 1082. sarius. After a determined re- After two interruptions to the sistance, during which a vigor- siege, the city was finally sur- ous assault was repulsed, and rendered to him by the Roman several successful sorties made, nobles, March, 1084. Gregory with heavy loss to the besiegers, was deposed, and the anti-Pope Vitiges in March. 538, was com- Clement III set upon the ponti- pelled to raise the siege. fical throne, Henry at the same time assuming the Imperial Rome (Second Gothic War). purple. In May, 546, Totila, King of Italy, at the head of an army Rome (Wars of Charles V). of Goths, laid siege to Rome, The city was taken by storm which was defended a garri- by May 9, 1527, by the Imperialists son of 3,000, under Bassas. An under the Constable de Bour- attempt to relieve it by Beli- bon, who fell in the assault. A sarius was on the point of suc- massacre followed, in which cess, but Bassas failed to co- 8,000 of the inhabitants perish- operate with the relieving force, ed. The Pope retired to the and Belisarius was forced to Castle of St. Angelo, where he retire, whereupon the city sur- held out until November 26, rendered, December 17, 546. when a treaty between him and It was recovered by Belisarius Charles V put an end to the in the following February, but conflict. was again besieged by Totila in 549. On this occasion it was Rome (Italian Rising). defended by a garrison of 3,000 After the proclamation of a troops, under Demetrius, who, Roman republic by Garibaldi aided by the inliabitants, made and his adherents in 1848, a a gallant resistance, but the French army, under General Gate of St. Paul was opened to Oudinot, was sent to restore the DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 213 papal rule. On April 30, 1849, Roncesvalles (Peninsular War). the French, 7,000 strong, at- One of the actions known as tacked the Porta San Pancrazio, the " Battles of the Pyrenees," where they were encountered fought July 25, 1813. Soult, by the Republicans, under at the head of Clauset's division, Garibaldi, and repulsed, with a attacked the British, consisting loss of 300 killed and wounded of three brigades, under General and 500 prisoners. The Gari- Byng, but was unable to carry baldians lost 100. their position, and after severe On June 3 of the same year fighting was repulsed with a the French, under Oudinot, loss of 400. The British lost 20,000 strong, made a night 181 killed and wounded. attack upon the Garibaldians, who brought up about 8,000 Rorke's Drift (Zulu War). men to oppose them. The Garibaldians were repulsed, On the night of January 22, disaster of with a loss of over 2,000, in- 1879, after the outpost, held cluding 200 officers. Oudinot Isandhlwana, this Regi- then laid siege to the city, by a company of the 24th which, after a terrible bom- ment and details, in all 139 men, Bromhead bardment, surrendered July 2, under Lieutenants R.E., was attacked by 1849. and Chard, a force of Zulus, estimated at Romerswael (Netherlands War 4,000. After a most heroic of Independence). defence, in which many acts of Fought January 29, 1574. heroism were performed, especi- between the " Beggars of the ally in the removal of the sick Sea," under Admiral Boisot, from the hospital, which was and a Spanish fleet of 75 ships, fired by the Zulus, the assail- under Julian Romero. The ants were beaten off, leaving " Beggars " grappled the ene- over 400 dead on the field. The my's ships in a narrow estu- little garrison lost 25 killed ary, and after a very severe en- and wounded. Eight Victoria counter, in which the Spaniards Crosses and nine Distinguished lost 15 vessels and 1,200 men, Conduct medals were awarded Romero retreated to Bergen- for this affair. op-Zoom. Rosbach (Seven Years' War). Roncesvalles. November Fought between the Fought 5, 1757, 778 French and Franks, under Charlemagne, between 80,000 under Marshal Sou- and the Basques and Gascons, Austrians, bise, and 30,000 Prussians, under Loup II. The army of Frederick the Great. Charlemagne, retreating from under Frederick, who occupied the Spain, was caught in the defile of Rosbach, was at- of Roncesvalles, in the Pyre- heights by the allies. The Prus- nees, and the rearguard was to- tacked sian cavalry, however, under tally annihilated, among those Seidlitz, charged down upon who fell being the famous Pala- Austrians, and threw them din, Roland. the 214 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

into disorder, and the infantry Roundway Down (Civil War). falling upon the broken columns Fought July 13, 1643, when utterly routed them, with a loss the Parliamentarians, under of 4,000 killed and wounded, Waller and Hazlerigg, attacked 7,000 prisoners, including 11 the Royalists, under Prince generals and 63 guns. The Maurice, who was advancing to Prussians lost 3,000 only. the relief of Devizes. The Par- liamentarians were totally de- Rosbecque. feated, their attack on Prince Fought 1382 between 50,000 Maurice being repulsed, while Flemings, under Philip van at the same time they were Arteveldt, and the French, taken in the rear by a sortie under Charles VI. The Flem- from the town. Of 1,800 in- ings at first drove back the fantry, 600 were killed and the French, but were overwhelmed rest taken prisoners. by the charges of the French cavalry on their flanks, and Roncray — St. — Denis. See were in the end utterly routed. Herrings. Thousands fell in the action and subsequent pursuit, amongst Roveredo (Napoleon's Italian them van Arteveldt. Campaigns). Fought September 4, 1796, Rostock (Dano-Swedish Wars). between 25,000 Austrians, un- Fought June, 1677, between der Davidowich, and the main the Danish fleet, under Admiral body of Napoleon's army. Juel, and the Swedes, under Napoleon attacked the Austrian Admiral Horn. The Swedes entrenched position, and in were completely defeated. spite of a determined defence, carried it, driving the enemy out Rotto Freddo (War of the Aus- of Roveredo with heavy loss, trian Succession). including 7,000 prisoners and Fought the July, 1746, when 15 guns. This victory enabled rearguard of the retreating Massena to occupy Trent, and French army, under Marshal the remnants of the Austrian Maillebois, was attacked by the army were driven headlong Austrians, under Prince Lich- into the TjTol. tenstein, and after a gallant re- sistance defeated with heavy Rowton Heath (Civil War). loss. In consequence of this Fought September 24, 1645, defeat the French garrison of when a body of Royalist cavalry, Placentia, 4,000 strong, sur- under Sir Marmaduke Langdale, rendered to the Imperialists. which was endeavouring to pre- vent the investment of Chester, Rouen (Hundred Years' War). was attacked by the Parlia- This city was besieged 141 8, mentary horse, under Colonel by the English, under Henry V. Poyntz. The first attack was After a gallant defence the repulsed with loss, but Poj-ntz garrison surrendered January receiving infantry support, ral- 15, 1419, the city paying a ran- lied his troops, and drove the som of 300,000 crowns. Royalists from the field, with a DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 215 loss of 300 killed and wounded 20,000 strong, under Count and 1,000 prisoners. Bossu and Frangois de la Noue, and the Spaniards, numbering Roseburgh (Scottish Wars). about 30,000, under Don John This town, defended by an of Austria. Don John crossed English garrison, besieged was the Demer, and attacked Bossu by the Scots, under James II of in his entrenchments. He was after a Scotland, in 1460, and however repulsed, after severe stubborn defence was captured fighting, and retired, leaving and destroyed. This is the 1,000 dead on the field. He first occasion which artillery on offered battle in the open on the the Scots. During was used by following morning, but Bossu de- the siege the Scottish king was clined to leave his lines, and of gun killed by the bursting a Don John was indisposed to of large calibre, August 1460. 3, renew the attack, and fell back Rullion Green (Covenanters' upon Namur. Rising). Fought November, 1666, be- tween the Covenanters, under Colonel Wallace, and the Royal Saalfeld (Campaign of Jena). troops, under General Dalziel. Fought October 10, 1806, The Covenanters were defeated. between 7,000 Prussians, under Prussia, and a Rumersheim (War of the Spanish Prince Louis of corps, under Succession). division of Lannes' himself. The Fought August 26, 1709, be- the Marshal was broken tween the French, under Mar- Prussian infantry under the walls of shal Villiers, and the Iinperi- and driven the prince ahsts, under Count Mercy. Saalfield, whereupon head of his Mercy was defeated and driven put himself at the charged the ad- out of Alsace. cavalry, and vancing French. The charge Ruspina (Civil War of Caesar was repulsed, and the Prince and Pompey). refusing to surrender was cut Fought January 3, 46 B.C., down and killed. The Prus- between Julius Caesar, with three sians lost in this action 400 legions, and a force of Pom- killed and wounded, 1,000 pri- peians, composed entirely of soners, and 20 guns. cavalry and archers, under La- Sabugal (Peninsular War). bienus. Caesar's troops were Fought April 3, 181 1, be- surrounded, but behaving with tween three British divisions, extreme steadiness, were able under Wellington, and the to retire to Ruspina in good French, consisting of Reynier's order, though with very heavy corps. Reynier held the salient loss. angle of the French position on Rynemants (Netherlands War of the Coa, and was driven back Independence). after less than an hour's fight- Fought August I, 1578, be- ing, with a loss of about 1,500. tween the Dutch Patriots, The British lost 200_only. 2l6 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Sacile (Napoleon's Wars). by the French, 22,000 strong, Fought April i6, 1809, be- under Soult, September 23, tween 45,000 Austrians, under 181 1. Built on the heights the Archduke John, and 36,000 above Murviedro, the place was French and Italians, under accessible on one side only, and Eugene Beauharnais, Regent an attempt to escalade this was of Italy. After hard fighting, repulsed September 28. A re- in which little generalship was gular siege was then com- shown on either side, a flank menced, and a second unsuc- movement of the Austrians, cessful assault was made on which menaced the French line October 18. On the 25 th of retreat, forced Eugene to General Blake, with 30,000 retire, victory thus resting with Spaniards, made an attempt to the Austrians. The losses were relieve the place, but was de- about equal on the two sides. feated with a loss of 1,000 killed and wounded and 4,000 pri- Sacripontus (Civil of Marius War soners, the victory costing the and Sulla). French about 800 men. On Fought B.C. between the 82, the following day the garrison legions of Sulla and the army surrendered. of the younger Marius, 40,000 strong. Sulla's veterans were St. Alban's (Wars of the Roses). too steady for the newer levies Two engagements were fought of Marius, and the latter was here in the course of the war. routed, with the loss of more On May 22, 1455, 2,000 Lancas- than half his army killed or trians, under Henry VI, posted captured. After this victory in the town, were attacked by Sulla occupied Rome. 3,000 Yorkists, under the Duke of York. The Duke pierced Sadowa. See Koeniggratz. the Lancastrian centre, and Sadulapur (Second Sikh War). drove them out of St. Alban's Fought December 3, 1848. with heavy loss, among those After the failure of his frontal who were killed being the Earls attack on the Sikh position at of Somerset and Northumber- Ramnugger in November, Lord land. Gough despatched a force under The second battle took place Sir Joseph Thackwell, to cross February the Chenab and turn the Sikh 17, 1461, when the army of Margaret of Aujou, led left. An indecisive action fol- by Somerset, lowed, which Lord Gough Exeter, and others, attacked the Yorkists, under claimed as a victory, but Warwick, Warwck withdrew though the Sikhs retired, it was his main body, leaving his left slowly, and only to take up a unsupported to withstand the fresh position, which Thackwell Lancastrian attacks, did not consider himself strong and these troops, after a feeble resistance, enough to attack. broke and fled. Henry VI, Sagunto (Peninsular War). who was a prisoner in Warwick's This fortress, held by a camp, escaped and rejoined the Spanish garrison, was besieged Queen, and a rapid advance on DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 217

London would probably have Cochrane and General Bowyer, led to his reinstatement. War- December 25, 1807, but little wick, however, took such prompt resistance being offered. measures as to render the St. Eustache (French-Canadian Lancastrian victory practically Rising). fruitless. Fought 1837, between the the St. Aubin du Cormier. rebels, under Girod, and Sir Fought 1487, between the Government troops, under Royal troops, under La Tremou- John Colborne. The rebels and ille, and the forces of the rebel were completely defeated, Princes, under Marshal deRieux. the rebellion was suppressed. The rebels were totally defeated, Ste Foy (Seven Years' War). and a large number of nobles Fought April 27, 1760, be- made prisoners, including the tween 3,000 British troops, Due d'Orleans and the Prince under General Murray, and of Orange. 8,000 French, under the Cheva- St. Charles (French-Canadian lier de Levis, who was approach- Rising). ing from Montreal, with the Fought 1S37, between the object of recapturing Quebec. Loyalists, under Colonel Wether- Murray marched out to attack all, and the Canadian rebels. Levis, but was defeated and The latter were defeated. driven back into Quebec with a loss of over a third of his force. St. Denis (Second Civil War). The French lost about 800. Fought November 10, 1567, between the Catholics, under St. George (Ottoman Wars). the Constable Montmorenci, This place, the capital of the and the Huguenots, under the island of Cephalonia, was be- Prince de Conde. Victory sieged in October, 1500, by the rested with the Catholics, but Spaniards and Venetians, under at the cost of the Constable, Gonsalvo de Cordova and who was killed, and the battle Pesaro. The garrison consisted had no decisive effect upon the of 400 Turks only, but being course of the war. veteran soldiers they made a

most gallant defence ; but at St. Denis (French - Canadian the end of two months the place Rising). was stormed from two quarters Fought 1837, between the simultaneously, and the sur- Canadian rebels, and a force of vivors of the garrison, some 80 British and Canadian troops, only, laid down their arms. under Colonel Gore. The rebels were victorious, but the results of St. Gothard (Ottoman Wars). their victory were unimportant. Fought August I, 1664, be- tween 100,000 Turks, under Ste Croix (Napoleonic Wars). Achmet Kopriali Pasha, and This island, held by a small 60,000 French and Germans, Danish garrison, was captured under Montecucculi, who occu- by a British naval and military pied a strong position behind force, under Admiral Sir A. J. the Raab. On the Turks ad- 2l8 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES vancing to the attack, a young by a British squadron, under Turk rode out, and challenged Sir John Jervis. a Christian to single combat. St. Mary's Clyst (Arundel's Re- The challenge was accepted by bellion). the Chevalier de Lorraine, who Fought August 4, 1549, when killed his adversary. The Turks Lord Russell, marching with then assaulted Montecucculi's the Royal army to the relief of entrenchment, but could make Exeter, was attacked by 6,000 no impression, and after hard rebels, detached from the be- fighting were beaten ofi with a sieging force. The rebels were loss of killed. 8, GOO defeated with a loss of 1,000 St. Jacob an der Mirs (Armagnac killed, and Arundel was forced War). to raise the siege of Exeter. Fought September, 1444, be- St. Privat. See Gravelotte. tween 30,000 Armagnacs, under St. Quentin. the Dauphin, and 1,300 Con- Fought August ID, 1557, be- federate S\viss. Swiss The tween 22,000 French and Ger- being hard pressed, occupied mans, under the Constable the hospital of St. an der Jacob Montmorenci, and about 5,000 Mirs, where they maintained Spanish and Flemish cavalry the unequal fight until the last of the Duke of Savoy's army, man had fallen. The Arma- under Count Egmont, supported gnacs, however, had lost 2,000 by a small force of infantry. killed, and the Dauphin felt The French, in attempting to compelled to abandon the in- throw reinforcements into St. vasion of Switzerland. Quentin, were entrapped in a St. Kitts (Dutch Wars). narrow pass, and were utterly Fought May 10, 1667, when routed, with a loss of 15,000 Sir John Harman, commanding killed, wounded and captured, an English squadron of 12 fri- and all but two of their guns. gates, fell in \\ith a combined The Spaniards only lost 50 men. Dutch and French fleet of 22 St. Quentin (Franco - German sail, under Commodore Kruysen War). and M. de la Barre, off Fought January 19, 1871, St. Kitts. Notwithstanding between the French, 40,000 his inferiority, Harman boldly strong, under General Faid- attacked, and gained a signal herbe, and 33,000 Germans, victory, burning 5 and sinking under Von Goben. The French several more of the enemy's were decisively defeated, with vessels. The allies took refuge a loss of 3,500 killed and wound- in the harbour of St. Kitts, and ed, 9,000 prisoners, and 6 guns. Sir John, following them in, The Germans lost 96 officers destroyed the rest of their fleet, and 2,304 men. at a cost of 80 men only. St. Thomas (Napoleonic Wars). St. Lucia (Wars of the French This island was captured Revolution). from the Danes, December 21, This island was captured 1807, by a combined British from the French, April 4, 1794, naval and military force, under DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 219

Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane and Salamis (Third Persian Invasion). General Bowyer. Fought 480 B.C. between the Greek fleet of 370 sail, under Saints, The, See Dominica. Themistocles, and the Persian Salado. (Moorish Empire in fleet, of over 1,000 galleys. The Spain). Greeks at first hesitated to Fought 1344, between the attack in face of the overwhelm- Portuguese and Castilians, un- ing numbers of the Persian der Alfonso IV of Portugal ships, but an Athenian trireme, and Alfonso XI of Castile, and commanded by Aminias, dashed the Moors, under Abu Hamed, in, and being followed by the Emir of Morocco. The Chris- rest of the Athenians and the tians won a signal victory, and jEginetans in good order, the Alfonso so distinguished him- Persians were, after a hard self in the battle as to earn the struggle, totally defeated, with title of the " Brave." the loss of more than half their fleet. Xerxes and his army Salamanca (Peninsular War). witnessed the rout from the Fought July 22, 1812, when shores of Salamis. Wellington, with 46,000 British and Spanish troops, encoun- Salamis (Wars of Alexander's tered 42,000 French, under Successors). Marmont. The battle was Fought B.C. 307, between the forced on by Marmont, who Macedonian fleet, under Deme- was endeavouring to interrupt trius Poliorcetes, and the Egypt- Wellington's retreat, but the ians, under Ptolemy Soter. The Marshal was severely wounded Egyptians were routed, with the early in the day, and the con- loss of 100 ships captured and duct of the action was in the the rest sunk, and 30,000 pri- hands of General Bonnet. The soners. result was a signal victory for Salankemen (Ottoman Wars). the British, the French losing Fought August 19, 1691, be- 12,500 killed, wounded and tween 100,000 Turks, under the prisoners, and 12 guns. The Grand Vizier, Mustapha Kopriali British and Spanish loss a- Pasha, and 45,000 Imperialists, mounted to about 6,000. These under the Margrave Louis. The figures include the skirmishes Turks were signally defeated of the days preceding the battle, and Kopriali slain. during which the armies were in touch. Salano (Moorish Empire in Salamanca (Mexican Liberal Spain). Rising). Fought 1340 between the Fought March 10, 1858, be- Spaniards, under Alfonso XI tween the Government troops, of Castile, and the Moors, under under Miramon, andtheLiberals, Abu '1 Hasan of Granada. The under Doblado. Doblado's raw Moors, who were besieging levies could not face Miramon's Tarifa, were attacked by the trained troops, and were utterly Spaniards, who utterly routed routed. them and relieved the town. 220 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Abu '1 Hamed fled to Africa, where Shah Jehan was impri- and Alfonso was enabled to soned and Aurungzebe seized recover Algeciras. the crown.

Saldanha Bay (Wars of the Sampford Courtney (Arundel's French Revolution). Rebellion). Fought August 17, 1796, The final engagement with Sir Keith Elphinstone, when the rebels, fought August 17, entered with a British squadron, 1549, when Arundel was de- the bay, and after capturing a feated by the Royal troops, Dutch ship of war lying in the under Lord Russell, with a loss harbour, landed a force, to of 700 killed and many prisoners, which the garrison surrendered including most of the ring- after a brief resistance. leaders in the rising. Sale. See Castiglione. San Giovanni (Wars of the Samarcand (Tartar Invasion of French Revolution). Kharismia). Fought June 17, 1799, be- This place, which was de- tween the French, under Mac- fended by a garrison of 110,000 donald, and the Russians, under Turks and Kharismians, under Suwaroff. After three days' the Governor, Alub Khan, was hard fighting, the French were besieged by the Tartars, under forced to retreat, having suf- Genghiz Khan, in June, 1220. fered a loss of 6,000 killed and The garrison harassed the Tar- wounded and 9,000 prisoners. tars by numerous sorties, and The Russian losses were about little progress was made with 6,000. the siege, but some of the in- habitants, hoping to save the San Isidore (Paraguay War). city from pillage, opened the Fought April, 1870, between gates to the besiegers. After the Paraguayans, under Lopez, heroic efforts to defend the and the allied army of Brazil, city against the overwhelming Argentina and Uruguay, under hordes of the enemy, Alub General Camera. Camera at- Khan put himself at the head tacked Lopez's entrenchments of 1,000 picked horsemen and and drove him out, forcing him cut his way out. The survivors to take refuge in the mountains of the garrison, now reduced to with the small remnant of his 30,000, were put to the sword. troops.

Samaghar (Rebellion of Aurung- San Jacinto (Texan Rising). zebe). Fought April 2, 1836, when Fought June, 1658, between the Mexican army, under Santa the army of the Great Mogul, Anna, about 5,000 strong, was Shah Jehan, under Dara, and routed and almost destroyed the forces of his rebellious sons, by the Texans, under General Aurungzebe and Marad. Dara Houston. The survivors, with was totally defeated, and his Santa Anna and his staff, were army dispersed, and three days taken prisoners, and Texas was later the rebels occupied Agra, freed from the Mexican yoke. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

San Jacinto. San Sebastian (Peninsular War). Fought February 12, 1867, This town was besieged July between the adherents of the 10, 181 3, by the British, under Emperor Maximihan, under General Graham, and was de- Miramon, and the Mexican Con- fended by a French garrison, stitutionalists, under Escobedo. under General Rey. An assault Miramon was defeated, and his on July 25 was repulsed, and army surrendered, he himself pending the arrival of heavy escaping with difficulty from guns from England, the siege the field. resolved itself into a blockade. Active operations were resumed, San Juan. See El Caney. and on the 31st the town was San Lazaro (War of the Austrian taken by storm. Rey, how- Succession). ever, still held out in the citadel, Fought June, 1746, between and it was only after further the Austrians, 40,000 strong, bombardment that he sur- under Prince Lichtenstein, and rendered on September 9. The the French and Spaniards, under besiegers' losses amounted to Marshal Maillebois. The allies over 2,500 killed and wounded. attacked the Austrian entrench- ed camp, and after an obsti- San Sebastian (First Carlist War). nate conflict, lasting nine hours, This fortress, held by a garri- were repulsed with a loss of son of Cristinos and a small 10,000 killed and wounded. detachment of the British legion, under Colonel Wylde, Sanna's Post (Second Boer War). was besieged by the Carlists, Fought March 31, 1900, when under Sagastibelza, February, a force of cavalry, with 2 R.H.A. 1836. The siege was carried batteries and a considerable on in desultory fashion, with convoy, under Colonel Broad- constant fighting between the wood, was ambushed by a party outposts, till June, 1836, when of Boers, under De Wet, while General Evans, with 10,000 crossing a donga. The guns British and Spanish troops, were just entering the donga occupied the advanced Carlist when the Boers opened fire, and positions, and forced them to guns of battery succeeded 4 Q withdraw. in getting clear and opening fire, stuck to their work till Santa Lucia (Rio Grande Rising). only 10 men of the battery were Fought 1842, between the left standing. Broadwood suc- Brazilian Government troops, ceeded in extricating his force, under General Caxias, and the but at a cost of 19 officers and rebels, 6,000 strong, under Feli- 136 men killed and wounded, ciano. The rebels were totally 426 prisoners, 7 guns, and the defeated. whole of his convoy. General Colville's column was within a Santarem (Dom Miguel's Re- few miles, but though the firing bellion). was heard, he failed to relieve. Fought February 18, 1834, This is also known as the action when the Portuguese Govern- of Kornspruit. ment troops, under Marshal 222 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Saldanha, totally defeated the force of Austrians, British, " Miguelists," under Dom Mi- Dutch and Portuguese troops, guel. 23,000 in number, under the Archduke Charles. The Portu- Santa Vittoria (War of the guese in the right gave Spanish Succession). wing way, leading a large force of Fought July 26, 1702, when Spaniards in pursuit, but the 4 regiments of Prince Eugene's left centre their army, under General Visconti, and stood ground, and finally repulsed were attacked by 15,000 the French and Spaniards, under enemy, with a loss of 4,000 the Due de Vendome. The Im- prisoners, besides killed and wounded. Archduke at perialists were forced to aban- The once took possession of Sara- don their camp and retire with gossa. the loss of their baggage, but lost only 500 men, while their quali- Saragossa (Peninsular War). fied success cost the allies nearly In June, 1808, siege was laid 2,000 killed and wounded. to this city by the French, under Marshal Lefebvre. A Santiago (Spanish - American successful defence was made, War). and the marshal's forces being Fought July 3, 1898, between insufficient to effect a prompt the American fleet of 4 battle- capture, he raised the siege in ships and 3 cruisers, under August. In December of the Admiral W. T. Sampson, and same year it was again besieged the Spanish fleet of 4 armoured by the French, under Moncey cruisers and 3 torpedo-boats, and Mortier, and defended by a under Admiral Cervera. The Spanish garrison, under Pala- Spaniards endeavoured to es- fox. A most heroic defence cape from the blockaded har- was made, notable for the bravery bour of Santiago, but were of Agostina, the maid of Sara- unsuccessful, the whole squad- gossa, who took the place of ron being destroyed. The her wounded lover on the ram- Americans suffered hardly any parts, and helped to serve the damage, the Spanish gunnery guns, but despite all the efforts being very inefficient, and lost of Palafox, the place was only I man killed. stormed, and, after very severe cap- Sapienza (Ottoman Wars). house to house fighting, tured, February 21, 1809. Fought 1490 between the Turkish fleet, under Kemal Saratoga. See Stillwater. Reis, and the Venetians. The Sardis (Wars of Alexander's Venetians suffered a severe re- Successors). verse, this being the first naval Fought B.C. 280, between the victory of the Turks in the troops of Pergamus, under Eu- Mediterranean. menes, and the Syrians, under Saragossa (War of the Spanish Antigonus Soter. Eumenes Succession). gained a signal victory, and Fought August 20, 1700, be- annexed a large part of the tween 25,000 Spaniards, and a dominions of Antigonus. ,

DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 223

Sarkany (Hungarian Rising). Savage's Station, See Seven Fought December 30, 1848, Days' Battle. between the Austrians, under Savandroog (Second Mysore War). Windischgratz, and the Hun- Siege was laid to this place garians, under General Perczel. December 10, 179 1, by a column Perczel liad been entrusted by of Lord CornwaUis' army, about Gorgey with the defence of the 4,000 strong,. It was de- Sarkany defile, but on being fended by a strong garrison attacked by the Austrians, his of Mysoris, and was con- division made little resistance, sidered impregnable, but a and fled in disorder, thus forcing practicable breach having been Gorgey to retire from the line effected, it was taken by storm he had chosen to defend. eleven days later, the garrison Sauchie Barn (Rebellion of the offering little resistance. The Barons). assailants did not lose a man. Fought June 18, 1488, be- Saxa Rubra (Revolt of Maxen- tween the rebel Barons, under tius). Angus " Bell-the - Cat," and Fought October 28, 312, be- the troops of James III of Scot- tween the Imperial troops, land, under the king. The under Constantine, and the royal army was totally defeated legions of Italy, under Maxen- and James slain. tius. The Italian cavalry, Saucourt (Norse Invasion of posted on the wings, was routed the France). Ijy Constantine's horse ; Fought 861 between the infantry, thus left unsupported, the Neustrians, under Louis III, fled from the field, only and the invading Norsemen, Pretorians making a brave re- where they when Louis gained a brilliant sistance, and dying victory. stood. Maxentius escaped, but crosing the Tiber into Rome by Sauroren (Peninsular War). the Milvian Bridge, was forced Fought July 28, 1813, be- by the crowd of fugitives into tween the French, 25,000 strong, the river and drowned. under Soult, and the British, Scarpheia (War of the Achaean 12,000 strong, under Welling- League). ton. Soult attempted to turn Fought B.C. 146, between the the British left in order to drive Romans, under Matellus, and them from a strong position, the Achaeans, under Critolaus. but after severe fighting he was The Greeks were totally de- repulsed, with a loss of about feated with heavy loss, Critolaus 3,000. The British losses were being killed. about 2,600. Soult renewed his attempt to force WeUing- Scio (Ottoman Wars). ton's lines on the 30th, but was Fought July 5, 1769, between again repulsed, with a loss of a Russian fleet of 10 sail of the 2,000 killed and wounded and line, under Admiral Spiritoff,

3,000 prisoners. The British and 1 5 Turkish ships, with some loss amounted to 1,900. small vessels, under the Capitan 224 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Pasha. After a severe engage- Schwechat (Hungarian Rising). ment, in which both the flag- Fought October 30, 1848, ships were blown up, the Turks between the Austrians, under were driven into the Bay of Prince Windischgratz, and the Tchesme, where a few days Hungarians, under General later their fleet was destroyed i\loga. The Hungarian militia by fire-sliips. made a very feeble stand against the Austrian regulars, and were Schipka Pass (Russo - Turkish driven back all along the line War). with considerable loss. Fought August 21, 1877, and following daj's, when the Rus- Scutari (Ottoman Wars). sians, 7,000 strong, under Gene- This place, held by a Venetian ral Darozhinsky, holding the garrison, under Antonio Lore- pass, were attacked by 25,000 dano, was besieged by the Turks, under Suleiman Pasha. Turks, under Suleiman Pasha, The Russians were driven from May, 1474. The garrison held point after point of their de- out stoutly till the middle of fences, and were on the verge August, when Suleiman raised of being overwhelmed, when the siege. the arrival of reinforcements Four years later, in June, enabled them to assume the 1478, Mohammed II invested it, offensive and recover their lost the garrison now being under positions, and on the 26th fight- the command of Antonio di ing ceased. The Russian losses Lezze. Though few in numbers, amounted to 4,000, including the Venetians \%-ithstood a con- Darozhinsky, while the Turks tinuous bombardment, repuls- lost about 11,500. ing two serious assaults, until On September 16 Suleiman, September 8, when Mohammed reinforced to 40,000 men, made retired, leaving behind him an attempt to carry the Rus- only a blockading force. When sian position on Mount St. on the conclusion of peace the Nicholas, but was repulsed vith place was handed over to the a loss of 3,000, the Russians Turks only 450 men and 150 losing 31 officers and about women were alive in the town. 1 ,000 rank and file. In the first assault the Turks lost 12,000 men, and an even By January 8, 187S, the Rus- greater number, it is said, in sian force in the Schipka had the second. been increased to 60,000 men, under General Radetski, while Sebastopol (Crimean War). the Turks, numbering 40,000 Tliis fortress was besieged were under Vessil Pasha. Gene- by the allied French and British ral Mirsky, with 25,000 men, armies, under Marshal St. attacked the Turldsh entrench- Arnaud and Lord Raglan, Sep- ments and drove them out of all tember 28, 1854. It was de- their positions, and on the fol- fended by a large force of Rus- lowing day Vessil Pasha sur- sians, under Prince Mentschi- rendered with 36,000 men and koff, with General Todleben as 93 guns. The Russians lost 5,000. his principal engineer officer. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 225

