DOCSLIB.ORG

Technological Revolutions in Textile Printing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technological Revolutions in Textile Printing Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 2 1, March 1996, pp. 50-56 Technological revolutions In textile printing R B Chavan Department o f" Texlilc T.:chno logy. Indian Inslitute of" Tel: hnology. ew Delhi 11 001 6. India , Widespread acceptance of demand-acti vated manufacturing architecture (DAMA) and j ust-in-tim e (J IT) sa les and marketi ng co ncc pts have placed tremend ous pressure on tcx ti le printers. Prescn tl y avai lable continuous ro tary scrcen printing equipment are often inflexible in tcr m ~ of quick customer responsc and shoJ'l run s. I n th e presc nt article. an attempt has been made to review critically two tcchnological innova tIons in tc xtile pri nt in g, vii. xerography and in.k jCt pri nt in g. QUi or these tWO , ink jet printing has achieved considerahle success till the pIc-prod ucti on stage. i.c. sample printing, a nd R&D work is continuing in deve lopcd countries to pcrfe<.; tthl: tec!lnol ogy for production printing. It is envisaged that by the turn of thi s cent ury, a customer in stead of purchasin g th c printed fabric ava ilabl e in thc stores may be able to scan th e designs on computer, se lec t the des ign and colour combination, or cl-c~! t e the new design a nd load th e information to the computer of the printcr <lnli ge t the printed kngt h of the fabric wi th a dcsign of hi s/her choice. Keywords: In k jet printing, Textile printing, Xerography J Introduction o ur separations produced . The digital info rmatio n ~ o tary screen printing machine was introduced in genera ted can subsequently be used tQ produce scre­ 196.1 and since then there is continued ri se in its popu­ ens directl y by the latest laser engraving technology la rity. Worldwide, 60% of fabric printing is done by o r by the conventional means using computer produ­ iotary screen printing a nd 18(% by flat screen print­ ced transparencies. Fig. 2 shows integra tion of CAD ing. Although rotary screen printing machines a re system' into print production. most suited for production runs, they are not ideal to In spite of these developments, the currentl y domi­ meet the requirements of dema nd-activated ma nufa­ nent rotary screen printing method has seve rallimita­ cturing architecture (DAMA) a ndjust in time (lIT) tions, such as colour and pattern changes require long concepts. According to these concepts the tex til e pri­ process set-up time, screen productio n is slow a nd nters must respond to the delivery of hi gh quality fas­ ex pensive, and screens have relati ve ly short lives a nd hion designs with wide range of colour combinations req uire considerable storage space even when no t be­ in extremely short time. In addition, there is also eq­ ing used. Thus, a new technology for fabric printing is ual pressure on textile printers to produce bulk prints needed tha t will permit frequent style a nd colour cha­ in an environment-friendly ma nner. nges with minimum downtime for cha ngeover and Prior to 1980, the majo rity of printers followed will a ll ow computer sto rage o r design info rma ti o n. essentially a totally manual approach to the produc­ Two revolu tio nary printing techniques, viz. xerogr ~l­ tion of textile prints, from the initial design stage to phic printing a nd ink jet printing, have the potentia l first bulk production. fig. I shows the a pproach foil · o f meeting these requirement owed in textile printing a t that time 1.2. After ITM"x 83 show in Milan the situa tion chan­ 2 Xerographic Printing ged with the availability of relati vely low-cost a nd The commonly known xerography o r photocopy­ increasing powerful PC-based systems. Since ITMA' ing technique is essentiall y based 0 11 elect rostatic 91 in Hanover, there has been dramatic increase in the powder printing technology. The basic steps involved associated technology of visual di splay units, graphi c ill xerographic printing4 - 7 a re: controllers, scanners and high volume data storage • Formation of a nega tive image o n a light sensitive systems. With the right investment the printers now photoconductive (PC) surface (often a selenium or scan designs into a CAD system where a number o f polymer coated drum) via light reflectio n from a prin­ colour combinations can be changed, designs mani­ led master sheet. More recently, the process is accom­ pulated, put into repeat, colourways created and col- plished by impingement with a laser beam controlled CHAVAN: TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS IN TEXTILE PRINTING 51 Manuallracing Original Sample and separalion Engraving design ......... r-- r-- prinling ~ produclion C I u s I Colour Fabric 0 mixing preparation m e r Bulk• production• prinVsleamlwashing finishinglinspeclion Sample production: time scale 2-8 weeks II Bulk production: time scale 3-I 2 weeks III (including u~ production) Fig. I- Textile printing by conventional methods M I!":o H ~OM H... _a_: .._re_!n._ _'_~_'..JH Eng ..