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PREAMBLE TO TEE >7BS CONSTITUTION ®To promote student iifttferest in biology; to enkindle cultural interest-within the student for £hc3.0pre 1 at ioiT 6'f blbl’o'gfida 1',' pwnd .------pre-raedidai studios with other 'fields/of' kn^v^ciigd; " to promote liaison between the studdnt_body t»nd. • the University; to promote interest'-in the study of nature; to give the biology student an oppor­ tunity to present his views in his. particular . j - - field of interest'; to'introduce”into,-a-nd• foster in the Society a social spirit among all active members; to form end uphold traditions; ...and to perpetuate the Loyola Chapter*of the Wasmann Biological Society.. .this constitution is written.'* ,* ***************** . The Probe is the official organ- of the. .Loyola Chapter of "the iTbsmann Biological Society, It is published -and printed monthly by the Society nt the College of Arts and Sciences of’ £oyola University, 6525 North Shoridan Rood, Chicago 26, Illinois, , / ***************** • *

STAFF: Editor - Mary Stariczak . /”,• Feature Editor - Edward Michals.-’ Managing-Editor - Alan F. Kennedy Art Editor - Kith Grabowski ■

Contributors - Gerald Godwill, Xleorge Germanos, Ruth Grabowski, Joe HiebelAlan F. Kennedy, John J. McGloin, Ed Michals, Thomas Prcdcy, Brother Daniel Reardon, Ernest Sukowski, Justin Vfliolan Typists - Lana Farelli, Betty Gorman, Phyllis Jacks, Thercse Snarskis z . ... - . . .-.the swoshej - ...... * On Thursday night, the sixteenth )f April, the Was- mann Society will nresent its annual drinking, party, that is, if you translate the word nsyap.osium* literally# It scons that in ancient Greece, he citizens got together on occasion to enjoy a feast* md the music, drinking, and conversation that follow 3d. This prac­ tice nust have had great popularity, fir. 11 of its Essential clcncnts can he found today i.i Imost any • tavern; a feast (pretzels, pot i) chi;)3, u;c: ) fol­ lowed by juke box music, beer drinking -b ill session. The Greeks, who had a word fir v c-.iything, called their version of this fl‘symposium. While it is. not to be dcir.ed th^t Mpy number of such synoosia can bo found around Loyola, the one which the Wasmann Society will hold will^bc restricted to . . elocution. A group of members will tfpc ik on* various facets of sone subject of a biological nature. This... year the speakers will discuss the various ways in which animals are adapted to defend thcmsclvis against their predators. The Symoosium, in ny opinion, is the:nost worth­ while activity on the Society’s schedule. To vindicate this nosition and to induce all the meibdrs to i suoiort• •< • it by their .attendance, I would like t > show sone of . the woys in which the members of the S icicty arc pro­ fited by it. ’ , “The first, and most imoortxint, is the benefit the speakers derive” ’ from their active nerticipation.3* *" In • •? order to speak in the symposium they must delve into . various sources for information; and, since most of the audience has no scientific backgr und, th" material*used, must be adapted sfl as to insure its being understood by * all. In the last issue of the Probe, Ed Ncvcril in his article on Biochemistry, stated that one of the greatest advantages in taking extra, unr^quired courses, is that they open un new horizons of interest. This can also be said of* the research necessary for the preparation of each speaker’s material. Secondly, the symoosiun orovidcs the toe -sm..li group of Wasmann members with an onporevnitv to (Cont in^'ed r,n ** - r active in the Society. This applies to those who pre­ pare the exhibits for the open house ns well ns the speakers. Thirdly, there is n social aspect to the symposium. The parents attending the symoosium and the Biology Department exhibits iv.tr* thel • s ns and daughters,. be­ gin to sec their interests Tb?s can be an aid to forming a closer association between then. Lastly, it behooves biology students to supnort the symposium by their attendance because of the use­ ful and interesting information that they can come away with. Past performance h o shown chat very much matter can be dealt with in the sixty or seventy minutes the symoosium lasts. -T-m Predey- * * * * 4 > ********+ Explanation of the Official Symbol By vote, of the General Council, the official emblem of the. Wasmann Biological Society was adopted in the fall of 1941. The design which is illustrated on the cover is explained in the paragraphs that follow* The shape of the design itself is that of the ®ankh®, the ancient Egyptian symbol.of lifo, which consists of a loop over a Greek tau. Thus exclusive of any other designation, the key symbolizes life, and by extension the biological sciences. The traditional wolves and kettle design from the