The besiegers were too few for now, by Sir Colin Campbell. a complete investment, and The Secunderbagh, a walled though the harbour was closed enclosure of strong masonry, by the British fleet, under Sir held by a large body of rebels, Edmund Lyons, the Russians was, after a bombardment of were throughout the siege en- about an hour and a half, taken abled to obtain reinforcements by storm by the 93rd High- and provisions from the north landers and the 4th Punjabis, side. The batteries opened with very heavy loss to the on October 17, and from enemy, over 2,000 dead bodies that time till September 8, being afterwards carried out 1855, the town was more or of the enclosure. less continuously bombarded. War). On that day the Malakoff, an Sedan (Franco-German decisive important part of the southern This battle, the most Septem- defences, was stormed by the of the war, was fought French, and the place became ber I, 1870, The French, under who was untenable, the allies entering it Marshal Macmahon, unopposed on the following wounded early in the action, day. The Russians, during the were driven from all their posi- under later days of the bombardment, tions by the Germans, com- are said to have lost as many the King of Prussia, and retire into Sedan, as 3,000 men a day. pelled to where they laid down their Secchia, The (War of the Polish arms. The Emperor Napoleon Succession). III was among the prisoners, Fought September 14, 1734, and one of the results of the when the Imperialists, under surrender was his dethrone- Count Koningsegg, surprised ment and the proclamation of the camp of the French army, a republic in Paris. The battle under the Due de Broglie, cap- is remarkable for the charge of turing 5,000 prisoners, 100 guns the Chasseurs d'Afrique, under and the whole of the stores, General Margueritte, in the baggage and ammunition. neighbourhood of Floing. The pieces and Secessionville (American Civil brigade was cut to War). the general killed. The Ger- lost in the action 460 Fought June 15, 1862, when mans the 6,000 Federals, under General officers and 8,500 men ; Benham, attacked the strong French 3,000 killed, 14,000 prisoners, position of Secessionville, cover- wounded, and 21,000 subsequently sur- ing the road to Charleston, while 83,000 which was held by 2,000 Con- rendered in Sedan. The Ger- for- federates, under General Evans. mans took 419 guns, 139 The Federals were repulsed tress guns and 66,000 rifles. with a loss of 600 men, the Con- Sedgemoor (Monmouth's Re- federates losing 200. bellion ). Secunderbagh (Indian Mutiny). Fought July 5, 1685, between Fought November 16, 1857, the Royal troops, under the during the second relief of Luck- Earl of Faversham, and the Q 226 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES rebels, under James, Duke of Selby (Civil War). Monmouth. Monmouth at- Fought April 11, 1644, be- tempted a night attack on tween the Royalists, 3,300 Faversham's camp, but the strong, under Colonel John alarm was given, and the Royal Bellasis, and a slightly superior troops falUng upon their assail- force of Parliamentarians, under ants, put Monmouth's cavalry Sir Thomas Fairfax. Bellasis to flight, and though his in- had occupied Selby with the fantry made a sturdy resistance object of preventing a junction they were at length overpowered between Fairfax's troops and and routed with heavy loss. those of the Scots at Durham. This defeat put an end to the He was attacked by Fairfax rebellion. and totally defeated, with the loss of 1,600 men and all his Segeswar (Hungarian Rising). artillery and baggage. Fought July 31, 1849, be- tween the Hungarians, under Selinus (Second Carthaginian Bern, the Russians, General and Invasion of Sicily). under General Liiders. The This city was besieged by the severe Russians, after a engage- Carthaginians, 100,000 strong, totally defeated. ment, were under Hannibal, B.C. 409. An Segikahara (Rebellion of Hide- attempt by the Syracusans, yori). under Diodes, to relieve came Fought September 16, 1600, too late, for after resisting between the troops of the Sho- stubbornly for nine days, the gun Tokugawa Tyeyasa, 80,000 garrison, hopelessly outnum- strong, and 130,000 rebels, un- bered, were overpowered ; and der Mitsunari. The rebels were the place stormed and sacked, utterly routed with the loss all the survivors being carried of 30,000 killed, among whom off into captivity. was Mitsunari, and the rebel- lion was suppressed. Seminara (Italian Wars). Fought 1495 between 6,000 Seine Mouth (Hundred Years' Spaniards and Neapolitans, un- War). der Gonsalvo de Cordova and Fought August 15, 1416, Ferdinand of Naples, and a English fleet, under when the largely sviperior French army, Bedford, sailed into the Seine with under D'Aubigny. The Nea- of revictualling Har- the object politans fled almost without fleur, which the French were striking a blow, and though besieging. The blockading the Spaniards fought well, they force, consisting of 8 large were overpowered by numbers, carracks, besides Genoese and in the end totally routed, smaller vessels, attacked the only Gonsalvo with 400 Spanish fleet, and after six English cavalry making an orderly re- fighting were totally hours' hard treat. defeated, with a loss of 5 car- racks and 5 other ships, while Sempach (War of Sempach). Bedford succeeded in throwing Fought July 9, 1386, between supplies into the town. 6,000 Austrians, under Duke DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 227

Leopold, and 1,500 Swiss Con- 7 officers and 177 men killed federates. The Swiss gained a and wounded. complete victory, the Austrians Senlac. See Hastings. losing 1,500 killed and wounded, while only 120 Swiss fell. The Sentinum (Third Samnite War). battle is celebrated for the Fought B.C. 298, between five heroic action of Arnold von Roman legions, under Q. Fabius Winkelried, who broke the line Maximus and Publius Decius, of the Austrian spearmen at and the Samnites and Gauls, the cost of his life, and enabled under Gellius Equatius. The his followers to penetrate their Roman left was disordered by phalanx. the war-chariots of the Gauls, Seneff (Wars of Louis XIV). but was rallied by Decius, who Fought August II, 1674, be- restored the battle, but at the tween the French, 45,000 strong, cost of his life. On the right under Conde, and the Flemings the Samnites were routed, and and Spaniards, 60,000 strong, Fabius then fell upon the Gauls under the Prince of Orange. in flank, and broke them. Mean- Orange, finding Conde's posi- while the Samnite camp was tion too strong to attack, began attacked, and Equatius slain, a retreat towards Le Quesnay, the Romans gaining a signal thereby exposing his flank. victory. The losses of the Conde took instant advantage victors amounted to 8,200, while of this error, and dispersed the the Gauls and Samnites lost vanguard of the allies, but the 25,000 killed and 8,000 prisoners. Prince took up a strong position Sepeia (Argive War). Seneff, which at from Conde Fought B.C. 494, between the was unable to dislodge him, Spartans, under Cleomenes, and and the conflict ended in a the Argives. The Spartans, by drawn battle, after seventeen a ruse, succeeded in surprising hours' hard fighting. the Argives while the soldiers Senegal (Napoleonic Wars). were dining, and totally routed The French garrison of this them. This defeat deprived place surrendered, July 13, Argos of the paramountcy in the Peloponnesus. 1809, to a British force of i frigate and 2 brigs, with some Seringapatam (Second Mysore transports carrying troops, un- War). der Captain G. H. Columbine. This city was besieged, Feb- Senekal (Second Boer War). ruary 5, 1792, by 22,000 British Fought May 29, 1900, when and native troops, with 86 guns, a British force, under General under Lord Cornwallis, and Rundle, attacked the Boers, defended by a Mysori garrison, strongly posted on the Bid- under Tippu Sahib. On the 6th dulphsberg. The attack was an assault upon the outlying made amidst great bush fires, works was successful, all the in which many of the wounded redoubts commanding the city perished, and was unsuccessful, being carried, at a cost to the the British losses amounting to assailants of 530, while the 228 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Mysoris lost 20,000. On the brothers Noriyori and Yoshi- approach of reinforcements, tsune, and that of Yoshinaka. under General Abercromby, on The rebels were completely

the 1 6th, Tippu consented to defeated, and Yoshinaka killed. treat, and peace was signed in Seven Days' Battles (American the following month. Civil War). Seringapatam (Third Mysore A series of actions fought by War). General Lee, with 100,000 Con- The second siege by General federates, against General Harris, opened April 6, 1799, M'Clellan, with 95,000 Federals, when the city was defended by Lee's object being to relieve a garrison of 20,000, under Richmond. On June 26, 1862, Tippu. On May 3, the breach General Hill, \viih. 1,400 Con- was declared practicable, and federates, attacked M'Call's the place was stormed by 4,000 division, in a strong position at men, under General Baird. Beaver's Dam Creek, which Tippu was slain in the rout attack M'Call repulsed, at small which followed the assault. cost to his force. On the 27th, The British losses during the General Porter, 35,000 strong, siege amounted to 1,464. About posted on the Chickahominy 8,000 Mysoris fell in the assault. at Gaines' Mill, was attacked Seringham (Seven Years' War). by 54,000 Confederates, under Lee in person. The Southerners Fought 1753, between 1,000 British troops, under Major advanced under a heavy artil- Laurence, and the French, with lery fire, and after severe fight- ing, the Federals across their Mahratta and Mysori allies, drove under M. Astruc. The French the river, and captured 20 guns. prepared attacked in force an isolated On the 28th, M'Clellan River, post, held by 200 Sepoys, and to withdraw to the James his centre having been pierced, carried it before Major Laurence his retreat. On could come up. He then at- and commenced divi- tacked, and in turn carried the the 29th, 4 Confederate sions, Longstreet, aided position, driving off the French, under and the Mahrattas who came by an armoured train, came up up to their support, and cap- wth Sumner's corps at Savage's tured three guns. Station, but was repulsed, Sum- ner thus inflicting a serious Seskar (Russo-Swedish Wars). check upon the pursuing co- Fought 1790, between the lumns. On the 30th, 3 divisions, Swedish fleet, under the Duke under General Jackson, over- of Sudermanland, and a Rus- took the Federal rearguard, sian squadron, under Admiral under General French, near the Kruze. The Swedes total- were White Oak Swamp, and an ly defeated, after a severe artillery duel followed, which engagement, which lasted from cost the Federals some guns. daybreak till far into the night. Two divisions, under Long- Se<-a (Yoshinaka's Rebellion). street, also attacked M'Call's r'ought 1 183, between the division, and routed it, M'Call army of Yoritomo, under his being captured. By the even- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 229 ing of the 30th, M'Clellan reach- The wing led by the Shah in ed Malvern Hill, overlooking person was victorious, but the the James River, and deter- Persian left was totally routed, mined to oppose here the and in endeavouring to restore further advance of the Con- the battle on that side Ismael federates, On July ist, the was wounded, whereupon the Confederates attacked, but the army was seized with panic, and Federals held their ground took to flight. throughout the day, and on the and Chesapeake (Se- 2nd retired in good order and Shannon War). practically unmolested. The cond American famous frigate action, fought Federals admit a loss of 15,249 A May 29, 181 3, between the men and 25 guns during the Shannon, of 38 operations, but Confederate British frigate by Captain accounts put the figures much guns, commanded Broke, and the American frigate higher, and claim 51 guns. The also of 38 guns, losses of the Southerners were Chesapeake, Lawrence. also very heavy, especially at under Captain John Chesapeake sailed out of Malvern Hill, but Lee's object The attack the was accomplished, and Rich- Boston Harbour to after a brisk mond was relieved. Shannon, and action was taken by the board Sevenoaks (Cade's Rebellion). by the British. The Shannon Fought June 18, 1450, be- lost 4 officers and 21 men lulled, tween the rebels, under Cade, and 3 officers and 56 men wound- and the royal troops, under 8 officers ed ; the Chesapeake, Sir Humphrey Stafford. The and 39 men killed, and 9 officers force under Stafford was quite and 106 men wounded. Captain inadequate for the work in Lawrence was killed and Cap- hand, and was routed, Stafford tain Broke wounded. being killed. Wars). Seven Pines. See Fair Oaks. Sheerness (Dutch Fought June 7, 1667, and Shahjehan (Tartar Invasion of following days, when the Dutch sailed Kharismia. ) fleet, under de Ruyter, up This city was besieged 1221, the Medway as far as Upnor by the Tartars, under Tuli Khan, Castle, and destroyed 7 ships of and was obstinately defended war. by the garrison under a Turkish general named Bugha. For Sheriffmuir (Rebellion of the twenty-one successive days the Fifteen). besiegers delivered assaults, Fought November 13, 17 iS. which were repulsed, but finally between 3,500 royal troops, the inhabitants made terms with under the Duke of Argyle, and Tuli Khan, and opened the gates 9,000 Highlanders, under the wing Shaldiran (Ottoman Wars). Earl of Mar. Argyle's left was routed by the Macdonalds, Fought August 1 5 be- 24, 14, though tween 120,000 Turks, under and his left and centre, at first they held their own, were Selim I, and about 80,000 Per- to retire, sians, under the Shah Ismael. in the end compelled 230 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

and Argyle effected a retreat in ing among the killed. The good order to Stirling. Federals lost 9,617 killed and wounded, and prisoners. Sherstone (Danish Invasion). 4,044 Fought 1016, between Ed- Shinowara (Yoshinaka's Rebel- mund Ironside, and Knut, the lion). rival claimants to the throne. Fought April, 1183, between The battle was indecisive. the troops of the rebel Daimio Shijo Nawate (War of the North- Yoshinaka, and the Japanese ern and Southern Empires). Imperial army, consisting of Fought 1339, between the 100,000 horsemen, under Taira- army of the Northern Emperor, no-Kore. The Imperial troops under Takaugi and Tadayoshi, were defeated with a loss of and the troops of the Southern 20,000 killed. Emperor, under Kusunoki Ma- Shirogawa (Satsuma Rebellion), satsura. Masatsura was attack- Fought September 24, 1876. ed at Yoshino, which place was when the last remnants of the temporarily the Imperial resi- rebels, under Saigo, were de- dence. Feehng that he was too feated by the Imperial army, weak to defend it, he marched under Prince Taruhito. The out A\ith his whole force to meet rebels were practically anni- his assailants, and fell fighting hilated, and most of the leaders to the last, the Northern troops of the revolt killed. Saigo, gaining a complete victory. after the defeat, committed Japan was soon afterwards Hara-kiri on the field. again united, under the rule of the Northern line. Sholapur (Third Mahratta War). Fought May 10, 1818, when Shiloh (American Civil War). a bod}' of cavalry, under General Fought April 6 and 1862, 7, Pritzen, forming part of General between the Confederates, 43,000 Monro's force, attacked and strong, under General Johnston, dispersed the retreating rem- and the Federals, 40,000 strong, nant of the Peshwa's army. under General Grant. The Con- Sholapur surrendered on the federates attacked Grant's posi- 15th, the operations having cost tion on the west of the Tennessee the British only 97 killed and river, and surprised the Federals, wounded, while the loss of the driving back the first line in Mahrattas exceeded 800 killed. confusion. By nightfall. Grant was practically defeated, but Sholingur (First Mysore War). Johnston failed to take advan- Fought September 27, 178 1, tage of his opportunity, and between the British, 10,000 Grant being reinforced by 20,000 strong, under Sir Eyre Coote, men during the night, was able and the Mysoris, numbering on the 7th to assume the offen- about 80,000, under Hyder Ali. sive. After severe fighting the Hyder was surprised in the act Southerners were driven from of striking camp, and though a the field with a loss of 9,740 series of cavalry charges enabled killed and wounded and 959 him to withdraw his guns in prisoners, General Johnston be- safety, it was at a cost of 5,000 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 231 men that he eventually made engagements Ali lost 25,000, good his retreat. The British and Moawiyeh 45,000 men, but loss did not exceed 100. the latter was undefeated, and the sanguinary conflict was Shrewsbury (Percy's Rebellion). ended by an unsatisfactory Fought July 21, 1403, when compromise. the royalists, under Henry IV, met and defeated the insurgents, Sikajoki (Finland War). under Hotspur. Hotspur was Fought April 18, 1808, be- killed, and Douglas and Wor- tween the Swedes, under General cester taken prisoners. The Klingspor, and the Russians, battle was the baptism of fire under General Bouxhoevden. of Henry, Prince of Wales The Russians endeavoured to (Henry V), who displayed great outflank the Swedes by moving bravery, and was severely out on to the ice at the mouth wounded. of the Sikajoki river, at the same time assailing them in Sidassir (Third War). Mysore front. Both attacks were re- be- Fought March 6, 1799, pulsed, and after eight hours tween the advance guard of fighting, Klingspor took the Stuart's force, com- General offensive, and drove the Rus- posed of three regiments, under sians from the field, with heavy Colonel Montresor, and 12,000 loss. The Swedes lost 1,000 Mysoris, under Tippu Sahib. killed and wounded. Montresor's small force with- stood the attack of Tippu's Silistria (Crimean War). troops for over six hours, and This fortress was besieged by their ammunition was all but the Russians in 1854, and was exhausted when Stuart came up, defended by a Turkish garrison, and drove back the enemy with who received valuable assist- alossof 2,000 men. The British ance from two English officers, lost 143 killed and wounded. Captain Buller and Lieutenant Nasmyth. Many attempts to Sievershausen. storm the place were repulsed, Fought July 9, between 1553, and though no efforts were made the Germans, under Maurice, to relieve them, the garrison held Elector of Saxony, and the out until June 22, when the Rus- Brandenburgers, under the sians raised the siege, having Margrave Albert. The Bran- suffered a loss of over 12,000 denburgers were defeated, but men. Maurice was wounded in the action, and died two days later Silpia. See Elinga.

Siffin. Simnitza (Russo-Turkish War). A series of actions extending Fought June 26, 1877, be- over a hundred days, in 656, tween the Russians, under the between the Moslems, under Grand Duke Nicholas, and the the Caliph Ali, and the adherents Turkish garrison of Sistova. Moawiyeh, the son of Abu So- On the night of the 26th, the phian, a pretender to the Caliph- Russian advance-guard, 15,000 ate. In the course of these strong, under Dragomiroff, 23: DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

crossed the Danube in boats, Over 4,000 Turks were killed, and then, under SkobeleS, drove and it is said that only 400, the Turks headlong from their almost all wounded, escaped the entrenchments. On the morn- massacre. ing of the 27th, Sistova was occupied, the Russians having Sinzheim (Wars of Louis XIV). Fought be- lost S20 only in the operations. October 4, 1674, tween the French, under Tu- Singara (Persian Wars). renne, and the Imperialists, under Fought 348, between the General Caprara and the Duke Romans, under Constantius, and of Lorraine. The French gained the Persians, in largely superior a signal victory. This action force, under Sapor II. The is also known as the Battle of Persian king, having posted the Entzheim. major part of his army on the Sitabaldi (Third Mahratta War). heights overlooking Singara, en- Fought November 24, 18 gaged the Romans with a com- 17, between a small force of Madras paratively small force of light- native troops, and some Bengal armed troops, who were easily cavalry, in all about 1,300 men, routed by the legionaries. The under Colonel Scott, and the pursuit, however, was carried army of Nappa Sahib, Rajah of too far, and when night fell, the Nagpur, 1 8, 000 strong, with 36 Romans, exhausted by their guns. The Sepoys held their efforts, bivouacked under the ground for 18 hours, and even- heights. During the night. tually beat off their assailants, Sapor led his best troops to the at a cost to themselves of about attack, and routed the weary 300 men. Romans, with terrible slaughter. Skalitz (Seven Weeks' War). Singara (Persian Wars). Fought June 28, 1866, be- This fortress, held by a Roman tween the 5 th Prussian Army garrison, was captured, after a Corps, under General Steinmetz, brief siege, by the Persians, and the 6th and 8th Austrian under Sapor II, in 360. The Corps, under General Ramming. garrison was sent into captivity The Austrians were defeated, and the fortress dismantled. and Skalitz occupied by the Sinnaca (Parthian War). Prussians, who captured 4,000 At this place the remnants of prisoners and 8 guns. the army of Crassus, after the Slivnitza (Servo-Bulgarian War). battle of Carrhse, B.C. 53, sur- Fought November 17, 18 and rendered to the Parthians. Only 19, 1885, between the Servians, 5,000 men were with the eagles. 28,000 strong, under King Milan, Sinope (Crimean War). and Bulgarians, at first 10,000 Fought 1853, when the Rus- in number, but reinforced on sian fleet attacked the Turkish the night of the 17th and during fleet of 9 sail, lying in the har- the 1 8th, by a further 5,000, bour of Sinope. No quarter under Prince Alexander. On was given, and the Turkish the 17th, Prince Alexander, who fleet was totally destroyed. occupied a position strong a- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 233

gainst a frontal attack, but very- Smolensko (Campaign of Mos- vulnerable on his left, made a cow). strong attack on the Servian Fought August 17, 1812, be- left, to distract attention from tween 175,000 French, under his weak flank. This attack Napoleon, and 130,000 Russians, was repulsed, and on the follow- under Bagration, of whom about ing day the Servians attacked 50,000 and 60,000 respectively Alexander's left. Having been were actually engaged. Bagra- reinforced, however, he was able tion's corps occupied the town to beat them off, while a frontal of Smolensko, which Napoleon attack was also repulsed with attacked, carrying two of the loss. On the 19th the Servian suburbs. During the night the attacks were again unsuccessful, Russians set fire to the place, and and by 3 p.m. they were in full evacuated it, having lost in the retreat, pursued by the Bulgar- action about 10,000 Idlled and ians. The Servians lost about wounded. The French lost 9,000. 2,000, the victors 3,000 in killed Sobraon (First Sikh War). and wounded, in the three days. Fought February 10, 1846, between the British, about Sluys (Hundred Years* War). 15,000 strong, and 25,000 Sikhs, Fought June 24, 1340, when under Runjur Singh. The the English fleet of 250 sail, Sikhs were strongly entrenched under Sir Robert Morley and on the Sutlej, and Sir Hugh Richard Fitzalan, attacked the Gough, with feigned attacks on French fleet of about 200 sail, their centre and right, succeeded under Hugues Quieret, lying in in pushing home his assault on Sluys Harbour. Practically the their left, and after hard fighting whole of the French fleet was drove the defenders to the river, captured or destroyed, and where many perished. The Quieret was killed. The French British lost the Sikhs lost 25,000 men, the English 2,383, about 8,000. 4,000. Soczawa (Ottoman Wars). Smolensko (Russo - Swedish Fought between the Wars). 1676, Poles, under John Sobieski Fought September 22, 1708, and the Turks, under Moham- when Charles XII of Sweden, med IV. The Poles, who had with 4,000 infantry and 6 regi- been reinforced by the Lithuan- ments of cavalry, attacked a ians, under Paz, totally routed force of 16,000 Cossacks and the Turks, who were greatly Tartars. The king with one superior in numbers, and drove regiment was in the course of them in confusion into Kami- the action cut off from the rest niec, with the exception of which of his troops by a body of Tar- fortress, the whole of Poland tars, and had a narrow escape. was thus freed from the Otto- His immediate following was man invaders. reduced to 5 men, when he was rescued by a cavalry charge. Sohr (War of the Austrian In the end the Swedes routed Succession). the Cossacks with heavy loss. Fought September 30, 1745, 234 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES between 18,000 Prussians, under Victor Emmanuel. The French Frederick the Great, and 35,000 attacked the Austrian position Austrians, under Prince Charles on the heights round Solferino, of Lorraine. The Prussians at- which were held by SchoUck, tacked the Austrian position and after very hard fighting, and the Austrians, failing to they were captured by the corps display their usual courage of Macmahon and Baraguay made no stand against the steady d'HilUers. Meanwhile Wimp- advance of the Prussian infantry, ffen, with three Army Corps, and were driven back in con- attacked the French left, but fusion, uith a loss of 6,000 killed, was held at bay throughout the wounded and prisoners, and 22 day by Marshal Niel's corps, guns. The Prussians lost be- and when night fell, the Aus- tween three and four thousand trian centre being broken, men. Francis Joseph had no option but to retreat, and consequently Soissons. recrossed the Mincio. The Aus- Fought 486, and notable as trians lost 22,000 killed, wound- the first military exploit of ed and missing. The allies' Clovis, the founder of the Mero- losses were 18,000, of which vingian dynasty, who here de- number the Piedmontese corps feated Syagrius, Count of Sois- of 25,000 lost 4,000. sons, and annexed his dominions. Solway Moss (Scottish Wars). Solebay (Dutch Wars). Fought December 14, 1542, Fought May 28, 1672, when between the Scottish invading the French and English fleets, army, under Oliver Sinclair, together about 140 sail, under and a band of 500 English the Comte d'Estrees and the borderers, under Thomas Dacre Duke of York, were surprised at and John Musgrave. The Scots anchor, by a Dutch fleet of 115 were totally defeated, and many ships, under de Ruyter. The important nobles captured. French were first attacked, but soon edged out of the fight, and Somnauth (Mahmud's Twelfth the bulk of the work fell to the Invasion of India). English. The battle was inde- This city, one of the holy cisive, for though the Dutch places of India, was captured lost five or more ships, and the by the Afghans, under Sultan English one only, the allied Mahmud of Ghuzni, in 1024. fleet was too crippled to take According to tradition, he car- the offensive for over a month ried off the great gates of the

after the action. city to Ghuzni ; and certain gates purporting to be the same, but Solferino (Franco-Austrian War). which afterwards proved to be Fought June 24, 1859, be- of later date, were brought back tween 150,000 Austrians, under to India with a flourish of the Emperor Francis Joseph, trumpets, after the capture of "with Generals Wimpffen and Ghuzni by the British in 1842. Scholick in actual command, and the French and Piedmont- Son-Tai (Tongking War). ese, under Napoleon III and This fortress, defended by a DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 235 garrison of 25,000 Chinese, in- tained his position there, with- cluding 10,000 " Black Flags," drawing on the morning of the under Lin Yung Ku, was attack- 15th. Each side lost about ed by the French, under Admiral 2,500 men, but Lee had gained Courbet, with 7 river gun-boats his object, as the delay to and force of 7,000 men, Decem- M'Clellan ensured the capture ber 14, 1883. On this day the of Harper's Ferry. outer defences were carried, and Southwark (Cade's Rebellion). the garrison driven into the Fought July 5, 1450, between citadel. During the night the the rebels, under Cade, and the French were surprised by a citizens of London, under sortie, which however they re- Matthew Gough. The Lon- pulsed, after severe fighting. On doners endeavoured to hold the 1 6th they stormed the cita- London Bridge, to prevent the del, losing in the three days 92 plundering expeditions of Cade's officers and 318 men killed and followers into the city, but were wounded. The Chinese lost driven back, and the central about 1,000. drawbridge set on fire. The Sorata (Inca Rising), Londoners lost heavily, among This city was besieged, 1780, the killed being Gough. by the revolted Peruvians, under Southwold Bay (Dutch Wars). Andres, the last of the Incas. Fought 1665, between the The fortifications, well provided English fleet, under the Duke of with artillery, proved impreg- York, and the Dutch fleet, under nable, but Andres diverted Admiral Opdam. The English certain mountain torrents a- were completely victorious, the gainst the walls, and thus opened Dutch losing 18 ships and 7,000 a large breach, through which men. The English lost one the Peruvians entered the city, ship only, and 700 men. and massacred the whole of the garrison and inhabitants. Of Spanish Galleons. See Vigo Bay. 20,000 souls, it is said that only Sphacteria. See Pylos. one priest escaped. Spicheren (Franco - German South Mountain (American War). Civil War). Fought August 6, 1870, be- Fought September 14, 1862, tween the Germans, under Von between the Federals, under Alvensleben, and a superior General M'Clellan, and the Con- French force, under General federates, under General Lee. Frossard. After an obstinate Lee's object was to hold M'Clel- encounter, the French were lan in check while Jackson cap- driven from all their positions tured Harper's Ferry, and to with heavy loss, and compelled this end he posted General D. Hill to retreat on Metz. The Ger-

with 1 5, 000 on South Mountain. mans lost 223 officers and 4,648 Here Hill was attacked, and men. The battle is remarkable driven to the upper slopes, but for the storming of the Rote Berg being reinforced by a portion of by I company of the 39th Longstreet's command, he main- Regiment and 4 companies of 236 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

the 74th Regiment, under were overpowered by the French General von Franfois, who was cavalry, and totally defeated killed. These 5 companies main- with a loss of 6,000 killed, tained their position throughout wounded and missing. Among the afternoon, in face of a the prisoners was the Prince of vastly superior force. This Hesse. action is also known as the Battle of Forbach. Splitter (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg). Spion Kop (Second Boer War). Fought January, 1679, be- General Buller's second at- tween 16,000 Swedes, under tempt to break through the Field-Marshal Horn, and 10,000 Boer Imes on the Tugela, and Brandenburgers, under the relieve Ladysmith, is known by Elector Frederick William. The this name. The operations Swedes were utterly routed, commenced on the 19th, 24,000 Horn being taken prisoner, and men being employed. On that not more than 1,500 succeeded day Sir Charles Warren's divi- in making their way to Riga. sion commenced to turn the Boer right, and gradually drove Spottsylvania (American Civil them from ridge to ridge till War). the evening of the 22nd, when A continuation of the Battle by a night surprise, Spion Kop, of the Wilderness, fought May the centre of the position, was 10 to 12, 1864, between the seized. It was, however, found Confederates, under General Lee, impossible to get artillery up and the Federals, under General the steep slopes, and the brigade Grant. Lee's position covering holding the hill lost about a Richmond was attacked on the third of their strength in the loth by Grant, and the day course of the 23rd, including ended •\\-ith both armies in their the Brigadier, General Wood- original positions, while the gate. At nightfall. Colonel losses, especially on the side of Thorneycroft, who had been the assailants, were very heavy. appointed to the command, On the 1 2th Grant renewed the attack, abandoned the hill, and on the and General Hancock, following day General BuUer on the right surprised the first decided to recross the Tugela. line of the Confederate defences, The British losses during the and compelled General Johnson operations amounted to 87 and his division to surrender. officers and 1,647 men. With this exception, entailing the loss of about a mile of ground Spira (War of the Spanish Suc- Lee held his own throughout cession). the day, and Grant had suffered Fought November 15, 1703, too severely to renew the attack. between the French, under The losses from the 5th, the date Marshal Tallard, and the Im- of the first Battle of the Wilder-

periaUsts, under the Prince of ness, to the 1 2th inclusive, were : Hesse, each side being about Federals, about 50,000 killed 20,000 strong. After a severe and wounded, Confederates, engagement, the Imperialists about 12,000. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 237

Spurs. See Courtrai. Bishop of Durham. The Scots were routed, and fled in disorder. Spurs. See Guinegate. The battle derives its name of Stadtlohn (Thirty Years' War). from the fact that the banner St. Cuthbert of Durham, which Foiaght August g, 1623, be- was held victory, that tween the army of the Protestant to ensure of Princes of Germany, about St. Peter of York, and those of 22,000 strong, under Duke Chris- other saints, were carried in the tian of Brunswick and the Im- a waggon in the midst of English perialists, under Tilly. The army. Protestants were utterly routed Stavrichani (Ottoman Wars). and dispersed, Christian fleeing Fought August 28, be- to Holland. 1739, tween 30,000 Russians, under Staffarda (War of the Revolu- General Miinnich, and the tion). Turkish army, under Veli Pasha. Fought 1690, between the The Russians stormed the French, under Marshal Catinat, Turkish entrenched camp, driv- and the Imperialists, under ing the Turks headlong into the Victor Amadeus of Savoy. The Danube, where thousands perish- Imperialista met with a crushing ed, and capturing all their guns defeat. and baggage. Miinnich follow- ed up this success by the capture Stamford Bridge. of Choczin. Fought September 25, 1066, the English, under between Steinkirk (War of the Revolu- Norse invaders, Harold, and the tion). under Harold Hardrada and Fought August 8, 1692, be- Tostig. The Norsemen were tween the English, under Wil- surprised by Harold in their liam III, and the French , under camp, and totally defeated, both Marshal Luxembourg. The En- Tostig being Hardrada and glish attacked the French camp the driven killed, and survivors at daybreak, and broke and to their ships. dispersed a brigade. Luxem- Stamford Bridge (Wars of the bourg, however, rallied his Roses). troops, and after a severe en- An encounter between the gagement, repulsed the English retainers of Sir Thomas Neville, attack, though William was and those of Lord Egremont, able to withdraw his forces in which developed into a pitched good order. battle, in August, 1453. It is Stillwater (American of considered to be the beginning War Independence). of the Wars of the Roses. Fought October 7, 1777, be- Standard, The (Scottish Wars). tween the British, 6,000 strong, Fought at Euton Moor, near under General Burgoyne, and Northallerton, in 11 38, between the Americans, under General the Scots, under David, and the Gates. The Americans occu- English, under Thurstan, Arch- pied a strongly entrenched posi- bishop of York, and Raoul, tion, which was attacked by .

