DOCSLIB.ORG

The African Squadron of the United States ! Navy, 1843-1861: a Critical Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The African Squadron of the United States ! Navy, 1843-1861: a Critical Study I MASTER'S THESIS M ..619 Î 1 I PFAUTZ, James Coleman ! THE AFRICAN SQUADRON OF THE UNITED STATES ! NAVY, 1843-1861: A CRITICAL STUDY. Î r The American University, M.A., 1968 I Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE AFRICAN SQUADRON OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY 1843-1861 A CRITICAL STUDY By James Coleman Pfautz Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University in P artial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Signature of Committee: Chairman Date: /sT j Dean ofthe^School AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Date: 1968 JUL181968 The American University Washington, D.C. WASHINGTON. O. C TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION . ......................................................................... 1 I I. THE WEBS TER-ASHBURTON TREATY AND ARTICLE EIGHT .............................................................. 5 III. THE AFRICAN SQUADRON.............................................................. 16 Operations of the Squadron......................................................... 16 The Issue of Health ............................................................................. 23 Squadron Equipm ent ........................................................................ 32 Squadron Leadership .............................. 7 .......................... 48 IV . THE BRITISH SQUADRON AND JOINT CR.TTISING . 67 V. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AND THE SQUADRON MISSION......................................................................................................... 78 VI . ATTEMPTS TO DISSOLVE THE SQUADRON AND ITS EVENTUAL RECALL ................................................................ 89 VH . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...............................................................109 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................116 APPENDIXES.............................................................................................. 119 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION It is the purpose of this study to evaluate the effectiveness of the United States Navy's African Squadron in the suppression of international slave trade during the years 1843-1861. The African Squadron was formed through the provisions of the Treaty of Washington of 1842, which is also known as the Webster- Ashburton Treaty, Article Eight of that Treaty called for the establish­ ment of an American naval presence of not fewer than eighty guns to patrol the Coast of Africa. ^ This bilateral agreement with Great Britain also required a British force of like description to patrol the African Coast, and, further, implied that "joint cruising" by the two Squadrons 2 would effect suppression of the slave-trade by the two countries. This latter arrangement represented a compromise by the Americans acknowledging their reluctance to permit the right-of-search by the B ritish. ^ ^See Appendix A for the provisions of Article Eight. 2 Soulsby, Hugh G. , The Right of Search and the Slave Trade in Anglo-American Relations. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins P re s s , 1933), pp. 86-87. ^Ibid. While the United States Navy D epartm ent, in 1843, assigned additional missions to the African Squadron, ^ in charging it with the protection of American commerce as well as the prevention of search of American vessels by other than American warships, this study is limited to a consideration of the overall effectiveness of the American African Squadron in the accomplishment of its mission to suppress the trade in slaves. Other missions are mentioned only when they tended to affect the Squadron's activity in seeking out and capturing slavers. The study commences with a background survey of events leading to the signing of the Webs ter-Ashburton Treaty, followed by a discussion of Article Eight of the Treaty. _ An overview of the operations of the Squadron follows in which the African Squadron is evaluated as a typical naval organization of that period, discharging its assigned mission. The routine operations of the fleet are considered, as is the all-important issue of the physical and mental health of the personnel assigned to the entire Squadron. The various type vessels assigned to the African Squadron are evaluated as to their relative effectiveness. Finally, in analyzing the operational environment, a comprehensive study of the Squadron's leaders and leadership is undertaken. ^Record of Confidential Letters, No. L (Navy Dept. ), p. 24. The all-important question of national interests and their effect on the ability of the African Squadron to discharge its responsibilities is developed. The many varied and frequently-opposing forces, which served to influence the activity of the Squadron, are reviewed. One chapter then considers the early attempts to dissolve the authority for the Squadron, the moves to undercut its congressional authorization, and the conferences held by Southern States to resolve the issue of the bothersome anti-slavery legislation and the Provisions of the Webster- Ashburton Treaty. The eventual recall of the Squadron is covered at the conclusion of this particular chapter. The concluding chapter attempts to summarize the findings and then to draw objective conclusions concerning the effectiveness of the Squadron as a military organization charged with the mission of suppressing the slave trade. Accordingly, it is anticipated that the study will provide answers to several questions which should be considered while undertaking a review of this study. What were the general policies of the United States regarding the African slave trade? What may have been the foundation of those policies? If there were conflicts of interests, both domestically and internationally, whose interests would be best served, or restricted, by the activity of the African Squadron? How effective was the American effort vis-a-vis the British in suppressing slave trade? What were the motives. missions, problems, accomplishments, and failures of the American African Squadron? Did it serve the best interests of the United States Government ? This thesis was undertaken in an attempt to answer questions and provide information concerning a period of history of the United States Navy. Few comprehensive