crest of Ignatius of Loyola recalls our Jesuit associ­ ation. The palm branches on either side connote the honor and distinction of the sciences and of the re­ cipient of the key or pin. The distance from the top of the loop to the base of the tau cross graphically illustrates the famous golden section of the ®sectio aurea® which is inscribed above. This is the famous harmonic principle in which that section is the mean between the entire length of the mndalion and the length of the tau cross. The per­ fect harmony found in this artistic expression repre­ sents the perfect harmony found in nature, a harmony which is a manifestation of divine intelligence. The spirit of divine law, the spirit of God, is the spirit which inspired the foundation of this Society and Father VE’smann in his work* Catholic Medical Education Recontly a friend asked no just what the Church hop0§ to gain by sunporting Medical CollcgcSo After listing a few stock answers, as for cxinplc* it is the Church’s peculiar tradition to do jorporal acts of ncrcy, and she is only following Christ’s commands, he renained unconvinced. So I decided to elaborate and try to snot light the specific parts and pieces of such a grandiose sounding nlan. Just as the Church strives to teach the laity where right lies, so too she desires the nodical professiori to understand her doctrines. Actually, it is not so nuch a concern of the letter of the lai, as it is of the spirit. Knowing the ins and out of the natural law' is fine, but not enough. If the Church fails to bring her own members in the nodical nrofossion to an appre­ ciation of the natural law, what can bo expected of others. The Church teaches the Catholic attitude. In defin­ ite ways, the Catholic trained M.D. should sec noro and less of his natient. He should soo norc of the human side and less of the unsavory. He docs not mcro- ly examine patients as so many snecincns of neat and b>nc. They arc individuals, equal to himself in all essential rcsoects, with th^ sane rights and feelings that he has. In a broader outlook, the fostering of-nodical col­ leges by the Church gives lie to the elain that she is opposed to modern science. Actually, aba is not only tolerant to science* but sho gonuinoly encourages its dovolonmont. Tho role of Catholic non of scionco in the achiovenent af twentieth century nedicinc and research is undeniable proof of this. By having nodical schools, she can sot up a practi­ cal standard of her laws an^ requirements visible for all. Ethical practice can be shown to oe norally right, as well as realistically sound for both spiritual and material advancement. Ethical nractitioncrs, sue-- ccssful in their chosen field can be brought in to teach. The potent example of an instructor w’th his share, of the Cadillacs, etc., who does mob practice abortion and the. like, is not'to be minimised.. About this .tine my friend dredged the unfortunate oases of Catholic trained M.D< fs being put .to shame by their secular trained associates+ After granting that such was the sad case too often, I asked him if he thought the numbers cf*~;:ob b?.j egg-* turned h * by Catholic Medical Schools Z-kvs. uy friend would venture no opinion*. r c i

• KILL OR PE KILLED

Master of Ceremonies - Verne Allen Sperry

Speaker's: • Thomas Predey - Chairman of Symposium Dommittee - Intreduction Malachy Flanagan - The Armorod Cor*s Joan Betznor - Chemical .farfaro Anthony Re x * Retreat Frank Dosc^urouez - CanoufJ^re •George Gregory Kelly - Counter-Attack William /\ngus ’ - Concluding Remarks

Exhibitors:

Brother Daniel Reardon - Co-Chairman of Exhibit Committee Norbort Nick - Co-Chairman of Exhibit Committee

Alan Kennedy - General Zoology Konneth LaJeunesse - Hematology Ernost Sukorcski - Physiology Joseph Zbylski - Taxidermy *#****#♦** tho anatomy laboratory since they will have previous knowledge of the lab locations,. Of course, it will algo tuke a strong pair of legs and good respiratory control to be first up those four flights of stairso General Zoology General Zoology consists of the scientific study of animals, their taxonomy or classification, their morphology or structure, and their physiology or vital functioning. Extending over two semesters, the lecture material covers the ^hyla*ofkanimaIs from the most clc- montary, the Protozoans, throvga the more cwlex, to the most complex, the Chordarss. By following a pet- tern of study, the course is designed so that a student’s knowledge and comprehension ^f various.systems may in­ crease progressively with the elevation >f the nlrric of the animals. The introducti n to the eight vital processes, 1) nutrition, 2) respiration, 3) excretion, 4) growth and differentiation, 5) .reproduction, 6) con­ ductivity, 7) contractility, and”‘8) irritability,' begins with that most