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Composición Y Estructura De Anfibios, En El Bosque Nublado San Francisco, Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador

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Composición Y Estructura De Anfibios, En El Bosque Nublado San Francisco, Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LOJA ÁREA AGROPECUARIA Y DE RECURSOS NATURALES RENOVABLES CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA EN MANEJO Y CONSERVACIÓN DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE Composición y Estructura de Anfibios, en el Bosque Nublado San Francisco, Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador Tesis previa a la obtención del título de Ingeniero en Manejo y Conservación del Medio Ambiente AUTOR: CARLOS AUGUSTO SARANGO TANDAZO DIRECTOR: Ing. Diego Armijos Ojeda, Mg. Sc. Loja, Ecuador 2013 i ii iii iv DEDICATORIA A mi madre Daissy, por ser mi pilar fundamental en mi vida, que a través de su ejemplo de superación, apoyo incondicional, consejos que me ha permitido ser una persona de bien, pero más que nada, por su amor. A mi padre Augusto, quien fue ejemplo de honestidad, perseverancia y responsabilidad que lo caracterizaron durante su vida y que me han servido para formarme como persona, y salir adelante en cada meta planteada A mi herma Paulina, por llenarme de cariño y afecto que desinteresadamente me brinda cada día. A mis hermanitas Angie y Sheccid, porque son mi inspiración para culminar con éxito mis estudios y deseo que en mí vean un ejemplo que las metas se alcanzan con perseverancia y esfuerzo. v AGRADECIMIENTO Agradezco a Dios, quien me dio la fe, salud, perseverancia guiándome en cada paso de mi vida y brindándome su compañía en los momentos de soledad. Dejo constancia de mi sincero agradecimiento a todos quienes contribuyeron durante el desarrollo y culminación de la presente investigación. A la Universidad Nacional de Loja (UNL), a la carrera de Ingeniería en Manejo y Conservación del Medio Ambiente, a todos los maestros quienes con sus conocimientos afirmaron mi formación profesional. Al Ing. Diego Armijos Ojeda, Director del presente trabajo, a quien me gustaría expresar mi más profundo agradecimiento, por hacer posible la realización de este trabajo; además por su paciencia, tiempo, sugerencias y disposición para orientarme durante el desarrollo del mismo. También hago llegar un agradecimiento a la Fundación Ecológica Arcoíris, al Dr. Wilson Guzmán por el apoyo desinteresado. A la Ecóloga Katiusca Valarezo y al Dr. Fernando Nogales Sornoza por su contribución y apoyo. Finalmente agradezco a todos mis familiares por su apoyo incondicional durante mi vida universitaria, amigos, compañeros de aula y carrera con quienes compartí grandes alegrías y tristezas. vi TABLA DE CONTENIDOS Nº TÍTULO Pag. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................. 1 Objetivos .................................................................................................................................... 3 2. MARCO TEÓRICO ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1. LOS ANFIBIOS ............................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1. Definición ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2. Características generales ........................................................................................ 5 2.1.3. Clasificación ........................................................................................................... 5 2.2. CONCEPTOS DE VARIABLES Y ATRIBUTOS USADOS EN EL PRESENTE ESTUDIO ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1. Densidad (D) .......................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2. Riqueza ................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.3. Abundancia ............................................................................................................ 8 2.2.4. Diversidad .............................................................................................................. 9 2.2.5. Distribución de Especies ...................................................................................... 10 2.2.6. Grupos Etarios ...................................................................................................... 10 2.2.7. Composición Sexual ............................................................................................. 11 2.2.8. Curva Acumulativa de especies ........................................................................... 11 2.3. ESTUDIOS SIMILARES O AFINES. ........................................................................ 12 2.3.1. Herpetofauna de un Bosque Húmedo Tropical en el Centro de Estudios y Desarrollo para la Amazonía (CEDAMAZ), provincia de Zamora Chinchipe ( Armijos y Patiño 2009) ........................................................................................ 