studies of the work of the African Squadron have been written. Ample references are available, however, and the study draws on them in an effort to bring related ideas together. Research materials consisted mainly of ships' logs, captains' letters, and many of the earlier books published in the period 1854-1900 on the subject. All of the materials are available in the National Archives or the Naval Academy Library. CHAPTER n THE WEBS TER-ASHBURTON TREATY AND ARTICLE EIGHT In England, the rising tide of public indignation against slave trade peaked early in the 19th Century. However, it was not until the late 1830s that an aroused citizenry looked to the government to use its whole influence against the noxious practice. There were, to be sure, vast differences of opinion in just how far the government should go in resolving the problem. Would legislative action suffice? Or would diplomacy be necessary to quell the trade? Despite numerous state pronouncements and international decrees against slaving, the practice of hauling slaves for profit flourished as rampantly at any time in history. Conditions for the negro captives were intolerable. Slave-traders packed hundreds of slaves into the holds of vessels to insure that, after the toll extracted by the inevitable "fever", there would still be enough survivors for a handsome profit. Slaves were packed between each other’s legs, chained by the ankle in pairs, with the fetters being riveted, not locked. It was near impossible for the slave to sit upright, the deck planking above him being too low. Kept below during the whole voyage of some 4-6 weeks, slaves suffered the odor of bad air and the accumulation of filth. There is no record of the multitudes who perished enroute to the Western Hemisphere, but it is estimated that only a fifth of those who left the African shores survived to become workers on the plantations.^ Even in those cases where a slaver was captured, the trip to the repatriation grounds of Sierra Leone and Liberia was apt to be a long one, occupying some four to five weeks. Negroes suffered as much, in some instances, as if they had been permitted to continue their journey across the Ocean. Since a ship could be seized only when actually carrying slaves, captains frequently had them thrown overboard as a group, shackled together. Weights were added by crew members in order to make sure the "evidence" would not surface. It has been said that slave ships were sometimes followed by sharks. Diseased slaves were oftentimes thrown overboard to the sharks. ^ While it is true that these practices were prevalent throughout the entire history of slave-trading, they are mentioned here to establish the deplorable conditions which persisted at the time of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty. Some action appeared mandatory. Intending to consolidate the respective agreements made to suppress slave trade, a Quintuple Howard, Warren S., American Slavers and the Federal Law, 1837-1862. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), p. 2. 2 Ibid., p. 3. Treaty was negotiated in December, 1841, among Great Britain, Austria, 3 France, Prussia, and Russia. Slaving was declared to be piracy, and there was unanimous agreement on the right to search each others cruisers in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Slavery in the United States - Wikipedia Page 1 of 25
    Slavery in the United States - Wikipedia Page 1 of 25 Slavery in the United States Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human chattel enslavement, primarily of Africans and African Americans, that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries. Slavery had been practiced by Americans under British rule from early colonial days, and was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It lasted until the end of the American Civil War. By the time of the American Revolution (1775–1783), the status of slave had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry.[1] When the United States Constitution was ratified (1789), a relatively small number of free people of color were among the voting citizens (male property owners).[2] During and immediately following the Revolutionary War, abolitionist laws were passed in most Northern states and a movement developed to abolish slavery. Most of these states had a higher proportion of free labor than in the South and economies based on different industries. They abolished slavery by the end of the 18th century, some with gradual systems that kept adults as slaves for two decades. However, the rapid expansion of the cotton industry in the Deep South after the invention of the cotton gin greatly increased demand for slave labor, and the An animation showing when United States territories and states Southern states continued as slave societies. Those states attempted to extend slavery into the new Western forbade or allowed slavery, 1789–1861.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States Navy Looks at Its African American Crewmen, 1755-1955
    “MANY OF THEM ARE AMONG MY BEST MEN”: THE UNITED STATES NAVY LOOKS AT ITS AFRICAN AMERICAN CREWMEN, 1755-1955 by MICHAEL SHAWN DAVIS B.A., Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 1991 M.A., Kansas State University, 1995 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2011 Abstract Historians of the integration of the American military and African American military participation have argued that the post-World War II period was the critical period for the integration of the U.S. Navy. This dissertation argues that World War II was “the” critical period for the integration of the Navy because, in addition to forcing the Navy to change its racial policy, the war altered the Navy’s attitudes towards its African American personnel. African Americans have a long history in the U.S. Navy. In the period between the French and Indian War and the Civil War, African Americans served in the Navy because whites would not. This is especially true of the peacetime service, where conditions, pay, and discipline dissuaded most whites from enlisting. During the Civil War, a substantial number of escaped slaves and other African Americans served. Reliance on racially integrated crews survived beyond the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, only to succumb to the principle of “separate but equal,” validated by the Supreme Court in the Plessy case (1896). As racial segregation took hold and the era of “Jim Crow” began, the Navy separated the races, a task completed by the time America entered World War I.