familiar protozoan, the -amoeba. Through the repetition of these same processes in the organisms subsequently analyzed,the summation of Biology 125, the study of the human tody, becomes a relatively simole matter* •. .. Zee ?moanying the lecturos arc itwo hour--laboratory periods twice weekly. Here the students ac.tup.lly work with and observe the organisms presented the theore­ tical part of the course* Performing individual Experi­ ments, they are called upon toe crivc their own conclu­ sions in many eases, thus giving them a degree of aca­ demic freedom necessary t o develop true scholars. •- The latter part of the year is spent 'primarily in. the 'dis­ section of a frog* The skill and care exhibited in this type of task is indicative of what a student can and will do relatively independent of supervision* The value of such a course lies in the fact'*that it is the groundwork for all future biological study. Very little new material can be introduced in advanced cour­ ses. They all became mere amplifications of this basic study. Indeed, it is also.the basic initiation-to in­ dependent research and to anatomical dissection, which becomes s > very important in advanced biology courses, graduate school, and medical school* To the non-sciencc student it provides a. general picture of the scientific biological field that is very encompassing. - George Germanos - General Bacteriology Bacterilogy is the science concerned with t he*, study of bacteria; snail, unicellular organisms oftei known : • as "germs’® and "microbes". Gerneral Bacteriology (Bio— logy 211) in particular gives to the student a pre sent ac­ tion of the fundamental concepts of bacterial life© When most of us hear the terms "bacteria* or *germn# we .think of an organism with the physiognomy of a- gar­ goyle and the body of a slightly deformed tarantula# that goes about wreaking destruction on innocent human­ victims, Actually nothing could be farther from the truth,. Though many diseases can be traced to hactoria# in general, these organisms are helpful rather than harmful to man. Bacteria keen our soil fertile*, dis— pose of our sewage and*even play a major part in pro­ ducing’ the alcohol sc many of us enjoy drinking# As for their appearance, they ore very simple, innocuous looking rods or spheres, not in-the least awe-inspiring©' In* General Bacteriology the student beoomes acquaint— ed with the general classification of micro-organisms# their vital processes and activities, methods of con­ trolling them and their economic and industrial effect on man. As the name implies, the course is very gen*-* eral; hence it has no direct valve to the student in­ terested in medicine. However it does provido a sound basis for future work and is well worth taking, if for no purpose other than general information# - John J. McGloin — *******♦♦*!**♦** Animal Geography Determining just how all the tnimols fit into time and space is the subject matter of animal geography© Viewing the course as a whole is liko watching a Walt Disney film of all the known animals on parade 3ince time began. Evolution, the influence of plants, and geography all enter into the script. It is comforting to find that the animals were and are impelled about by wind and rain even more so than the physically puny biped that laughs. Paleontological evidence useful in tracing animal family lines of descent by similarity of st^uctu-a forms the backbone of the historical study. Relation­ ships established on the basis of similarity of opera­ tion of fundamentally dissimilar structures are also considered. Evolution properly is considered here. Evolution is-genetic cont-inuity -with change.’ Evolution on a small aoole is exemplified in the’relation we bear to. our parents. The basic human traits our parents poeeess oro continued in ns;- yet. we are not identical with, both parents or eitho?= *_Animal geography attempts to explain why animals wore or are present in a given area. In such endeavours al­ most any kind of biological information is liablo to bo' called-ton to solve a given problem. - •' .. . -Ed Michals — * . ~ ” General Botany Jesuit^education has boasted of* the whole man since the earliest days of the ’’Ratio Studo,or-umw. Now Lo­ yola University is trying to’ apply that same princi­ ple to the whole biologist.. ".It is attempting tn train * not only specialists for industry,, teaching, or modi- cine? but also good practical biologists, men with some understanding of the main branches of their, chosen field* This has been indicated in the last revision of -the curriculum for biology majors# One of the most significant of the important* changes is the firm esta­ blishment of botany as a degree requirement# Previously, mhny students sidestepped the course in general.botany a nd deprived