238 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Burgoyne. After a severe en- mercenaries, under Martin counter, the attack was repulsed Schwarz. The King, whose at all points, and the British force was superior in numbers, driven back upon their camp completely defeated the rebels, at Saratoga, with heavy loss, Simnel and all the rebel leaders including General Fraser, mor- being taken prisoners. tally wounded. The Americans followed up their success by an Stolhoffen (War of the Spanish assault upon the British camp, Succession). in which they succeeded in Fought May 22, 1707, when effecting a lodgement, and on Marshal Villars, with 45 French the following day, Burgoyne battalions, stormed and cap- withdrew, and took up a fresh tured the lines of Stolhoffen, position on the heights near which were held by the Impe- of the Hudson. On October 15, rialists, under the Marquis Burgoyne, surrounded by the Baireuth. The French took 50 Americans, and finding that guns. no aid could reach him, sur- Stone Creek. See Murfreesboro rendered with 5,790 men, his total losses during the cam- Stormberg (Second Boer War). paign having amounted to 4,689. Fought December 10, 1899, Stirling (Scottish Wars). when General Gatacre, with Fought September 11, 1297, about 3,000 men, made a night between the Scots, under Sir march to attack the Boer posi- William Wallace, and the Eng- tion at Stormberg. He was lish, 50,000 strong, under the misled by his guides, and came Earl of Surrey. Wallace fell unexpectedly under a heavy upon the English army as it Boer fire. The position was was crossing a narrow bridge too strong to carry, and Gatacre over the Forth, and practically was forced to retire, with a loss annihilated it. This battle is of 89 killed and wounded, and also called the Battle of Cam- 633 prisoners. buskenneth Stralsund (Thirty Years' War). Stockack (Wars of the French This place was besieged, July Revolution). 1628, by the Imperialists, Fought between the 5, 1799, under Wallenstein, who had French, under Jourdan, and the sworn to take it in three days. Austrians, 60,000 strong, under It was defended mainly by the the Archduke Charles. The inhabitants, aided by a small French were defeated and driven garrison of Swedes and Scots. back upon the Rhine. An assault on the 8th was re- Stoke (Lambert Simnel's Rebel- pulsed, and though on the 9th lion). some of the outworks were gain- Fought June 16, 1487, be- ed, the town still held out, and tween the royal troops, under finally, after a siege of 1 1 weeks, Henry VH, and the rebels, under Wallenstein was compelled to John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, withdraw lus troops, having who was aided by 2,000 German suffered a loss of over 12,000 men. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 239

Stralsund (Dano-Swedish Wars). camp, and routing and dispers- The town was again besieged, ing the rebel army. October 19, 1715, by an army Sikh War). of Prussians and Danes, 36,000 Suddusain (Second I, when a strong, under Frederick William Fought July 1848, Bhawalpuris and British III of Prussia and Frederick IV force of under Lieutenant of Denmark, and was defended 18,000 strong, encountered 12,000 by a Swedish garrison, under Edwardes, Malraj. The Sikhs Charles XII. At the end of Sikhs, under beaten off, three months, the besiegers attacked, but were largely to the superiority succeeded in seizing the island owing British artillery, and of Rugen, which commanded of the the town, and an attempt by defeated with heavy loss. Charles to retake it ended disas- Sudley Springs (American Civil trously, the king escaping with War). difficulty, and severely wounded, Fought August 29, 1862, be- while the whole of his force was tween the Federals, under killed or captured. On October General Pope, and the Con- horn- 10, the allies captured the federates, under Jackson. Jack- the 20th, the place work, and on son, by a forced march, had defensible, being no longer succeeded in taking up a strong Charles left the town and em- position in Pope's rear, and barked for Sweden on the only defied all attempts to dislodge ship remaining in the harbour. him, repulsing the Federal after- The garrison immediately attacks with a loss of over 8,000 wards surrendered. men. Stratton (Civil War). Sugar-loaf Rock (Seven Years' Fought May 16, 1643, between War). the Parliamentary troops, under Fought September 20, 1753, General Chudleigh, and the between the British, about 3,000 Cornish Royalists, under Sir strong, under Major Laurence, Ralph Hopton. The Royalists and the French army which was attacked the Parliamentarian besieging Trichinopoly, under position on Stratton Hill, and M. Astruc. Laurence attacked after severe fighting defeated before daybreak, and the native them, capturing 1,700 prisoners, auxiharies with the French including Chudleigh, 13 guns army were seized with a panic and all their baggage and muni- and fled, leaving the Europeans tions of war, unsupported. In the end the French were defeated, with a Suero, The (Civil War of Ser- loss of 100 killed and 200 prison- torius). ers, including Astruc. The Fought B.C. between the 75, British lost 40 killed and wound- rebels, under Sertorius, and the ed. Roman army, under Pompey. The Roman right, under Pom- Surinam (Napoleonic Wars). pey, was broken and defeated, This place, held by a Dutch but Afranius turned defeat into garrison, was captured. May 5, victory, capturing the Sertorian 1804, by a British squadron, 240 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

under Commander Hood, to- Sveaborg (Crimean War). gether with 2,000 troops, under The town, which had become Sir Charles Green. an important Russian arsenal, was bombarded by a British Sursuti, The (Mohammed Ghori's fleet, under Admiral Dundas, Invasion). August 9 to II, 1854. By the Fought 1 191, between the latter date, the arsenal and Aghans, under Mohammed storehouses had been destroyed, Ghori, and the Hindus, under and Dundas withdrew, making the King of Delhi, with 200,000 no further attempt to destroy horse and 300 elephants. The the fortifications. Afghans, who were greatly out- numbered, were surrounded, and Sybota. utterly routed, Mohammed Fought 433 B.C., between a Ghori escaping ^^^th difficulty Corinthian fleet of 1 50 sail, and from the field. a Corcyrean fleet of no sail, Sursuti, The (Mohammed Ghori's aided by 10 Athenian triremes. Invasion). The Corcyrean right wing was

Fought 1 192, when Moham- defeated, and would have been med Ghori, on the field where destroyed, but for the assist- he had suffered defeat in the ance of the Athenians, and the previous year, encountered the arrival of a reinforcement of 20 Rajputs and Delhi men, under Athenian ships caused the the Rajah of Ajmir. The Corinthians to retire. The Afghans, numbering 120,000, Corcyreans offered battle on completely routed the Rajputs, the following day, but the and captured the Rajah. Corinthians declined. Both sides claimed the victory, but Sveaborg (Finland War). the advantage lay with the This place was besieged by Corinthians, who captured the Russians, under General several ships. Suchtelen, in February, 1808, and was defended by a garrison Syracuse (Athenian Expedition of 7,000 Swedes and Finns, under to Sicily). Admiral Cronstedt. The siege Siege was laid to this city by was conducted under consider- the Athenians, under Alcibiades, able difficulties, the transport Lamachus and Nicias, who with of breaching guns being almost a fleet of 134 galleys, took pos- impossible. However, lack of session of the harbour and supplies compelled the Admiral eft'ected a landing in the autumn to sign an armistice, on April 3, of 415 B.C. Alcibiades was by which he agreed to surrender soon recalled, and Lamachas if not relieved by at least five killed in a skirmish, while Nicias ships of war on May 3. This proved weak and incompetent. being still unbroken at that The siege works were not pressed date, he handed over the town and in the follovdng year, Gylip- to the Russians, with 200 guns, pus of Sparta succeeded in get- and 2 frigates and 19 transports, ting through the Athenian lines, which were ice-bound in the and bringing a considerable harbour. force to the aid of the SjTacusans, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 241 capturing at the same time the under Appius Claudius. The advanced positions of the be- city was defended by a garrison siegers. Early in 413, Demos- under Hippocrates. The siege thenes arrived from Athens, is specially notable for the pre- with a fleet of 73 triremes, and sence in the city of Archimedes, made a desperate attempt to whose military engines played recover tlie lost ground. He an important part in the defence, was, however, totally defeated, especially against the fleet. and in a series of sea-fights During the winter, the revolt which followed, the Athenian of other Sicilian towns drew off fleet was completely destroyed. a portion of the besiegers, and This disaster forced the vVthen- during the spring and early ians to raise the siege, and was, summer of 212, only a partial in addition, a death-blow to the blockade could be maintained. naval supremacy of Athens. Then however, taking advan- tage of a festival in the city, Syracuse (Second Carthaginian Marcellus stormed and cap- Invasion). tured the upper portion of the Syracuse was again besieged, town. An attempt to force B.C. by about 80,000 Car- 387, the Roman lines by a Cartha- thaginians, under Himilco, aided ginian relieving force, under by a powerful fleet, de- and Himilco, was repulsed, and fended by Dionysius, with about shortly afterwards the rest of an equal number of troops. A the city was captured by fleet of Lacedremonian tri- 30 assault. remes arrived to the succour of the Syracusans, and meanwhile Szigeth (Ottoman Wars). a pestilence had carried off This small place, held by thousands in the besiegers' a Hungarian garrison, under camp. At this juncture Diony- Count Zrinyi, was besieged by sius decided on a joint sea and the Turks, under Solyman the land attack upon the Cartha- Magnificent, in 1566. The siege ginians, which was completely was prosecuted with jvigour but successful. Leptinus, with 80 was fatal to the great Sultan, galleys, surprised the Cartha- who died on the night of Sep- ginian fleet while the crews were tember 4. On the following day, ashore, and completely des- however, the Turks stormed troyed it, while Dionysius storm- and sacked the town, and Count ed Himilco's defences,and utterly Zrinyi and his Uttle garrison routed the besiegers, Himilco perished in the flames. and his principal officers escap- ing from Sicily, and leaving the army to its fate.

Syracuse (Second Punic War). In 213 B.C. Syracuse, then in Tabraca (Revolt of Gildo). the hands of the pro-Cartha- Fought 398, between 5,000 ginian faction, was besieged by picked Roman legionaries, under the Romans, 25,000 strong, Mascazel, and the revolted under M. Marcellus, and a fleet Africans, 70,000 strong, under R 242 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Gildo. At the first onslaught Austria. The Ghibellines were of the legionaries, all the Roman utterly routed, and their leaders, soldiers serving under Gildo including Conradin and the deserted, and the Africans tak- Duke, captured and beheaded. ing to flight, Mascazel gained an almost bloodless victory. Gildo Taiken Gate (Hogen Insurrec- was captured and committed tion). 1 suicide in prison. Fought 1 57, between the Japanese rebels, under Shitoku, Tagna (Peruvio-Chilian War). and the Imperial troops, under Fought May 26, 1880, between Bifukumonia and Tadamichi. the Chihans, under General The rebels were utterly routed. Baquedano, and the Peruvians, This battle is remarkable for the the Chilians gaining a signal fratricidal nature of the conflict, victory. The Peruvian losses many of the greatest families of were very heavy, including 197 Japan having representatives in officers. Following up their both armies. victory, the Chilians captured the fortress of Arifa. Taillebourg. Fought 1242, between the Tacubaya (Mexican Liberal Ris- French, under Louis IX, and ing). the English, under Henry III, Fought April 11, 1859, be- with whom were alUed the tween the Mexican Government rebellious vassals of the French troops, under Marquez, and the crown, the Comtes de Marche Liberals, under DegoUado. The and de Foix. The allies were Liberals were completely routed, defeated, and Henry '^vithdrew with the loss of all their artillery his forces from France. and munitions of war, Takashima (Chinese Invasion Tagina (Second Gothic War). of Japan). Fought July, 553, between After the wreck of the Chinese the Goths, under Totila, King of fleet, in 1281, the survivors, Italy, and 30,000 Imperial troops, under Chang Pak, took refuge under Narses. The Romans on the island of Takashima. withstood the charge of the Here they were attacked by the Goths, broke their cavalry, and troops of Kiushiu, under Shoni then drove their infantry from Kagesuke. They were almost the field, Avith a loss of about without exception killed or 6,000. Totila was overtaken captured, only tliree out of the and slain in the pursuit. vast host returning to China.

Tagliacozzo (Guelfs and Ghibel- Taku Forts (Second China War). lines). Fought June 25, 1859, when Fought 1268, between the an attempt was made by the Guelf party, under Charles of British to carry the forts at the Anjou, the usurper of the throne mouth of the Peiho River. of Naples, and the Ghibellines, Eleven Ught-draught gunboats under Conradin, the rightful crossed the bar, and tried to heir, and Frederick, Duke of silence the batteries, but %nth- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 243

out success, and at 5 p.m. an Talavera (Peninsular War). attempt was made to carry the Fought July 28, 1809, be- defences by a land attack. A tween 19,000 British and 34,000 force of 600 marines and blue- Spaniards, under Sir Arthur jackets, under Captain Van- Wellesley, and 50,000 French, sittart, was landed, but after under Marshals Jourdan and severe fighting was driven back Victor, with Joseph Buonaparte to the boats, with a loss of 68 in nominal command. The killed, and nearly 300 wounded. British repulsed all the attacks Six of the gunboats were sunk on their position, at a cost of or disabled, and their crews also 6,200 killed and wounded. The suffered heavily. Spanish losses were returned at On August 21, i860, a second 1,200, but the figures are doubt- and successful assault was made ful, as they took practically no French on the forts by a force of 1 1 ,000 part in the fighting. The British and 7,000 French troops, lost 7,389 killed, wounded and under Sir Hope Grant. After missing, and 17 guns. a brief bombardment, the small Talkhan (Tartar Invasion of north fort, garrisoned by 500 Khorassan Chinese, was stormed by 2,500 ). This fortress was captured, British, and 400 French, 400 of 1 22 1, by the Tartars, under the garrison falling, while the Genghiz Khan, after an obstin- British lost 21 killed and 184 ate defence of seven months, in wounded. In the course of the which thousands perished on day the remaining forts sur- both sides. rendered without further light- ing. Talneer (Third Mahratta War). By the treaty of January 6, Talana Hill (Second Boer War). sur- 18 1 8, this fortress was Fought October 20, 1899, rendered by Holkar to the between 4,000 Boers, under British, but on Sir Thomas General Lucas Meyer, and a Hislop, with a British force, British force of equal strength, arriving to take possession, on under General Syraons. The February 17, the commandant it over. Though Boers occupied a strong position , refused to hand on the heights of Dundee, from warned of the consequences, he which they were dislodged by fired upon tlie British, where- the British infantry, with a loss upon Hislop opened fire, and in of about 300. The British lost the afternoon of the same day 19 officers, 142 men killed and the place surrendered. By wounded, and 331 prisoners, some misunderstanding, how- the latter a detachment of ever, the Arab garrison of 300, cavalry and mounted infantry, were drawn up at one of the who were surrounded by a gates, and on the approach of superior force of Boers, and two British officers and some surrendered. General Symons Sepoys, cut them down. No was mortally wounded. The quarter was then^f'given, Ihe action is also called the battle of garrison being killed to a man, Dundee. and the commandant hanged. 244 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Tamai (Soudan Campaigns). Tanjore. Fought March 13, 1884, when The fortress was besieged, 4,ocx) British, under General August 20, 1773, by a British Graham, attacked and defeated force, under General Joseph the Mahdists, under Osman Smith, and defended by a gar- Digna, destroying their camp. rison of 20,000 men, under the The British fought in two Rajah, Laljaji, and his Vizier squares, one of which was mo- Monacji. On September 16, a mentarily broken by the Mah- breach having been effected, the ilists, who captured the naval besiegers delivered an assault guns. The second square, how- at midday, when their garrison ever, moved up in support, and were taking their usual noon- the Mahdists were repulsed and day rest, and meeting with little the guns recovered. The Brit- opposition, made themselves ish lost ID officers and 204 men masters of the place. killed and wounded ; the Der- vishes over 2,000 killed. Tansara Saka (Satsuma Rebel- lion). Tanagra. Fought 1876, when the rebels Fought 457 B.C., between the in a very strong position were Spartans, and their Pelopon- attacked by the Imperial troops, nesian allies, and about 14,000 under Prince Taruhito, and Athenians and others, including after very severe fighting, driven a body of Thessalian cavalry. out with enormous loss. The The battle was stubbornly con- Imperialists also suffered se- tested, both sides losing heavily, verely. but the desertion during the action of the Thessalians turned Tarapaca (Peruvio-Chilian War). the scale, and the Spartans Fought November 17, 1879, were victorious, though at a cost and resulted in the defeat of which deterred them from their the Peruvians with heavy loss. intended attack upon Athens. Tarento (Italian Wars). Tanjore (Seven Years' War). This fortress, held by a Nea- This place was besieged, politan garrison, under the August, 1758, by the French, Conde di Potenza, was besieged under Lally-Tollendal, and was by about 5,000 Spaniards, under defended by a garrison, under Gonsalvo de Cordova, in August,

Monacji. After five days' bom- 1 50 1. Gonsalvo endeavoured to bardment, the walls were still reduce the place by blockade, insufficiently breached, and ow- but found his forces melting ing to lack of ammunition, Lally away by desertion, and was forced determined to retire. Hearing to have recourse to more active this, Monacji made a sortie, and measures. The north front of nearly succeeded in surprising Tarento being bounded by a the French camp. He was with lake, was unfortified, and Gon- difficulty beaten otf, and the salvo, with incredible labour, French withdrew, with the loss transported overland some of of all their siege guns and heavy the smaller vessels of the Span- baggage. ish fleet lying in the Bay of DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 245

Tarento, and launched them on equipped with beaks, but Va- the lake. The town was then tinius, though his ships were at his mercy, and surrendered, inferior both in number and being entered by the Spaniards, quality, boldly attacked the March i, 1502 Pompeians, and after severe fighting, completely defeated Tarragona (Peninsular War). them, compelling Octavius to This city was besieged by the abandon the Adriatic. French, 40,000 strong, under

General Suchet, in May, 181 1, Taus (Hussite Wars). and defended by a garrison but Fought August 14, 143 1, be- little inferior in numbers. The tween the Hussites, under John outer defences were stormed Ziska, and the Imperialists, one by one, and by June 21, under the Emperor Sigismund. the besiegers had effected a The Hussites gained a signal lodgement in the lower town. victory. On the 28th, the upper town Tayeizan was taken by storm, and the (Japanese Revolution). Fought 1868, when the adher- survivors of the garrison, 8,000 ents of the Shogun made their in number, laid down their arms. last stand in Tokyo at the Tay- The French lost about 6,000 eizan temple in the Park of during the siege. Uyeno. They were defeated

Tashkessen (Russo - Turkish after a sharp conflict, leaving War). the Imperialists in undisputed possession of the Shogun's Fought December 28, 1877, between 2,000 Turks, under capital. Valentine Baker Pasha, and a Tchernaya (Crimean War). !ij Russian division, under General Fought August 16, 1855, be- Kourloff. In order to cover tween three Russian divisions, Shakir Pasha's retirement from under General Gortschakoff, and the Shandurnik heights. Baker's three French and one Sardinian greatly inferior force withstood division, under General Marmora, throughout the day, the deter- The Russians attacked the allies' mined onslaughts of the Rus- position on the Tchernaya, and sians, when Baker finally with- after severe fighting, were re- drew, having effected his object, pulsed with a loss of 5,000 killed He had lost 800 men, and had and wounded. The allies lost inflicted a loss on his assailants 1,200. of 32 officers and over 1,000 men. Tchesme (Ottoman Wars). Fought July 7, 1770, between Tauris (Civil War of Caesar and the Russian fleet of 50 sail, under Pompey). Count Alexis Orloff, and the Fought B.C. 47, between the Turkish fleet of nearly 100 sail Pompeian fleet, under Marcus of the Une, under Hassan Bey. Octavius, and the Caesareans, With the exception of one ship, under Publius Vatinius. The which was captured, the whole Caesarean fleet consisted of of the Turkish fleet was des- merchant vessels, temporarily troyed. 246 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Tearless Battle. Tel-el-Mahuta (Arabi's Rebel- Fought B.C. 368, when a force lion). of Arcadians endeavoured to Fought August 24, 1882, when cut off a Spartan army, under the Egyptians attempted to Archidamus, in a narrow defile oppose the march of the British in Laconia. They were repulsed advance guard, under General with heavy loss, and not a single Graham, to Kassassin. They Spartan was killed, whence the made, however, but a feeble engagement came to be called resistance, and were driven off the Tearless Battle. with heavy loss. Tegea. Te-li-ssu (Russo-Japanese War)- Fought B.C. 473, when the Fought June 14 and 15, 1904, Spartans defeated the combined between 35,000 Russians, under forces of the Arcadian League Baron de Stakelberg, and about and the Argives, under the walls 40,000 Japanese, under General of Tegea. Though victorious, Oku. The Japanese attacked the Spartans were too much the Russian position, but the reduced in numbers to venture Russians held their ground upon the attack of Tegea, which throughout the 14th, at a cost had been the object of the ex- of about 350 killed and wounded pedition. On the 15 th, however, their flank was turned, and after hard Tegyra (Boeotian War). fighting in which they suffered Fought B.C. ^y^, when Pelo- heavil}^ two batteries of artil- pidas, with the Sacred Band of lery being absolutely cut to 300 Thebans, routed a large pieces, they retreated in some force of Spartans in a narrow disorder, leaving over 1.500 pass near Orchomenus, slaying dead on the field. The Japan- 600, including their two generals ese, who lost 1,163 in the two Telamon (Conquest of Cisalpine days, captured 300 prisoners Gaul). and 14 guns. The total Rus- Fought B.C. 225, when the sian losses were about 10,000. Gauls, marching upon Rome, Tellicherry (First War). found themselves caught be- Mysore This place, held small tween two Roman consular by a British garrison, and very im- armies, and though fighting perfectly fortified, was besieged desperately, were cut to pieces. June, 1780, by a Mysore force, Tel-el-Kebir (Arabi's Rebellion). under Sirdar AU Khan. Aid was Fought September 13, 1882, sent to the garrison from Bom- when the British, 17,000 strong, bay, and a most gallant defence under Lord Wolseley, after a was made till January 18, 1782, night march across the desert, when reinforcements arrived, attacked and stormed Arabi's under Major Abington, who, entrenchments, which were de- aided by the garrison, stormed fended by 22,000 Egyptians. the Mysori. entrenchments, cap- The British lost 339 killed and turing all their guns, 60 in wounded, the Egyptian loss number, and 1,200 prisoners, was very heavy. among whom was Sirdar Ali. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 247

Temesvar (Hungarian Rising). Saxons, under Edward the Fought August 9, 1849, be- Elder. The Danes were de- tween the Austrians, under feated. Haynau, and the Hungarians, under Dembinski. The latter Tetuan (Morocco War). was totally routed, and his army Fought February 4, i860, dispersed, this being the last when 30,000 Spaiiiards, under stand made by the Hungarians Marshal O'Donnell, stormed the in the war. On the 13th, Gorgey Moorish entrenchments outside and his army surrendered to Tetuan, held by about 40,000 the Russians at Villagos. Moors. Three days later Tetuan was entered by the Spaniards. Tenchebrai. Fought September 28, 1106, Teuttingen (Thirty Years' War). between the English, under Fought November, 1643, be- the Henry I, and the Normans, tween the French, under under Robert of Normandy, Marechal de Rantzau, and the Henry's brother. Robert was Imperialists, under the Count totally defeated and made pri- de Merci. The Imperialists sur- soner, and Henry annexed Nor- prised the French camp, and mandy to the crown of England. totally routed them, Rantzau, being captured with most of his Tergoes (Netherlands War of superior officers, and all his Independence). artillery and baggage. This fortress was besieged, Tewkesbury (Wars of the Roses). August 16, by the Dutch 1572, when Patriots, 7,000 strong, under Fought May 4, 147 1. the Yorkists, under Edward IV, Jerome de 't Zeraerts, and was under defended by a small Spanish defeated the Lancastrians, Prince Edward, Somerset and garrison. On October 20, a with heavy loss. Prince force of 3,000 Spanish veterans, others, other leading Lan- under Colonel Mondragon, suc- Edward and castrians were killed, and Mar- ceeded in crossing the " Drowned of Anjou promptly sur- Land," with a loss of only 9 garet men drowned, and relieved the rendered. town, 't Zeraert's troops refus- Texel (Dutch Wars). ing to face this unexpected Fought June 2, 1653, between attack. a British fleet, under Monk, and fleet, under Van Tromp. Testry. a Dutch action was undecided, but Fought 687, between the The following day, Monk Neustrians, under Thierry III, on the reinforced by 18 and the Austrasians, imder having been under Admiral Blake, Pepin d'Heristal, the Maire du ships, the attack, and signally Palais. The Neustrians were renewed Tromp, with a loss routed, and Thierry captured. defeated Van of II ships and 1,300 prisoners ships sunk. The Tettenhall (Danish Invasion). taken, and 6 ships and Fought 910, between the British lost 20 363 Danish invaders, and the West killed and wounded. 248 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Thala (Numidian Revolt). against the Persian host, under In the 5^ear 22, this fortress, Xerxes. They kept the Per- defended by no more than 500 sians at bay until a considerable Roman veterans, was attacked force having passed the moun- by a large force of nomads, under tains by another part, they were Tacfarinas. The Romans sal- attacked in the rear. They then lied out, and inflicted so severe retired to a hillock, and fought a defeat upon Tacfarinas that till the last man fell. his army was dispersed. Thermopylae (War with Anti- ochus). Thapsus (Civil War of Caesar and Pompey). Fought B.C. 191, between 40,000 Romans, under Glabrio, Fought April 6, b.c. 46, be- the of the tween the Caesareans, consisting and army Antiochus Great, King of Asia, Antiochus of 10 legions, under Julius Csesar, and the Pompeians, was entrenched at Thermo- 14 where legions, in addition to cavalry, pylae, he was attacked by the light troops, and 100 elephants, Romans, and a post held by 2,000 .^tolians being sur- imder Metellus Scipio and Juba. prised, his flank was turned, and he was disastrously defeated. Thebes. Antiochus escaped from the This city was captured by the field with barely 500 men. Macedonians, under Alexander the Great, in September, 335 Thetford (Danish Invasion). B.C. The Thebans were block- Fought 870, between the ading the Macedonian garrison, Danish invaders, and the East which held the citadel, and Anglians, under Edward. The the Cadmea ; Perdiccas, one of latter were defeated and Edward Alexander's captains, without killed. orders, broke through the earth- works outside the city. Before Thorn (Russo-Swedish War). the Thebans could shut the Siege was laid to this place by gates, Perdiccas effected an en- the Swedes, under Charles XII, trance into the cit5\ and being September 22, 1702. It was joined by the garrison of the defended by a garrison of 5,000 Cadmea, soon overcame the Poles, under General Robel, who resistance of the Thebans. Six made a gallant defence, but thousand of the inhabitants after a month's siege, he was were massacred, and the city compelled by famine to sur- was razed to the ground. render. Thurii. Thermopylae (Third Persian In- Fought B.C. 282, when a Ro- vasion). man consular army, under Caius Fought 480 B.C., when 300 Fabricius, routed the Lucanians Spartans and 700 Thespians, and Bruttians, who were besieg- under Leonidas, defended the ing Thurii. The siege was pass of Thermopylae, leading raised, and the Tarentine coaU- southwards out of Thessaly, tion temporarily broken up. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 249