    [Show full text]
  • America's Historical and Cultural Organizations
    NEH Application Cover Sheet America's Historical and Cultural Organizations PROJECT DIRECTOR Barbara C Batson E-mail:[email protected] Exhibitions Coordinator Phone(W): 804-692-3518 800 East Broad Street Phone(H): Richmond, VA 23219-8000 Fax: UNITED STATES Field of Expertise: Arts: History, Criticism, and Theory of the Arts INSTITUTION Library of Virginia Foundation Richmond, VA UNITED STATES APPLICATION INFORMATION Title: To Be Sold: Virginia and the American Slave Trade Grant Period: From 4/2014 to 5/2016 Field of Project: History: U.S. History; History: African American History Description of Project: To Be Sold: Virginia and the American Slave Trade is an exploration of the visual and material culture of the American domestic slave trade captured through the paintings and illustrations created by British artist Eyre Crowe based on his 1853 visit to Richmond's slave market. Crowe's works captured the complexities and pathos of American slavery and the internal slave trade. To Be Sold uses Crowe's works as the basis to explore Virginia's role as a mass exporter of enslaved people through the Richmond market to the Lower South and the inner workings of the market itself--the most profitable economic activity in terms of gross receipts in Virginia and possibly the nation. To Be Sold is the first exhibition to explore and examine the development of the visual and material culture of the internal slave trade. The project is comprised of a traveling exhibition (January 2015-March 2016), a one- day, two-site webcast symposium,
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Annual Report Read
    ANNUAL REPORTS 2015 & 2016 FACTS & FIGURES Chairman & President’s Message January 1, 2015 - December 31, 2016 Dear Friends, As we mark our 40th anniversary, we renew our commitment to educate, engage, and empower by sharing the stories of USS Constitution and our naval history through innovative hands-on, 965,830 $1,130,279 minds-on learning. We have much to applaud in the past two years: Museum Visitors Total Visitor Donations • We witnessed Constitution’s restoration in dry dock and experienced record-breaking visitation -- in 2016 we welcomed 528,233 visitors with 96,866 in July alone! • Our newest exhibit, Forest to Frigate, follows the story from the forest where “Old Ironsides’” timbers grew to her launch as a fully formed frigate. 20,836 300 5,193 • In partnership with our friends at the U.S. Navy and Naval History & Heritage Command Student Group Visitors Chief Petty Officer Selectees Gallery Programs Detachment Boston, visitors have made their mark on history with nearly 100,000 Visit the Museum Provided signatures on copper sheathing for the ship’s hull. • Our restoration blog, Constitution-Cam(era) and a new marketing effort help us stay connected to many visitors who now follow the Ship’s restoration online. • Liberty Mutual Insurance generously supports free programs for public school students 414 50 64 here at the Museum. Monthly Chantey & Maritime States Represented Foundation and Government • An Education Collaborative with our partners in the National Parks of Boston welcomes Sing Participants by Visitors Grants Received Boston Public School students to many iconic sites on Boston’s Trails to Freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • The Frigate Constitution
    „n-'-* "-,*l €mml\ Urnvmitg ^ihOTg BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF 189Z mmi *: i^ti/mi 5474 Cornell University Library E 182.H74 3 1924 028 732 208 The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028732208 '-— '- .r-'J-VS^T' '• 'WRtiSS!.',.-- -• r.rrV.;^*?! Cui.jrigtit. ie%, bj A. \V. El,uii .t Co. THE FRIGATE CONSTITUTION THE PEIGATE CONSTITUTION THE CENTRAL FIGURE OF THE NAVY UNDER SAIL BT lEAN. HOLLIS BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 1901 3 COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY IRA N. HOLLIS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PEEFACE The history of the Frigate Constitution is un- dertaken in order to bring within the pages of one volume all the events which go to make a long and interesting career upon the sea. It is the outgrowth of a short article for the " Atlantic Monthly " to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the vessel's launch. She has so long been a favorite topic for stoiytellers and writers that nothing new remains to be told. It is rather a case for recall- ing much that has been forgotten. As the forma- tion and service of the sailing navy supply the background which brings our ship into stronger perspective, all the circumstances which had an in- fluence upon her design, construction, and employ- ment are given. WhUe, therefore, in no sense a history of the Navy, it forms* a reasonably con- nected narrative of naval events, and particularly of our good old frigate.