themselves of the know­ ledge of the plant world which is so important to the zoologist. ..Plants as an ecological principle are of prime importance# Probably no factor has influenced the development of new plants for food and cover# It is the purpose of our botany course’at Loyola to interpret the previous trainin -of the qoologist with the background of botany needed to produce a wholo biologist# Consequently the course' not only presents the basic elements of botapy, but puts* particular-emphasis on tho.s.o^plants-most closely related to animals, especially the trees# General Zoology, although it is not a formal prerequisite, is an adviseable one for a course of this nature^ - Joe Hicfbol - Parasitology Up to the middle of tho seventeenth century, know­ ledge of parasitclqgy was limited to the recognition of the existence of a few external parasites, like-liceI and fleas and a few of the internal parasites vh ioh ’ were too obvious to overlook, such as A scar is, • tapo** o • ■ worms, and pinworms. These parasites were thought to to thetnatural products of human bodies, comparable to :boils and worts. • • • . In 1626, the grandfather of parasitology, Fren-* cescoRedi, was born* In the latter half of the scvon~ teenth century, he demonstrated to the unbelieving world that meggets developed from the eggs of flies and that even the Ascaris had males and females and producod eggSp In this same half century was marked the begin* ning of protozoology, for it was then that Loeuwenhoeck perfected microscopes which enabled him to discover and describe various animalcules© In spite of all thifc r work, parasitology made little progress until about a century later, when Rudolphi collected and classified all the parasites known up to that time. During the first half of the nineteenth century^ new specie's were discovered and observations oh the life cycles wore madeo The next important milestone ~ in parasitology was the introduction of experimental . methods which began when Herbst experimentally infect tod animals with Trichinella© The only early naturalist in America who took anv- interest in parasitology was Joseph Leidy, and it is said that he became so engrossed in the subject that he forgot an obstetrical casohO'had engaged to attend© Since Leidy is called the grandfather of American para­ sitology, H. B. Ward may be considered thc

•^The first essential to tru. prac­ tice is respect for theart ica&'V r r Histology Histology, or microscopic anatomy, is the study of the structure and arrangement of tissues in organs in contrast tb gfos's anatomy "which deals with organs and orgjrri systems'by dissection, * : From the time of'Aristotle to the early "part of the ■eighteenth century, there was no significant at- tempt at the classification of tissues. .’Not until the r publications of Schleiden (1810-1881) ynd-Schwann ’’ ’ (1810-1882) was there 'Q’n interest in detailed cell or­ ganization. From this time to the present Histology has made-much progress and thus has become more inter­ est ing<.-. : Every.part or organ of the body*is found to consist of certain textures or tissues, which differ in’ their arrangement in different organs, but each of which dx- r hibits characteristic structural features.-: ..Tissues arc generally divided into four classes; I) Epithelial tissuo 2) Connective tissuo which indludes areolar, fibrous, elastic, adipose, lymphoid, cartilage, and bone 5) Muscular tissuo which includes voluntiy-y, involuntary, and cardiac, and -4) Nervous tis.suea. A course in histology.has at least two •major pur­ poses; 1) To holp the student begin to understand the structure and functioning of living things, and 2) To give the student me.ntal pictures of the two-dimen­ sion slices of ^normal” organs, Thc’se picture-con­ cepts .of ’’normal* organs servo as a. base line against which to recognize and judge the abnormality of ob­ viously altered organs. - Ruth GraboWski - , *nm** + **M**‘ * Physiology Physiology is that branch of biology dealing with the processes, activities, -and phenomena* of life and ‘ living organisms. To take a course in phsiology it is usually required of the student tQ have.already had introductory bi logy, bhemistry, physics. In" the course you apply many of the fundamental laws and theories of the above named courses for they arc in­ extricably interwoven with physiology. The major principles of the special branches of (continued on ner.t page' physiology and morphology. t»~o^ as, Human physiologyr plant physiology and comparative anatomy, are studiod^ applied and tested. This course deals chiefly with cellular physiology and this is correlated with the functions of tissues, organs and systems. Another in­ teresting and important aspect is the study of oxcito— tion and inhibition — excitation being