Tiberias. losing half the rank and file, and

Fought July, 1 187, between 25 officers killed and wounded. the Saracens, under Saladin, and On July 22, 1759, a British the Christians of Jerusalem, force of 1 1 ,000 men under under Guy de Lusignan. Sala- General Amherst, arrived before din gained a signal victory, Ticonderoga, which was held by capturing the King, the Grand about 3,500 French and Cana- Master of the Templars, and the dians, under Bourlamaque. On Marquis de Montferrat. Follow- the 23rd, Bourlemaque with- ing up his success, Saladin drew to the Isle-aux-Noix, on recovered in succession, Acre, Lake Champlain, leaving only Jaffa, and other important 400 men, under Hebecourt, places, and in the month of with instructions to hold Am- October of the same year, re- herst before the place as long as captured Jerusalem. possible. On the 26th, how- ever, Hebecourt set fire to the Ticinus (Second Punic War), magazine and retired. Fought B.C. 218, between 26,000 Carthaginians, under Ticonderoga (American War of Hannibal, and 25,000 Romans, Independence). under P. Cornelius Scipio (the This place was invested, Elder). The Romans were de- June 22, 1777, by the British, feated with heavy loss, Scipio under General Burgoyne, and being severely wounded. was defended by 5,000 Ameri- Ticonderoga (Seven Years' War). cans, under General St. Clair. After a brief siege, the Amer- Fought July 8, 1758, between Montcalm, with 3,600 French icans evacuated the Fort, July 5. and Canadians, and the British, Tifiis (Tartar Invasion of the strong,including 1 5 ,000 6,000 reg- Caucasus). ulars, under General Aber- James Fought 1386, between the cromby. Montcalm was strong- Tartars, under Tamerlane, and ly intrenched ridge in on a front the troops of the Caucasian of Fort Ticonderoga, his posi- tribes, under the Queen of tion being furthered strength- Georgia. The Queen issued ened by an abatis. Aber- from Tifiis to offer battle to the cromby made no attempt to Tartars, but her forces could turn the position, but without not stand against them, and waiting for his guns, ordered were cut to pieces. the regulars to take the lines by storm. Notwithstanding the Tigranocerta (Third Mithridatic gallantry of the troops, who War). advanced six times to the Fought B.C. 69, when the assault, the position proved Romans, 10,000 strong, under impregnable, and Abercromby LucuUus, who was besieging the was forced to withdraw, with a city, were attacked by 200,000 loss of 19,44 killed and wounded, Pontic and Armenian troops, the French losing 377 only. The under Tigranes. ''Tigranes had 42nd Regiment (Black Watch) failed to occujiy some high showed conspicuous bravery, ground which commanded the 250 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

position of his cavalry. This General McNeill, with 3 battal- Lucullus seized, and attacking ions of Indian, and \\ of British the Pontic cavalry in rear, troops, was surprised in his broke it. He then attacked and zariba, by about 5,000 Mahdists. routed the infantry, with a loss One of the native regiments according to the Roman account broke and fled, but the Berk- of 100,000. The Romans lost shires and Marines, made a 5 men only. gallant defence, though the Tigris (Persian Wars). zariba was forced, as did the Fought 363, when the Romans other native regiments. After under Julian, crossed the Tigris twenty minutes' fighting the in the face of a large Persian attack was beaten ofi, the Mahd- army, strongly entrenched on ists leaving 1,500 dead on the the opposite bank. At the first field. The British lost 294 assault, though an attempt at combatants and 176 camp- a surprise failed, the Romans followers, killed, wounded and stormed the Persian lines, and missing. after 12 hours' fighting, drove Tolbiac. them from the field. The Ro- Fought 496, between the mans only admitted a loss of 75 Franks, under Clovis, and the men, while they claimed that Alemanni. The Franks, after the Persians lost 6,000 killed. a desperate conflict, began to give way, but were rallied by Tippermuir (Civil War). Clovis, who leading a charge in Fought September i, 1644, person, utterly routed the Ale- between the Covenanters, 6,700 This victory gave the strong, under Lord Elcho, and manni. Franks undisputed possession about 3,000 Scottish Royalists, under Montrose. The Coven- of the territory west of the Rhine. anters were totally defeated, with a loss variously estimated Tolentino (Hundred Days). at from 1,300 to 2,000 killed, Fought May 2, 181 5, between and 800 prisoners, while the 50,000 Italians, under Murat, Royalist loss was trifling. Fol- and 60,000 Austrians, under lowing up his victory Montrose General Bianchi. The Italians occupied Perth. were routed and dispersed, and Toba (Japanese Revolution). Murat compelled to flee from Fought 1868, between the Italy. troops of Aiza and Kuwana, Tolenus (Social War). under the Shogun Yoshinobu, Fought B.C. 90, between the and the army of Satsuma and Romans, under Lupus, and the Choshu. The Shogun was to- revolted Marsians. Lupus was tally defeated, and abandoned attacked while crossing the his invasion of Satsuma, return- Tolenus, and totally routed ing with his troops to Yedo by with a loss of 8,000 men. sea, surrendering shortly after- Tondeman's Woods (Seven wards to the Imperial forces. Years' War). Tofrek (Soudan Campaigns). Fought February 14, 1754. Fought March 22, 1885, when when a convoy to revictual DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 251

Trichinopoly, escorted by 180 attacked the Portuguese at 4 British and 800 native troops, p.m., and at the end of two was attacked by 12,000 Mysore hours' fighting, signally defeated and Mahratta horse, under them with heavy loss. Hyder AU and Morari Rao, supported by a small French Toulon (War of the Spanish Suc- force. The Sepoys at once laid cession). down their arms, but the Euro- An attack was made upon peans made a gallant defence, the fortress by a combined until the arrival of the French Dutch and British fleet, under force, when, hopelessly out- Sir Cloudesley Shovel, July 17, numbered, they also surrendered. 1707. The allies failed to gain The convoy and the whole a footing in the town, but 8 detachment were captured. French ships lying in the har- bour and 130 houses were Torgau (Seven Years' War). destroyed by fire. Fought November 3, 1760, between the Prussians, under Toulon (War of the Austrian Frederick the Great, and the Succession). Austrians, under Count Daun. Fought February 11, 1744, The Austrians, besides being between a British fleet of zj sail numerically superior, occupied of the line, and 8 frigates, under a strong position at Torgau. Admiral Matthews, and a com- Frederick divided his forces, and bined French and Spanish fleet while one portion, under Ziethen, of 28 line-of-battle ships. The attacked in front, he himself led British fleet suffered a serious the rest of his army round the reverse, in consequence of which position, and fell upon the Aus- the Admiral and four captains trian rear. Both attacks were were tried by court-martial and repulsed, but during the night, cashiered. The British lost 274 Ziethen, finding the heights killed and wounded, the allies badly guarded, gained them, about 1,000. and seized the batteries, turning Toulon (Wars of the French a defeat into a signal victory. Revolution ). The Austrians lost 20,000, the On August 29, 1793, Toulon, Prussians, 13,000, and the vic- which had opened its gates to tory gave Frederick possession the British, and was held by a of the whole of Saxony. small garrison, under Lord Toro (War of the Castilian Suc- Mulgrave, was besieged by the cession). French, under Dugommier. By Fought March i, 1476, be- December 18, most of the land- tween the Portuguese, and the ward defences had been carried, Spanish supporters of Joanna and the place having become for the throne of Castile, 8,500 untenable. Lord Mulgrave car- strong, under Alfonso of Portu- ried off his troops by sea. gal, and the adherents of Isa- This siege is chiefly memorable bella, about equal in numbers, as being the first important under Ferdinand the Catholic. appearance of Napoleon, who Ferdinand, after a long march, commanded the artillery. —

252 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Toulouse (Peninsular War). battle lasted several days Fought April lo, 1814, be- according to the Arab chroni- tween 38,000 French, under clers, two, while the Christian Soult, and 24,000 British and accounts say seven —and ended Spaniards, under Wellington. in the fall of Abderrahman, The French entrenchments in when the Saracens, discouraged front of Toulouse were attacked by the death of their leader, by the British, who after severe owned defeat, and iied, losing fighting captured some of the heavily in the pursuit. outworks. The victory, how- ever, was incomplete, and was Towton (Wars of the Roses). in effect of no value, as Napoleon Fought March 29, 1461, when had on this date already sur- Edward IV, immediately after rendered to the allies in Paris. his proclamation, marched a- The French lost about 3,000 gainst the Lancastrians, under killed and wounded, the allies, Henry VI, and vigorously at- 4,659, of whom 2,000 were tacked their entrenched position Spaniards. at Towton. Aided by a heavy Tournay (Netherlands War of snowstorm, blowing in the faces Independence). of the defenders, Edward de- This place was besieged, Oc- feated them all along the Une, with heavy loss, among the tober I, 1 58 1, by the Royal troops, under Alexander of killed being Northumberland, Parma, and in the absence of Dacre and de Mauley. Henry the Governor, Prince Espinay, and Margaret escaped from the was gallantly defended by the field, and fled northward. Princess, who held out until November 30, when, by an Trafalgar (Napoleonic Wars), honourable capitulation, she Fought October 21, 1805, be- was allowed to march out at the tween the British fleet of 27 head of the garrison, with all sail of the line and 4 frigates, the honours of war. under Nelson, with Collingwood second in command, and the Tournay (War of the Spanish combined French and Spanish Succession). fleets, numbering sail of the The town was besieged by the 33 line and 7 frigates, under Ad- British, under the Duke of Marl- miral Villeneuve. Nelson at- borough, July 8, 1709, and was tacked in two lines, and destroy- defended by a Frenth garrison ing the enemy's formation, under M. de Surville. After 56 completely defeated them, 20 days of open trenches, the gar- ships striking their colours. rison surrendered, having suf- Nelson fell in the moment of fered a loss of 3,000 men. victory, while the Spanish Ad- Tours (Moslem Invasion of miral was killed, and Villeneuve France). captured. Most of the prizes Fought 732, between the were lost in a heavy gale which Franks, under Charles Martel, sprang up after the battle, but and the Saracens, under Abder- the destruction of Villeneuve's rahman Ibu Abdillah. The fleet put an end to Napoleon's DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 253 scheme for an invasion of Eng- the Trebbia to attack the Car- land. The British lost 1,587 thaginians. The Romans fought killed and wounded, the losses with determination, and the of the allies being far heavier. issue was for some time in doubt, but finally a charge of Trautenau (Seven Weeks' War). the Carthaginian horse, under Fought June 27, 1866, be- Mago, against their left flank, tween the First Prussian Army threw the legionaries into con- Corps, under General von Bonin, fusion, and they were routed and the loth Austrian corps, with enormous loss. under General Gablenz. The Trebbia (Wars of the French Prussians at first drove back the Revolution). Austrians, but General Gablenz Fought June 19 to 21, 1799, advancing in force, fell upon between the French, under Mac- the Prussians, wearied with a donald, and the Russians, under long march, and compelled them Suwaroff. After a severe con- to retreat, with a loss of 1,277 flict the French were totally killed and wounded. Owing defeated and driven beyond the to the superiority of the needle- Apennines, being obliged shortly gun, the Austrians, though vic- afterwards to evacuate Italy. torious, suffered a loss of 5,73.3. Trebizond (Ottoman Wars). Travancore (Second Mysore This city, where the last re- War). presentative of the family of Fought December 28, 1789, Comnenus had taken refuge when Tippu Sahib, with about after the fall of Constantinople, Mysoris, made a night 15,000 was besieged by the Turks, attack upon the British lines. under Mohammed II, in 1461. Having thrown down a portion After a brief resistance the city of the rampart, a small advance surrendered, and the last vestige party were hastening to open of the Empire of the East was gate, were as- the when they swept away. sailed by a detachment of the garrison, and hurled back into Treveri (Gallic War). the trench. This repulse threw Fought B.C. 55, between the the advancing troops into con' Romans, 50,000 strong, under fusion, and they were routed Julius Caesar, and 300,000 Asi- with a loss of over 2,000. petes, a German tribe, who hatl made a raid into Gaol. The Trebbia (Second Punic War). Germans were routed with Fought December B.C. 218, enormous loss ; indeed, the between 26,000 Cathaginians, action was less a battle than 6,000 being cavalry, under a massacre, and very few suc- Hannibal, and 40,000 Romans ceeded in recrossing the Rhine. under the Consul Sempronius. Sempronius' colleague, Scipio, Tricameron (Invasion of the had been wounded a few days Vandals). before in a skirmish, and Sem- Fought November, 533, be- pronius, contrary to his advice, tween the Romans, under Beli- being in sole command, crossed sarius, and the Vandals, under 254 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Gelimer and Zano. The Romans On September 26 of the same were drawn up behind a stream, year, a second engagement took and were attacked by the Van- place near Trincomalee, when dals, though only the wing under Colonel Smith, with 12,000 Zano displayed any vigour in British and native troops, came the assault. In the end the unexpectedly upon the united Vandals were defeated with a armies of Hyderabad and My- loss of 800, the Romans losing sore, 60,000 strong, under Hyder 50 only. This defeat put an Ali, while rounding a hill which end to the Vandal domination in separated them. The superior Africa. discipline of the British enabled them to take full advantage of Trichinopoly. the surprise, and they inflicted This place was captured, after an overwhelming defeat upon a three months' siege, the by their opponents' disordered Mahrattas, March 26, It 1741. masses. Hyder Ali lost over had been provisioned for a long 4,000 men and 64 guns, the siege by Chunda Sahib, but the British loss being 150 killed Mahrattas refilled to a distance and wounded. of 250 miles, whereupon the avarice of Chunda Sahib im- Trincomalee. pelled him to sell the grain A naval action was fought off which he had in store. The this place April 12, 1782, be-

Mahrattas, who had been count- tween 1 1 British ships, under ing upon this, retraced their Sir Edward Hughes, and 12 steps, and the garrison were in French vessels, under Suffren. a very short time starved into After a sanguinary action with submission. no decisive result, the two. fleets, both too seriously damaged Trincomalee (Seven Years' War). to renew the conflict, sep- Fought August 10, 1759, be- arated, the British making for tween a British squardon of 12 Trincomalee, and the French sail, under Admiral Pococke, for their base to repair damages. and a French fleet of 14 sail, On Septembers, 1782, another under the Comte d'Ache. After indecisive fight took place be- an engagement lasting two hours, tween the same Admirals off the French were worsted, but Trincomalee, the British having sailing better than the British, 12 and the French 15 sail. Both as usual at this period, eluded squadrons were compelled after pursuit and lost no ships. the action to return to their respective bases to refit. Trincomalee (First Mysore War). Fought September 3, 1767, Trinidad (Wars of the French between the British, under Revolution). Colonel Smith, and the Mysore This island was captured from army, under Hyder Ali. Hyder the P"rench, without resistance, attacked the British camp, but by a naval and military expedi- was beaten off with a loss of tion under Admiral John Harvey 2,000 men while the British and Sir Ralph Abercrombie, lost 170 only. February 17, 1797. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 255

Trinkitat (Soudan Campaigns). disaster of Ticonderoga, and as Fought March 29, 1884, when Parkman says (Montcalm and " the British, 4,000 strong, under Wolfe, chap, xx.) : The death General Graham, totally de- of one man was the ruin of feated 6,000 Mahdists, under fifteen thousand." hours' Osman Digna, after five Troy. severe fighting. British The The siege and destruction of casualties amounted to 189 this city by the Hellenes, though killed and wounded ; the Mahd- all the details are legendary, This ists lost about 2,000. may be accepted as a historical action is also known as the fact, and the date may be put Battle of El Teb. approximately at 1 100 B.C. Tripoli (Moslem Conquest of Truceia. Africa). Fought 593, between the Fought 647, between the in- Neustrians, under Queen Frede- vading Moslems, under Abdal- gond, and the Austrasians, lah, and 1 20,000 Imperial troops under Childebert II. The Aus- and African levies, under tlae trasian army was totally routed Prefect, Gregory. The Moslems and fled from the field. gained a signal victory, Gregory Tsushima (Mongol Invasion of being among the slain. Japan). Trivadi (Seven Years' War). Fought 14 19 between the Fought 1760, between 5,000 Chinese and Koreans, and the Mysoris, under Hyder Ali, and ships of the Barons of Kiushiu. a British force of 230 European The Japanese gained a signal and 2,700 native troops, under victory, and from that time Major Moore, Notwithstanding were no more troubled by his inferior numbers, Moore foreign invasion. attempted to prevent the junc- Tudela (Peninsular War). tion of Ali with the Hyder Fought November 23, 1808, French, and was totally de- between 30,000 Frencli, under feated. Lannes, and 45,000 Spaniards, under Castanos and Palafox. Trout Brook (Seven Years' War)* The Spaniards were totally de- A small skirmish, in which feated, with a loss of about 9,000 the advance guard of Aber- killed wounded, pri- cromby's army, marching on and 3,000 soners and 30 guns. The French Ticonderoga, fell in with a losses were small. French scouting column, 350 strong, under Langy, July 6, Tunis (First Punic War), 1758. The French lost 150 Fought B.C. 255 between killed and wounded and 148 15,000 Romans, under Regulus, prisoners, and the affair would and 16,000 Carthaginians, of be without importance but for whom 4,000 were cavalry, with the fact that Lord Howe, who 100 elephants, under Xanthip- was the brain of Abercromby's pus, the Spartan. The Romans staff, was killed in the fight. were broken by a cavalry charge, His death was followed by the and their rout was completed by 256 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES the elephants, and all but 2,500 perialist garrison, 10,000 strong, fell on the field. Regulus was under the Duke of Savoy, was captured, and Tunis at once besieged by a French army of occupied by the Carthaginians, 68 battalions and 80 squadrons, with artillery and engineers, Tunis (Ninth Crusade). under the Duo de la Feuil- This city was besieged by the lade, May 26, 1706. On French Crusaders, under Louis June 17 the Duke of Savoy IX in 1270. While before the left the city to orgainse a relief walls of the place, which offered force. Count Daun taking the an obstinate resistance, Louis command. The garrison held died of a fever, and the crusaders out stoutly till September 7, at once raised the siege and when the approach of a large retired. relieving force under Prince Turbigo (Franco-Austrian War). Eugene compelled the French Fought June 3, 1859, when to raise the siege. About 5,000 the advance guard of Marshal of the garrison perished either Macmahon's corps, under the in action or by disease. In the Marshal in person, was attacked action which preceded the re- by a portion of the Austrian tirement of the French, the Im- division of Clam-Gallas, while perialists lost i,500,the French simultaneously 4,000 Austrians 2,000 killed and wounded and assailed the bridge over the 6,000 prisoners. canal near the Ticino, which the French main body was crossing. Turnhout (Netherlands War of After severe fighting both at- Independence). tacks were repulsed with con- Fought August 22, 1597, be- siderable loss. tween the Dutch, under Prince Maurice of Nassau, and the Turcoing (Wars of the French Spaniards under the Archduke Revolution). Albert. The Spaniards were Fought between the 1794 totally defeated, and this vic- French, under Souham, and the tory may be said to have set British, under the Duke of York. the seal of the Independence of The British were defeated and the Netherlands. driven back upon Tournay. Tyre (Alexander's Asiatic Cam- Turin (Revolt of Maxentius). paigns). Fought 312, between the This strongly fortified city, legions of Gaul, 40,000 strong, built on an island separated under Constantine, and the from the mainland by a channel troops of Maxentius, consider- 1,000 yards wide, was besieged ably superior in number. The by the Macedonians under Alex- charge of Maxentius' heavy ander the Great, B.c.,332. Alex- cavalry failed, and he was driven ander at once commenced the back into Turin with enormous construction of a mole across loss. the channel but was much Turin ((War of the Spanish Suc- hampered by the Phoenician cession). galleys, which issued from the This place, held by an Im- two fortified harbours, and de- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 257 stroyed his military engines. Upsala (Dano-Swedish Wars). He therefore collected in Sidon Fought 1520, between the a fleet of 250 ships from the Danes, under Otho of Krumpen, captured Phoenician cities, and and the Swedes, under Christina holding the Tyrian galleys in Gyllenstierna, widow of the check, completed his mole. It Administrator, Sten Sture. The was some time, however, before Danes, in superior force, were a breach could be effected, but strongly entrenched at Upsala. in August, 332, an assault was They were vigorously attacked, delivered, headed by Alexander but the advantage of position in person, and the city was and numbers enabled them to stormed and taken. Eight beat off their assailants with thousand Tyrians fell in the heavy loss, though only after storm, and about 30,000 were severe fighting. sold into slavery. Upsala (Dano-Swedish Wars).

Fought 1 521, when 3,000 u Swedes, under Gustavus Vasa, defeated the troops of the Ucles (Mohammedan Empire in Bishop of Upsala, who was Spain). holding the city in the Danish Fought 1 109, between the interest. After his victory Gus- Spaniards, under Don Sancho tavus occupied the city. of Castile, and the Moors, under Urosan (Invasion of Korea). Ali. The Spaniards were de- This place, held by a Japanese feated, with a heavy loss of the garrison under Kiyomasa, was Christian chivalry, among the besieged 1595 by the Chinese killed being Don Sancho. and Koreans, under Tik Ho. Uji (Taira War). The garrison had been reduced Fought 1 1 80 between the to such straits that they had adherents of the Taira clan, eaten their horses, when the under Shigehira, and the Japa- approach of a relieving force, nese, who had risen against the under Toyotomo Hideaki and domination of the Taira at the Mori Hidemoto, forced Tik Ho Court of the Emperor Antoku, to withdraw. While retreat- under Prince Yukiiye and Yori- ing, however, he was attacked masa. The Taira gained a com- by the Japanese and totally plete victory, Yukiiye being routed. killed, while Yorimasa com- Ushant (Wars of the French suicide in the held. mitted Revolution). Ulundi (Zulu War). This action, generally known The last battle of the war, as the " Glorious First of June," fought August, 1879, between was fought June i, 1794, be- 5,000 British, under Lord tween a British fleet of 25 sail Chelmsford, and about 20,000 of the line, under Lord Howe, Zulus. The Zulus were routed and 26 French ships, under with a loss of over 1,500, the Villaret. After four hours' British losing only 15 killed fighting the French were de- and ;& wounded. feated, with a loss of 6 ships 258 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

captured, and one, the Vengeur, V sunk. The sinking of this ship was elaborated by the French Vaalkranz (Second Boer War). into a fable, to the effect that General Buller's third attempt she refused to surrender, and to pierce the Boer lines on the went down with all hands and Tugela. On February 5, 1900, colours flying. She had, however, he seized Vaalkranz, under undoubtedly struck her colours, cover of a feint attack at Brak- and her captain and over 200 fontein towards the Boer right. of her crew were rescued by the The hill was held by a brigade boats of the British fleet. The during the 6th and 7th, but French admitted a loss of 3,000 finding further progress im- men, besides prisoners, while the possible, BuUer again recrossed British lost 922 killed and the Tugela. The British losses wounded. amounted to 374 killed and wounded. Utica (Civil War of Caesar and Pompey). Valenciennes (Netherlands War Fought B.C. 49 between the of Independence). Pompeians, under Varus, and Siege was laid to this place in the Caesarians, under Curio. December, 1566, by a force of Varus sallied from his entrench- Spaniards and Germans, merce- ments to attack the Cssarians, naries, under Noircarmes. The but was signally defeated, his operations were somewhat in- troops fleeing in disorder, and dolently conducted, insomuch opening the way for the occupa- that he and his six lieutenants tion of Utica by Varus. were derided as the " Seven Sleepers," but towards the end Utica (Moslem Conquest of of February Noircarmes began Africa). to press on his siege works, and Fought 694 between 40,000 on March 23 his batteries opened Moslems, under Hassan, and fire, the city surrendering on a large force of Greeks and the follo^ving day. Goths in the Imperial service. The ImperiaUsts were defeated Valenciennes. a Spanish garri- and driven out of Africa, and Defended by Francisco de Manes- Hassan followed up his victory son under was besieged by the destruction of Carthage, ses, Valenciennes the French, which thenceforth ceased to June, 1566, by Turenne and La Ferte. exist, except as an obscure under encamped in two village. The French divisions on the opposite side Utsonomiya (Japanese Revolu- of the Scheldt, and when the tion). city was on the point of sur- Fought 1868, between the rendering. La Ferte's division forces of the Shogun, under was attacked by 20,000 Spani- Otori Keisuke, and the Imperial ards, under Conde, and totally troops, under Saigo Takamori. routed with a loss of 400 officers The ImperiaUsts were com- and 4,000 men, before Turenne pletely victorious. could come to his assistance. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 259

In consequence of this defeat, strong, and a strong rear-guard Turenne was forced to abandon of Barclay de Tolly's army, the siege and retire. about 40,000 strong, under Bar- clay de Tolly in person. The Val-es-Dunes. Russians were strongly posted Fought 1047, between tiie in marshy ground, protected by Normans, under WilUam of a small stream. The French, Normandy, with aid from attacking resolutely, carried the Henri I of France, and the Russian position in the face of rebel Norman Barons. The enormous natural difficulties. rebels were totally defeated. Each side lost about 7,000 men. Valetta (Wars of the French Revolution). Varaville. The capital of Malta, held by Fought 1058, between the Normans, a French garrison, 60,000 strong,, under William of under General Vaubois, was Normandy, and the French and Angevins, under Henri I of besieged September, 1798, by a force of British and Maltese, France. The Normans gained a complete victory, under Sir Alexander Ball. Vau- and the French bois held out for two years, but king shortly afterwards made peace. on September 5, 1800, was com- pelled by famine to surrender. Varese (Italian Rising of 1858). The Maltese lost during the Fought May 25, 1859, be- siege 20,000 men. tween 3,000 Garibaldians, under Valmy (Wars of the French Garibaldi, and 5,000 Austrians, Revolution). under General Urban. The Austrians were repulsed after Fought September 20, 1792, hard fighting, between the French, 70,000 and suffered con- strong, under Dumouriez, and siderable loss. This action is the Prussians, under the Duke also known as the Battle of of Brunswick. The battle con- Malnate. sisted in the main of an artillery Varmas (South-American War duel, in which the French had of Independence). the upper hand, and after night- Fought 181 3 between the fall the Prussians retired, re- Colombian Patriots, under Boli- crossing the frontier two days var, and the Spanish Royalists. later. The latter were defeated. Valparaiso. Varna (Ottoman Wars). This city, entirely open and Fought November 10, undefended, was bombarded 1444, between the Turks, under March 31, 1866, by the Spanish Amurath II, and the Hunga- fleet under Mendez Nuiiez. By rians, under King Ladislaus. this disgraceful action Val- The Hungarians attacked the paraiso was reduced to ashes. Turkish camp, but were beaten Valutinagora (Moscow Cam- off with heavy loss, the King paign). being killed. On the following

Fought August 19, 18 1 2, be- day Amurath stormed the Hun- tween Ney's corps, about 30,000 garian entrenchments, practi- 26o DICTIONARY OF BATTLES cally the whole of the defenders being carried on in a desultory being put to the sword. fashion for seven years. At the end of this period the^citizens Varna (Ottoman Wars). of Capua and Valerii made an This fortress, held by a attack upon the Roman camp, Turkish garrison of 20,000 men, and inflicted a signal defeat was besieged July, 1828, by upon the besiegers. M. Furius the Russians, under Prince Camillus was then appointed Mentschikoff, and though a dictator, and a determined at- feeble attempt to reUeve it was tempt was made to end the made by Omar Vrione Pasha, siege, mth the result that Veii the place taken storm was by fell B.C. 393. Rome's greatest on October 1 1, rival in Italy was thus destroyed.

Varus. Defeat of (Germanic Veleneze (Hungarian Rising). Wars). Fought September 29, 1848, The site of this famous battle between the Hungarians, under is supposed to be between the General Moga, and the Croats, rivers Ems and Lippe, not far under the Ban, Jellachich. from the modern Detmoldt. In The battle was indecisive, and A.D. 9 the Roman army, under was followed by a three days' Quintilius Varus, was attacked armistice. while on the march and en- cumbered by a heavj' baggage- Velestinos (Greco-Turkish War). train, by the Germans, under Fought May 5, 1S07, between Arminius or Hermann. The a Turkish division under Hakki country was thickly wooded Pasha, and the Greeks, 9,000, and marshy, and the Romans under Colonel Smolenski. The could make but little defence, with Greeks occupied a strong posi- the result that they were almost tion at Velestinos, where they annihilated. Varus committed were attacked by the Turks, but suicide on the field to avoid held their own throughout the falUng into the hands of the day. After nightfall, however victors. his line of retreat being threat- ened. Colonel Smolenski with- Vasaq (Ottoman Wars). drew to Volo, where he em- So,ooo Fought 1442, between barked his troops on the 7th. Turks, under Shiabeddin Pasha, and 15,000 Hungarians, under Velletri (Italian Rising of 1848). John Huniades. The Turks Fought May 19, 1849, be- were utterly routed, with a loss tween 10,000 Garibaldians, of 20,000 killed and wounded, under Roselli, and the Nea- and 5,000 prisoners, including pohtans, 10,000 strong, under the Pasha. Ferdinand, King of Naples. The advance guard, under Gari- Vauchamps. baldi, attacked the town of See Champ-Aubert. Velletri, which made a poor Veii. defence, and was evacuated This city was besieged B.C. during the night. The losses 400 by the Romans, the siege of the Garibaldians were small. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 261

Vercellae (Cimbric War). was slain, and his soldiers fol- Fought July 30, loi B.C., be- lowing him, renewed the con- tween 50,000 Romans, under flict. Manlius now brought up Marius, and the Cimbri, under his veteran reserve, and the Boiorix. The Cimbri were al- Romans breaking the Latin most annihilated, and their line, slew or captured nearly king slain. three-fourths of their oppo- Verneuil (Hundred Years' War) nents. The Roman loss, how- ever, was so heavy, that they Fought August 18, 1424, be- tween 3,000 English, under the were unable to pursue. Duke of Bedford, and 18,000 Viborg, French and Scots, under the Fought 1 1 57, between the Constable Buchan and the Earl adherents of Sweyn III of Den- of Douglas. The men-at-arms mark, and those of his succes- on both sides fought dis- sor Waldemar. Sweyn was mounted, but the could French totally defeated and fled, but make no impression upon the falling into a morass in his English archers, pro- who were flight was overtaken and slain. tected by a barricade of stakes, and in the end were utterly Vicksburg (American Civil War). routed, leaving over 4.000 dead This city, held by a Confede- on the field, among them rate garrison, was invested June Buchan and Douglas. The Due 24, 1862, by a fleet of 13 Federal d'Alencon was taken prisoner. gunboats, under Admiral Farra- gut, aided by a land force of Verona (Revolt of Maxentius). 4,000 men, under General Wil- This place was besieged 312 liams. After a bombardment by Constantine, with the legions which made no impression on of Gaul, and was defended by a the defences, Farragut reim- body of rebels, under Pompei- barked the troops, and with- anus. After a sortie had been drew, July 24. In the course repulsed, Pompeianus escaped of the siege Captain Brown through Constantine's lines, with the Arkansas, a small river force relief and raised a for the steamer, coated with iron, and of the city. He was, however, carrying eight guns, attacked defeated Constan- met and by the Federal flotilla, which tine, many thousands of the mounted 200 guns, and ran the Italians, including their leader, gauntlet successfully, losing 14 falling, and Verona at once sur- men killed and wounded. rendered. The Federals lost 82. Veseris (Latin War). On January 9, 1863, the city Fought near Mount Vesuvius, was again invested by two B.C. 339, between the Romans, Federal corps, under General under Manlius Torquatus and M'Clernand, aided by a flotilla Decius Mus, and the I.atin army. of gunboats, under Admiral The Roman left was repulsed, Porter. It was defended by a but Decius Mus, sacrificing him- garrison of 3,000 Confederates, self for the army, sprang into under General Churchill. On the midst of the enemy and the nth an attack by the 262 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES combined forces overpowered Vigo Bay (War of the Spanish the garrison of the fort, but the Succession). town defences stiU held out, and Fought October 12, 1702, the siege was not pressed. On when the combined fleet of 30 May 1 8, the siege was renewed British and 20 Dutch ships, by three army corps of General under Sir George Rooke, forced Grant's army, the garrison being the boom at the entrance to now commanded by General Vigo Harbour and destroyed Pemberton. On the 22nd an the French and Spanish fleet unsuccessful assault cost the anchored therein. Of the men- Federals 2,500, and a regular of-war, II were burnt and 10 siege commenced, with the result captured, while 1 1 Spanish that on July 4, Pemberton sur- galleons, with treasure, were rendered with 25,000 men taken. This action is generally and 90 guns. called the affair of the Spanish Galleons. Vienna (Ottoman Wars). Tliis city, held by a garrison Villach (Ottoman Wars). of 16,000 men, under Count de Fought 1492, between the Salm, was besieged by Solyman Turks, under Ali Pasha, and a the Magnificent, at the head of Christian army, under Rudolph 120,000 Turks, in September, de Khevenhuller. During the 1529. From the 27th of that battle 15,000 Christian prisoners month till October 14, the gar in the Turkish camp broke out, rison withstood a series of as and fell upon the rear of the saults, culminatingin an attempt Turks, who were in consequence to storm the breach, which were totally defeated. The Chris- repulsed with heavy loss. Soly- tians lost 7,000 killed, the Turks man thereupon raised the siege 10,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners, and withdrew. including Ali. Vienna (Ottoman Wars). Villa Viciosa (War of the Spanish Fought September 12, 1683, Succession). between 300,000 Turks, under Fought December 10, 17 10, Kara Mustapha Pasha, and when 13,000 Imperialists, under 70,000 Christians, under John Staremberg, retreating into Cata- Sobieski. The Turks w-ere be- lonia, after the defeat of Stan- sieging Vienna, and Sobieski hope at Brihnega, were attacked marched to its relief, with by 20,000 French, under Philip 30,000, bringing up the avail- of Anjou and Marshal Vendome. able forces to 70,000, of which Staremberg's left wing was cut he was given the command. to pieces, but his right and With this army he attacked centre more than held their own, the Turkish lines, and after a driving back the French with sanguinary engagement, lasting considerable loss, and capturing throughout the day, routed the some gims. Staremberg was, Turks with enormous loss. Six however, too weak to take Pashas were killed, and Mus- advantage of this partial suc- tapha only escaped capture by cess, and continued his retreat a precipitate flight. after the action. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 263