    [Show full text]
  • ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S WHITE DREAM (Johnson Publishing, 1999)
    GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE 1 TWO PRESIDENTS, EMBODIMENTS OF AMERICAN RACISM “Lincoln must be seen as the embodiment, not the transcendence, of the American tradition of racism.” — Lerone Bennett, Jr., FORCED INTO GLORY: ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S WHITE DREAM (Johnson Publishing, 1999) 1. “Crosseyed people look funny.” — This is the 1st known image of Lincoln, a plate that was exposed in about 1846. Lincoln had a “lazy eye,” and at that early point the Daguerreotypists had not yet learned how to pose their subjects in order to evade the problem of one eye staring off at an angle. This wasn’t just Susan B. Anthony, and Francis Ellingwood Abbot, and Abraham Lincoln, and Jean-Paul Sartre, and Galileo Galilei, and Ben Turpin and Marty Feldman. Actually, this is a very general problem, with approximately one person out of every 25 to 50 suffering from some degree of strabismus (termed crossed eyes, lazy eye, turned eye, squint, double vision, floating, wandering, wayward, drifting, truant eyes, wall eyes described as having “one eye in York and the other in Cork”). Strabismus that is congenital, or develops in infancy, can create a brain condition known as amblyopia, in which to some degree the input from an eye are ignored although it is still capable of sight — or at least privileges inputs from the other eye. An article entitled “Was Rembrandt stereoblind?,” outlining research by Professor Margaret Livingstone of Harvard University and colleagues, was published in the September 14, 2004, issue of the _New England Journal of Medicine_. Rembrandt, a prolific painter of self-portraits, producing almost 100 if we include some 20 etchings.
    [Show full text]
  • 1315 Duke Street Alexandria , Virginia
    BUILDING AND PROPERTY HISTORY 1315 DUKE STREET ALEXANDRIA , VIRGINIA BENJAMIN A. SKOLNIK , PHD ALEXANDRIA ARCHAEOLOGY OFFICE OF HISTORIC ALEXANDRIA CITY OF ALEXANDRIA , VIRGINIA JANUARY 2021 1315 Duke Street – Building and Property History FRANKLIN AND ARMFIELD OFFICE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK REFERENCE NUMBER : 78003146 VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HISTORIC RESOURCES ARCHITECTURE ID 100-0105 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE SITE NUMBER : 44AX0075 Cover image: Front of "slave pen," Alexandria, Va., Russell, Andrew J., photographer, [between 1861- 1865], Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2006683273/ . See Figure 89. Office of Historic Alexandria P a g e | 2 City of Alexandria, Virginia 1315 Duke Street – Building and Property History CONTENTS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. 9 RESIDENCE (1812– 1828) ....................................................................................................................... 11 FRANKLIN & ARMFIELD (1828-1837) ............................................................................................... 20 GEORGE KEPHART & CO., ET AL. (1837-1859) .............................................................................. 53 PRICE, BIRCH, & CO. (1859-1861) ....................................................................................................... 86 MILITARY OCCUPATION DURING THE CIVIL WAR (1861-1866) ............................................. 91 BOARDING HOUSE
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Dallas and the Naval Depot on Key Biscayne, 1836 -1926 by NATHAN D
    Fort Dallas and the Naval Depot on Key Biscayne, 1836 -1926 By NATHAN D. SHAPPEE EARLY WRITINGS ON FORT DALLAS When Dr. Walter S. Graham began publication of the Miami Metropolis in April, 1896, he planned to publish occasionally articles on local history. The first of these appeared in the issue of November 20, 1896 and was a sketch of Fort Dallas. Earlier in the year Dr. Graham had written to the War Department requesting data on the local monument of the Seminole War. He was informed that another person had already asked for data on Fort Dallas. This person proved to be Mrs. Julia D. Tuttle who owned Fort Dallas and desired information about her property. Dr. Graham then approached Mrs. Tuttle for permission to receive the War Department's account and to publish it in the Metropolis. The published article consisted of the department's article in