an inoroaso in the activity of protoplasm due to some stimulis and inhibition being a decrease in protoplasmic ac­ tivity due to some stimulis. .Vith this, laboratory work concerns work on the muscles, striated, non- striated* and cardiac,' and nerves of freshly pithed frogs. The reactions of different kinds of stimuli are tested. Reflexes from the simple (example is the knee kick in mamals) to complex swimming reflex are studied and theories are evaluated. In the laboratory the frog is tested for simple coordinated, complex coor^ dinated and uncoordinated reflexes. The course gen­ eral physiology also includes the study of re cop*-’ tors.in which were included the olfactory, gustatory^ other common skin chemoreceptors, and also external pressure receptors in the skin and mucous membranes for touch; internal pressure receptors ending in muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints. . • The basic materials for life, such as proteins^ simple, compound, and derived, and their building blocks, the amino acids are examined as to their functions and reactions both in lab and lecture^ C rbohydrates and lipids are studied just as thor­ oughly. Ths course concluded with the study of • - digestion and enzymes and a number of onzyme reactions in the laboratory. Research work of experimental physiologists has brought general physiology into a now ora, to show tremendous gaps in man’s knowledge. Here lies oppor® tunitios for success, ready and waiting for t'hDso that are really interested’ ancT willing modern physialo- gicol scientists. - Ernest4 Sukov ki *****>•' a •• st- >• ;• >;• * > WA man shows best where ho ouushi: Genetics Genetics is that branch of the science of biology which concern's itself with the study of heredity, variation, reproduction., and the origin of life. As such, it is a relatively hew field for’as a distinct and rccognised branch of knowledge its history goes back only about a-third of a-century. Since that time however, it’s development has been extremely rapid. » •* • j » . “ • Wherever the topi’d of genetics appears, so too appears th:c-name-’.-of Gregor Mendel, often referred to the father _of. genetics. His experiments in plant hybridization laid the foundation for most of the modern work.of heredity and he may well be said to have established genetics -as -science. His first law of inheritance established the basis on which the later development of genetics has taken place. Since the time of Mendel, genetics has greatly expanded in its scope. During the past 40 years or so, his. principles have been amplified and modified, thus bringing to light a vast new array of knowledgd. Among the methods now used in genetics arc those of; observation, cytJblogical, experimental, develop­ mental, statistical and biochemical. . The values of genetics are many. In agriculture, it has contributed a great deal already. , The prac-. tical breeding of our domestic aminals and plants has been aided by genetics. In human society too, gen­ etics has proven valuable through the discovery of blood factors and the effect of Rh-factor on erythro­ blastosis fatales. In scientific theory also, gen­ etics promises many great contributions. It has h helped in the study of evolution. Genetic investiga­ tion has already been of service in leading to a con­ ception of evoluti >n based on experimental evidence rather than on random observation and speculoti m. Lastly genetics is use ful for its own intrinsic in­ terest and value as well as for its practical values. -Gerald Gedwill- ************** *A great library contains the diary of the human race.® - George Dawson « Embryology . Embryology is the science of the development ?f organisms, especially in the early stages of their life history. Historically, Aristotle was the first embryologist because'of his extensive observations on t he chick, as well>s. other animals. He is thus . often referred to as nThe Father of Embryology”o Since bis time, the development of embryology us a science has mode it a necessity in the curriculum of every biology major. Actually the study of the developing specimen begin at the one-c.elled zygote, stage and continues through t'he cellular increase stage to the specify* ing stages, when the deversification of the material begins to give the animal its typical form. The vari­ ous processes of gastrulation whihshn cdompany tho differentiation, such as eoib^ly, involution, and invagination are shown in the various animals which typically exhibit them, At this differentiating stage$ the: three germ layers, the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm ore laid down. From them, the. basis of the organs which will be present in the animal through­ out its life, are formed. Being a course in comparative embryology, the variation