~ I SeaMing • Cleaning-up , Hardcopy • Laser (led (flat becUdrum) • Rf'duce colours printer Of'Stork) • Put Into repeal ~ Textile • Conventional • CoIou ring • Paper • Separations Post printing ...- Protjuction Sample slages printing r- printing • Steaming • Flat screen • Sample printer • Washing-oH • Rotary • Coupon prinler • Finishing • Roller • Bulk machine Fig. 2- lntegration or CAD systems into print production by a computer into whose software the desired image per has reached a sophisticated level of technology has been digitally scanned from a CAD station. and is widely used for printing office, industrial and • Developing a negative image into a positive with a computer stationery. powder developer system, transferring toner to the still charged design areas of the drum. 2.1 Xerographic Printing of Textiles 4 5 • Transferring the positive toner image from drum to Considerable research work . has been carried copy paper via electrostatics'. out at Georgia Institute of Technology in the past live • Melting the toner by heated roll, and air cooling to years for adapting xerographic printing to the patter­ fix the print. ning of textile fabrics. The research in this area is dire­ • Cleaning the PC drum and recycling any untrans­ cted in two directions, viz. system development and ferred toner to begin a repeat of the print cycle. toner development. The coloured xerox prints a re obtained using ma­ uve (red), cyan (blue), yellow and black toners. The 2.1 .1 System Development manufacturers claim that by usi ng these four toners as Current systems of xerography are developed for many as 30,000 shades can be produced via overlap­ paper printing which operate primarily batch-wise ping and subsequent melt blending of the primary and for fairly narrow width (8 .5 in). A single sheet of toners. Xerographic colour print production on pa- paper is printed at a time. Thirty-six inch wide copiers 52 INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARCH 1996 have been developed recently. Two major challenges progress through the route of new polymer systems or faced by the xerography technology for fabric print­ modification of existing polymers. ing are handling larger widths and continuous print­ ing at a speed required in modern printing. Therefore, 2.2 Advantages of Xerography in Textile Printing a copier for printing textiles would be different since it Xerography has the following advantages in print­ must operate continuously at a speed of up to 50 ing fabrics: m/min. Information storage and input for image for­ • Information storage can be computerized, elimina­ mation should be accomplished using a computeri­ ting the need for large storage space for screens. zed system which would facilitate fast style and col­ • Since the system can be computerized, fast style and our changeovers as well as aid in production of new colour changeover are possible. designs. Considerable research is in progress at Geor­ • Potential for producing all shades using three prim­ gia Institute of Technology for developing a suitable aries and the black. xerography system for continuous printing oftexti­ • Pigments which are generally less expensive than les. dyes and offer better li ght fastness and Jther propert­ ies can be used for coloration . 2.1.2 Toner Development • Washing and drying after printing are eliminated. The second area of research for success in adaption of xerography for textile printing is the development 2.3 LiJllitations of Xerography in Textile Printing of. tonerS . Xerography toner consists of a polymeric While xerography has much promise for fabric pri­ bindermixed with a suitable pigment colour, both nting, current technology has been deve loped for pa­ hpving very low particle size. Binders in typical paper per printing. Fabric printing has requirements bey­ toners generally consist of styrene/acrylate copoly­ onu those for paper printing. Xerographic paper pri­ mers or polyesters. Although excellent prints are obt­ nting systems have been designed primarily for oper­ ainable on textile fabrics, such as polyester/cotton ating in"bak:h mode for fairl y narrow widths. Fabric blends, by using pa per toners, the fastness properties, printing systems wi ll need to print much wider widths in a continuous mode. The toner binder requirements especially wet and dry crock fastne?s, are poor. for fabric printing are quite different from those for Typical screen printing binders, composed of com­ paper printing. The paper toner binders consist of plex acrylic terpolymers, are amorphous film-form­ styrene/acrylate copolymers with poo r adhesion to ing materials of high clarity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flexographic Printing – High Throughput Technology for Fine Line Seed Layer Printing on Silicon Solar Cells
