Die Steirischen Bauernwehren 1918 – 1938

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Die Steirischen Bauernwehren 1918 – 1938 Die steirischen Bauernwehren 1918 – 1938 Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts (MA) an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von David Kurzweil, BA am Centrum für Jüdische Studien Begutachter: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Gerald Lamprecht Graz, 2020 1 Inhalt Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 2 Zusammenfassung .............................................................................................................. 2 Einführung .......................................................................................................................... 3 Zur Quellen- und Literaturlage ........................................................................................... 8 I. Das Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs und die Ausrufung der Republik in der Steiermark 1918 .................................................................................................................................. 10 II. Die Kämpfe entlang neuer Grenzen und im südsteirischen Murtal ............................. 23 II.I. Die Ereignisse und Kämpfe im südsteirischen Murtal und um die Stadt Radkersburg 1919 ........................................................................................................ 30 II.II. Steirische Freiwillige im Kärntner Abwehrkampf und ihr Konnex zum Untersteirischen Bauernkommando ............................................................................ 37 II.III. Das Untersteirische Bauernkommando und die Kämpfe in Westungarn ............ 39 III. Der Deutsche Bauerntag in Mureck 1919 ................................................................... 43 III.I. Willibald Brodmann ............................................................................................... 48 IV. Die steirische Landespolitik 1918-20 .......................................................................... 52 IV.I Hunger und Krankheit. Die „Spanische Grippe“ in der Steiermark 1918-20 und Hungerunruhen als politischer Katalysator der antidemokratischen Radikalisierung . 64 IV.II. Die politische Entwicklung der Steiermark 1920-1938 ............................................ 73 IV.III. Anton Rintelen .................................................................................................... 87 V. Die Entwicklung der Steirischen Bauernwehren 1922-1938 ........................................ 91 V.I. Der 15. Juli 1927 und seine Folgen für die paramilitärische Bauernwehr ........... 103 V.II. Der Heimwehrputsch am 13. September 1931 und seine Folgen für das Untersteirische Bauernkommando ............................................................................ 107 V.III. Das Bauernkommando und der Nationalsozialismus ........................................ 108 V.IV. Hans Tita Probst ................................................................................................. 114 Conclusio ........................................................................................................................ 116 Erinnerungskultur ........................................................................................................... 118 Organigramm der paramilitärischen Verbände der Steiermark in ihrer Beziehung zum Untersteirischen Bauernkommando .............................................................................. 121 Quellenverzeichnis ......................................................................................................... 122 Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................................ 132 2 Abstract The Lower Styrian Peasant Command was a paramilitary unit that fought against Slovenian troops in the southern Styrian Murtal as far as Soboth in 1918/19 to prevent the city of Radkersburg and areas north of the Mur from being annexed by the newly founded SHS state (later to be known as Yugoslavia). But the Command by no means acted altruistically. In the course of the fighting, the members of the Bauernwehr were keen to gain additional territory for themselves. The leaders of the Peasant Command were consistently self-enriching academics who pursued an anti-Slav, anti-Semitic and anti-democratic agenda and held propaganda speeches in the spirit of the emerging National Socialism. The present study sheds light on the period of activity of this paramilitary formation by devoting itself to the Peasant Command proper, as well as to the politics of the years 1918-1938, in order to provide an insight into the peasant militias of the interwar period. Zusammenfassung Das Untersteirische Bauernkommando war eine paramilitärische Einheit, die in den Jahren 1918/19 im südsteirischen Murtal und westlich bis zur Soboth gegen slowenische Truppen kämpfte, um zu