12 2.3.2. Patrones de Diversidad de Anuros en el Ecosistema Páramo del Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Salina y Veintimilla 2010) .............................................................. 12 2.3.3. Cambios en la Diversidad en Siete Comunidades de Anuros en los Andes de Ecuador (Bustamante et al. 2005) ........................................................................ 13 2.3.4. Asociaciones interespecíficas de anuros en cuatro gradientes altitudinales de la Reserva Biológica Tapichalaca, Zamora-Chinchipe (Ramírez et al. 2009) ......... 14 2.3.5. Patrones de actividades acústicas y tróficas de machos cantores de Eleutherodactylus eileenae (Anura: Leptodactylidae) (Alonso et al. 2001) ........ 16 vii 2.3.6. Ecología trófica de la comunidad de anuros del Parque Nacional Yasuní en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana (Menéndez-Guerrero 2001) ............................................ 16 3. MATERIALES Y METODOS ............................................................................................ 18 3.1. UBICACIÓN DEL ÁREA DE ESTUDIO................................................................... 18 3.1.1. Clima. ................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.2. Temperatura ......................................................................................................... 19 3.1.3. Vegetación Natural. .............................................................................................. 19 3.2. IDENTIFICACIÓN Y UBICACIÓN DE LOS SITIOS DE MUESTREO. ................ 21 3.3. CUANTIFICACIÓN DE LA RIQUEZA, ABUNDANCIA Y DENSIDAD DE ANFIBIOS EN EL BOSQUE SAN FRANCISCO DE LA PROVINCIA DE ZAMORA CHINCHIPE. ........................................................................................................................... 22 3.4. ANÁLISIS DE LOS GREMIOS ALIMENTICIOS, GRUPOS ETARIOS, COMPOSICIÓN SEXUAL Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES REGISTRADAS EN LA ZONA DE ESTUDIO. ............................................................................................................. 24 4. RESULTADOS .................................................................................................................... 26 4.1. COMPOSICIÓN DE LOS ANFIBIOS DEL BOSQUE NUBLADO SAN FRANCISCO 27 4.2. ESTRUCTURA DE LOS ANFIBIO DEL BOSQUE NUBLADO SAN FRANCISCO. 33 4.2.1. Gremios Alimenticios .......................................................................................... 33 4.2.2. Grupos Etarios y Composición sexual ................................................................ 35 5. DISCUSION ........................................................................................................................ 37 5.1. DE LA RIQUEZA, ABUNDANCIA Y DENSIDAD DE ANFIBIOS EN EL BOSQUE SAN FRANCISCO DE LA PROVINCIA DE ZAMORA CHINCHIPE ............................. 37 5.2. ANÁLISIS DE LOS GREMIOS ALIMENTICIOS, GRUPOS ETARIOS, COMPOSICIÓN SEXUAL Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES REGISTRADAS EN LA ZONA DE ESTUDIO .............................................................................................................. 40 6. CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................................... 45 7. RECOMENDACIONES ...................................................................................................... 47 8. BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................. 49 9. ANEXOS. ............................................................................................................................ 57 viii ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Nº TÍTULO Pag. Tabla 1. Taxonomía de los Anfibios. ................................................................................ 5 Tabla 2. Clasificación de los anfibios. .............................................................................. 6 Tabla 3. Lista de Anfibios del Bosque Nublado San Francisco. .................................... 27 Tabla 4. Categoría de conservación de las especies. ...................................................... 28 Tabla 5. Índices de Diversidad de la clase Amphibia. .................................................... 31 Tabla6. Parámetros de estructura ecológica .................................................................... 32 Tabla 7. Promedio del tamaño de los anuros .................................................................. 34 Tabla 8. Grupos etarios y composición sexual ............................................................... 35 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Nº TÍTULO Pag. Figura 1. Zona de Estudio “Bosque Nublado San Francisco” .......................................
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