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1315 Duke Street Alexandria , Virginia BUILDING AND PROPERTY HISTORY 1315 DUKE STREET ALEXANDRIA , VIRGINIA BENJAMIN A. SKOLNIK , PHD ALEXANDRIA ARCHAEOLOGY OFFICE OF HISTORIC ALEXANDRIA CITY OF ALEXANDRIA , VIRGINIA JANUARY 2021 1315 Duke Street – Building and Property History FRANKLIN AND ARMFIELD OFFICE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK REFERENCE NUMBER : 78003146 VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HISTORIC RESOURCES ARCHITECTURE ID 100-0105 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE SITE NUMBER : 44AX0075 Cover image: Front of "slave pen," Alexandria, Va., Russell, Andrew J., photographer, [between 1861- 1865], Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2006683273/ . See Figure 89. Office of Historic Alexandria P a g e | 2 City of Alexandria, Virginia 1315 Duke Street – Building and Property History CONTENTS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. 9 RESIDENCE (1812– 1828) ....................................................................................................................... 11 FRANKLIN & ARMFIELD (1828-1837) ............................................................................................... 20 GEORGE KEPHART & CO., ET AL. (1837-1859) .............................................................................. 53 PRICE, BIRCH, & CO. (1859-1861) ....................................................................................................... 86 MILITARY OCCUPATION DURING THE CIVIL WAR (1861-1866) ............................................. 91 BOARDING HOUSE AND TENAMENT (1866-1984) ....................................................................... 162 OFFICES (1984-2020) ............................................................................................................................ 191 MUSEUM (2005 – present) .................................................................................................................... 193 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 194 APPENDIX A: 1315 DUKE STREET CHAIN OF TITLE ................................................................ 209 APPENDIX B: CONJECTURAL PLANS ........................................................................................... 214 APPENDIX C: 1984 RENNOVATION PLANS .................................................................................. 221 APPENDIX D: 2005 RENNOVATION PLANS .................................................................................. 243 APPENDIX E: 2020 CITY OF ALEXANDRIA RENNOVATION PLANS ..................................... 246 Office of Historic Alexandria P a g e | 3 City of Alexandria, Virginia 1315 Duke Street – Building and Property History LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. A Plan of Alexandria, Fairfax County Deed Book E-2, Page 269, 1804. ....................................... 11 Figure 2. 1813 Ward IV tax list showing Robert Young's house and lot at West and Duke Streets. .......... 13 Figure 3. Alexandria Herald, December 12, 1817. ...................................................................................... 14 Figure 4. Alexandria Gazette & Daily Advertiser, December 2, 1817. ........................................................ 14 Figure 5. Alexandria Gazette & Daily Advertiser, August 4, 1818............................................................... 14 Figure 6. Alexandria Herald, January 4, 1819. ............................................................................................ 15 Figure 7. 1820 US Census, showing the household of Robert Young. ........................................................ 15 Figure 8. Alexandria Gazette & Daily Advertiser, April 20, 1820. ............................................................... 16 Figure 9. Alexandria Gazette, July 19, 1821. ............................................................................................... 16 Figure 10. 1826 Ward IV tax list. ................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 11. Alexandria Gazette, August 9, 1826. .......................................................................................... 18 Figure 12. Alexandria Gazette, June 5, 1826. ............................................................................................. 20 Figure 13. Alexandria Phenix Gazette, May 11, 1827. ................................................................................ 21 Figure 14. Daily National Intelligencer, May 26, 1821. ............................................................................... 21 Figure 15. Alexandria Phenix Gazette, February 15, 1828. ......................................................................... 21 Figure 16. Alexandria Phenix Gazette, May 7, 1828. .................................................................................. 22 Figure 17. Alexandria Gazette, May 15, 1828. ............................................................................................ 22 Figure 18. 1829 Ward IV Tax list, showing "Franklin's blackhole". ............................................................. 23 Figure 19. 1830 US Census, showing the business of Armfield & Franklin and 145 enslaved persons at 1315 Duke Street. ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 20. Alexandria Gazette, April 10, 1830. ........................................................................................... 25 Figure 21. Alexandria Gazette, April 3, 1830. ............................................................................................. 25 Figure 22. Washington Daily National Intelligencer, May 9, 1833 ............................................................. 28 Figure 23. Alexandria Gazette, March 29, 1834. ........................................................................................ 29 Figure 24. A Full Directory for Washington City, Georgetown, and Alexandria, Cohen & Company, 1834. .................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 25. Archaeological Testing in the Men's Yard, Engineering Science archaeology report, 1987. ..... 33 Figure 26. Title page from Excursion through the Slave States, 1844showing a slave coffle attempting to cross the New River, as well as Armfield and his employees. .................................................................... 37 Figure 27. Slave Market of America, American Anti-Slavery Society, 1836................................................ 43 Figure 28. Franklin & Armfield's Slave Prison, American Anti-Slavery Society, 1836. ................................ 44 Figure 29. View of a Section of Alexandria, with a Slave Ship Receiving her Cargo of Slaves, 1836. ......... 48 Figure 30. Detail from Alexandria, Virginia from the Maryland side of the Potomac, Alfred Waud, 1861, showing from Prince (left) to King (right) Streets. ...................................................................................... 48 Figure 31. Jail in Alexandria, American Anti-Slavery Society, 1836. ........................................................... 50 Figure 32. Alexandria Jail, St. Asaph and Princess Streets looking east, 1919. ........................................... 50 Figure 33. Alexandria Gazette, November 16, 1836. .................................................................................. 51 Figure 34. Daily National Intelligencer, November 7, 1836. ....................................................................... 51 Figure 35. Alexandria Gazette, November 23, 1836. .................................................................................. 51 Figure 36. Washington Globe, December 12, 1836. ................................................................................... 51 Figure 37. Alexandria Gazette, February 13, 1837. .................................................................................... 52 Office of Historic Alexandria P a g e | 4 City of Alexandria, Virginia 1315 Duke Street – Building and Property History Figure 38. Alexandria Gazette, February 17, 1837. .................................................................................... 53 Figure 39. Alexandria Gazette, March 14, 1837. ........................................................................................ 54 Figure 40. Alexandria Ward IV tax assessment, 1837. ................................................................................ 55 Figure 41. Alexandria Gazette, May 29, 1839. ............................................................................................ 56 Figure 42. 1840 US Census, showing George Kephart in Alexandria. ......................................................... 57 Figure 43. Alexandria Gazette, August 11, 1842. ........................................................................................ 60 Figure 44. Alexandria Gazette, June 17, 1843. ........................................................................................... 61 Figure 45. Alexandria Gazette, August 3, 1843. .......................................................................................... 61 Figure 46. Alexandria Gazette, March 20, 1844. ........................................................................................ 62 Figure 47. Alexandria Gazette, December
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