    Presented at the 28th European PV Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 30 September – 04 October 2013, Paris, France FLEXOGRAPHIC PRINTING – HIGH THROUGHPUT TECHNOLOGY FOR FINE LINE SEED LAYER PRINTING ON SILICON SOLAR CELLS Andreas Lorenz1, Andre Kalio1, Gunter Tobias Hofmeister1, Sebastian Nold1, Lorenz Friedrich1, Achim Kraft1, Jonas Bartsch1, Dietmar Wolf2, Martin Dreher2, Florian Clement1, Daniel Biro1 1Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany 2Deutschsprachiges Flexodruck-Technologiezentrum DFTA-TZ, Nobelstraße 10, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Phone: +49 761 4588 5299, email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Within this work, seed layer grids for solar cell front side metallization were applied using flexographic printing which represents an innovative, high-throughput approach for solar cell front side metallization. Fine line seed layer contact grids with a silver consumption lower than 10 mg per cell could be realized on alkaline textured Czochralski-grown silicon wafers with an edge length of 156 mm. Subsequently, the seed layer has been reinforced with silver using light induced plating (LIP). In order to determine the optimum LIP process, three groups were plated with different amounts of silver deposition. The results were analyzed before and after plating regarding silver consumption, contact finger geometry and interruptions. Solar cell parameters were determined after plating. It was demonstrated, that a homogeneous front side seed layer metallization without interruptions down to a line width of 25 µm can be realized using flexographic printing. The best cell reached a conversion efficiency of 18 % after silver LIP which is comparable to standard screen printed cells on the used Si wafer material.
    [Show full text]
  • Image Carrier Poster
    55899-11_MOP_nwsltr_poster_Winter11_v2_Layout 1 2/11/11 2:25 PM Page 1 The Museum of Printing, North Andover, MA and the Image Carrier www.museumofprinting.org Relief printing Wood cuts and wood engravings pre-dated moveable type. Called “xylographic printing,” it was used before Gutenberg for illustrations, playing cards, and small documents. Moveable type allowed corrections and editing. A wood engraving uses the end grain, where a wood cut uses the plank grain. Polymer plates are made from digital files which drive special engraving machines to produce relief plates. These plates are popular with many of today’s letterpress printers who produce invitations, and collectible prints. Metal relief cylinders were used to print repetitive designs, such as those on wrap - ping paper and wall paper. In the 1930s, the invention of cellophane led to the development of the anilox roller and flexographic printing. Today, flexography prints most of the flexible packaging film which accounts for about half of all packaged products. Hobbyists, artists, and printmakers cut away non-printing areas on sheets of linoleum to create relief surfaces. Wood cut Wood engraving and Metal plate Relief cylinder Flexographic plate Linoleum cut Foundry type began with Gutenberg and evolved through Jenson, Garamond, Moveable type Caslon and many others. Garamond was the first printer to cast type that was sold to other printers. By the 1880s there were almost 80 foundries in the U.S. One newspaper could keep one foundry in business. Machine typesetting changed the status quo and the Linotype had an almost immediate effect on type foundries. Twenty-three foundries formed American Type Founders in 1890.
    [Show full text]
  • Other Printing Methods
    FLEXO vs. OTHER PRINTING METHODS Web: www.luminite.com Phone: 888-545-2270 As the printing industry moves forward into 2020 and beyond, let’s take a fresh look at the technology available, how flexo has changed to meet consumer demand, and how 5 other popular printing methods compare. CONTENTS ● A History of Flexo Printing ● How Flexo Printing Works ● How Litho Printing Works ● How Digital Printing Works ● How Gravure Printing Works ● How Offset Printing Works ● What is Screen Printing? ● Corrugated Printing Considerations ● Flexo Hybrid Presses ● Ready to Get Started with Flexo? 2 A History of Flexo Printing The basic process of flexography dates back to the late 19th century. It was not nearly as refined, precise, or versatile as the flexo process today -- and can be best described as a high-tech method of rubber stamping. Printing capabilities were limited to very basic materials and designs, with other printing methods greatly outshining flexo. Over the past few decades flexo technology has continuously evolved. This is largely thanks to the integration of Direct Laser Engraving technology, advancements in image carrier materials, and in press technologies. These innovations, among others, have led to increased quality and precision in flexo products. These technological improvements have positioned flexography at the helm of consumer product and flexible packaging printing. Flexo is growing in popularity in a variety of other industries, too, including medical and pharmaceutical; school, home, and office products; and even publishing. How Flexo Printing Works Flexo typically utilizes an elastomer or polymer image carrier such as sleeves, cylinders, and plates. The image carrier is engraved or imaged to create the design for the final desired product.