ViUeta (Paraguayan War). was not followed up by Sir Fought December 11, 1868, Harry Burrard, who was in between the Paraguayans, under supreme command, and the Lopez, and the armies of Brazil, French were allowed to evacuate Uruguay and Argentina. Over- Portugal unmolested, under the whehiied by vastly superior Convention of Cintra. The numbers, Lopez was forced British lost 720 killed and to withdraw his forces to the wounded. entrenched camp at Angostura. Viney. between the Villiers (Franco-German War). Fought 717, under Charles A determined sortie from Austrasians, under Paris, under General Ducrot, Martel and the Neustnans, Chilperic II. The Neustrians on November 30, 1870, directed against the Wurtembergers. were defeated. The operations lasted till De- Vionville. cember 3. The French, who See Mars La Tour. had at first gained some suc- Vittoria (Peninsular War). cesses, were finally repulsed, Fought June 21, 18 13, be- with a loss of 424 officers and tween 80,000 British, Portu- 9,053 men. The Germans lost guese and Spanish troops, under 156 officers and men. 3,373 Wellington, and about 70,000 Vindalium. French, under Joseph Buona- Fought B.C. 121, between the parte. After severe fighting the Romans, under Q. Fabius Maxi- French were defeated at all mus, and the Arverni. The points and made a somewhat Arverni were completely de- disorderly retreat, losing 6,000 feated, and compelled to sue killed, wounded, and pri- for peace. soners, 143 guns, and almost all their baggage and treasure. The Vinegar Hill (Irish Rebellion). alhes lost 5,000. This battle Fought June 20, 1798, when finally closed the era of French the British regulars, under domination in Spain, and opened General Lake, attacked the to Wellington the road to the camp of the Irish rebels, 16,000 Pyrenees. strong, under Father Murphy. Little resistance was made, and V6gelinseck(Appenzel Rebellion). the rebels were driven out of Fought May 15, 1402, be- their camp with a loss of 4,000 tween 5,000 troops, of the Swiss killed and wounded, and 13 Imperial towns, and 900 rebels guns. of Appenzel and Schwyz. After brief engagement, the rebels Vimiera (Peninsular War). a were driven from the field, with Fought August 21, 1808, be- a loss of 250 men. tween 18,000 British and Portu- guese, under Sir Arthur Wel- Volconda. lesley.and 14,000 French, under Fought April, 1751, between Junot. The French were signal- Mohammed Ah's army, 5,600 ly defeated, losing 2,000 men strong, under Abdul Wahab and 13 guns, but the victory Khan, aided by 1,600 British, 264 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES under Captain Gingen, and poleon crossed the lesser arm of Chunda Sahib's troops, 17,000 the Danube from the Island of strong, together with a battaUon Lobau, on the night of the 4th of Frenchmen. Captain Gingen, and 5th July, and driving the though greatly outnumbered, Austrian advanced posts before insisted on attacking, but was him, prepared to attack their repulsed, his Europeans not main position. An attack upon showing their usual steadiness, them on the evening of the 5 th and forced to retreat with con- was repulsed. On the 6th the siderable loss, Austrians attacked the French right, under Davoust, but were Volturno (Unification of Italy).

unsuccessful ; later, however, Fought October i, i860, be- the French centre and left were tween 20,000 Italians, under compelled Garibaldi, and 40,000 Neapoli- to give ground, but Napoleon bringing artil- tans, under Afan de Riva. up the lery of the Garibaldi's position in front of Guard and Mac- donald's corps, checked Capua was attacked by the the Austrian advance, while Neapolitans, who, after hard Davoust carried the heights on the Aus- fighting, were repulsed all along trian left, outflanking them, and the line, with heavy loss. The rendering Garibaldian casualties were their position unten- able. three o'clock they 2,023 killed and wounded. The By were in full retreat, having lost Neapolitans lost 2,070 prisoners, about killed and wounded, but their losses in killed and 24,000 wounded are unknown. In 9,000 prisoners, including 12 generals, consequence of this victory, and 20 guns. The Garibaldi almost immediately French lost 18,000 killed and captured Capua. wounded. Waizan (Hungarian Rising). Vouille. Fought April 10, 1849, be- Fought 507, between the tween the 3rd Hungarian corps, Franks, under Clovis, and the under Damjanics, about 7,000 Visigoths, under Alaric II. strong, and two Austrian bri- Alaric was endeavouring to effect gades, under Gotz and Jablo- a junction with Theodoric, King nowski. Damjanics attacked the of the Ostrogoths, when he was Austrians and drove them out attacked by Clovis, and totally of Waizan with heavy loss, defeated. Alaric fell in the among those who fell being battle. General Gotz.

Wakamatsu (Japanese Revolu- w lution). The last stand of the Shogun's Wagram (Campaign of Wag- followers was made at the Castle ram). of Wakamatsu, which was Fought July 6, 1809, between stormed by the Imperialists, 150,000 French, under Napoleon, September 22, 1868, The resist- and 140,000 Austrians, under ance to the new regime was thus the Archduke Charles. Na- completely broken. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 265

Wakefield (Wars of the Roses). Flint held out with the utmost Fought December 30, 1460, gallantry till January 22, 1781, between the Lancastrians, under when the approach of Sir Eyre Somerset, and the Yorkists, Coote forced fiyder Ali to raise under Richard, Duke of York. the siege. The garrison had The Lancastrians advanced then only one day's ammunition from Pontefract and offered left. battle to Richard, who, though Warburg (Seven Years' War). weakened by the absence of Fought July 31, 1759, be- foraging parties, accepted the tween the French, 35,000 strong, challenge. Somerset prepared under the Chevalier de May, ambush, into which the Duke an and a largely superior force of fell as marched out of Wake- he Prussians and British, under Yorkists were field, and the Prince Ferdinand. The French defeated with heavy loss. The were in danger of their flanks other nobles Duke and many being turned, and after a brief killed, and Salisbury cap- were engagement, retired, having lost tured and beheaded. 1,500 killed and wounded and Waltersdorf (Campaign of Fried- 1,500 prisoners. land). Warsaw (Second Polish Rising). Fought February 1807, be- 5, This city, which was held by tween the French, under Ney, a garrison of 30,000 Poles, under corps of Les- and the Prussian General Dembinski, was attack- Prussians were de- tocq. The ed by the Russians, 60,000 loss of about feated with a 3,000 strong, under General Paskie- killed, wounded and missing. witsch. The first onslaught on Wandewash (Seven Years' War). the Polish entrenchments was Fought January 22, 1760, made on the 6th September, between the British, with 1,900 1 83 1, and the Poles, were driven European and 3.350 native from their first line. On the troops, under Colonel Coote, 7th a further assault was and the French, 2,250 Europeans made, notable for the defence and 1,300 natives, under Lally- of the Wola redoubt, where, ToUendal. The French army when it was finally captured by was accompanied by 3,000 the Russians, only eleven men Mahratta horse, who took no remained aliv^ out of a garrison part in the action. After severe of 3,000. On the 8th the last fighting Lally was defeated, with defences were overcome, and the a loss of 600 Europeans, besides city capitulated. The Poles had natives, the British losing 190 9,000 killed in the defence. only. The Russians admitted a loss of 63 officers and 3,000 men Wandewash (First Mysore War)- killed, and 445 officers and 7,000 fort, defended by a small This men wounded. native garrison, under Lieu- tenant Flint, who had only one Wartemberg (Campaign of Leip- other European with him, was sic). besieged, IDecember, 1780, by Fought October 3, 181 3, when the Mysoris, under Hyder Ali. Blucher, with 60,000 Prussians, 266 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

defeated 16,000 French, under enabled Wellington at last to Bertrand, posted in a very assume the offensive, and drive strong position, protected by a the enemy headlong from the dyke and a swamp. Aided by field, utterly routed. The Brit- the ground, the French with- ish lost about 15,000, the Prus- stood the Prussian attack for sians 7,000 in the battle. The over four hours, but finally losses of the Dutch and Belgians Blucher turned their right flank were very small, as they left and drove them from their posi- the field early in the day. The tion. The Prussians lost about French loss was never ofiicially 5,000. The French admit a stated, but it was doubtless loss of 500 only. enormous, and the army practi- cally ceased to exist as an organ- Wartzburg (Wars of the French ized force. Revolution). Fought 1796, between the Watigaon (First Burmah War). French, under Jourdan, and the Fought November 15, 1825, Austrians, under the Archduke when Brigadier-General M'- Charles. The Archduke inter- Donell, with four native regi- posed between the armies of ments, advanced in three col- Jourdan and Moreau, who were umns, against a large force of endeavouring to effect a junc- Burmans, under Maha Nemyo. tion, and inflicted a severe defeat The columns failed to keep upon Jourdan, forcing him to touch, and were repulsed in retire to the Rhine. detail, with a loss of 200 men, including the Brigadier. Waterloo (Hundred Days). Fought June 18, 18 15, be- Watrelots (Netherlands War of tween 24,000 British, and 43,500 Independence). Dutch, Belgians and Nassauers, Fought January, 1567, be- in all 67,655 men, with 156 guns, tween 1,200 Flemish Protest- under the Duke of Wellington, ants, under Teriel, and 600 and the French, 71,947 strong, Spaniards, under the Seigneur with 246 guns, under Napoleon. de Rassinghem. The Protest- Wellington posted his troops ants were defeated and 600 along the line of heights cover- took refuge in an old grave5'ard, ing the road to Brussels, with where they held out till the last advanced posts at the farms of man had fallen. Hougoumont and La Haye Wattignies (Wars of the French Sainte. Napoleon attacked Revolution). this position with the utmost Fought October, when resolution, but the British 1793, the French, under Jourdan, at- squares held their ground against tacked the Austrians, under the French cavalry and artillery the Duke of Coburg, and drove throughout the day, and though him from his position, forcing the French captured La Haj'e him to raise the siege of Mau- Sainte, and obtained a footing beuge. in Hougoumont, the arrival of Blucher, with the Prussian Wavre (Hundred Days). army, on the French right, Fought June 18, 181 5, between DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 267

the French, under Grouchy, carried the French position, and and the Prussians, 27,000 strong, captured the town of Weissen- under Thiehnann, who had been burg, at a cost of 91 officers and entrusted by Blucher with the 1,460 men. The French lost task of containing Grouchy, 2,300 killed, wounded and pri- while the main Prussian army soners. marched on Waterloo. Grouchy, who was anxiously expected at Wepener (Second Boer War). Waterlooo, mistook his instruc- This place was invested by a tions, and wasted the day in strong force of Boers, under De attacking Thielmann, whom he Wet, April 9, 1900, and was defeated, but uselessly. defended by 1,700 men of the Colonial Division, under Colonel Wednesfield (Danish Invasion). Dalgety. Notwithstanding the Fought in 911, between the Boer's great prepoiiderance in Danes and the West Saxons, artillery, and a succession of under Edward the Elder. The bold assaults on the trenches, Danes were defeated. the garrison held out gallantly till April 25, when they were Wei-hai-Wel (Chino - Japanese relieved by General Rundle, War). having lost 300 killed and On February 4, 1895, the wounded in the course of the boom protecting Wei-hai-Wei operations. harbour was cut, and the Chin- ese fleet attacked by 10 Japan- Werben (Thirty Years' War). ese torpedo-boats, who succeed- Fought July 22, 1631, be- ed in sinking one battleship, at tween the Swedes, 16,000 the cost of two torpedo-boats. strong, under Gustavus Adol- On the following night the at- phvis, and 26,000 Imperialists, tack was renewed by four boats, under Count Tilly. Tilly at- and three Chinese ships were tacked Gustavus' entrenchments sunk. On the 9th another in front of Werben, but his battleship was sunk by the troops could not face the fire of Japanese land batteries, where- the Swedish batteries, and being upon Admiral Ting, the Chinese thrown into disorder, were then commander, surrendered, and charged by the cavalry, under he and his principal officers Baudissen, and repulsed. The committed suicide. attack was renewed a few days later with a similar result, and Weissenburg (Franco-German Tilly then drew off his forces, War). having suffered a loss of 6,000 The opening engagement of men. the campaign, fought August 4, 1 870, between the advance-guard Wertingen (Campaign of Auster- of the Third German Army, litz). under the Crown Prince of Fought October, 1805, be- Prussia, and a portion of Mar- tween the cavalry of Murat's shal Macmahon's army, under corps, and nine Austrian bat- General Abel Donay, who fell talions, strongly posted in and in the battle. The Germans round Wertingen. The Austrians 2 68 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

were defeated, losing 2,000 Williamsburg (American Civil prisoners and several guns, and War). had the French infantry been Fought May 5,1862, between nearer at hand, it is probable the Confederates, under General that the whole force would have Magruder, and the Federals, been captured. under General M'Clellan. Ma- White Oak Swamp. gruder occupied a very strong See Seven Days' Battles. position and held the Federals at bay throughout the day, but Wiazma (Moscow Campaign). being greatly outnumbered, Fought November 181 3, 2, withdrew during the night. when the corps of Eugene Beau- The Federals lost 2,228 killed, harnais and Davoust were at- wounded and missing, the Con- tacked during the retreat from federate loss being much smaller. Moscow, by the Russians, under Kutusoff, and suffered a loss of Wilson's Creek (American Civil 4,000 men. War). Fought August 6, 1 861, be- Wilderness, The (American Civil tween War). 6,000 Federals, under General Lyon, and 16,000 Con- Fought May 5 to 8, 1864, be- federates, under General M'- tween the Army of the Potomac, Culloch. General Lyon divided 150,000 strong, under General his force into two columns, for Grant, and 53,000 Confederates, the attack on M'Culloch's posi- under General Lee. Lee's ob- tion, and that led by himself ject was to intercept Grant's advance on Richmond, and surprised the Southerners, and gained a partial success. They early on the morning of the 5th rallied, however, beat him he attacked the approaching and off, Lyon falling, the other Federal columns, and after a column being also repulsed. The hard-fought day, succeeded in Federals lost and the Con- arresting the progress of Grant's 1,236, federates 1,095 killed, wounded right wing. On the 6th, Lee and missing. almost succeeded in breaking Grant's centre, but at the critical Wimpfen (Thirty Years' War). moment, Longstreet, who was Fought April 26, 1622, be- to lead the attack, was fired tween 14,000 Palatinate troops, upon and dangerously wounded under the Margrave of Baden, by his own troops. The Federal and the Imperialists, under right wing, however, was driven Count Tilly and Gonsalvo de back in confusion, and Lee on Cordova. Tilly attacked the. his side lost no ground. The Margrave's camp, which was two following days minor skir- not entrenched, and though a mishes took place, leading up to brilliant cavalry charge cap- the great battle of Spottsylvania. tured his guns, it was not sup- The Confederates lost about ported by the Palatine infantry, 8,000 in the two days' fighting. and the Imperialists rallying, The Federal losses were far drove off the cavalry in disorder, heavier, amounting to 15,000 in recovered the guns, and then the second day alone. routed the infantry, \\-ith a loss DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 269 of 2,000 killed and wounded, Worcester (Civil War). and all their artillery, baggage Fought September 3, 165 1, and camp equipment. between 12,000 Royalists, under Charles II, and about 30,000 (American Civil ). Winchester War Parliamentarians, under Crom- Fought 1863, when June 14, well. Charles attacked Crom- Federals, under General 7,000 well's wing, and was repulsed Milroy, were defeated by three and driven into Worcester, Confederate divisions, under where he was met by the other General Ewell, and forced to wing of the Parliamentary army, retreat with heavy loss, includ- under Fleetwood. The Royal- ing prisoners and 30 guns. 3,700 ists were utterly routed and Winkovo (Moscow Campaign). dispersed, losing 3,000 killed, of Fought October 18, 18 12, among whom was the Duke when Murat, with 30,000 men, Hamilton, and a large number forming the advance-guard of of prisoners, including Lords the retiring French army, was Derby, Lauderdale and Ken- attacked by the Russians, under mure, and five generals. Charles Count Orloff Dennizoff, and himself escaped with difficulty. battle driven from his position, with This was the last pitched a loss of 2,000 killed, 1,500 of the Civil War. prisoners, and all his baggage Worth (Franco-German War). artillery. and Fought August 6, 1870, be- Wisby (Dano-Swedish Wars). tween the Third German Army, A three days' battle, fought under the Crown Prince of 1613, between the fleet of Gus- Prussia, and the French, under tavus Adolphus of Sweden, and Marshal Macmahon. After a that of Christian IV, of Den- closely contested engagement, mark. The action was very the French were driven from all obstinately contested, and final- their positions, and made a hasty ly the fleets separated without retreat beyond the Vosges. The any decisive result. Cuirassier division of General Bonnemain was completely cut (Thirty Years' War). Wisloch to pieces in charging the German April be- Fought 16, 1622, infantry, near Elsasshausen. the troops of the Count tween The German losses amounted to Palatine, under the Count von 489 officers, and 10,153 men, the Imperialists, Mansfeldt, and while the French lost 10,000 Tilly. Tilly at- under Count killed and wounded, 6,000 tacked and drove in the Palat- prisoners, 28 guns and 5 mitrail- rearguard, but failing to inate leuses. check the pursuit, was con- fronted by the main body, and Wrotham Heath (Wyatt's In- defeated with a loss of 3,000 surrection). killed and wounded, and all his Fought January, 1554, when guns. This victory enabled the Kentish insurgents, under Mansfeldt to effect a junction Sir Henry Isley, were totally with the army of the Margrave defeated by the Royal troops, of Baden. under Lord Abergavenny. !70 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Wargaom (First Mahratta War). Gothic monarchy, and the begin- Fought January 12, 1779, ning of the Moorish domination when a British force, 2,600 in Spain. strong, under Colonel Cock- burn, retreating from Poonah, was attacked by the Mahratta army, under Mahadaji Sindhia, and Hari Pant. The British Yalu (Chino- Japanese War). succeeded in beating off the Fought September 17, 1894, attack, and making good their between the Chinese fleet of position in the village of War- 2 battleships and 8 cruisers, gaom, but at a loss of 352, in- under Admiral Ting, and the cluding 15 officers, and ulti- Japanese fleet of 10 cruisers, and mately a convention was signed 2 gunboats, under Admiral I to. by Sindhia, under which the The two fleets met at the mouth British retired unmolested. of the Yalu, the Chinese steam- ing out in line abreast. Ito Wynandael (Napoleonic Wars). attacked in line ahead, using his Fought September 28, 1^08, superior speed to circle round between the British, under the enemy's ships. Two of the General Webb, and the French Chinese vessels hauled out of the under the Comte de la Motte. line and fled without coming The French, with 40 battalions into action, while two more were and 40 squadrons, attempted to set on fire, and made for the intercept a convoy of supplies shore. The remaining 6 ships for the army besieging Lille, fought well, and a little before and were totally defeated, by a sundown Ito retired, leaving far inferior force, with a loss of the crippled Chinese fleet to 7,000 men. make its way to Port Arthur. The Japanese lost 294 IdUed X and wounded, of whom 107 fell on the flagship, the Matsushima, Xeres (Moslem Empire in Spain). while the Chiyada, which was Fought July 19 to 26, 711, the next ship in the line, had between 90,000 Spaniards, under not a man touched. The Roderic, and 12,000 Moslems, Chinese losses are unknown. with a numerous force of African Yalu. See Kiu-lien-cheng. auxiliaries, under Tarik. On the fourth day the Moslems suffered Yamazaki. a severe repulse, leaving 16,000 Fought 1582, between the dead on the field, but the defec- adherents of the Ota family, tion of Count Julian, with a then predominant in Japan, large part of the King's forces, and the followers of the rebel revived their courage, and finally Mitsuhide. Mitsuhide sustained the Christians were routed and a crushing defeat. dispersed. Roderic fled from the field, but was drowned in Yashima (Taira War). crossing the Guadalquivir. This Fought 1 1 84, between the victory marks the fall of the adherents of the Taira family, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 271 and the rebels, under Yoshi- 469 rank and file, killed and tsune. The Taira forces were wounded. defeated. Yorktown (American Civil War). Yawata (War of the Northern This small village gives its and Southern Empires). name to the entrenched position Fought January, 1353, be- occupied by General Magruder tween the armies of the Northern with 11,000 Confederates, wliich and Southern Emperors of Ja- was invested by 105,000 Federal pan. The army of the latter, troops, with 103 siege guns, led by Moroushi, gained a signal April 5, 1862. On the i6th, an victory. unsuccessful attack was made upon Magruder's lines, and both Yenikale, Gulf of (Ottoman sides having been reinforced, Wars). M'Clellan set about the erection Fought July, 1790, between of batteries. On May 4, the the Turkish fleet, and the Rus- Federals were about to open sians, under Admiral Onscha- fire, when it was found that the koff. The battle was fiercely Confederates had abandoned contested, but eventually botli the position and retired. fleets drew off without any decisive result. Youghiogany (Seven Years' War). A skirmish of no importance Invasion of Yermuk (Moslem in itself, but notable as being Syria). "the shot fired in America Fought November, 636, be- wliich gave the signal that set troops, tween 140,000 Imperial Europe in a blaze" {Voltaire, under Manuel, the General of Louis XV), and was in a sense Heraclius, and 50,000 Moslems, the cause of the Seven Years' under Khaled. The Moslem War. On May 27, 1754, Wash- attack was thrice repulsed, but ington, with 40 Virginians, sur- they returned to the charge, prised a small French detach- and after a long and sanguinary ment, under Coulon de Jumon- their op- engagement, drove ville, despatched probably as a ponents from the field with reconnaissance by Contrecoeur enormous loss. The Moslems from Fort Duquesne. The de- lost 4,030 killed. tachment, with one exception, Yorktown (American War of was killed or captured. ^, Independence). The entrenched position of Lord Comwallis, with 6,000 British troops at this place, was invested by Washington, Zab, The (Bahram's Revolt). with 7,000 French and 13,000 Fought 590, between the Americans, in September, 178 1. troops of the Persian usurper The British held out until Oc- Bahram, and the army of the tober 19, when, surrounded and Emperor Maurice, under Narses. outnumbered, Cornwallis sur- The usurper's forces were totally rendered, having lost during routed, and Chosroes II restored the operations, 12 officers and to the throne of Persia. 272 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES

Zalaka (Moorish Empire in Mukhtar Pasha. Melikoff at- Spain). tacked the Turks in a strongly Fought October 26, 1086, entrenched position, but was between 40,000 Moors, under repulsed with considerable loss. Almoravid, and 300,000 Chris- Zendecan (Turkish Invasion of tians, under Alfonso VI of Afghanistan). Castile. The Spaniards were Fought between the utterly routed, with enormous 1039, Seljuks, under Moghrul Beg, loss. Alfonso, at the head of and the Afghans, under Musrud, 500 horse, cut his way out, and Sultan of Ghuzni. The Afghans with difficulty escaped. were defeated, and Musrud Zama (Second Punic War). compelled to retire on his Fought B.C. 202, between capital. the Carthaginians, under Hanni- bal, and the Romans, under Zeugminum (Hungarian War). Scipio Africanus. The Cartha- Fought 1 168, between the ginians began to attack with Greeks, under Manuel I, Em- their elephants, 80 in number, peror of Constantinople, and the but some of these became un- Hungarian invaders. The Hun- manageable, and fell back upon garians were signally defeated, the cavalry, throwing them and the war, which had lasted into disorder, while the legion- for five years, came to an end. aries opened out and allowed Zeuta (Ottoman Wars). the others to pass down the Fought September 11, 1679, lanes between their ranks. The between the Austrians, under infantry then closed, and after Prince Eugene, and the Turks, severe fighting, the Romans under Elwas Mohammed, the gained a complete victory, Grand Vizier. Eugene attacked 20,000 Carthaginians falling, the Turkish army as it was w^hile as many more were made crossing a temporary bridge prisoners. Hannibal escaped over the Theiss, and the cavalry from the field at the end of the being already across, cut it in day. two, and completely routed the Zamora (Moorish Empire in infantry, driving them into the Spain). river. The Turks lost 29,000 Fought 901, between the men. The Austrians 500 onh^ Spaniards, under Alfonso the Ziela (Third Mithridatic War). Great, King of the Asturias, Fought B.C. 67, between the and the Moors, under Abdallah, Romans, under Triarius, and King of Cordova. The Moors the Pontic army, under Mithri- were utterly routed, with heavy dates. The King attacked the loss, Alfonso thereby extending Roman camp, and practically his dominions as far as the annihilated them, though him- Guadiana. self dangerously wounded in Zeim (Russo-Turkish War). the assault. Fought April 20, 1S77, be- Ziela. tween the Russians, under Loris Fought August 2, B.C. 47, Melikoff, and the Turks, under between 7 Roman legions, with DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 273 some Asiatic auxiliaries, under and Swedes, under Turenne and Julius Caesar, and the Bos- Wrangel, inflicted a decisive poraiis, under Pharnaces. Phar- defeat upon the ImperiaUsts. naces attacked the Romans while they were pitching camp, Zurakow (Ottoman War). Sobieski, with but the legionaries quickly In 1676, John besieged by formed up, and utterly routed 10,000 Poles, was and Tartars, their assailants. This is the 200,000 Turks (Shaitan). occasion of Caesar's famous under Ibrahim Pasha Sobieski made despatch, " Veni, vidi, vici." Having 63 guns, a sturdy defence, and by con- Ziezicksee (Flemish War). stant sorties inflicted enormous Fought 1302, when the loss on the besiegers. At last, Genoese galleys, in the service being unable to make any im- of PhiUp IV of France, under pression on the defence, and Grimaldi and FiHpo di Rieti, finding his army wasting away, utterly destroyed the Flemish Ibrahim consented to treat, fleet. and withdrew his forces from Pohsh territory. The Turks Zlotsow (Ottoman Wars). lost enormous numbers during Fought 1676, between the Poles lost 3,000. the siege ; the Poles, under John Sobieski, of and 20,000 Turks and Tartars, Zutphen (Netherlands War under Mohammed IV. The Independence). Turks were signally defeated. Fought September 22, 1580, between the Spaniards, under Znaim (Campaign of Wagram). Prince Alexander of Parma, Earl Fought July 14, 1809, when and the English, under the Massena, with 8,000 French, of Leicester. The Spaniards attacked 30,000 Austrians, endeavoured to throw a convoy which under the Prince of Reuss, and of provisions into Zutphen, drove them into Znaim with Leicester was besieging. He considerable loss, including 800 attempted to intercept it, but prisoners. without success, and was forced suffering con- Zorndorf (Seven Years' War). to retire after loss. Among those Fought August 25, 1758, be- derable the English side was tween the Prussians, 25,000 who fell on Sydney. strong, under Frederick the Sir PhiUp Great, and a Russian army, Zuyder Zee (Netherlands War Fermor, which was besieg- under of Independence). ing Custria. Frederick attacked Fought October 11, i573. Russian entrenchments, and the between 30 Spanish ships, under out, with a loss of drove them Bossu, and 25 Dutch ships, 19,000 forcing them to relin- under Admiral Dirkzoon. The quish the siege. The Prussians Spanish llect fled, after losing lost about 11,000. 5 ships, only Bossu standing Zummerhauscn (Thirty Years' his ground. Mis ship, however, War). was eventually captured, alter her trow. Fought 1647, when (he I'"r( nch losing three-fourths of T

INDEX

Ahmed Ali, 5 — Bey, 206 Abbas II, 121 — Pasha, 45, 58 Abbe, 155 Aidan, 72 Abdallah, 100, 143, 169, 255 Aiza, 94, 250 — of Cordova, 272 Ajmir, Rajah of, 240 Abd-el-Kader, 116 Akbar, 60, 158, 187 — Rahman, 10 — Khan, 117 Abderrahraan Ibn Abdillah, 252 Alaf Khan, 131 Abdul Wahab Khan, 263 Alaric, 197, 211 Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, i, 9, 254 — II, 197, 264 Abercromby, Gen. James, 116, 249, 255 Ala-ud-Din, 60, 74, 131 Aberdeen, Provost of, io5 Albemarle, Duke of, 9, 75, 99, 179 Abergavenny, Lord, 269 — Sound, 210 Abington, Major, 246 Albert, Archduke, 70, 117, 176, 183, 256 Aboukir Bay, 177 — Margra\'e, 231 Aboyne, Lord, 41 Albigenses, 169 Abu Hamed, 219 Albinus, Clodius, 145 — '1 Hasan, lo, 24, 219 Alboin, 189 — Obeidah, 8, 118 Albuquerque, 100, 148 — Sophian, 30, 155, i8r, 231 Alcibiades, 72, 179, 240 Abysinnia, Italian Invasion of, 4 Alcidas, 170 Acha, Gen., 183 Alemanni, 18, 55 Achmet Hefzi Pasha, 99 Alexander of Bulgaria, 194, 232 — Koprili Pasha, 188, 217 — Despot of Pheroe, 71 Acre, 3, 167 — of Epirus, 186 Adams, Major, 56, 97, 166, 182 — of Parma, 146, 252, 273 Adda, Tlie, 141 — the Great, 17, 54, 95, loi, 113, 116, Adherbal, 79 248, 256 Add Pasha, 142 Alexander's Asiatic Campaigns, 95, loi, Adour, The, 178 113, 116, 256 ifimilius. Consul, 48 Alexius the Usurper, 64 — Paulus, 203 Alfonso IV, of Portugal, 219, 251 /Ethelfrith, 72 — VI, 113, 272 /Ethelred, 21, 86, 207 — VIII, of Castile, 7 /Ethelstan, 42 — XI, of Castile, 219 Aetius, 55 — the Great, 272 Afan de Riva, 264 — the Infante, i8i Afghan Wars, 6, 34, 56, 97, 117, 119, 121, Alfred the Great, 21, 87, 158, 207 123, 124, 148, 190 Algeciras, 220 Afranius, 239 Algiers, Dey of, 138 Africa, Count of, iii Ali, 28, 113, 231, 2.S7 Agcsilaus, 66 — Adil Shah, 100 Agis, 151, 156 — Atar, 142, 143 Agnes, Countess of March, 81 — Khan, 246 Agostina, 222 — Hussein, 46 Agra, 220 — Moldovani Pasha, 79 Agricola, loi — Pasha, 210, 262 Agrippa, 170, 172 Alio, River, 108 276 2/6 INDEX