exhibited in the formation of these orgons in the various animals are studied. In the laboratory, the microscopic observati >n of the amphioxus, frog, and chick embryos in both whole mounts and serial sections, accompanies the lecture material. This tyoe of work allows the students to • ••• actually see in practice what they le'crn . in-theory. The many developmental variations not onlybctweci species but between a number of members of the saic species becomes obvious after a very short time. Tho necessity of embryology in a biology student’s life is definite. No other course can so accurately show the intricacy of living organisms, and the vast complicated systems which seem to form so spontaneously after the original production of the simple zygote?. The relation of the structures in a tridimensional aspect also result from such a course^ Quiz. Section V/ho Am I? I w: born in 1769 at Montbcliard in-Y/urttemborg* During the Reign of Terror in France, I.ms corrying on research at the .seaside in Normandy* Several of my theories such as the dogma of catastrophism in geo­ logy > pre-format ion of the embryo., and-also the theory of spontaneous generation wore incorrect* Rcgardlo.ss of my errors, I was considered the founder of compara­ tive anatomy. My Locons d!Anctomie Comparoo is a sys­ tematic treatis on the comparative, anatomy of animals, embracing both, the invertebrates and vertebrates. A certain duct in the body was named after mo* .’/ho am I? I was’born^at Heinyendorf, near Odrau, Austrian Silesia on July 22/ 1822* * In 1847, I was ordained a priest and .spent the next four years aS a teacher* In 1851, I attended the University of- Vienna for two years, studying mathematics and physics* After I completed my studies at the University, I was appointed a teacher in the Reaschule. During this time I conducted num­ erous experiments in height, color of.flowers and color of pods of various plants, I attempted, to solve some of the .problems of-traits handed down from parents to .-offspring. I published the results of my numerous experiments in the breed­ ings of the Natural History Society of Brunn in 1865 and 1869. 7/ho am I? * - True and False 1* Enterokinase is the activator of pepsinogon* 2* The mass of food which the tongue flips into the oral pharynx is the bolus. 3. The dental formula in man is 2-1-2-3* 4* Diabetes -is the only inheritable disease* 5* The pihcnl gland controls the production of pitocin. 6. Beri-Beri is a disease produced by the lack of Vitamin Co 7* Pepsin in the stomach changes protein to proteoses and peptones. 8*. The parathyroid controls the Calcium level in the body* 9* Internal blood flows directly into the embryo* 10* The carotid gland is formed in the frog from the gill capillaries of the tadpole© fha .»dsmanh. Turtle Derby Spring is here with her lovely gruVn leavis? trees* etc* and once again turtles will tak > over the ,cam— .* pus* In keeping with the "fine old tradition'** the' TFasmann Biological Society will present its fnar ;n annual Turtle Derby* j hoi'H on) distinct honor of being one.of the few daces in the nation that still is the. site'of such races* It is indeed fortunate that the Wasmann Socioty maiitains this sport* which is fast becoming rare* Though many individuals enjoy the thrill of seeing sleek* well-groomed horses trotting c1- c~ a Pas** track; though many will stand cheering t^oir favor«j ito across the finish lino; though rny will go so far as to lay their earnings across the in an cndcavour’to beat the track; %ry few people can ba - found who will exhibit more than slight intorcst in such an unusual event as a turtle race* In truth* it is a shame. Here at Loyola the turtles arc es­ teemed as highly as the classy thoroughbreds of Ken­ tucky* They arc kept with the same amount .of care that the million dollar Citation has. At post-time* they proudly exhibit polished carapaces and plastrons; their nails are neatly clipped for the maximum of. speed* After the months of careful’training,, they * are in the best possiblo shape for their big?momenta \ This May, the turtles promise to be in better condition than ever before* Since their arrival in ‘ early January* they have been undergoing a special ’series of troatmonts* including hormone injections* vitamin shots* and enriched diets. Tho hormone con— *trol has been especially successful in producing a new variety of long-legged racing turtlos. \s for . their activity, it is noted that their keepers antor their quarters only with specially padded clothing* because the creatures literally leap for their daily rations* In addition, all turtles have been given -j tetanus, typhoid and dipthoria shots for their prow * tection* ♦♦♦♦#*%*♦♦**♦** 1*OT d °6 ~ r- lOfUOK jo3oj£) - . Benjamin Franklin and Medicine High in the annals of