    [Show full text]
  • Printing Industry Is the Large Proportion of Very Small Firms
    The printing sector is a diversified industry sector composed of firms who perform printing as well as firms who render services for the printing trade, such as platemaking and bookbinding. One of the most significant characteristics of the printing industry is the large proportion of very small firms. The Census Bureau reported that in 2002 nearly half of the 37,538 printing companies had fewer than five employees; approximately 80 percent employed fewer than 20 workers. Processes used in printing include a variety of methods used to transfer an image from a plate, screen, film, or computer file to some medium, such as paper, plastics, metal, textile articles, or wood. The most prominent of these methods is to transfer the image from a plate or screen to the medium (lithographic, gravure, screen, and flexographic printing). A rapidly growing new technology uses a computer file to directly "drive" the printing mechanism to create the image and new electrostatic and other types of equipment (digital or nonimpact printing). Four Main Segments The printing industry can be separated into four main segments: Lithography Flexography Gravure Screen printing Lithography Lithography is a planographic printing system where the image and non-image areas are chemically differentiated with the image area being oil receptive and non-image area water receptive. Ink film from the lithographic plate is transferred to an intermediary surface called a blanket, which, in turn, transfers the ink film to the substrate. Fountain solution is applied to maintain the hydrophilic properties of the non-image area. Ink drying is divided into heatset and non- heatset.
    [Show full text]
  • I. INTRODUCTION and BACKGROUND the Printing Industry Is One of the Largest Manufacturing Industries in the United States
    I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The printing industry is one of the largest manufacturing industries in the United States. The industry is dominated by small and medium-sized businesses, most of them with fewer than 20 employees. In 2002, according to the Bureau of Census, approximately 83 percent of the screen printing industry was comprised of small businesses. The Info USA Power Business Database estimates the number of screen printers in 2002 in the U.S. at 16,341. California has 1,886 screen printing establishments. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions from solvent cleaning operations contribute significantly to the South Coast Air Basin’s emission inventory. The South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD or District) periodically adopts an Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP). This AQMP calls for significant reductions in VOC emissions from cleaning and degreasing operations by 2010 to achieve attainment status. The SCAQMD regulates VOC emissions from businesses located in the four county area including Los Angeles County, Orange County, San Bernardino County and Riverside County. One of the SCAQMD rules, Rule 1171 “Solvent Cleaning Operations,” regulates the VOC content of screen printing cleanup solvents. The VOC content of screen printing cleanup solvents is currently set at 500 grams per liter. The District plans to reduce the allowed VOC content to 100 grams per liter on July 1, 2006. Lowering the VOC content to 100 grams per liter would reduce emissions of these solvents by about 1.3 tons per day. By July 1, 2006, screen printers in southern California must convert to alternative low-VOC cleanup materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Printing Technologies
    Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping Introduction to Printing Technologies Study Material for Students : Introduction to Printing Technologies CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN MEDIA WORLD Mass communication and Journalism is institutionalized and source specific. Itfunctions through well-organized professionals and has an ever increasing interlace. Mass media has a global availability and it has converted the whole world in to a global village. A qualified journalism professional can take up a job of educating, entertaining, informing, persuading, interpreting, and guiding. Working in print media offers the opportunities to be a news reporter, news presenter, an editor, a feature writer, a photojournalist, etc. Electronic media offers great opportunities of being a news reporter, news editor, newsreader, programme host, interviewer, cameraman,Edited with theproducer, trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor director, etc. To remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping Other titles of Mass Communication and Journalism professionals are script writer, production assistant, technical director, floor manager, lighting director, scenic director, coordinator, creative director, advertiser, media planner, media consultant, public relation officer, counselor, front office executive, event manager and others. 2 : Introduction to Printing Technologies INTRODUCTION The book introduces the students to fundamentals of printing. Today printing technology is a part of our everyday life. It is all around us. T h e history and origin of printing technology are also discussed in the book. Students of mass communication will also learn about t h e different types of printing and typography in this book. The book will also make a comparison between Traditional Printing Vs Modern Typography.