Allemande, Adm., 131 Arbogastes, 17 AUersheim, 178 Arbuthnot, Adm., 49 Allied Invasion of France, 41, 55, 67, 131, Archelaus, 55, 183 133. 135, 166, 18S, 208 Archidamus, 150, 195, 246 Almady, 65 Archimedes, 241 Almagro, 71, 135 Ardoch, Moor of, loi Almohacen, Heights of, 142 Aredondo, 42 Almoravid, 272 Aremberg, Count, 107, 108 Alonzo-di-Aguila, 162 Argive War, 227 Alub Khan, 220 Argyle, Duke of, 98, 115, 229 Alumbagh, 144 Arica, 242 Alsusielf, 56 Ariovistus, 3, 168 Alvarez Mariano, 97 Ashanti Wars, 2, 14, 77 Alviani, Gen., 5 Arista, 186 Alvinzi, 17, 18, 46, 200 Aristoeus, 201 Amandus 108 Aristagorus, 86 Amanien, 36 Aristomenes, 156 Amboiorix, 4 " Arkansas," The, 261 Ambrosio Bercenegra, Don, 135 Armagnac War, 206, 218 American Civil War, 15, 26, 42, 43, 53, 54, Arminius, 114, 260 57, 58, 66, 69, 87, 89, 92, 97, 105, Arnulph of Germany, 83 125, 139, 151, 157, 159, 169, 172, Arona, 165 180, 189, 191, 192, 200, 201, 202, Arsaus III, 19 209, 210, 225, 230, 235, 261, 268, Artaphernes, 86 269, 271 Artaxerxes, 70 — Spanish War, 150 Arundel's Rebellion, 88, 218, 220 — VVar of Independence, 32, 34, 39, 42, Arverni, The, 263 43. 46, 47, 49. 54. 56, 59, 63, 86, 97, Asipetes, The, 253 102, 103, 139, 190, 202, 237, 249, Aston, Sir Arthur, 80 271 Astruc, Mons., 228, 239 — Wars, 26, 35, 36, 43, 57, 59, 61, 131, Atahualpa, 13, 205 144, 175, 205, 229 Athens, Duke of, 54 Americo-Mexican War, 15, 42, 163, iS6 Athol, Earl of, 81 Amherst, Gen., 143, 164, 209 Athole, Marquis of, 82 Amiens, Peace of, 154 Atlanta, 189 Aminias, 219 Attalus, 59, 211 Amir Daood, 131 Attila, 55 Amraatas, 51 Attilius, C, 140, 141 Amphictyonic War, 54 Attilius Regulus, 83 Amron, 9, 157 Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, 28, 163 Araurath II, 64, 130, 165, 259 Audley, Lord, 35 Andres, 235 Auerstadt, 118 Andronicus the Younger, igo Augereau, 28, 52, 159, 16^ Angelus, Isaac, 64 Aulus Postumius, 132 Angostura, 263 Aurelian, 186, 189, 194 Angus, 14, 223 Aurelian's Expedition to Palmyra, 15, 85 Anjou, Due d', 145, 162 Aurep, Gen., 45, 58 Anlaf the Dane, 42 Aurungzebe, 45, 98, 121, 220 Anson, Adm., 48 Austrasians, The, 247, 2')5, 263 Anstruther, Col., 41 Ayesha, 28 Antigonus, 44, 65, 86, 115, 187, 191 Ayub Khan, 121, 148 Antigonus Soter, 222 Antiochus the Great, 19, 21, 147, 167, 170, 207, 248 Antipater, 156 Antoku, 257 Antonius, Gains, 70 — Primus, 68 Antony. Mark, 3, 169, 193 Baber, 187 Baden, Margrave of, Anwar-ud-Din, 13 269 , Appenzel Rebellion, 263 Baden-Powell, Gen., 145 Appius Claudius, 241 Bagenal, Harvey, 175 Appleton, Commodore, 136 Bagnall, Sir Henry, 36 Apraxine, 7, 102 Bagration, 112, 161, 233 Arabi Pasha, 122 Baghasian, 16 Arabi's Rebellion, 9, 122, 246 Bag Secq, 21 Aratus, 156 Bahadur Shah, 60, 77 INDEX 277

Bahram's Revolt, 271 Bercenegra, Don Ambrosio, 135 Baillie, 124 Beresford, Lord Charles, 9, 123 — Col., 9, 191 — Marshal, 7, 42 Baird, Gen., 36, 228 Berkshire Regt., 250 Baireuth, Marquis of, 238 Bermuda Hundred, 192 Bajazet I, 176 Bernard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 20S, 209 — 11, 15, 116 Bernadotte, 137, 162 Baji Rao, 21, 125, 127 Berthier, Gen., 141 Baj Singh, 60 Bertie, Adm., 116 Baker, Major Henry, 142 Bertrand, Gen., 76, 266 — Valentine, Pasha, 85, 245 Berwick, 105 Baldwin I, 4 Berwick, Duke of, 193 — II, 64 — Marshal, 8, 12 Balfour of Burleigh, 80 Bessieres, Marshal, 210 Ball, Sir Alex., 259 Betuitdus, 115 Balliol, 82, 105 Bevern, Prince of, 40 Ballivian, 114 Bezetha, 118 Balmaceda, 134 Bhagerat Rao Scindhia, 147 Balmacedists, 133 Bianchi, Gen., 89, 250 Banks, Gen., 151, 200 Biddulphsberg, 227 Baquedano, Gen., 61, 160, 242 Bifukonionia, 242 Bar, Duke of, 5 Bijapore, Rajah of, 100 Baraguay d'Hilliers, 149, 234 Bizonet, Gen., 33 Baratieri, Gen., 4 Black Agnes of Dunbar, 81 Barbarossa, Fredk., 136 Black Prince, The, 173, 197 Barbosa, Gen., 63, 133 " Black Watch," The, 249 Barnard, Sir Heiory, 25, 75 Blake, Adm., 79, 200, 247 Barons, Wars, 87, 139 — Gen., 86, 216 Barreiro, Col., 39 Blakeney, Gen., 160 Barrington, Adm., 50 Blasco Nunez, 14 Basin Rao, 20 Blois, Comte de, 4 Basques, 213 " Bloody Battery," 196 Bassano, Don Alfonso, 24 Blucher, Marshal, 28, 41, 55,68, 123,133, Bassas, 212 135, 137, 140. 143. 145, 265, 266, Bastard of Orleans, no 267 Bates, 95 Boadicea, 37 " Battle of Giants," 153 Boeotian War, 66, 137, 151, 246 " Battle of the Spurs," 103 Boer Wars, 31, 41, 63, 72, 77, 80, 84, 88, Baudissen, 267 101, 114, 122, 124, 130, 133, 141, Baum, Col., 32 146, 147, 148, 161, 184, 193, 208, Bavaria, Elector of, 36 209, 221, 227, 228, 236, 243, 258, Bayard, Chevalier de, 94, 208 267 Bazaine, Marshal, 31, 63, loi, 134, 153, Bogdon, 28, 180 158, 178 Bohemond, 79 Bazalitch, Gen., 52 Boiorix, 17, 261 Beatrix of Castile, 11 Boisot, Adm., 139, 213 Beauharnais, Eugene 150, 205, 216, 268 Bolivar, 27, 34, 39, 50, 177, 201, 259 Beaulieu, Gen., 37, 141, 157 Boniface, Count of Africa, ni Beauregard, Gen., 42, 192 Bonnemain, Gen., 269 Beavers Dam Creek, 228 Bonnet, Gen., 219 Beckwith, Gen., 154 Bonnivct, 208 Bedford, 226 Borysthenes, The, 203 — Duke of, 183, 261 Boscawen, Adm., 143, 198 " Beggars," The, 107, 203 Bosco, Gen., 159 Belgium, Liberation of, 16 Bossu, 104, 215, 273 Belisarius, 51, 156, 212, 253 Botha, 77 Bellasis, Col. John, 226 Botta, Gen., 96 Bellecombe, Mons., 198 Bover, 86 Bellegarde, 8 Boucicault, Marshal, 5 Belleville, 188 Bouillon, Due de, 185 " Bell-the-Cat," 223 Boulatoff, Gen., 208 Belza, Gen., 133 Bourbon, Constable of, 208, 212 Bem, Gen., 226 — Francisco de, 54 Benedek, Marshal, 125 Bourlamaque, 249 Benham, Gen., 225 Bourquin, 75 Bennigsen, Gen., 87, 93, 108, 203 Bouxhoevden, Gen., 231 Beorwulf, 85 Bowyer, Gen., 146, 217, 219 278 INDEX

Boyd, Gen., 6i Burrard, Sir Harry, 263 Boyle, Mr., 20 Burrows, Gen., 148 Brabant, 211 Butler, Gen., 192 — Duke of, 5 Byng, Adm., 160 Braddock, Gen., 162 — Gen., 213 Bradstreet, Col., gi — Sir Geo., 10, 49 Bragg, Gen., 57, 58, 169, 191 Byron, Adm., 102 Braithwaite, Col., 173 Brakfontein, 258 Brand, Martin, 104 Braun, Marshal, 201 Breckeoridge, Gen., 174 Brennus, 11, 211 Cabra, Comte de, 143 Brentford, Earl of, 12 Cabrera, Gen., 61, 165 Brian Boru 62 Caceres, Gen., 160 Bridgwater, 133 Cacina, 47 Bridport, Lord, 31 Cade, 229, 235 Brihtnoth, 149 Cadiz, Marquis of, 10, 24 British Invasion of Egypt, i, 9 Cadmea, 248 Britt, Don Jorge, 138 Cadwallon, 107 Broadwood, Col., 221 Caicilius Metellus, 20 Brock, Gen., 205 Caecina, 68 Broglie, Due de, 33, 125, 205, 225 Cajsar, Julius, 8, 24, 29, 35, 83, 96, 16S, Broke, Capt., 229 193, 199, 215, 253, 273 Bromhead, Lieut., 213 Cesar's Camp, 130 Brown, Capt., 261 Cairo, 157, 204 — Gen. Jacob, 59, 144 Caius Moenius, 62 — Marshal, 143 Calabria, 148 Bruce, Capt., 104 Calder, Sir Robert, 49 — Robert, 26, 81, 115, 142, 15S Cahph Omar, 157 Brude, 173 Callicratides, 18, 170 Brueys, Adm., 177 Callinicus, Seleucus, 15 Brune, 11 Calo-John, 4 Brunehilde, Queen, 87 Calvert, Capt., 13 Brunswick, Christian, of, 90 Calvinas, Domitius, 176 — Duke of, 118, 259 Calvinus, T. Vetiffius, 53 — Ferdinand of, 33 Camalogenus, 5 — Prince of, 47, in Cambray, 20 Rrutus, 41, 193 Cambuskenneth, Battle of, 23S Brydon, Dr., 119 Cambyses, 190 Buccaneers, 186, 200, 203 Camera, Gen., 16, 220 Buccelin, 52 Cameron, Gen., 95

Buchan, Constable, 68, 261 ] Camillus, M. Furius, 260 — Earl of, 115 Campaign o^ Austerlitz, 84, 267 Buchanan, Capt., 105 Friedland, 33, 72, 73, 87, 93, 108, Buckingham, Duke of, 135, 20S 162, 203, 265 Buda-Pesth, 161 Jena, 215 Buell, Gen., 191 Leipsic, 73, 76, 79, loi, 106, 123, Buenzas, 204 126, 129, 137, 143, 145 Buerens, Gen., no Moscow, 100, 184, 233 Buffalo, 36 the Danube, 14, 23, 82, 103, 106, Bugeaud, Marshal, 116 112. 153, 159 Bugha, 229 Wagram, i, 22, 83, 205, 207 Bukht-Khan, 179 Campbell, Capt., 60 Bulbuddur, Singh, 120 - Col., 13, 150 Bulgaria, Prince of, 156 - of Auchinbrech, 115 BuUer, Capt., 231 - Sir Archibald, 120, 185 — 78, 123, 127, • Sir Redvers, 63, 72, 114, 131, 193, 236, - Sir Colin, 53, 144, 206, 225 258 Cananore, 100 Burgoyne, Gen., 237, 249 Candorcanqui, Battle of, 24 Burgundian Wars, 100, 109, 136, 165 Canmore, Malcolm, 12, 82 Burgundy, Duke of, 184 Cannon, Col., 81 Burleigh, Lord, i Canto d' Irles, Gen., 151 Burmah, Wars, 78, 120, 123, 127, 185, 266 Caplan, Pasha, 128 Burnaby, Col. Fred., 2 Caprara, Gen., 232 Burnside, Gen., 92, 211 Capua, 167, 260, 264 Burr, Col., 125 Caractacus, 47, 183 .. INDEX 279

Cardigan, Lord, 25 Chevy Chace, 184 Carew, Sir Peter, 99 Chickahominy, River, 228 Carigat, ig Childebert II, 255 Carinus, 153 Chilian Civil War, 63, 133 Carlist Wars, 35, no, 113, 115, 165, 190, Chilian Revolution, 134 203, 220 Chilperic II, 263 Carmagnola, 145 China Wars, 242 Carrington, Gen., 84 Chinese Invasion of Japan, 74, 242 Carthaginian Invasions, 2, 44, 53, 69, no, Chino-Japanese War, 119, 194, 199, 267, in, 226, 241 270 Cascias, Gen., 220 Chippewa, 144 Cassius, 193 Chitchakofi, Adm., 208 Castaiieta, Don Antonio, 49 Chitral Campaign, 60, 149 Castailos, 255 " Chiyada," Tlie, 270 Castigon, Don Petro de, 10 Choczm, 237 Castor, 132 Chodkiewicz, 128 Castruccio Castracane, 12 Choniski, 126 Cathcart, Gen., 32, 65 Choshia, Daimyo of, 74 Catinat, Marshal, 51, 237 Choshu, 94, 250 Catulus, C. Latatius, 4 Chosroes, 157 Cauterac, Gen., 119 — II, 177, 271 Cawnpore, 143, 147, 186 Chotzewitz, 127 Ceawlin, 76, 89 Christian IV, 144, 269 Cefuentes, Count di, 162 — V, 144 Censosiaus, L., 51 — Duke of Bnmswick, in, 237 Cephalonia, 217 Christina Gyllenstierua, 257 Cerialis, Petilius, 35 Christomenes, 49 Cerro de Guadaloupe, 134 Chryanowski, 179 Cervera, Adm., 221 Chudleigh, Gen., 239 Cervoni, 163 Chunda Sahib, 13, 18, 254, 264 Cetawayo, 120 Chuodomar, 18 Chabrias, 59, 173 ChurchiU, Gen., 261 Chagre, The, 186 Cialdini, Gen., 14, 52, 95, 186 Champagne, Comte Thibaut de, 64 Cimbric War, 16, 261 Chandos, Sir John, 23 Cimon, 87 Chang Pak, 74, 242 Cintra, Convention of, 263 Chanzy, Gen., 137 Civil War, i, 4, 9, 12, 39, 40, 41, 50, 55, 58, Chard, Lieut., 213 69, 80, 81, 84, 114, 115, 133, 154, Chares, 59, 85 172, 174, 193, 202, 214, 239, 250, Charlemagne, 213 269 Charles I, 69, 84, 172, 174 — of Caesar and Pompey, 70, 83, 172, 192, — II, 269 215, 245, 258 — V, 132, 168, 212 — of Marius and Sulla, 63, 68, 216 — VI, 214 — of Sertorius, 239 — VIII, 91 Clam-Gallas, 98, 168, 197, 256 — XI, 37, 89, 132, 144, 207 Clanwilliara, Earl of, 107 — XII, 62, 82, 93, 113, 138, 171, 202, 233, Clarence, Duke of, 29 239, 248 Clarifait, Gen., 167 — Albert of Savoy, 99 Claudius, 47 — Archduke, i, 22, 34, 36, 83, 207, 222, — Appius, 49 238, 264, 266 — Gothicus, 171 — James, tlie Young Pretender, 202 — Nero, 158 — Martel, 252, 263 — Publius, 140 — of Anjou, 31, 100, 158, 242 Claulen, 57 — of Athens, 54 Clauscl, Marshal, 63 — of Blois, 23 Clauset, 213 — of Lorraine, 40, 61, 72, 109 ,112, 139, Claverhouse, 80 201, 211, 234 Cleland, Col., 81 — the Bold, loi, 165 Clement III, 212 — the Regent, 141 Cleombrotus, 139 Chasseurs d'Afrique, 225 Cleomcnes, 156, 227 Chatham, Lord, 90 Cleon, 14, 204 Chaud Bibi, 6 Cleopatra, 3 Chelmsford, Lord, 257 Clermont, Comte de, 68, 91 Chenab, River, 206, 216 Clifford, Lord, 89 Cherusii, 141 Clive, 18, 20, 56, 59, 67, 76, 195 " Chesapeake," Tlic, 229 Closter-Seven, Convention of, 107 28o INDEX

Clothaire II, 79, 87 Coxon, John, 186 Clovis, 197, 234, 250, 264 Cragova, 58 Clytus, 44 Crassus, 232 Cnceus Domitius, 147 — P. Licinius, 134 — Fulvius, 109 — Publius, 51 — Pompeius, 168 Cfauford, Earl of, 40, 62 Cnemas, 65, 172 JTrimean War, 11, 25, 45, 58, 115, 122, 149, Caiva, 92, 193 L^ 181, 183, 208, 231, 232, 240, 245 Coa, River, 215 Crispus, 108 Cobourg, Duke of, 90, 210, 266 Critolaus, 223 — Prince of, 154, 173 Crittenden, Gen., 159 Cochrane, Sir A. J., 26, 146, 154. 217, 219 Cromwell, Oliver, 80, 81, 154, 172, 202, 269 — Lord, 46 Cronje, 124, 146, 147, 161, 184 Cockburn, Col., 270 Cronstedt, Adm., 240 Codrington, Adm., 172 Cronstrun, 33 Coepio, 17 Crouzat, Gen., 30 Colborne, Sir John, 217 Crown Prince of Prussia, 126 Cohgay, 80 Crusaders, 2, 16, 20, 21, 64, 79, 118, 157, CoUey, Sir Geo., 133, 148 176, 255 Colli, Gen., 114, 159 Ctesiphon, 119 Collier, Sir George, 190 Cuddalore, 201 CoUingvvood, Adm., 252 Cuesta, 155, 200 Colorados, 164 Cumberland, Duke of, 70, 90, 107, 136 Columbine, Capt., 227 " Cumberland," The, 106 Colville, Gen., 220 Cureton, Gen., 206 Combermere, Lord, 34 Curio, 25, 258 Comnenus, 253 Curry, Sir Pierce, 134 — Alexius, 82 Curtis, Gen., 189 Comonfort, Gen., 134 Custer, Gen., 141, 182 Conan the Athenian, 62 Custria, 273 Conde, 20, 56, 80, 81, 93, 117, 138, 178, Cutha, 89 < 200, 211, 217, 227, 258 Cyprus War, 88, 138 Conflans, 154, 205, 206 Cyrus the. Younger, 70 Congeen, Commodore, 218 Czarniecki, 197 Congressists, 134 Czernitchieff, 137 Conon, 4, 170 Conquest of Algeria, 63 Dacia, 153 Ireland, 23 ' Mexico, 159 of Peru, 13, 14, 22, 71, 135. 205 Conradin, 242 d'Abergotti, Gen., Constantine, 44, 61, 104, loS, 152, 223, 261 79 d'Ache, Comte, — Ill, 42 51, 91, 254 Dacia, — of Alban, 78 152 — PalcBologus, 65 Dacre, 95, 252 Constantius, 167, 169, 232 — Thomas, 234 Contades, Marquis de, 159 D.igisteus, 192 Conti, Prince Louis de, 47, 145 d'Aguila, 125 Contrecoeur, 271 d'Albret, Constable, 5 Convent of Santa Cruz, 134 d"Alen(;on, Due, 5, 261 Conway, Lord, 174 D.ilgety, Col., 267 Dilziel, Gen., Cooke, Gen., 33 215 Coote, Sir E\Te, 20, 197, 198, 201, 230, 265 Dalmatia, 152 Cope, Sir John, 202 Damietta, 157 Copratus, The, 65 Damjanics, 127, 264 Corinthian War, 66 Damn'mont, Gen., 64 Cornaille, Pierre, 133 Dinish Invasions, 42, 78, 86, 87, 109, 144, 248, Cornwallis, Lord, 19, 26, 47, 103-, 223, 227, 158, 166, 180, 207, 230, 247, 271 267 108 Cortes, 159, 184 Dano-Spanish Wars, Cossack Rising, 122 — Swedish Wars, 37, 61, 86, 93, 94, "3. 128, 132, 214, 239, 257, Cotton, Gen., 78 ' 125, 144, Coulon de Jumnville, 271 269 — de Villiers, 102 Danube, The, 232 Courbet, Adm., 235 Dara, 220 Covenanters' Rising, 38, 80, 215 Darando, Gen., 166 ;

INDEX 281 d'Axgentian, 163 de Lucy, Richard, gx Darius, Codomannus, 17 — Lusignan, Guy, 118, 249 — King of Persia, 116 Delzons, Gen., 150 — Hytaspes, 152 de Marche, Count, 242 d'Armagnac, 155 — Mauley, 252 Darnad Ali Pasha, 192 Dembinski, Gen., 121, 247, 265 Darozhinsky, Gen., 224 de Medari, Gen., 52 d'Artois, Robert, 67 — Melac, Mons., 132 d'Aspre, Gen., 165 — Mercy, Gen., 18S Datis, 152 Demetrius, 212 D'Auijigny, 226 — Poliorcetes, 115 d'Aubusson, Pierre, 209 de Montfort, John, 23 Daun, Marshal, iii, 127, 139, 140, 155, 181, Simon, 139 251. 256 Demosthenes, i8r, 204, 241 d'Aurelle de Paladines, Gen., 67, 142 de Namar, Guy, 67 d'Auteil, Mons., 13 Dentatus, M. Carius, 31 David II, 274 Derby, Lord, 44, 206, 269 — of Scotland, 82, 237 de Rantzau, 247 Davidowich, 18, 214 — Rassingham, 266 d'Avila, Don Sancho, 16, 165 — Rieux, Marshal, 217 Davis, Capt., 203 — Rigny, Adm., 172 — Commodore, 157 — Ros, 57 Davoust, 87, 118, 128, 153, 161, 264, 268 — Ruyter, 79, 99, 179, 200, 229, 234 de Aguila, 162 Desaix, 152 Deane, Adm., 200 d'Estaing, Count, 50, 102, 182 de Ataida, Luis, 100 Destigerd, 177 — Beaumont, Robert, 91 d'Bstrees, Coimt, 107, 234 — Bermingham, Richard, 23 de Suffren, 199, 201 John, 81 — Tavannes, Marshal, 162 — Burgh, William, 23 — Thermes, Marshal, loi — Bouillon, Godefroi, 118 — Tourville, Adm., 29, 131 — Bonflers, Mons., 140 — Trastamare, Henry, 173 — Castries, Gen., 47 d'Bu, Comte, 50 — Castro, Juan, 77 de Winter, Adm., 48 — Catinat, Marshal, 153 — Vandemont, Prince, 68 Decebalus, 153 — Vere, Dulce of Ireland, 206 de Charolais, Comte, 164 — Villiers, Commandant, 130 — Confians, Adm., 31 Coulon, 102 Decius, 92, 193 Devizes, 214 — Mus., 261 De Wert, Jean, 20S, 209 — Publius, 227 — Wet, 80, 220 de Coigny, Marshal, 188 Dewey, Adm., 151 — Coligny, Marshal, 103 de Witt, 79 — Drucour, Chevalier, 143 Dexippus, 2 — Failly, Gen., 29 de Zetenden, Adm., 49 Defenders, 76 Diacus, 138 de Fersen, Baron, 154 Dicbitsch, Gen., 102, 129 Degollado, 242 Dieskau, Baron, 132, 136 de Gonzaga, Francisco, 91, 94 di Lezzp, Antonio, 224 — Grasse, 78 Dingaan, 77 — Kalb, 47 Diodes, in, 226 — Kray, 85, 86, in, 116 Diocletian, 153 — la Bresse, 218 Dionysius, 44, 69, 85, 166, 241 — la Feuillade, Due, 256 Diophantus, 44 — la Gardie, James, 126 di Potenza, Cond6, 244 — la Marck, 41 Dirkzoon, Adm., 273 — la MeUlerac, Marshal, 185 Djezzar, 3 — la Motte Count, 270 Doblado, 219 — la Nouc, Frangois, 215 Doctoroff, Gen., 150 — la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, 237 Dolabella, 70 — la Rochefoucauld, 185 Dollabella, P. Cornelius, 132 — Lauria, Roger, 158 Dolgorouky, Gen., 171 Del Canto, Gen., 63, 133 Domitius, Cnaeus, 147 de Levis, Chevalier, 205, 217 Dom Miguel's Rebellion, 220 Delhi, King of, 240 Donald, Bree, 99 de Ligneris, Mons., loi — Lord of the Isles, 106 — Lorraine, Chevalier, 218 Don Carlos, no, 113 2S2 INDEX

Don Francisco de Toledo, 104 Edwin, 107 — John of Austria, 81, 95, 138, 215 — Earl, 94 — Sancho of Castile, 757 Egbert, 85, 109 — Sebastian, no, 113 Egerton, Sir Charles, 119 Doria, 59, 64, 197 Egmont, Count, loi, 218 Dost Mohammed, 121 — Philip, 96 Douay, Gen. Abel, 267 Egremont, Lord, 179, 237 Douglas, 231 Ehrenskiold, Adm., 94 — Archibald, 19 Eighty-Seventh, Regt., 16S — Arch., Earl of, 105, 112 Elagabalus, 114 — Earl of, 184, 261 Elbe, River, 107 — James, Earl of, 19 Elcho, Lord, 250 — Rebellion, 40 EI Hadj Mohammed Pasha, 129 Doveton, Gen., 21 Elias Khan, 161 Dragomiroff, 231 Eliot, Gen., 98 Drake, 19, 44 Eloff, Sarel, 146 — Mr., 45 Elphinstone, Gen., 34, 119, 124 Drepanum, 140 — Sir Keith, 220 Dresden, 129 Elsasshausen, 269 Drummond, Sir Geo., 144 El Teb, Battle of, 255 Drusus, 141, 148 Elwas Mohammed, 272 Dublin, 207 Emin, Malek, 109 Duchambon de Vergor, 30 Emir Hamada, 89 Ducrot, Gen., 263 EruniskiUen, 175 Duff, Sir James, 97 Enotake, 120 Dufour Gen., 98 Enslin, IJattle of, loi du Gast, 54 Entzheim, Battle of, 232 Dugommier, 251 Bpaminondas, 139, 151 du Guesclin, 23, 57, 60, 62, 164, 173, 199 Epidamnus, 105 Duilius, Caius, 170 Bporedorix, 3 du Lude, Seigneur, 191 Equatius GeUius, 47, 227 Dumouriez, 117, 173, 259 Erinschild, Adm., 7 Duncan, Adm., 48 Ernest of Styria, Duke, 206 Dundas, Adm., 240 Errol, Earl of, 99 Dundee, 124 Esk, River, 194 — Battle of, 209, 243 Escobedo, 221 Dunkeld, 144 Espartero, 35, no, 165, 190 — Bishop of, 115 Espinay, Prince, 252 Dunkirk, 112 Essex, Earl of, 84, 174 Dunois, 183 Etampes, 188 Dupleix, 198 Ethelwulf, 180 Dupont, Adm., 29, 57 Etruscan War, 20 — Gen., io6 Eudamus, 21 Durand, Col., 50 Eudes, 164 Durham, Bishop of, 237 Eugene, Prince, 30, 36, 50, 52, 58, 68, 75, Durnford, Col., 115 79, 132, 140, 145, 150, 192, 193, 20s, DutchjWars, 77, 79, 99, 179, 200, 229, 234, 222, 272 '235, 247 of Wurtemberg, 163 d'York.l'Gen., 56 Eugenius, 17 Eumenes, 65, 187, 191, 222 Euryolocus, i8r Eurymedon, 204 Euthydemus, 19 Evans, Gen., 26, no, 115, 221 Earle, Gen., 125 (Am.), 225 Early, Gen., 54, 89, 182 — Sir Ralph, 15 Ecgfrith, 173 Evetzen, 200 Edhem Pasha, 78, 193 Ewell, Gen., 69, 269 Edmund Ironsides, 22, 191, 228 Exeter, 218 Edward, 248 — Earl of, 216 — I, 55, 81, 87, 88, 139 Ex mouth, Lord, 10 — II, 3, 26, 38, 105 EyTe, Major Vincent, 20 — Ill, 4, 5, 60, 68, 69 — IV, 27, 84, 85, no, 166, 247, 252 — the Elder, 247, 267 — the Black Prince, 173, 197 Edwardes, Lieut., 124, 168, 239 Fabricius, Caius, 8, 24 INDEX 283