American History, vie find the name of Benjamin Franklin, as a noted statesman and diplomat, inventor, scientist and educator. Benjamin , • Franklin had a great interest in all scientific fields, > especially pharmacy and medicine. By many he was con­ sidered a physician, though he didn’t call himself^one* He obtained his mcdionl education in'the sane manner as the doctors of that day; through the study of medi­ cal books, talking* problems over with learned doctors and making the rounds with the family physician. Many of his friends who were doctors dedicated works to him, invited him to their meetings and made him a member nf their societies. Franklin’s position in the history of medicine is ensured by two factors: He contributed ’• directly’to medical knowledge by his own toil, and served as r. one man* medical association, encouraging every effort towiden the horizons of medicine. It wa-s due to his work that the Pennsylvania Hospi­ tal irv Philadelphia, the first general hospital in this country, was founded. The need for such a nublic hojs*^ pitnl ,was greet and though the original idea was Dr. Thomas Bond’s, Franklin f rom t he first undertook tho tast of winning acccntancc of the proposal. By means of his great tact and untiring efforts he moved nubljo spirited men to support him in this project, and on May 11, 1751, the Pennsylvania Hospital received a char­ ter, marking the beginning of a great American hospital system. Benjamin Fraklin was the first person tn sonarntc pharmacy from mcdicino. . At the Pennsylvania- hosnital he appointed an apothecary whose sole jub was the pre­ paration of medicines. H c encouraged- John Morgan who founded the first medical school attached to a univer­ sity in this country, the Medical School of Philadelphia. Morgan bus also the first teacher of pharmacy in Ameri­ ca -and advocated prescription writing. Ben Franklin helped many young students to complete their medical education abroad. Frqnklin thought’that more knowledge could be obtained by a-ctua-lly-maki-ng fhe ’ rounds and by personal observation than by sitting in a classroom and letting the matter infuse ’ ito the miud<. (gQ :d O'? In addition, he showed a healthy skepticism -toward all empirical remedies, and wanted to know the basic reason behind ttall well known cures* of that day* Franklin initiated electric therapy treatments* After his famous exneriment with electricity, he tried to use is in the- cure of various diseases^ He had somo success but admitted that it might have been more effective, if . administered by a nroncrly trained physician* His great quest for knowledge would not let him rest* He worked in all fields of hygiene and hoalvh. Frank- linrs writings on colds are the nearest thing to tno modern median] repor*: in the area G.* the airy oubjeots • which aroused his interest were absorbent vcccjIs^ pcr*> spiratory ducts of the skin, slcon, deafness, cancer and yollow fever, Bon Franklin’s treatises or lo-.d p-ison rank among the classics in medical literature^, ’ .Thile in London ho bocamo the friend of a great num­ ber of Physicians and scientists. He was one of the important factors in the acceptance of preventive in­ oculation* Benjamin Franklin adds 1 another page to his already famous history with his work onthe Mesmerism thoory. H e was asked by the King of France to h.ead a commission to investigate Mesmer’s claims, a groat honor to be bestown upon a foreigner* Among the members of this commission was Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, chief founder of modern chemistry and reformer of chemioal nomenclature. After an extensive.investigation 5 the membors of the commission submitted their report, which proved beyond a shadow of a doubt that Mcsmor was a fraud* He was forced t° leave Paris* B enjamin Franklin devoted the remaining years of his life to the study of medicine, though he was wrack­ ed by many ailments that would have stopped the average man. But his sense of humor never deserted him to the time of his death at the age of 84. - F. Alan Kennedy - ”The secret of hapninoss is not doing what ono likes, but in liking what one has to do*n - James 11-. Barrio - ****t********A ’’Loom from the mistakes of others j .. .1'; ’ ivo long enough to make them all yourselfo1 Our Part in Conservatidn ' •?...... Today the need for conservation is’ self-evident, " With the expansion of our population and the large .. . number of cities rising out of .plnqes that were onco natural habitat for wildlife, our natural resources and fish and game suooly have been steadily declin­ ing. It was only through the efforts of. conservation •’minded individuals that the complete .and total des­ truction of our wildlife has not come about. These, vooplo realized the need and d'id something about it.’ . Many of us feel that we would like to do something for conservation, but don’t know where to'begin, Actually each and every one of us can do something for this cause, and surprisingly, without too much effort. - The summer months are almost, upon us and many of _ us arc planning a vacation int he northwoods or plse- whero, far from city lights and noises." . Many of us . „ . will be taking to the rod and reel"t o’match’ou? wits with the finny clan, ' Here is an opportunity to do something for conservation! Remember to purchase’ your -fishing license and observe the rules and regulations that usually accompany them. These laws were written with a purpose in mind, namely that of conserving. Thcywcrc not made todeprive you of any enjoyment but on the contrary to assure you of pleasure in the years to.,come.X —The revenue from the license • fee will be » ’ used for conservation purposes. Many people fool thot_ if they can get away Without purchasing a license,‘all the better. Aside from the fact that •the‘’game warden . will not agree with this philosophy, it is very un­ sportsmanlike, We may also further the cause: o’f conservation by * helping to prevent forest fires. Yeah after year many acres of beautiful -forests are destroyed by fire. This is largely duo to' carelc’sfencssV Cappers and ’ travelers aro number one on -the list of.causes, flhen camping out be sure to light yodr fires in safe places where water is nearbe, find above al|.be sure to out them out when leaving camp’, ' If "the fire is still. ■’ smoking, it is dangerous. Travellers, contribute to forest fires by throwing lighted cigarettes from their ‘ c ’ntT.i r."c j or 7rt cars© This is a very careless practice* * In spite of the many warnings, thoughtless individuals still per­ sist in this# They fail to realize that a lighted cigarotto can cause a.fire that might devastate many acres of woods* A conservation minded individual would certainly not wish to do this# Last but not loast, leave the woods-in the samo condition as found3 Don’t be a d cstroycr© It seems that many people are not content unless they pick every flower or cut every tree in sight* This is . childish destruction# Leave the beautiful^ so that others too may enjoy them* Thus conservation • becomes a task to which all of us can contribute© By observing the few simple rules outlined above.> we too Can’ do our part* Our little efforts will help to assure for us the future enjoyment of nature's wonder*> |ful productions, which is the ultimate purpose of conservation© 1 - Gerald L9 Godwill «-» ************** The Last Word Howdy pardsj Heros your old amigo,,just chuck full of jokes (?), news and poetic non« sense* I guess it nust be pret' ty Obvious that I just dragged myself away from a nrip»-»rocrin.: action packed Western”’ on T.V© It’s terrible the way this col­ umn wracks up my whale lifon Actually I intend t) use it as ’a means to express the words which! so politely repressed when addressing.my oditoro Let me tell- .you /hat I go through because of these miser­ able lines* Immediately after the distribution of each issue, throe weeks of constant torment and nagging begin© Everywhere I I can hear that grating female voice inquiring# "Wiere is that column?"------1 I then receive a series of deadlines which are designed to maku'mo regard school work entirely# in complete de^o^ v>r ’r my writing task. In self-defense* these dates are promptly forgotten* Now in addition* there is a six foot bloodhound named Kennedy that follows me* threat­ ening physical violence* if I donft produce promptly* What can you do in such a situation® I’ma coward* so I drag myself away from T.V. and write. First, the “Probe would like to announce the birth of Mary Celeste Leondis on March 10* 1953 to Mary and Paul Leondis. Reports from those who saw their —- new daughter over the Easter’holidays say that she is a doll. Last issue we had a poem for bacteriologists* so thia time around* we found something for embryology. A Short Course in Embryology' I am a little blastula —- And I can hardly wait ! Until the happy day arrives * TYhen l invaginate. My endoderm will take its place Ontogeny reveals* And when I’m turned ’’most inside out” 1’11 lose my blastocoel. Ifll lose my blasted blastocoel. x I'll proudly now affirm. " . I111 fill the bloomin holo up with A ton of mesoderm. I’ll lose my blasted blastocoel • - When I invaginate* But blast the blasted blastocoel I’m gonna gastrulate. I’ll build myself a notochord . / Right out of endoderm* My mom and pop sure got a lot From just one egg and sperm. I’ll fashion me from ectoderm • A dorsal spinal cord* I’ll have more blasted gadgets t . Than a 1918 Ford. Here’s a gem one of our profs pick up from the Amerl- Modical Assn. Journal. ”In Johannesburg -recently, the African