full and as it was written. To this Graham added data which he had collected as additional local highlights on the topic. In his earlier capacity as a land buyer and title searcher for Henry M. Flagler and his East Coast Railroad, he had collected interesting and personal memoirs on Fort Dallas. The first article, however, had been compiled from records in the Adjutant General's Office and, because of this, related almost exclusively only the Army's role in this protracted conflict. The compiler did not consult the records of other services of the government which, as it has turned out, had large amounts of data on Fort Dallas and the events of the Seminole War in the Miami area.1 Actually it was the Navy which appeared first on Biscayne Bay in 1836 to establish patrols of the coast and to set up a post or fort.
    [Show full text]
  • Ten Years of Political Abolitionism, the Liberty Party, 1839-1848
    THEY TOOK THE VAN1 TEN YEARS OF POLITICAL ABOLITIONISM, THE LIBERTY PARTY, 18.39-1848 A Thesis Presented to the F~culty of the School of Social Science Morehead State University In Partial }'ulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History by Doris Lynn Koch May 1969 Accepted by the faculty of.the School of Social Scienoe, Morehead State University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in History .degree. ) 'I I Director Master's Chairman ... TABLE OF CONTENTS . PAGE INTRODUCTION I I I I O I I I I I .._, .. • . .. · •·. • . 1 CHAPTER I. PETITIONING AND QUESTIONING FAI~ • • • • • • 5 II. UNITY FRml DIVISION • , , , • • , , , • • • , 17 III, EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LIBERTY PAR~Y • • 101 IV, A TRIO OF CArlDIDATES: THE ELECTION OF 1844 135 V. THE PARTY IN TRANSITION • •. , • • , , • • • . 158 . VI, THE LIBERTY PARTY IN DECLINE, , , , , • , , 181 ASSESSMENT OF THE LIBERTY PARTY , , , , , . , , , , , 213 BIBLIOGRAPHY . - . • • • .• . 220 ·- INTRODUCTION Panaticsl Disunionistsl Foolsl Such epithets were bailed at the men who from 1830 to 1860'labored tor the emancipation of the American Negro, The history of the Liberty party forms a chapter in the lengthy narrative of abolitionism, Throughout the history of civilization, men have found that by banding together and promoting their particular cause in the bounds of fellowship, their chances for success are greatly enhanced, Abolitionists did not form a coherent group until December 4, 1833, when deliberations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
    [Show full text]
  • Eugenics Eugenics
    “I am still at the mercy of words, though sometimes now, knowing a little of their behavior very well, I think I can influence them slightly and have even learned to beat them now and then, which they appear to enjoy.” - Dylan Thomas HDT WHAT? INDEX EUGENICS EUGENICS 1785 We who are accustomed to the present “one-drop rule” convention, whereby anyone with any black ancestry at all is categorized as “a black,” need to remind ourselves that in colonial Virginia the conventional distinction between black and white had been considered to be 1/8th black ancestry. In this year that social and legal convention was altered from 1/8th to 1/4th, which meant that in the state of Virginia in this year there would have been some enslaved individuals who were to be considered white, and over and above that there would have been free white citizens who nevertheless had noticeable African heritage. After Nat Turner’s insurrection, there would be legislation in Virginia to allow “white” citizens who had some African ancestry, if they were free (which wasn’t necessarily the case, as it was quite all right under Virginia statutes for a white person to be a slave of someone else), to obtain a document from a county court, certifying to the fact that whatever they looked like they were “not a negro.” By Thomas Jefferson’s own explication of this convention, it appears ambiguous whether he considered his sex slave Sally Hemings to be black or to be white, although, black or white, she would be nevertheless for life his slave (he would not release her from slavery, although he did honor the bargain he had made with her that some of their children would in his will be granted manumission documents).1“It is simply crazy that there should ever have come into being a world with such RACISM a sin in it, in which a man is set apart because of his color — the superficial fact about a human being.