Fabius Maximus, Q., 116, 136, 227, 263 Frauenberg, The, 158 Faidherbe, Gen., 27, 105, 218 Fredegond, Queen, 255 Fairfax, Sir. Thos., 4, 133, 154, 172, 226 Frederic II, 66, 100 Falkenberg, 146 — IV, of Denmark, 239 Falkenstein, Gen., 125 — Augustus, 62 Farokshin, 5 — Barbarossa, 136 Farragut, Adm., 175, 261 — Charles, Prince, 82, 98, 126, 137, 158, Fastolfe, Sir Jolm, no, 188 168, 178, 197 Faure, Gen., 14 — Duke of Austria, 168, 242 Faversham, Earl of, 225 — Elector of Saxony, 168 Feidlim, 23 — of Bohemia, 201 Feliciano, 121 — the Great, 60, 72, 109, in, 112, 126, Ferdinand, Archduke, 106, 207 129, 139, 140, 143, 162, 181, 201, — King of Naples, 185, 210, 226, 260 234, 273 — of Brunswick, 68, 160 — William III, 239 — of Hungary, 178 Elector, 89, 207, 236 — Prince, 125 French, Gen., 84, 124 — the Catholic, 100, 142, 149, 251 — Canadian Rising, 217 Fermor, 273 — CivU Wars, 67 Ferrars, Lord, 38 — Invasion of Egypt, i, 3, 108, 177, 204 Fersen, Baron de, 154 Fresnel, 105 Fife, Earl of, 115 Freyre, 59 Filipo de Rieti, 273 Freytag, 112 Finck, Gen., 155 Fritigern, 105, 152 Finland War, 208, 240 Frossard, Gen., 235 Finnegan, Gen., 180 FuUali, Tlie, 113 Firth, Lord, 58 Fulvius, Cn., 32 Gen., Fischbach, 58 — Q-, 49 Fitzalan, Richard, 233 Futteh Mohammed Khan, 124 Fitzwalter, Lord, 89 Flaminius, 19, 24, 71 Flammock's Rebellion, 35 Flavins Fimbria, 158 — Cnaeus, 109 Fleetwood, 269 Gablenz, Gen., 253 Gen., 202 Flemish War, 67, 162, 273 Gage, 43, 139, Gaines' Mill, 228 Flics, Gen., 132 Flint, Lieut., 265 Galba, 199 Galgacus, 100 Floing, 225 Gallic Invasion of the East, 86, 105 Flores, Gen., 69, 70, Ib4 Floyd, Gen., 149 — Revolt, 35 Foix, Comte de, 242 — Tribal Wars, 3 168, Fontana, Benedict, 47 — Wars, 4, 5, 8, 24, 29, 35, 41, 96, Forbach, B.ittle of, 236 199, 253 ;i Prince, 122 Forde, Col., 113, 154, 206 Gallitzin, 60, 79, Cestus, Forey, Gen., 134, 163 Galliis, 34 12 Forgacz, Count, 188 Galway, Lord, 8, Li Forster, Gen., 202 Gainarra, 114 - Fort Duquesne, loi, 271 Ganctzki, Gen., 196 ' — Lyman, 132 G.-ircilasso de la Vega, 183 — Necessity, 103 G.udnier, Col., 12 Fournier, Gen., 102 Gnrdner, Gen., 200 I57, 164, 165, 185, Fraga, 139 Garibaldi, 22, 45, 159. 212, 260, Francis I, 153 189 264 Gen., — II of Naples, 95 Garnett, 209 — Joseph, Emperor, 234 Gaston de Foix, 207 Francisco de Manesses, 258 Gatacre, Gen. Sir W., 238 Melo, 211 Gate Pah, 95 Toledo, Don, 104 Gates, Gen., 47, 236 — Pizarro, 135 Gauchos, 163 Franco-Austrian War, 147, 149, 163, 234, Gazer Khan, 184 256 Gck Horn, Battle of, 190 — German War, 14, 27, 29. 3i. 43. 58, 63, Gelimer, 51, 254 105, 137, 142, 153, 158, 178, 188, Gellius Stati.as, 39 218, 235, 263 Gelon, 108, no n4, 121, 122, 123, — Mexican War, 3, 134 Genghiz Khan, 26, 97, Fraser, Gen., 74, 238 184, 190, 220, 244 284 INDEX

Genseric, 48, in Grey Gen., 203 George II, 76 — Su: Geo., 154 — King of Hanover, 152 — de Ruthin, Lord, 178 Georgia, Queen of, 249 — de Wilton, Lord, 179 Gergue, 190 Grimaldi, 273 German Invasion of Italy, 90 Grouchy, 267 Germanic Wars, 114, 141, 148, 260 Grseco-Turkish War, 78, 193, 260 Getes, 161 Guelphs and Ghibellines, 12, 47, 66, 162, Ghuzni, 97, 234 242 Gildo, 242 " Guglers," 92 Gillespie, Gen., 120 Guilleminot, Gen., 102 Gingen, Capt., 264 Guiscard, Robert, 62, 82 Ginkel, 5 Guise, Due de, 45, 80 Girard, Col., 137 Guiton, 135 Girod, 217 Gurkha War, 12, 119, 120, 168 Giulay, Marshal, 47 Gustavus Adolphus, 12, 61, 73, 92, 136, Glabrio, 248 137, 146, 195, 210, 269 Glarus, 171 — Vasa, 257 Goddard, Gen., 6, 28 Guthmund, 149 Godefroi de Bouillon, 21, 176 Guthrun, 87 Goigues, Gen., 95 Guy de Lusignan, 118, 249 Gokameyama, 161 Guyeaux, 52 Gokla, 21 Gwalior Campaign, 147, 203 Goldli, Geo., 121 Gylippus of Sparta, 240 Golitshin, Adm., 102 Gomurakami, 129, 161 Gonsalvo de Cordova, 54, 94, 183, 217, 226, 244 Gonzaga, 95 H Gonzalo Pizarro, 14, 71 Gore, Col., 217 Gordon, Gen., 123 Haco, 134 Hadji, Ahmed, " Gordon Highlanders," 74 63 Hadrianus, Fabius, Giirgey, 3, 116, 127, 171, iSi, 191, 223, 247 44 Goring, Lord, 133 Haidar Khan, 97 Pasha, Gortschakoff, 245 Hakki 260 Gothic Invasion of France, 197 Halfdene, 21 Italy, 132, 211 Halil Pasha, 120, 202 Thrace, 152 Hamayun, 61, 121 Zeli, — Wars, 87, 92, 167, 171, 193, 197, 212, Hamet 149 242 Hamilcar, 68, 69, no, in Gothicus, Claudius, 171 Hampden, 55 Gotz, Gen., 264 Hampton, Gen, 57 Thos., Gough, Lord, 59, 89, 103, 147, 165, 203, — 60 206, 216 Hancock, Gen., 236 — Matthew, 235 Hannibal, 2, 21, 48, 49, 109, in, 170, 226, Gourko, Gen., 78, 99, 193 249, 272 Gracchus, Tiberius, 32 Hanno, 4, 32, 83, 84 Graham, Gen., 27, 106, 221 Hanover, King of, 132 — Gen. Sir G., 122, 244, 246, 255 Hans Waldman, 165 Grammont, Due de, 76 Harclay, Sir Andrew, 38 Gran, The, 171 Harcourt, 51 Granson, Sir Thomas, 199 Had Pant, 130, 270 Sir 218 Grant, Gen., 57, 58, 192, 209, 230, 236, 262 Harman, John, — Sir Hope, 243 Harold, 107, 236 — Major, 107 — Hardrada, 94, 17S, 236 Gratiaui, 117 Haroun-al-Raschid, 167 Graves, Adm., 145 Harper's Ferry, 235 Gravitza Redoubt, 196 Harris, Gen., 149, 228 Greece, Crown Prince of, 78 Hart, Gen., 194 Greek War of Independence, 160, 172 Hartley, Col., 28, 46 Green, Sir Chas., 240 3 Har^'ey, Adm. John, 254 — Bagenal, 175 Greene, Gen., 85, 103 j Gregory', 255 Hasdrubal, 51, 69, 158, 187

— II, 207 . " T Hassan, 258 Grenxdlle, Sir Richard,''24 — Bey, 245 Grey, Adm., in Hasselaer, Kenau, 104 INDEX 285

Hauben, Marshal, 30 Honorius, Emperor, 211 Havelock, Sir Henry, 16, 35, 94, 143, 147, Hood, Adm., 78 182, 186 — Commander, 240 Hawke, Adm. Sir E., 6, 30, 49, 205 — Gen., 92, 172, 189 Hawkins, 19 Hooker, 56 Hawley, Gen., 88 Hopton, Su: Ralph, 12, 39, 133, 239 Haynau, Gen., 40, 247 Hore, Gen., 84 — The, 143 Horn, Adm., 125, 214 Hazlerigg, 214 — Field Marshal, 178, 236 H6b6court, 249 Horsa, 24 Heiden, Adm., 172 Hothani, Adm., 96 Hellenes, The, 255 Hotspur, 184, 231 Heloris, 85 Houchard, 112 Hemu, 187 Hougoumont, 266 Hengist, 24, 68 Houston, Gen., 220 Henri I, 259 Howard, Lord Edward, 41 — IV, 30, 67, 117 — Lord Thomas, 24 — le Bearnais, 162 — of Effingham, Lord, 19 Henry I, 40, 247 Howe, Gen., 39 — II, 91 — Lord, 255, 257 — Ill, 139, 242 — Sir William, 42, 97 — IV, 231 Huasca, 13, 205 — V, 5, 214, 231 Hudson River, 238 — VI, 36, 178, 216, 252 Hughes, Sir Ed., 70, 173, 199, 254 — VII, 35, 38, 238 Hugues, Qui^ret, 233 — VIII, 38, 103 Hundred Days' War, 89, 140, 204, 250, 266 — of Castile, 181 — Years' War, 5, 6, 29, 36, 44, 45, 53, 57. — Ill, of Germany, 212 60, 68, 69, 91, 136, 162, 183, 188, — of Nassau, Count, 165 214, 226, 261 — the Fowler, 158 Hungarian Rising, 116, 121, 171, 181, 191, Hentzi, Gen., i8i 224, 226, 247, 260, 264 Heraclides, 130 — War, 272 Heraclius, 169, 177, 271 Huguenot Rebellion, 135 Hereford, 38 Huniades, John, no, 128, 130, 165, 260 Hermann, 33 Hunsden, Lord, 95 Herron, Gen., 202 Huntley, Earl of, 40, 66, 98, 194 Hesse, Landgrave of, 168 Huntly's Rebellion, 40, 66 — Prince of, 52, 236 Hunyady, John, 30 Hicks Pasha, 122 Hurry, Sir John, 23 Hideyori, 226 Hussein Pasha, 122, 128 Hideyoshi, 180 Hussites, 23, 76, 245 Hierax, 15 Huzrat Mahal, 169 Hiero, 71 Hwan Buako, 74 Hiketas, 104 Hyde, Adm., 65 Hill, Gen., 228, 235 — Parker, Adm., 77 — Gen. A. P., 97 Hyderabad, Nizam of, 130 HiUinger, Gen., 46 Hyder Ali, 13, 20, 182, 197, 201, 230, 251, Himartekin, 123 254, 255, 265 Himilco, 2, 241 Himilcon, 140 Hindman, Gen., 202 Hippocrates, 75, 108, 138 241 Hirotsukc, 116, 117 Hirschberg, Gen., 137 Hirtius, 160, 170 Ibrahim, 160, 177, 187 Hislop, Sir Thos., 148, 243 — Bey, io8 HIangwane Hill, 193 — Pasha, 30, 34, 127, 273 Hoche, 174 Idzunii, Daimio of, 161 Hodgson, Gen., 31 Ikkelman Pugatchcff, 122, 123 Hogeu Insurrection, 242 Iiiierctinsky, Prince, 142 Hohenlo, Count Philip, 105 Inaros, 157 Hohenlohe, Prince of, 118 Iiica Rising, 235 Hojo Rebellion, 180 Indian Mutiny, 6, 16, 20, 24, 25, 26, 34, 53, Holkar, 148, 243 75, 94. 95. 118, 128, 147. 169. 179, Holies, Denzil, 40 182, 187, 225 Holmes, Adm., 204 ludulph, 26 Holstein, Duke of, 62 Ingelram vou Coney, Baron, 92 286 INDEX

Invasion of Britain, 47 Johnson, Gen., 125, 230, 236 Korea, 108, 257 — Sir W., 131, 175 the Alemanni, 189, 194 Johnston, Gen., 87 the Huns, 55 Johnstone, Col., 41 the Vandals, 48, 51, 253 — Comm., 201 Invasions of the Gauls, 11, 211 — Gen., 175 Ionian War, 86, 130 Jones, Col., 207 Iphicrates, 85 — Col. Michael, 81 Irish Rebellions, 31, 81, 97, 175, 263 Jonquiere, Adm. de la, 48 " Ironsides," 154 Joseph Buonaparte, 180, 188, 263 Irribarreu, Gen., 113 Josephus, 119 Isabella, 251 Joubert, 41, 88, 130, 148 Isley, Sir Henry, 269 — Marshal, 179 Isle-aux-Noix, 249 Jourdan, Marshal, 34, 90, 23S, 243 Isle of Wight, Action off, 200 Jovian, 119 Ismael, Shah, 229 Jovinus, 55 Italian Invasion of Abyssinia, 4 Joyeuse, Due de, 67 - Risings, 40, 95, 165, 166, 179, 185, Juan d'Aguila, 125 212, 259, 260 Juan Pizarro, 71 - Wars, 31, 91, 94, 100, 145, 153, 183, Juarez, 2, 46 189, 226, 244 Juba, 25, 248 Ivan the Terrible, 22 Judacilius I, 21 Juel, Adm., 125, 214 Jugurtha, 169 Julian, 18, 119, 152, 191, 250 J — Count, 270 Jaafar, 169 Junot, 52, 263 Jablonowski, 264 Jussuf, 48 Jackson, Gen., 43, 54, 56, 69, 106, 201, 228, Justinian, 166 235. 239 Jutes, 24 175 Jutish Invasion, 68 Jacobite Rising, 8t, 124 Jaffa, 249 Jagmal, 60 Jaipal, Rajah of Lahore, 191 K James 11, 39, 142, 215 — Ill, of Scotland, 223 Kabul, 148 — IV, of Scotland, 90 KafSr Wars, 13, 32, 43 — VI, 98 Kalkreuth, Marshal, 73 — River, 229 Kaminiec, 197, 233 Jan Koch, 37 Kambaksh, 98 Janssens, Col., 41 Kanhadar, 124, 148 Japanese Revolution, 94, 177, 250, 258, Kanzler, Gen., 157 264 Kat, 81 Jaxartes, The, 126 Katuku, 35 Jean, Joel, 62 Keane, Gen., 175 Jehandar Shah, 5 Keatinge, Col., 17, 39 Jellachich, 116, 260 Keith, Lord, 96 JeUalabad, 124 — Marshal, in Jellaladin, 35, 114, 121 Kekewich, Col., 124 Jennings, Sir John, 10 Kelly, Col., 60 Jervis, Sir John, 49, 103, 154, 218 Kemal Reis, 222 Jerome de 't Zeraerts, 247 Kenau Hasselaer, 104 Jerusalem, 249 Kenmure, Lord, 269 Jeswuut Rao, 21, 74, 75, 94, 199 Kenneth III, 144 Jewish War, 34, 118, 119 Keppcl, Adm., 31, 182 Jhansi, Ranee of, 104 Khaled, 7, 8, 38, 72, 169, 271 Joan of Arc, 183, 188 Khalifa, The, 181 Joanna, 251 Khan, Elias, 161 John I, II Khojah Zofar, 77 — 11, 28, 32 Khoord Kabul Pass, 117 — Archduke, 112, 205, 216 Khyber Pass, 117 — Duke of Normandy, 6 Kiburs, Count of, 136 — of Castile, 100 Kihdj Arslan, 21 — of Denmark, 156 Kirboga, 16 — King of France, 197 Kirby Smith, Gen., 209 — Regent, 11 Kirke, Col., 142 INDEX 287

Kirkjean, Mons., 25 Lambton, Capt. Hedworth, 88 Kismegeyer, 205 La Moriciere, Gen., 14, 52 Kiushiu, 242 Lamothe-Houdancourt, 138 Kitchener, Lord, 23, 84, 89, 181, 184 Lancaster, 38 Kiyomasa, 257 Landen, Battle of, 173 Klapka, 116, 127 Landi, Gen., 45 Kleber, 108, 167 Landon, Gen., 30, 130, 140, i8i Kleist, 80 Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, 202, 214 Klingspoor, Gen., 208, 231 Langy, 255 Knowles, Adm., 107 Lannes, Marshal, 14, 22, 93, 112, 159, 163 Knut, 22, 191, 230 203, 215, 255 Kobad, 13 Lannoy, 189 Kobayagawa Takakage, 108 Lanza, Gen., 185 Koch, Gen., 84 La Pena, Gen., 27 — Jan, 37 Laptines, 53 KohandO Khan, 121 Laserna, 24 Kolocz, Bishop of, 161 Latin War, 261 Konningsegg, Count, 225 La Torre, 50 Konoslii Yakinaga, 108 — Tremouille, 179, 217 Konownitzu, Gen., 184 Lauderdale, Lord, 269 Kosciusko, 154 Laurel HUl, 209 Kotah, Rajah of, 128 Lavallette, 150 Kourloff, Gen., 245 Lavater, Rudolph, 121 Kriidener, Gen., 176, 195, 196 Lawrence, Capt. John, 229 Kruge, Adm., 228 — Major, 25, 76, 99, 146, 228, 239 Kublai Khan, 74, 105 Layard, Sir Ed., 24 Kumal Khan, 100 Lazar, 127 Kuroda, Gen., 129 Lazareff, 122 Kuroki, Marshal, 125 Leake, Sir John, 148 Kur Singh, 20, 24 Lee, Gen., 15, 55, 58, 92, 97, 192, 209, 228, Kusinoki, Matsasura, 230 235, 236, 268 Kuttugh Khan, 74 Lecourbe, 166 Kutusoff, 23, 38, 112, 128, 155, 268 Lefebvre, Marshal, 73, 222 Kuwana, 94, 250 Leganez, 138 Kyrielle, 91 Lehwaldt, Marshal, 102 Leicester, Earl of, 273 Leo IX, Pope, 62 — the Iconoclast, 207 Leonidas, 248 Leontini, 104 Leopold, Archduke, 40, 138, 165 La Belle Alliance, 176 — Duke, 227 Labienus, 5, 168, 215 Leotychides, 170 Labomirski, 128 Leptinus, 241 Laborde, Gen., 213 Le Quesnay, 227 Labourdonnais, Adm., 145, 173 Leslie, David, 8r, 193 Laches, 151 Lestocq, 87, 265 Ladislaus, 259 Letzi, The, 171 Ladysmith, 193 Leval, 33 Laevinus, P. Laverius, 109 Leven, 154 La Ferte, 258 Levenhaupt, Gen., 138 — Harpe, 159 Lewis, King, 161 — Haye Sainte, 266 Lexington Military School, 175 Lake Ascanius, 176 Ley, 68 — Champlain, 249 Liberation of Belgium, 16 — City, 180 Li Chin, 108 — Gen., 5, 10, 34, 75, 135, 263 Lichtenstein, 221 — Lord, 74, 94 Licias, 240 — Zug, 98 Licinius, 44, 61, 104, 108, 109, 152 Lakhsman Singli, 60 — Crassus, P., 134 Laljaji, 244 Ligneris, 176 Lally Tollendal, 91, 146, 198, 244, 265 " Ligue du bicn public," 164 Lai Singh, 89 Ligonicr, Sir John, 136 Lamachus, 240 Lille, 270 Lamar, 119 Lima, 182 La Marmora, Gen., 70 Lincoln, Bad of, 238 Lambert Simnel, 238 Liniers, Gen., 42 288 INDEX

Lin Fok Heng, 105 Macrinus, 114 Lionels, no Madhao Rao II, 130 Linois, Adm., q Magnentius, 167, 169 Lin Yung Ku, 235 Mago, 44, 179, 253 Lippe, River, 260 Maha Bandoola, 78, 127 Livius, Caius, 71, 170 Maha Nemyo, 266 — Marcus, 158 Mahadaji Sindhia, 270 Loch Linnhfe, 115 Mahmud, 23, 191, 234 Lomakine, Gen., 96 Mahmud's invasions of India, 191, 234 Lombard League, 136 Mahmud Tughlak, 74 London Bridge, 235 Mahomed IV, 161, 233, 273 Longstreet, Gen., 228, 235, 268 Mahomet Koprili, 126 " Loose-coat-field," Battle of, 85 Mahon, Col., 146 Lopez, 16, 50, 70, 113, 188, 220, 263 Mahratta Wars, 5, 6, 10, 22, 28, 34, 56, 74, Lorencez, 3, 134 75, 94, 103, 125, 127, 135, 148, 199, " L'Orient," The, 177 230, 232, 243, 270 Lorraine, Duke of, 232 Maillebois, Marshal, 214, 221 Lorrices, 202 Main, The, iii Louis III, 223 Mainfroy, 31 — VI, 40 Makaroff, Adm., 199 — IX, 157, 242, 256 MalakoS, 149, 208, 225 — XI, 164 Malatesta, 145 — XII, 58 Malcolm II, 124, 166 ~ XIII, 52 — Sir John, 21 — Dauphin, 140 " Male Journee," The, 36. — di Conti, Prince, 145 Malek-ai-Aschref, 3 — of Nassau, Count, 107, 165 Malmoe, 144 — Prince of Prussia, 215 Malnate, Battle of, 259 — the Bavarian, 168 Malraj, 168, 239 Loup II, 213 Malvern Hill, 229 Low, Gen., 149 Malwar, Rajah of, 158 Lowendal, 33 Mamilius, 132 Lucca, Castruccio Castracane of, 12 Manchester, 154, 174 Lucilianus, 177 Mancius, 179 Lucius Mummius, 138 Manco Capac, 22 Lucknow, 225 Manfred of Sicily, 100, 162 LucuUus, 44, 72, 249 Manius Manililius, 51 Lliders, Gen., 226 Manlius, L., 140 Lupicinus, 152 — Torquatus, 261 Lupus, 250 Maimy, Sir Walter, 6 Lusitanian War, 179 Mansfeldt, Count von, 76, go, in, 269 Luton Moor, 237 Mansur, 189 Lutter, Castle of, 144 Mantua, 131, 155 Luxembourg, Marshal, 90, 173, 237 Manson, Gen, 209 Luy de Beam, 183 Manteuffel, Gen., 14, 105 Lynch, Eliza, 66 Manuel I, 64, 271, 272 Lyon, Gen., 268 Maori War, 95 Lyons, Sir Edmund, 225 Mar, Earl of, 106, 229 Lysander, 4, 105, 179 Marad, 20 Lysimachus, 67 Marainsin, 155 Marcantonio Bragadino, 88 Marcellus, M., 138, 241 M Marcus Livius, 158 Mardonius, 195 Macbeth, 82 Margaret of Anjou, 107, 216, 247, 252 Maccarthy, 175 Margueritte, Gen. 225 Macdonald, Gen. Sir, H. 181 Marhof, Gen., 162 -— Marshal, 123, 220, 253, 264 Mariano, Alvarez, 97 Macedonia, 152 Marines, The, 250 Macedonian Wars, 24, 71, 134, 203 Marius, 16, 216, 261 Macgruder, Gen., 268, 271 Mark Antony, 193 Machanidas, 151 — Antony's Rebellion, 169 Mack, Gen., 159 Marlborough, Duke of, 36, 78, 150, 206, Mackay, Gen., 124 252 Mackinnon, Gen., 62 Marmora, Gen., 245 Macleod, Col., 198 Marmont, Marshal, 106, 131, 133, 137, 188, Macmahon, Marshal, 147, 225, 256, 2O7, 269 219 INDEX

Marquez, 242 Mercy, Count, 93 Marsin, 36 — Gen., 178 Marston, Capt., 105 " Merrimac," The, 105 Martin, Capt., R.N., 150 Meshid, Pasha, 209 Mary Queen of Scots, 133 Messenian Wars, 4, 21, 22, 49, 53, 156 Mascarenhas, 77 Metaurus, The, 158 Mascazel, 241 Metellus, 88, 225 Massena, 43, 45, 83, 93, 96, 141, 159, 163, — L. Caecilius, 187 210, 273 — Numidicus, 169 Mathias, Col., 74 Methuen, Lord, 31, loi, 147, 161 Matsudaira Nobutsuna, 13 Metz, 178, 235 " Matsushima," The, 270 Mexican Liberal Rising, 2, 46, 219, 242 Matthews, Adm., 251 Meyer, Gen. Lucas, 243 Matyana, 115 Meyerfeld, Gen., 120 Mauberge, 266 Michael, Grand Duke, 196 Maurice, Elector of Saxony, 231 Michelberg, 106, 159 ^ Emperor, 271 Michelson, Gen., 123 — Prince, 214 Middleton, Gen., 28, 89 — Prince of Nassau, 256 Milan, King, 194, 232 — Prince of Orange, 176 MiHtus, 130 Mavrocordatos, 160 Milroy, Gen., 269 Maxentius, 223, 256 Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, 114 Maximilian I, 47, 103 Minas, Marques das, 12 — Archduke, 123 Minchin, Capt., 45 — Emperor, 221 Mindarus, Adm., 71, 72 — of Bavaria, 201 Minocius, Titus, 39 Maximinus, 109 Miramon, 46, 219, 221 Maxwell, Col., 19 Miranda, 7 Maya, 204 Mir Cossim, 97, 166, 182 Mayenne, 20 Mirsky, Gen., 224 — Due de, 117 Mirza Khan, 6 McCarthy, Sir Charles, 2 Mise of Lewes, 139 McCall, Gen., 228 Mischtchenko, Gen., 61 McCaskill, Gen., 165 Mithridates, 176, 272 McClellan, Gen., 15, 87, 209, 228, 235, 268, Mithridatic Wars, 44, 55, 72, 159, 176, 183, 271 249, 272 McClernand, Gen., 261 Mitre, 54, 113, 185 McCuUoch, Gen., 189, 268 Mitre's Rebellion, 42 McDonnell, Brig. -Gen., 266 Mitsuhide, 270 McDowell, Gen., 42 Mitsunari, 226 McNeil, Gen., 250 Mitsuyuki, 161 McPherson, Gen., 56, 189 Moawiyeh, 64, 231 Meade, Gen., 97 Moga, Gen., 224, 260 Meadows, Gen., 50 Mogrul Bey, 272 Mecklenburgh, Grand Duke of, 29, 142 Mogul, The Great, 158, 187 Medina, Gen., 164 Mohammed, 30, 112, 155, i8r Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, 19 — II, 30, 65, 224, 253 Medway, The, 229 — Ill, 123 Megabyzus, 157 — Ali, 25, 263 Megaravicus, 179 — al Nasin, 135 Mehemet Ali, 3, 160, 177 — Emin Pasha, 60 — All's Rising, 34, 127 — Ghori, 240 Mehrab Khan, 123 — Shah, Emperor, 50 Mejid Bey, no — Shah of Persia, 109 Melas, 96, 152, 163 — Sultan of Morocco, 148 Mechior, 146 — Zain I, I Melgarejo, Col., 133 Mohammed's Wars, 155, 181 Melikoff, Gen., Loris, 7, 84, 122, 126, 272 Moldau, The, 201 Memnon of Rhodes, loi Monakji, 99, 144 Menaldo Guerri, 183 Moncenigo, Luigi, 48 Mendez Nunez, 259 Moncey, 222 Mendizabal, 95 Monckton, Col., 30 Menon, Gen., 9 Mondragon, Col., 95, 159, 247 Mentschikoff, Prince, 11, 25, 115, 120, 260, Mongol Invasions, 74 274 — Invasion of the Deccan, 6, 98 Mercer, Col., 184 of India, 156 Merci, Comte de, 153, 215, 247 —— of Japan, 255 u 290 INDEX

" Monitor," The, 105 Murad II, 128 Monk, 81, 200, 247 — Bey, 204 Monmouth, Duke of, 38 Murat, 14, 80, 89, 184, 250, 267, 269 — James, Duke of, 226 Murdach Stewart, 112 Monro, Gen., 31, 43, 9^> 230 Murphy, Father, 19, 26, 263 — Sir Hector, 198 Murray, Earl, 184 Mons, 150 — Gen., i6o, 205, 217 Monson, Col., 10, 198 — Sir John, 52 Montague, Lord, 107, no — Regent, 133 Montecucculi, 92, 217 Murviedro, 216 Monte-Lezino, Battle of, 159 Musa, 157 Montcalm, 91, 164, 184, 194, 204, 205, 249 Musgrave, John, 234 Montferrat, Marquis de, 249 Musrud, 272 Montgomery, Commodore, 157 Mustapha Pasha, i, 88, 150 Montmartre, 188 Muzuffa Jung, 13 Montmorenci, Constable, So, 217, 218 Mygdonius, 177 — Due de, 52 Myronides, 180 Montreal, 217 Mysore Wars, 19, 20, 26, 46, 149, 150, 191, Montresor, Col., 231 197, 198, 201, 227, 228, 230, 231, Montrose, i, 9, 23, 41, 50. "5. I93, 250 246, 253, 254, 265 Moore, Sir John, 66 — Major, 255 Moorish Insurrection, 162 N Morari Rao, 182, 251 Morcar, Barl, 94 Nabis, 19, 27 Moreau, 8, 34, 37, 85, iir, 112, 166, 167, Nadasdy, Thos., 210 179, 207, 266 Nadir Shah, 50 Morgan, Capt., R.N., 186, 201 Nagpur, Rajah of, 56 Mori Hidemoto, 275 Nairn, 124 Morillo, 202 Najara, Battle of, 173 Moriones, 203 Nana Sahib, 53, 147, 187 Morley, Sir Robert, 233 Napier, Sir Charles, 81, 113, 156 Moro, Castle, 107 Napoleon, i, 3, 17, 23, 27, 28, 32, 38, 41, Morocco Wars, 53, 103, 247 46, 52, 53. 55, 65, 68, 72, 79, 80, 82, Morosini, 48 87, 93, 106, 118, 123, 1Z9, 135, 137, Moroushi, 129, 271 140, 143, 145, 150, 151, 152, 155, Morrison, Col., 61 163, 167, 202, 204, 208, 210, 214, Mortemar, 35, 47 233, 251, 252, 266 Mortier, 82, 106, 131 Napoleon III, 225, 234 Moscow Campaign. 38, 100, 128, 150, i6i, Napoleonic \Vars, i, 9, 22, 27, 28, 32, 36, 198, 259, 268, 269 37, 42, 46, 49, 52, 65, 96, 108, 114, Moshesh, 32 116, 131, 146, 148, 151, 152, 163, Moskowa, Battle of, 38 202, 210, 214, 217, 218, 227, 239, Moslem Conquest of Africa, 255, 258 252, 270, 273 — Empire in Spain, 10, 63, 100, 113, 135, Nappa Sahib, 232 157, 219, 270, 272 Narses, 52, 167, 212, 242, 271 — Invasion of Asia Minor, 14 Nasmyth, Lieut., 231 Egypt, 9, 157 Nassau, Prince of, 256 Europe, 64 Navarro, 182 France, 252 Neapolitan Rising, 210 Persia, 44, 117 — War, 54 Syria, 7, 8, 38, 72, 118, 169, 271 Negreti, Gen., 134 Moslemeh, 64 Neipperg, Count, 102, 129 Mosquera, 69 Nelson, Lord, 65, 177, 252 Motassem, Caliph, 14 Nemours, Due de, 54 Mountjoy, Earl of, 125 Nero, Claudius, 158 Mourson Oglou, 42 Netherlands War of Independence, 11, 16. Mourzouple, 64 41, 95, 104, 106. 107. 133. 139. 146, Mowbray, Sir John, 115 159, 165, 183, 213, 215, 247, 252, Mukhlis Khan, 13 256, 258, 266, 273 Mukhtar Pasha, 7, 84, 126, 272 Neuperg, Marshal, 162 Mulgrave, Lord, 251 Neustrians, 223, 255 Mummius, Lucius, 138 Nevers, Due de, 176 Munemori, 73 Neville of Lancaster, 83 Munnich, Gen., 180, 237 — Ralph, 174 Miinzer, Thomas, 92 — Sir Thomas, 237 Murad I, 127 Newcastle, 4, 174 INDEX 291

