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, m-r .i\ 'It' LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Ex Libris ISAAC FOOT DICTIONARY OF BATTLES SONNENSCHEIN'S DICTIONARIES OF QUOTATIONS 1. BlsGlASn (Third Edition) . P. U. Dalbiac. 2. CLASSICAL (Secotd Edition) - T. B. Harbottle. 3. FRENCH AND ITALIAN (>S-,f^^W (T. B. Harbottle. Edition) Ip. H. Dalbiac. 4. GERMAN --.... Lilian Dalbiac. 5. SPANISH T. B. Harbottle. 6. WHAT GREAT MEN HAVE SAID ABOUT GRE.JlT MEN - - W. Wale. 7. CONTEMPORARY [ENGLISH] QUOTATIONS - - - - H. Swan. 8. FAMOUS SAYINGS AND THEIR AUTHORS E. Latham. 9. DICTIONARY OF HISTORICAL ALLUSIONS T. B. Harbottle. 10. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES - T. B. Harbottle. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES From the Earliest Date to the Present Time By THOMAS BENFIELD HARBOTTLE AUTHOR OF "dictionary OF QUOTATIONS*' (cLASSICAl) ; "DICTIONARY OF HISTORICAL allusions"; CO-AUTHOR OF "DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS*' (FRENCH AND ITALIAN') LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. LTD. High Street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 1904 ^'^^, . 41//37 PREFACE The sad death of Mr. Harbottle, just as this work was going to press, has thrown upon me the onus of correcting the proofs and preparing the Index. The necessity for hurrying the work through the press has precluded com- parison of the references in every instance with the original sources from which the Author had taken them ; if there- fore some few printer's errors or varieties of speUing may still remain, they may, I hope, be attributed to the im- perfections of one, who had to step suddenly into the breach caused by the loss of a valued friend and collabora- tor, whose patience in research, depth of knowledge and accuracy in compilation, he could never hope to equal. October, 1904. P. H. Dalbiac. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES head of 18,000 Turks. The French were completely success- Abensberg of (Campaign Wag- ful, two-thirds of the Turkish ram.) troops being killed or driven Fought April 20, 1809, be- into the sea, while 6,000, with tween the French and Bavarians the Pasha, surrendered. under Napoleon, about 90,000 strong, and the Austrians, 80,000 Aboukir (British Invasion of in number, under the Archduke Egypt). Charles. On the French left, Fought March 8, 1801, when Lanne's corps drove back the 5,000 British under Sir Ralph Austrians, after a feeble resist- Abercromby disembarked on ance. In the centre the Ba- the beach at Aboukir, in the face varians were hard pressed, but of a force of 2,000 French under eventually Napoleon succeeded General Friant. The landing in turning the Austrian flank, was effected under a heavy left exposed by the defeat of musketry and artillery fire, their right, and Charles was which cost the assailants 1,100 forced to retreat. The Aus- killed and wounded, and the trians lost 7,000, the French French were driven from their and Bavarians about 3,000 positions with a loss of 500 men. killed and wounded. Aboukir. Aberdeen (Civil War). See Nile. Fought September 13, 1644, Abu Hamad (Soudan Campaigns). between the Covenanters, 3,000 Fought August 7, 1897, when strong, under Lord Burleigh, the Dervish entrenchments out- and the RoyaUsts, about 1,500 side Abu Hamed were stormed strong, under Montrose. The by a Soudanese Brigade, with Covenanters were put to flight, 2 guns Royal Artillery, under and no quarter being given, Major - General Hunter. The they lost heavily before reach- Mahdist garrison was driven ing Aberdeen. The Royalist through the town, losing heavily, losses were insignificant. and their commander, Moham- med Zain, captured. The Egyp- Aboukir (French Invasion of tian loss was 80 killed and Egypt). wounded, including 4 British Fought July 5, 1799, Napo- officers. leon attacking the position held by Mustapha Pasha, who had Abu Klea (Soudan Campaigns). recently landed in Egypt at the Fought January 17, 1885, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES between a British force, 1,500 Accra (First Ashanti War). strong, under Sir Herbert Stew- Fought 1825, between 15,000 art, and 12,000 Mahdists, of .\shantis and 400 British troops, whom about 5,000 actually •wiih. 4,600 native auxiUaries. attacked. The British square The Ashantis were completely was broken at one corner, owing defeated, and the king com- to the jamming of a Gardner pelled to abandon his designs gun, and the Mahdists forcing on Cape Coast Castle. their way inside, a desperate Acragas (Second Carthaginian hand-to-hand conflict followed. Invasion of Sicily). Eventually the assailants were This fortress was besieged driven off, and the square re- B.C. 406 by the Carthaginians British loss was formed. The under Hannibal, the garrison 18 officers, them Colonel among being commanded by Dexippus Fred. Burnaby, and 150 men. the Spartan. Early in the siege In the immediate vicinity of a pestilence in the Carthaginian the square, 1,100 Arab dead camp carried off Hannibal, who were counted. was succeeded by his cousin, Abu Kru (Soudan Campaigns). Himilco. A relieving army of Fought January 19, 1885, 35,000 Syracusans, under Daph- between 1,200 British troops naeus fought a pitched battle under Sir Herbert Stewart, and with the Carthaginians under a large force of Mahdists. The the walls of the city, and suc- Mahdists attacked a short dis- ceeded in seizing and holding tance from the Nile, and the one of their camps, but shortly British square moved towards afterwards dissensions broke out the river, repelling all assaults in the garrison, and many of the successfully till they reached foreign mercenaries deserting, the Nile. The British losses the citizens, after a siege of were 121, including Sir Herbert eight months, left the place en Stewart, mortally wounded. masse. The Carthaginians at This action is also known as the once occupied the fortress. battle of Gubat. Acre (Third Crusade). Acapulco (Mexican Liberal Ris- Siege was laid to this city by ing). the Christians in August, 11 89, Fought August 9, 1855, be- and it was obstinately defended tween the Mexican Government by the Saracens for two years, troops under Santa Anna, and during which the Crusaders are the Liberals under Juarez. said to have lost 120,000 men. Santa Anna was totally routed In June, 1191, the besiegers and fled from the country. were reinforced by an English army under Accra (First Ashanti War). Richard Coenr de Lion, and in the followng Fought 1824, between 10,000 month the garrison surrendered. Ashantis and a force of 1,000 British under Sir Charles Mc- Acre. Carthy. The British were sur- The city remained in the rounded and routed by the hands of the Christians till natives, McCarthy being killed. 