verhindern, dass die Stadt Radkersburg und Gebiete nördlich der Mur vom neu gegründeten SHS-Staat, dem späteren Jugoslawien, annektiert werden konnten. Doch das Kommando handelte keinesfalls altruistisch. Die Angehörigen der Bauernwehr waren im Rahmen der Kämpfe darauf bedacht, Gebiete für sich persönlich hinzuzugewinnen. Die Anführer des Bauernkommandos waren durchgehend sich selbst bereichernde Akademiker, die eine antislawische, antisemitische und antidemokratische Agenda verfolgten und Propagandareden im Sinne des aufkommenden Nationalsozialismus hielten. Die vorliegende Studie beleuchtet die Wirkungszeit dieser paramilitärischen Formationen, indem sie sich sowohl dem Bauernkommando selbst als auch der Politik der Jahre 1918-1938 widmet, um einen Einblick in die Bauernwehren der Zwischenkriegszeit zu geben. 3 Einführung Berichte über paramilitärische rebellierende Zusammenschlüsse aus Bauern, Tagelöhnern, Handwerkern sowie Teilen des Bürgertums sind bereits aus den frühen Hochkulturen des Mittelmeerraums sowie aus der griechischen und römischen Antike überliefert. Sie berichten über zahlreiche Sklavenaufstände, die zu militärischen Konflikten zwischen den Sklaven – also den Trägern der antiken Arbeitswelt 1 – und von der jeweiligen Obrigkeit befehligten Truppen führten. Genauso verhält es sich mit dem Mittelalter und der Neuzeit. In der Zeitgeschichte wurden derartige paramilitärische Vereinigungen erstmals gegen Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges in größerem Umfang aktiv. Sowohl im 18. als auch im 19. Jahrhundert kam es auf dem für diese Masterarbeit relevanten Gebiet der heutigen Steiermark immer wieder zu mikroregional beschränkten Scharmützeln zwischen aufständischen sogenannten Bauernwehren und staatlich organisierten Truppen. Abgesehen von der getrennt zu behandelnden bürgerlichen Revolution von 1848 mit allen ihren gesellschaftlich bedeutenden Folgen, war das Gebiet der heutigen Steiermark seit den Napoleonischen Kriegen bis 1918 von keinerlei Kampfhandlungen betroffen. Die in dieser Masterarbeit untersuchten Bauernwehren der Zwischenkriegszeit repräsentieren jedoch keine sich auflehnenden Bevölkerungsteile. Die Bauernwehren des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts stießen in das Vakuum des zerfallenden Habsburgerreichs hinein. Sie nahmen aus eigener Initiative, unter selbst definierten Handlungsmaximen, als gesetzlich nicht legitimierte Paramilitärs Aufgaben der Exekutive und des Militärs wahr. In der Steiermark existierten ab 1918 drei solche Gruppierungen: die „Mittel- und Weststeirische Heimwehr“ unter dem Kommando von Franz Huber und Franz Ircher, der „Deutsche Volksrat“ unter dem Kommando von Walter Pfrimer sowie das für diese Studie relevante „Untersteirische Bauernkommando“ unter dem Befehl von Willibald Brodmann. Letzteres führte entlang der neu entstehenden Grenze zwischen der nunmehrigen Republik Österreich und dem Königreich der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen – kurz SHS-Staat – mit beiderseitiger Waffengewalt jenen Konflikt weiter, der seit den 1 Vgl. PANITSCHEK, Peter: Die hellenistischen Reiche. Sozialökonomische Verhältnisse, in: Grundzüge der politischen Geschichte des Altertums, hrsg. von Ingomar WEILER, Wien 1995, 78. 4 frühen 1860er Jahren als deutsch-slowenischer Nationalitätenkonflikt bekannt wurde. Der Name der in dieser Studie untersuchten Bauernwehr „Untersteirisches Bauernkommando“ gibt einen Einblick in die soziale Struktur der Gründungsmitglieder und deren Tätigkeit in der Landwirtschaft. In der Untersteiermark (in slowenischer Sprache damals wie heute von Radkersburg/Radgona bis Tüffer/Laško Spodnja Štajerska bzw. von St. Egid/Šentilj bis nach Soboth westwärts nur Štajerska genannt) befanden sich zahlreiche landwirtschaftliche Flächen, die deutsch- und slowenischsprachige Landwirte bewirtschaften. Diese Flächen wurden aufgrund der Topographie vor allem für den Weinanbau und die Grünfuttermahd genutzt. Der vorangesetzte Namensteil „Untersteirisches“ verweist somit darauf, dass viele Gründungsmitglieder landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen und/oder Anwesen in der Untersteiermark/Spodnja Štajerska besaßen. Mit der Abtrennung der Untersteiermark/Spodnja Štajerska von Österreich wären diese Flächen für die Landwirte verloren gewesen. Doch im Gegensatz zu Bauten und vielen Mobilien blieben landwirtschaftlich genutzte Grundstücke weitgehend von Requirierungen durch den SHS-Staat verschont. Seit 1922 existierte im Rahmen der „Grazer Protokolle“ ein Abkommen für sogenannte „Doppelbesitzer“2 auf beiden Seiten der Grenze. Diese konnten ihre im jeweiligen Ausland produzierten landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnisse zollfrei über die Grenze transportieren. Da viele österreichische Grenzlandbauern aber unter die eingeführte Kategorie „Doppelbesitzer im weiteren
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