O'Reilly, Count, 10 Ney, Marshal, 28, 43, 76, 84, 103, 126, Oreizaga, 180 133. 159, 184, 204. 259. 265 180 Nicephorus I, 167 Oribe, 20, 164, Nicholas, Grand Duke, 231 Orkhan, 190 Nicholas, Trevisani, 189 Orleans, no of, Nicholson, John, 75, 178 — Bastard no Nicias, 240 — Duke of, 5 Alexis, NicoUs, Col., 12 Orloff, Count 245 Nicostratus, 151 Ormonde, 207 Nidau, Count, 136 Orsova, 129 Niel, Marshal, 234 Ortega, Gen., 134 Ortiga, de, 10 Nile, The, 157, 204 Juan Nine Years' War, 127 Oshikatsa, 160 Niuchiau Bay, 171 Osman II, 128 Nizain-ul-Mulk, 50 — Digna, 85, 106, 255 Noailles, Duo de, 76 — Pasha, 154, 195 " Noche Triste," 159 Osorio, Gen., 63, 155 Count, 184 Nodzu, Gen., 194 Osterman, Nogi, Gen., 119 Ostorius Scapula, 183 Noircarmes, 133, 258 Oswald, 154 Northumbria, 107 Norbanus, 88, 167 — of Norfolk, Duke of, 38 Otho, 30, 47 Norigoris, 114 — II, 69 IV, Noriyori, 73, 228 — 39 Norman Conquest, 107 — of Krumpen, 257 - Invasion of Italy, 62, 82 Otori Keisuke, 177, 258 Ott, Gen., 163 Norse Invasion, 94 96, of Asia Mmor, 190 of France, 223 Ottoman Conquest of Ireland, 62 — Invasion of Europe, 64 46, 60, 77, of Scotland, 134 — Wars, 8, 26, 30, 31, 42, 44, no, 116, 117, 120, 121, Northallerton, 237 79, 90, 102, 130, 161, 165, Northumberland, 253 126, 127, 128, 129, 188, 192, 202, 206, 217, 2I9f - Earl of, 216 176, 237, 241, 245, Northumberland's Rebellion, 39 222, 224, 229, 233, 260, 262, 271, 272, 273 Nott, Gen., 97, 124, 148 253, Sir David, 16S Noyau, 91 Ouchterlony, Gen., 102, 212 Nudo, Rutilius, 55 Oudinot, Numidian Revolt, 248 Outram, Sir James, 143, 169 Owen of Cumberland, 42 Oxford, Earl of, 5

O'Connors, The, 23 Octavius, 193 — Marcus, 3, 70, 245 O'Dounell, Marshal, 103, 247 Paches, 170 Oktai, 184 Pagondas, 75 Count de, 166 Oku, Gen., 171, 246 Pahlen, Ed., i75 Olaf Triggvason, 149 Pakenham, Sir Constantino, 65 Olaneta, 201 PaloEologus, Olearchus, 70 — George, 82 Michael, Olio, 203 — 64 Olney, Peace of, 191 Palafox, 222, 255 Omar Brionis Pasha, 160 Pallavicini, 22 Count, 31 — Caliph, 44, 118, 157, 174 Panim, 152 — Pasha, 181, 183 Pannonia, 145, — Tabrija Redoubt, 196 Pansa, Vibius, 169 — Vrione Pasha, 260 Papal Zouaves, 157 O'Neil, Owen Roe, 80 Pappenberg, 145 i44 — Sir Hugh, 36, 125 Pappenheim, 137, 31, 113 Onomarchus, 185 Paraguayan War, 15, 16, 50, 66, 70, Ono-no-Atsuma, 117 188, 209, 220, 263 180 Onschakoff, Adra., 121, 271 Parana, River, Opdam, Adm., 235 Parch witz, 140 Pareirus, 182 Orange, Prince of, 139, 217, 227 Orchomenus, 246 Park of Uyeno, 245 INDEX

Parker, Adm., 65 Philopoemen, 27, 151 Parthian War, 51, 232 Phormio, 65, 172 Paskiewitsch, Gen., 21, 265 Piale, 138, 150 Paulinus Suetonius, 47 " Picciotti," 185 Pausanias, 195 Piccolomini, 40 Paz, 164, 233 Piggott, Maj.-Gen., 150 Peasants' War, 92 Piloni, 185 Pedro II, of Aragon, 169 Pinarus, The, 116 — IV, 9 Pirna, 143 — Regent, 100 Pirot, 194 " Peep o' Day Boys," 76 Pisander, 62 Peiho, River, 242 Pisani, 197 Pelissier, Marshal, 25, 149 — Vittorio, 16, 59, 64 Pelopidas, 71, 246 Pizala, Pasha, 77 Peloponnesian VVar, 14, 65, 71, 72, 74, Pizarro, 22 151, 170, 172, 179, 181, 195, 204 Pizarro Francesco, 135 Pelucones, 134 — Gonzalo, 71 Pemberton, Gen., 262 — Juan, 71 Pembroke, Earl of, 83, 140, 166 Placentia, 214 — Regent, 142 " Pobieda," The, 199 Penda, 107, 154 Pococke, Adm., 51, 107, 254 Peninsular War, 7, 25, 27, 29, 43, 52, 66, Poland, King of, 141 79, 86, 93, 95, 97, 155, 162, 17S, Poliorcertes, Demetrius, 95 180, 182 183, 204, 210, 213, 215, Pohsh Risings, 102, 154, 265 216, 219, 221, 222, 243, 245, 252, Pollio, 173 255, 263 Pollux, 132 Penn, Adm., 117 Pollock, Gen., 117 Pepe, Gen., 210 Polj-xenides, 71, 170 Pepin d'Heristal, 247 Pompeianus, 261 Pepperel, 142 Pompeias, Cnseus, 168 Perche, Count de la, 140 Pompey, 25, 83, 176, 192, 239 Percy, Henry, 174 Poniatowski, 137, 207 — Sir Ralph, 107 Pontius, 62, 63 Percy's Rebellion, 231 Pontras, 53 Perczel, Gen., 223 Pope, Gen., 43, 54, 239 Perdiccas, 190, 24S Popham, Capt., 103 Perez, Gen., 183 — Sir Home, 42 Pergamus, 59 Popilius Lsenas, 179 Perpignan, 138 Poradim, 190 Perry, Commodore, 131 Porta san Pancrazio, 212 Persano, Adm., 14, 141 Porto Alegre, 1S8 Perseus, 203 Porus, 113 Persian Conquest of Egypt, 190 Postumus, Spurius, 53 — Invasion of India, 50 Postumius, Aulus, 132 — Invasions, 152, 170, 195, 24S Potemkin, 180 — Wars, 13, 83, 87, 152, 157, 177, 191, Pouchot, Capt., 175 192, 232, 250 Poyntz, Col., 214 Perso-Afghan Wars, 121 Pretender, The Young, 50, 70, 88 Pertab Singh, 76 Priarius, 18 Pertinax, 145 Price, Gen., 139 Peruvio-Chilian War, 61, 160, 242, 244 Prideaux, Gen., 175 Peter the Great, 7, 94, 138, 203 Prieto, Gen., 134 Peterborough, Earl of, 27 Prim, Gen., 53 " Petropavlovsk," The, 199 Pritzen, Gen., 230 Peyri, Gen., 126 Probus, 186 Peyton, Capt., 173 Proctor, Gen., 45 Pharnabazus, 62 Provera, 131 Pharnaces, 176, 273 Prussia, Crown Prince of, 267, 269 Philip I, 96 — King of, 188, 225 — IV, 68, 162 — King William of, loi, 145 Philip V. 12, 27 Psammeticus, 190 — Augustus, 93 Ptolemy, Euergetes, 15 — Don, of Spain, 145 — Logus, 190 — of Anjou, 262 — Philopator, 206 — of Macedon, 24, 54, 59, 71, 185 — Soter, 95, 219 Phillipon, 25 Publius Claudius, 79 Philomelus, 75, 174 Pugatcheflf, 122 INDEX 293

Punic Wars, 4, 32, 48, 49, 51, 79, 83, 84, Richard Coeur de Lion, 2, 20, 93 141, 158, 170, 1S7, 241, 253,255,272 — Duke of York, 264 Purdon, Col., 77 Richelieu, Due de, 135, 160 Pyrrhus, 31, 109 Richmond, 192, 229 Pyrrhus' Invasion of Italy, 109 Rich Mountain, 209 Ricimer, Count, 210 Riel, 28 " Riifle Brigade," 163 Q Rio Grande Rising, 221 Ripperda, 104 Quadrilateral Alliance, 3 Robel, Gen., 248 " Q " Battery, 221 Robert of Normandy, 96, 247 Quetta, 124 Roberts, Gen., 128 Quintanella, 59 — Earl, 56, 72, 77, 80, 121, 185, 190 Quintilius Varus, 260 Roche, Father, 173 Roderic, 270 Rodney, Adm., 78 Rohan, Due de, 209 Rokeby, Sir Thomas, 39 Roland, 213 Raab, The, 217 Roman Invasion of Scotland, 100 Radagaisus, 90 — Occupation of Britain, 37 Radetski, Gen., 99, 166, 179, 224 Romanus, 38 Radziwill, Prince Michael, 102 Romanzoff, Gen., 42, 202 Raghunath Rao, 17 Romero, Julian, 213 Raglan, Lord, 11, 25, 224 Roncesvalles, 204 Ragotski, II, George, 126 Roncray St. Denis, no Rainier, Adm. Peter, 26, 63 Rooke, Sir Geo., 98, 131, 149, 262 Rajah Ram, 98 Rosas, President, 163 - Sahib, 67 Rose, Sir Hugh, 34, 95, 104, 118, 120 Ramiro II, 10 Rosecrans, Gen., 58, 66, 169 Rammi, Gen., 170 Rosetti, 260 Rami Khan, 77 Ross, Gen., 26, 36 Ramming, Gen., 232 Rote Berg, Storming of the, 235 Raoul, Bishop of Durham, -537 Rotterdam, 139 Rapp, Gen., 73 Roumiantsoff, 120 Rassingham, Seigneur de, 266 Rousillon, 138, 191 Rauhberg, The, 171 Roveredo, 155 Ravenna, 212 Rowley, Commodore, 39 Raymond of Toulouse, 79 Rudolph de Khevenhuller, 262 Rebellion of Aurungzebe, 220 — von Erlach, 136 Brutus, 193 Rundle, Gen., Sir L., 227, 267 Fifteen, 202, 229 Rung Ram, 124 Forty-five, 50, 70, 88, 202 Runjur Singh, 11, 233 Hideyori, 226 Rupert, Prince, 40, 55, 84, 154, 172, 179 Ricimer, 210 Russell, Adm., 108, 131 Riel, 28, 89 — Col., 114

——- the Marches, 2S — Lord, 88, 218, 220 Reding, 162 Russia, Emperor of, 145 " Red Shirts," 22 Russian Conquest of Central Asia, 96 Regulus, 255, 256 Russo-Japanese War, 58, 61, 171, 199, Reinschild, 92 246 Renaud de Chatillon, 206 — Polish Wars, 38, 197 Repnin, Prince, 155 — Swedish Wars, 7, 92, 94, 102, in, 138, Reschid Pasha, 127, 129 171, 195, 203, 208, 228, 233, 248 Reuss, Prince of, 273 — Turkish Wars, 7, 78, 84, 142, 176, 195, Revolt of Maxentius, 223, 256, 261 231, 245, 272 the Christians, 13 Rustan, 44 Legions of Aquitaine, 55 Ruthven, 39 Vitellius, 47, 68 Rymna, The, 154 Rey, Gen., 221 Reynier, Gen., 43, 100, 102, 148, 215 Rhagates, 177 Rhodes, 59 Riall, Gen., 35, 59 Ribas, 86 Sabinius Titurius, 4 Ribera, 20 Saburra, 25 294 INDEX

Sachen, 56 Scipio /Erailianus, 179 Sacred War, 75, 174, 185 — Africanus, 84, 179, 242 Sadatoki, 127 — Lucius, 47 Said, 44, 117 — Metellus, 248 — Othman, 100 — P. Cornelius, 249, 253 — UUah, 121 Scopas, 167 Saigo, 129 Scottish Invasion of Ireland, 81 — Takamori, 120, 177, 230, 258 — Wars, 12, 15, 26, 81, 88, 90, 105, 112, Saiki-no-Sanya, 160 115, 142, 158, 174, 194, 215, 234, Sainte Suzanne, 85 237 Saint Priest, 208 Scott, Gen., 15 Saladin, 20, 118, 206, 249 Sedashao Rao Bhao, 187 Sale, Sir Robert, 117, 165 Seidlitz, 130, 213 Salinas, Marquis de, 98 Seleucus, 67, 95, 115 Salis-Soglio, Col., 98 Sehm I, 8, 44, 239 Salisbury, Earl of, 36, 68, 73, 81, 265 Semendaia, 129 Salm, Count de, 262 Sempronius, 253 Saluzzo, Marquis of, 94 Senlac, Battle of, 107 Samarcand, 98 Serjabil, 38 Samnite Wars, 39, 47, 53, 62, 136, 167, 227 Sertorius, 239 Sampson, Adra., 222 Servo-Bulgarian War 194, 232 Sanchez, Vice-President, 16 Seven Pines, Battle of, 88 Sancho, Count of Castile, 65 — Weeks' War, 70, 98, 126, 132, 141, 170, Sandili, 13, 43 197, 232, 253 Sandbag Battery, 115 — Year's War, 6, 25, 30, 31, 40, 47, 51, 56, Sankum, 97 59, 67, 68, 91, 99, loi, 102, 107, San Lorenzo, 186 III, 127, 130, 131, 139, 140, 143, — Martin, 54, 63, 155 146, 154, 155, 159, 160, 164, 168, — Xavier, Fort of, 134 181, 194, 195, iq8, 201, 204, 205, Santa Anna, Gen., 2, 7, 15, 42, 220 206, 213, 217, 228, 239, 244, 249, Santarem, 204 250, 254, 255, 265, 273 Sapor I, 83 Sextus, Pompeius, 170, 172 — II, 13, 119, 177, 233 Seymour, Adm., Sir Beauchamp, 9 Saracens, zo — Gen., 57, 180 Saragossa, Maid of, 222 Shafter, Gen., 84 Saratoga, 238 Shah Alluen, 43 Sardinia, King of, 145 — Jehan, 121, 220 Sarniiento, 42 — Mansur, 189 Sassulitch, Gen., 126 — Sujah, 121 Satsuma, 94, 250 Shakir Pasha, 193, 245 — Rebellion, 121, 129, 230, 244 " Shannon," The, 229 Saumarez, Sir James, 9 Sharf-ud-Din Hussein, 158 Savage's Station, 128 Shelton, Brig.-Gen., 34 Savoy, Duke of, 58, 153, 218 Shems-ud-Din, 97, 109, 148 Saxe, Marshal, 90, 136, 211 Shere Afzal, 60 — Coburg, Prince of, 7, 90 Shere Singh, 59 Saxony, Crown Prince of, 29 Sheridan, Gen., 54, 89, 182 Schakovsky, 196 Sherman, Gen., 124, iSq Schalemberg, 53 Shiabeddin Pasha, 260 Schaumberg, 92 Shidasker, 122 Schleswig-Holstein War, 12, 82 Shields, Gen., 69, 201 Schenck, Martin, io5 Shigehira, 257 Schiedam, 139 Shir-Khan-Sur, 61 Schilder Schuldener, 195 — Mohammed, 81. 113 Schlick, Marshal, 107, 121 — Singh, 103, 206 Schofield, Gen., 92 Shirogama, 120 Scholick, Gen., 234 Shitoku, 242 Schomberg, Duke of, 39, 153, 208 Shogun, The, 245 Schomberg the Younger, 39 Shommu, Emperor, 116 Schulemberg, 92 Shoni Kagesuke, 74, 242 Schwartz, Martin, 238 Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 25 Schwartzemberg, 17, 80, 100, 129, 137, Shrewsbury, Earl of, 179 188 Shuja, 45 Schwerin, 222 Sigel, 174 Schwyz, 165 Sigismund I, 38 Scinde Campaign, 81, 156 — HI, 141 — Conquest of, 113 — Emperor, 23, 76, 245 INDEX 295

Sigismund Prince of Transylvania, 123 Stafford, Sir Humphrey, 229 Sikti Wars, 11, 59, 89, 103, 124, 165, 168, Stakelberg, Baron, 246 206, 216, 233, 239 Stanhope, Gen., 12, 41, 262 Sniaces, 51 Stanley, Lord, 38, 90 Silpia, Battle of, 85 Staremberg, 262 Simon de Montfort, 139 Stark, Adm., 199 Sinclair, Col., Geo., 128 — Gen., 32 — Oliver, 234 Staunton, Capt., 127 — William, Bishop of Dunkeld, 115 Steinbeck, Gen., 94, loS Sindhia, 18, 22, 135, 199 Steinmetz, Gen., 170, 232 Sioux Rising, 141 Stephen of Moldavia, 128 Sistova, 231 Stewart, Gen., 6, 69, 86, 155 Sitting Bull, 141 — Murdach, n2 Siward, Barl of Northumberland, 82 — Sir Herbert, 2 Skobeleff, Gen., 96, 196, 232 John, 68 Slade, 107 Stilicho, 90, 197 Smith, Col., 254 Stjernskold, Adm., 73 — Gen., 21, 127 Stoessel, Gen., 171 — Gen., Joseph, 244 Stopford, Sir R., 3 — Sir Harry, 11, 37 Stone, Gen., 26 Sydney, 3 Strabo, 21 Snyman, 146 Strategopulus, Alexius, 64 Sobieski, John, 128, 196, 233, 262, 273 Strigan, 112 Social War, 59, 85, 250 Stuart, Col., 63, 99 Soissons, Count de, 132 — Gen., 231 Soliman, 176 — Sir John, 148 Soltykofl, 130 Suabian Wars, 47, 92 Solyman I, 77 Suchet, Gen., 52, 245 — Caliph, 64 Suchteien, Gen., 240 — Pasha of Egypt, 77 Sucre, 24, 119, 120 — the Magnificent, 161, 241, 262 Sudah Bahadur, 109 Somali Expedition, 119 Sudermanland, Duke of, in, 208, 228 Somerset, Col., 13 Suetonius, 37 — Earl of, no, 216, 247, 265 Suffren, Adm., 70, 173, 254 — Protector, 194 Sulaiman, 65 Sophian, 64 Suleiman Pasha, 128 Sophronius, 118 224 Soubise, Marshal, 124, 213 Sulla, 55, 167, 183, 2i6 Soudan Campaigns, i, 2, 5, 22, 85, 89, 106, Sultan Soliman, 79 122, 123, 181, 244, 250, 255 Sulpicius Saverrio, 21 Souham, 123, 167, 256 Surabjah Dowlah, 3, 4, 45, 195 Soult, Marshal, 7, 33, 66, 79, 95, 108, 178, Surrey, Earl of, 90, 238 182, 183, 204, 213, 216, 223, 252 Suwarroff, 90, 116, 154, 179, 210, 220, 253 South American War of Independence, Sveaborg, in 120, 155, 177, 201, 202, 259 Swatoslaus, Duke, 80 Spanish-American War, 84 Sweden, Crown Prince of, 76, 102 Spinola, 89, 183 Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg, 89 Spiritoff, Adm., 223 Swedo-Polish War, 62, 82 Spragge, Col., 141 Sweyn, 166 Spurs, Battle of, 67, 103 — II, 178 Strachan, Col., 50 — Ill, 261 St. Angelo, Castle of, 212 — of Denmark, 124 — Arnaud, Marshal, 11, 224 Swiss-Austrian War, 165 — Augustine, in Sydney, Sir Philip, 273 — Clair, Gen., 249 Symons, Gen., 243 — ICuthlDert, 237 Syragius, Count of Soissons, 234 — Cyr, Gen., 86, 162, 198 Szabadhegy, 205 — Elmo, 150 — Heliers, 118 .— Hilaire, Gen., 22 — .Martin, 208 — Paul, Gate of, 212 — Peter, 237 Taborites, 23 — Pierre, 178 Tacfarinas, 248 — Privat, loi ladamichi, 242 — Ruth, 5 Tadayoshi, 230 Stadion, Gen., 163, 186 Tagina, 212 296 INDEX

Taira-no-Kiyomori, 125 Tilly, Count, in, 136, 137 138, 144, 146, Kore, 230 201, 237, 267, 268, 269 - War, 73, 114. 125, 257> 270 Tilsit, Treaty of, 65 Taj Singh, 165 Timar Malek, 126 Takangi, 230 Timoleon, 69, 104 Talbot" 1&8 Ting, Adm., 267, 270 - Earl of Shrewsbury, 53 Tippu Sahib, 19, 26, 149, 150, 191, 198, Tallard, Marshal, 36, 78, 236 227, 228, 231, 253 Tamerlane, 8, 15, 73, 74, 98, 132, 156, 161, Tirah Campaign, 74 189, 249 Tishe, 174 Tampon, 163 Titus, 118 Tani Tateki, Gen., 129 Tockenberg, 171 Tantia Topi, 34, 95 Todleben, Gen., 196, 224 Tarik, 270 Togo, Adm., 199 Tarnowski, 180 Tokatmich, 132 Tarquinius, 132 Tokiushi, 129 Tartar Invasion of China, 190 Tokugawii Tyeyasa, 226 Japan, 105 Tokyo, 245 Kharismia, 35, 37, 114, 122, 123, Toledo, Archbp. of, 181 126, 184, 220, 229 — Don Francesco de, 11 Khorassan, 189, 243 Tolenus, The, 250 Russia, 132 Tolmides, 66 Syria, 8, 73 Tolstoy, Count, 72 the Caucasus, 249 Tomore, 161 Taruhito, Prince, 120, 230, 244 Tongking War, 234 Tayeizan Temple, 245 Tooman Beg, 8, 44 Taylor, Gen., 42, 151, 163, i85 Tormazofif, Gen., 100 Taxiles, 44 Torrington, 29 Tchesme, Bay of, 224 Torstenson, 40 Tebienari, 113 Tostig, 237 Tegethoff, Adm., 141 Totila, 87, 212, 242 Teias, 167 Tournay, 150 Telha, 28 Toyotomi Hideaki, 257 Teriel, 266 Trajan, 153 Terouenne, 103 Traum, Count, 47 Teutobod, 16 Travis, Col., 7 Tetricus, 55 Tremont, 69 Texan Risina;, 7, 220 Treslong, 41 Thackwell, Sir Joseph, 26 Trent, 214 Theagenes, 54 Triarius, 272 Thenouenel, Jean de, 41 Trivulzio, Marshal, 5. 153 Theodobert, 79 Trochu, Gen., 45, 188 Theodoric, 55, 264 Tronjolly, Mons., 19S Theodosius, 17 Tuamba Wangyee, 120 Theophiliseus, 59 Tuchi Khan, 126 Theophilus, 14 Tucker, Gen., 122 Thielmannj 267 Tuli Khan, 109, 121, 229 Thierry, 79, 247 Turenne, Marshal, 20, 81, 93, 200, 232, 273 Thirty Years' War, 12, 40, 73, 76, 89, Turkish Invasion of Afghanistan, 109, 121, 02, 93, III, 136, 144, 146, 153, 272 178, 201, 209, 210, 247, 267, 268, Tutor, 35 269 Twenty-second Regt., 113 Thomas, Gen., 92, 159, 172 Tytacus, 49 Thomond, Earl of, 125 Thorneycroft, Col., 236 Thornton, 36 Thorstem, 78 U Thoiilouse, Count of, 149, 169 " Thousand Volunteers," 185 Thrasyllus, 18, 71 Udai, Singh, 60 Thrasymelidas, 204 Ulm, III Thurstan, Archbp., of York, 237 Umrar, Khan, 60 Tiberius, 157 Ung Khan, 97 Tichborne, Sir Henry, 80 Unification of Italy, 14, 45, 52, 159, 185, Tiflis, 249 264 Tigranes, 249 Urban, Gen., 259 Tik-Ho, 257 Uriu, Adm., 58 INDEX 297

Urquiza, 54 W Urquiza's Rising, 163 Uruguayan War of Independence, iSo 164, Waggon Hill, 130 Wakamatsu, 177 Walcheren Expedition, 90 Waldeck, Prince of, 90 Waldemar, 261 Wallace, Col., 215 — Sir William, 88, 238 Vadomair, 55 Wallenstein, 12, 76, 238 Valdemar II, 37 Waller, 12, 58, 69, 133, 174, 214 Valens, 30, 47, 105 Wallis, Count, 129 Valerian, 83 Walpole, Col., 26 Valerius Corvus, 167 War of Chiozza, 16, 58, 199 Valle, Gen., 64 — of Granada, 10, 100, 142, 143, 149 Van Arteveldt, Philip, 214 — of Kiburg 171 — Capellan, 10 — of the Austrian Succession, 33, 47, 48, Vandamme, 33, 129 51, 61, 72, 76, 109, 112, 132, 145, Van der Does, Jan, 139 162,201, 211, 214, 221, 233, 251 — Dorn, 66, 189 — of the Holy League, 41, 207 Van Gelen, Adm., 136 — of the League Above the Lake, 40 — Rensselaer, 205 — of the Polish Succession, 25, 188, Vansittart, Capt., 243 193, 205, 225 Van Tromp, Adm., 79, 86, 99, 179, 200, — of the Quadruple Alliance, 49 247 — of the Revolution, 5, 39, 131, 142, Varro, 48, 168 173. 175, 237 Varus, 258 — of the Sonderbund, 98 — Quintilius, 260 — of the Spanish Succession, 98, 140, Vatinius, Publius, 245 145, 149, 150, 215, 222, 236, 251, Vauban, Mons. du Puy, 33 252, 256, 262 Vaubois, 259 — of the Two Empires, 44, 61, 104, 108, Vaudreuil, 164 152 Veli Pasha, 237 Warren, Commodore, 142 Venables, Gen., 117 — Sir Charles, 237 Vendome, Due de, 41, 52, 184, 222 Wars of Alexander's Successors, 65, 67, 95, " Vengeur," The, 258 115, 187, 190, 191, 219, 222 Vercingetorix, 8, 24, 96 — of Charles V, 54, 189, 208, 212 Verdier, Gen., 97 — of Louis XIV, 51, 81, 153, 178, 227, Vernon, Sir Ed., 51, 198, 201 232 Vespasian, 119 — of Philip Augustus, 39, 73 Vessil Pasha, 224 — of the Achsean League, 135, 138, 222 Victor Amadeus, 237 — of the Frer.ch Revolution, 7, 8,11, 31, 33, — Emanuel, 166, 234 34, 37, 48, 49, 63, 85, 86, 90, 96, — Marshal, 68, 114, 152, 155, 166 103, III, 112, 117, 154, 167, 173, Vid, The, 196 174, 179, 218, 220, 238, 251, 253, Villaret, Adm., 257 254, 256, 259, 266 Villars, Marshal, 75, 150] — of the Fronde, 56, 185, 200 Villeneuve, Adm., 49, 252 — of the Roses, 27, 36, 38, 83, 89, 107, Villeroy, Marshal, 68, 206 no, 166, 178, 216, 237, 247, 252,265 Vincennes, 188 Warwick, Earl of, 27, 81, 178 Vinoy, Gen., s8 — Lord, 153 Visconti, Gen., 222 Warzburg, 34 Vitiges, 212 Washington, George, 3, 9, 97, 102, 271 Vladislas IV, 102 Watson, Adm., 56 Von Alvensleben, Gen., 154, 235 Wauchope, Gen., 147 — Bonin, Gen., 253 Webb, Gen., 270 — Bredow, Gen., 154 Weimar, 118, 178 — der Tann, Gen., 67 Wellington, Duke of, 18, 22, 25, 43, 62, 79, — Francois, Gen., 236 93, 178, 183, 204, 213, 215, 219, — Goeben, Gen., 218 223, 243, 263, 266 — Meerfeld, 153 Wells' Rebellion, 85 — Moltke, 177, i88 Wells, Sir Robert, 85 — Steinmetz, 63 Werdan, 7, 72 — Stenau, Marshal, 82, 202 Werneck, 174 — Tiimpling, 58 Wessels, Commandant, 124 Vortigern, 24, 68 Weser, The, 107 X 298 INDEX

VVetherall, Col., 221 Whish, Gen., i63 White, Sir Geo., 88, 130, 209 Yar Mohammed, 109 VVhitelock, Gen., 42 Yeatman Biggs, Gen., 74 White Oak Swamp, 228 Yezdegerd, 117 William III, 39, 173, 237 Yorimasa, 257 — of Normandy, 96, 107, 259 Yoritomo, 228 Williams, Gen., 122, 261 Yoriyoshi, 127 Wills, Gen., 202 York, Duke of, 11, 33, 37, 256 Willshire, Gen., 123 5 Wilson, Commodore, 112 2l5 Wimp/fen, Gen., 234 235 Winder, Gen., 26, 36 \oshinaka, 228, 230 Windham, Gen., 187 Yoshino, 230 Windishgratz, Prince, 3, 121, 191, 224 Yoshinobu, 94 Winkelried, 227 Yoshinori, 129, 161 Winter, Sir William, 118 Yoshitsune, 73, 114 Wise, Gen., 211 Yositomo, 73 Wittgenstein, Count, 28, 32, 80, 145, 19 Youkinna, 8 Woleb, Heinrich, 92 Yukiiye, 257 Wolfe, Gen., 164, 204 Yule, Col., 209 Wolseley, Col., 174 Yussuf Pasha, 90, 155 — Lord, 14, 246 Yssel, The, 139 Wood, Gen., iig — Sir Evelyn, 120 Woodgate Gen., 237 Worcester, Earl of, 231 Wrangel, 273 Zabergan, Prince of Bulgaria, 156 Wrede, Gen., 106 Zagatai, 184 Wurmser, 202 27, 52, 151, 153, Zaid, 169 Wurtemberg Prince of, 103 73, Zano, 254 Wyatt's Insurrection, 269 Zaragofa, Gen., 3, 134 Wyld, Col., H7 Zastern, Gen., 134 Wylde, Col., 221 Zay-ya-Thayan, 185 Zenobia, 15, 85, 186 Ziethen, 251 Zisca, John, 23, 76, 245 Zobin, 28 ZoUer, Gen., 125 Xanthippus, Zotoff, Gen., 90 255 Zoutman, Adm., Xenil, The, 143 77] Zrinyi, Count, Xerxes, 248 241 Ximenes, 182 Zulfiker Khan, 5, 98 Ziilu War, 114, 115, 257

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