    [Show full text]
  • Continuous Improvement Efforts in J. Carrol's Screen Printing Process
    Continuous Improvement Efforts in J. Carroll’s Screen Printing Process By Millan Arellano A Senior Project Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelors of Science in Industrial Engineering California State University San Luis Obispo Graded by:_____________________Date of Submission_____________________ Table of Contents TABLES AND FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ 3 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................................. 8 DESIGN ................................................................................................................................................................ 15 OVERALL APPROACH ...................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Products of Screen Printing Products of Screen Printing
    The Products of Screen Printing Screen printing is a very flexible way of printing, because you can print large or small prints. You can also print onto a variety of surfaces. Can you imagine trying to run a tube of toothpaste through a printer? Toothpaste tubes are printed with screen printing. For this reason screen printing is sometimes referred to as the “print anything and everything process.” Of course, it would not be appropriate for printing things like books, because of the high quantity. In this case some of the other printing processes would be more appropriate (for example, offset lithography). The process of screen printing we used in class is called on-contact printing because the screen and stencil contact the sheet the entire process. There are other types of screen printing, like with tubes of toothpaste, where this is not the case. This is called off-contact printing. In this reading we are going to learn about some of the products enhanced by screen printing. We use the word enhanced, because usually screen printing only helps make the product. For example, screen printing does not make a t-shirt, but it does enhance it by printing on it. T-shirts are one common application of screen printing. The clothing industry uses screen printing on a variety of garments. We could use the same inks and prepared screen that we used in class to print on t-shirts. Screen printing is also used to make prints from poster size all the way up to billboard size. When making a print for a billboard there are several different screens prepared.
    [Show full text]
  • Planography,Screen Printing
    ▪ Planographic printing means printing from a flat surface, as opposed to a raised surface (as with relief printing) or incised surface (as with intaglio printing). ▪ Lithography and offset lithography are planographic processes that rely on the property that water will not mix with oil. ▪ The image is created by applying a tusche (greasy substance) to a plate or stone. (The term lithography comes from litho, for stone, and -graph to draw.) ▪ Certain parts of the semi-absorbent surface being printed on can be made receptive to ink while others (the blank parts) reject it. ▪ Screen printing is a printing technique where a mesh is used to transfer ink onto a substrate, except in areas made impermeable to the ink by a blocking stencil. ▪ Tools – The process involves making a stencil using a drawn/digitized image or a photograph, attaching it to a screen, placing it over the desired canvas and spreading the ink over the image. ▪ Efforts – Takes a lot of time-consuming effort, because the screens need to be made and the process takes long. ▪ Quality – Offers better quality imaging as the ink gets deeply absorbed and lasts longer. Screen printing also gives clearer edges to the image printed, because of the precision that carefully created stencils offer. ▪ Cost – Costs escalate with the number of screens. ▪ If you want a more complex image with many colors, then individual slides for every color are created. Screen printing also requires trained labor which adds to the cost. ▪ However screen printing is apt if you want a large quantity. For example if you have a large order for promotional t-shirts or promotional calendars then go for screen printing.