1 29 1, when it was captured by DICTIONARY OF BATTLES the Moslems under Malek al while the Hungarians made an Aschraf, Sultan of Egypt. The attempt to turn the allied left. last stronghold in the Holy Both attacks were repulsed, Land thus passed out of the and the battle was undecided. keeping of the Christians. Actium (Mark Antony's Second Acre (French Invasion of Egypt). Rebellion). The city was besieged March Fought September 2, B.C. 31, 17, 1799, by the French under between the fleet of Antony, Napoleon, and defended by the 460 galleys, and that of Octa- Turks under Djezzar, and a vius, about 250 sail, but much small force of British seamen lighter and less well manned under Sir Sidney Smith. An than those of Antony. The assault on the 28th was repulsed battle was fiercely contested, with loss, and then a threatened with varying fortune ; but at a attack by a Syrian army forced critical moment Cleopatra or- Napoleon to withdraw a large dered the Egyptian admiral to portion of his troops. On the make sail, and with 60 galleys resumption of the siege, no less withdrew from the fight. She than seven more assaults were was followed by Antony, and delivered, while the French his fleet, discouraged by his had to meet eleven sallies of the flight, surrendered after ten beseiged, but they were unable hours' fighting. The Octavians to effect a lodgment, and on captured 300 galleys, and 5,000 May 21 Napoleon reluctantly Antonians fell in the action. A raised the siege. The fall of few days later Antony's land Acre would have placed the army of 120,000 men laid down whole of Syria, and possibly of their arms. the Turkish Empire, in the Acultzingo (Franco-Mexican hands of the French. War). Acre (Mehemet All's Second Fought April 28, 1862, be- Rebellion). tween the French, 7,500 strong, Mehemet All having refused under General Lorencez, and to accept the conditions im- the main Mexican army, about posed upon him by the Quadri- 10,000 in number, under Gen- lateral Alliance, Acre was bom- eral Zarag09a. The Mexicans barded, November 3, 1840, by a held a strong position in the combined British and Turkish Cumbres Pass, from which they fleet under Sir R. Stopford, were driven by the French, and the town laid in ruins. and forced to retire upon La Puebla. Acs (Hungarian Rising). Fought July 2, 1849, between Admagetobriga (Gallic Tribal 25,000 Hungarians, under Wars). Gorgey, and the Russo-Austrian Fought B.C. 61 between the army, greatly superior in num- Sequani under Ariovistus, and bers, under Prince Windisch- the Haedui under Eporedorix. gratz. The allies attacked The Haedui were defeated, vrith the entrenched camp of the the loss of the flower of their Hungarians, outside Komorn, chivalry, and were compelled DICTIONARY OF BATTLES to give hostages and pay tribute The battle is also known as that to Ariovistus. of Atherton Moor. /Egina (Third Messenian War). Adnatuca (Gallic Wars). Fought B.C. 458, between the Fought B.C. 53, when a Ro- Athenian fleet, and that of man force of 9,000 men under aided by the Pelopon- Titurius Sabinus was attacked ^gina, nesian States.
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  • Concept of a Crusade Within Each Faith in an Attempt to Ascertain the Roots of the Actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades

    Concept of a Crusade Within Each Faith in an Attempt to Ascertain the Roots of the Actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades

    InSight: RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 2, FALL 2009 CONCEPT OF A CRUSAID Thomas Jackson* Master of Arts in Teaching Social Studies Program, Rivier College Keywords: Crusades, Islam, Pope, Warfare, Christianity Abstract Mention the word Crusade and depending on who is listening, the word's meaning and cultural impact varies significantly. Specifically, the Medieval Crusades, often traditionally defined by historians as offensive military campaigns waged by Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims are held out as an example of western exploitation of Islam. Much work by authors such as John M. Riddle and Jonathan Riley-Smith has highlighted the historical events but has not considered the possibility these Crusades were defensive actions to counter previous Islamic advances into Christian territories. This paper will first examine the origins of Christianity and Islam, their spread, and the general concept of a Crusade within each faith in an attempt to ascertain the roots of the actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades. There will be an examination of the early Islamic advances into the Christian Levant. The work will assess the 1094 call for help by Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus I to thwart the Seljuk Muslim invaders. The paper will also examine the abhorrent Western European behavior during the Crusades. Finally, in a thoughtful postmortem analysis, the case will made that if the Crusades were not undertaken, Europe and its culture that we know today may not have existed. Introduction Mention the word Crusades and depending on who you converse with, the word's connotation and historical impact varies significantly with Christians and Muslims often holding diametrically opposing views.