    [Show full text]
  • Ambush on the New River
    AMBUSH ON THE NEW RIVER At the United States military fort on New An Indian ruse endangers River named Fort Lauderdale, on September 27, the lives of over 100 men at 1839, ocurred a dramatic event not typical of the Indian wars as a whole. Professedly friendly Fort Lauderdale and gives Indians set in motion a ruse designed to massacre the approximately eighty soldiers and thirty the area its first national marines stationed at the isolated and distant fort. recognition in 1839 An Indian success would have rivalled the ambush of Major Francis L. Dade and his command in December 1835, the atrocity which began the Indian war. Two popular versions of the attempted massacre, one by an officer participant and the other by a Florida newspaper editor, are the subject of this issue's documentary feature. Both accounts follow the main outlines of the official record written by First Lieutenant Christopher Q. Tompkins, Third Artillery, commandant of Fort Lauderdale. Although officially responsible for the Introduced by Broward County safety of the fort, Lieutenant Tompkins was ably Historian Cooper Kirk assisted by Commander Isaac Mayo and Lieuten­ ant John A. Davis, United States Navy, and First Lieutenant T.T. Sloan, United States Marines, who commanded ships and naval units at New River. [Editor's note: This article, as well as one on The shorter version is taken from the St. the Pine Island Skirmish (April 1977), are the Augustine News, October 25, 1839, reprinted in by-products of Dr, Cooper Kirk's remarkable the Army and Navy Chronicle, October 31, 1839.
    [Show full text]
  • Command Rank Officers of the United States Navy (Spring 1839)
    Command Rank Officers of the United States Navy (Spring 1839) No. In Rank Name Present Duty or Station grade 1 Captain James Barron Waiting orders 2 Captain Charles Stewart Commandant, Navy Yard, Philadelphia 3 Captain Isaac Hull Commander, Mediterranean Squadron 4 Captain Isaac Chauncey President, Navy Board 5 Captain Jacob Jones Commanding Naval Officer, Baltimore 6 Captain Charles Morris Commissioner, Navy Board 7 Captain Lewis Warrington Commandant, Navy Yard, Norfolk 8 Captain William M. Crane Commandant, Navy Yard, Portsmouth 9 Captain James Biddle Governor, Naval Asylum, Philadelphia 10 Captain Charles G. Ridgely Commandant, Navy Yard, New York 11 Captain Daniel T. Patterson Commandant, Navy Yard, Washington 12 Captain John Downes Commandant, Navy Yard, Boston 13 Captain Jesse D. Elliott Waiting orders 14 Captain Stephen Cassin Waiting orders 15 Captain James Renshaw Waiting orders 16 Captain Alexander S. Wadsworth Commissioner, Navy Board 17 Captain George C. Read Commander, East India Squadron 18 Captain Henry E. Ballard On his return from command of the Pacific Squadron 19 Captain David Deacon Waiting orders 20 Captain Samuel Woodhouse Waiting orders 21 Captain Edmund P. Kennedy Inspector of Ordnance and Ammunition 22 Captain Alexander J. Dallas Commandant, Navy Yard, Pensacola 23 Captain John B. Nicolson Commander, Brazil Squadron 24 Captain Jesse Wilkinson Waiting orders 25 Captain Thomas Ap Catesby Jones Waiting orders 26 Captain William Compton Bolton Waiting orders 27 Captain William Branford Shubrick Commander, West India Squadron 28 Captain Alexander Claxton Commander, Pacific Squadron 29 Captain Charles W. Morgan Waiting orders 30 Captain Lawrence Kearny Waiting orders 31 Captain Foxhall A. Parker Waiting orders 32 Captain Edward R.
    [Show full text]