    [Show full text]
  • Printing Press Operations
    Property Risk Consulting Guidelines PRC.17.18.1 A Publication of AXA XL Risk Consulting PRINTING PRESS OPERATIONS INTRODUCTION Printing has progressed from the Gutenberg press, which required three minutes per impression, to today’s multicolor, two-sided, continuous presses that operate well in excess of 2000 ft/min (610 m/min). There are four major printing processes: lithography, letterpress, gravure and silk-screening. A lithography offset press prints from a level or plane surface; a letterpress prints from a raised surface; a gravure press prints from a depressed or sunken surface; and silk-screening prints by pushing ink through fabric. From the 6th Annual Report to the Congress of the United States: Printing Industry report, Figure 1 shows 1994 industry market share. PROCESSES AND HAZARDS The hazards of printing presses include the transfer and use of flammable inks; solvent recovery and pollution control devices; hydraulic and lubrication oil systems; gas or oil-fired dryers; electrostatic buildup from high press speeds; paper dust; and paper storage near presses. This section discusses common printing processes and their hazards. Loss prevention and control guidelines address construction features, flammable and combustible liquids handling, protection of the press area, electrical features, drying, and the disposal of solvent vapors. 50 47 45 40 35 30 28 25 19 20 Percent (%) Percent 15 10 5 3 3 0 Lithographic Letterpress Gravure Silk-screen Other Figure 1. Market share by process. 100 Constitution Plaza, Hartford, Connecticut 06103 Copyright 2020, AXA XL Risk Consulting Global Asset Protection Services, LLC, AXA Matrix Risk Consultants S.A. and their affiliates (“AXA XL Risk Consulting”) provide loss prevention and risk assessment reports and other risk consulting services, as requested.
    [Show full text]
  • DIY Printshop Manual
    getting started artwork screen exposure EASY! &FUN! print preparation printing clean-up/reclaiming screens Welcome to screen printing. Screen printing is considered by many to be one of the oldest methods of printing. Today, screen printing is a multi-billion dollar industry. It integrates exciting industries like fashion, design, sports, music, education, corporate America and much more! The basic purpose of screen printing is to create a screen through which ink can form designs on numerous duplicates. Literally thousands of prints can be made from a single screen at a very economical price. With this kit (and our numerous tutorials) you will be able to create art, a screen and a t-shirt with your unique design on it. This manual and the accompanying YouTube video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCZbmoWZlGE) will walk you through the process whether you are doing this as a hobby or starting a business. • Water • Pressure hose (sink hose or pressure washer) • Open table top space • Iron, heat gun or oven • Screwdriver (electric or manual) • 1/2” wrench or crescent wrench (x2) • Clamp head • Pallet • Screws (x4) • Off contact adjustments • Press Hobby Press Assembly Instructions Pre-Drilled Pilot Hole Platen Mounting Hole DIY PRESS7 ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS 1. Attach Platen to Press using supplied 3/4" pan head screws. Line Up pre-drilled pilot holes with press in the upside down position. Insert the screws in a diagonal order for best alignment. Pre-drilled pilot hole Platen mounting hole 2. Mount Base Assembly to table top using supplied mounting screws Table Top 1. Attach platen to press using supplied 3/4” pan head screws.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Concepts, Methods, and Principles of Print Production
    pre- press print prod- uction Key concepts, methods, and principles of print production II | prepress prepress prepress color 2 table of additive color 2 subtractive color 2 cmyk 3 rich black 3 rgb 3 spot color 4 process color 4 stochastic printing 4 halftone 5 duotone 5 color gamut 6 screen angle 6 prepress 7 trapping 7 dot gain 7 knockout 8 overprinting 8 imposition 8 readers spread vs. printers spread 9 trim size & bleed size 9 nesting 9 print 10 contents xerography 10 offset printing 10 ink jet printing 10 presses & methods 10 letterpress 11 screen printing 11 rotogravure printing 11 flexography 11 finishing & binding 12 varnishing 12 foiling 12 embossing 13 folding dummy 13 die cutting 13 signatures 13 page creep 14 saddle stitch 14 perfect bound 14 spiral bound 14 paper 15 A 15 B 15 color SUBTRACTIVE COLOR When we mix colors in the real world and not on screen, like when we mix paints, or through the process of printing we are using what is known as the subtractive color method. Meaning as we mix colors, that would usually start in white, we end up moving towards black as we add more and more colors. ADDITIVE COLOR Additive color is the method that is used on screens when we are playing in pro- grams like Adobe Illustrator. The colors on the screen are made of light. This process starts with black and then go whiter as we add color. For example, when we code a website the hexadecimal value of white is #ffffff, meaning full color value, more on that later.
    [Show full text]