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Cultural Resources and Resilience: a Qualitative Study with Liberian, Congolese and Eritrean Refugees

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Cultural Resources and Resilience: a Qualitative Study with Liberian, Congolese and Eritrean Refugees University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 2007 Cultural Resources and Resilience: A Qualitative Study With Liberian, Congolese and Eritrean Refugees Senait K. Kassahun University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Kassahun, Senait K., "Cultural Resources and Resilience: A Qualitative Study With Liberian, Congolese and Eritrean Refugees" (2007). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1640. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1640 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CST=l ~ i .")t;" ~ '-\-, ~"17i CULTURALRESOURCES AND RESILIENCE: .;).Cio"i A QUALITATIVESTUDY WI1H LIBERIAN,CDNGOLESE AND ERITREAN REFUGEES BY SENAIT K. KASSAHUN SUBMITTEDIN PARTIALFULFILLlvIENT OF TI-IE REQUIREMENTSFOR TI-IEDEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PSYGIOLOGY UNIVERSITYOF RHODE ISLAND 2007 Abstract Research has been conducted which examines the psychological impact of separation from one's cultural resources for refugees living in refugee camps. 1his study examines the role of access to cultural resources, such as social support, traditional ceremonies, elders and religion, in fostering resilience amongst African refugees. The pmpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the factors that contribute to resilience and healing in refugee camps, as well as those factors which contribute to psychological distress. This study utilizes qualitative methodology and has a sample size of ten participants. The interviews in this study revealed a great deal of resilience amongst participants and their peers. Cultural resources, particularly social support and religion played an important role in fostering this resilience. The greatest causes of psychological distress in the refugee camps, as reported by participants, were in fact, a dearth of basic necessities and material resources. The results of this research suggest that the provision of adequate basic necessities to refugees would greatly improve their psychological well-being and allow refugees' own cultural systems of social and psychological support to flourish, even as they live in a refugee camp setting. Dedu:ation Thistlx5is is dedu:atedw all if therouraWJUS indi:uduals wo participatedin this resrurd?. Their ability w or.ercom:great hardship wth theut:rrat humimty, is a greatinspiration. Dedu:ated also w therrmvry ifMafic. Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank the important mentors in my life, without whom, this project would not be possible. First of all, I would liketo extend my sincere thanks and appreciation to my amazing major professor, Dr. Kathryn Quina, who has been educating, motivating, and helping me in so many ways, throughout this entire process. I am very fortunate to have Dr. Quina as my mentor, and thankful for all that she has done to help this project become a reality. Dr. Cynthia Hamilton has been a strong pillar of support throughout my graduate studies and I value her kindness and guidance. Dr. Allan Berman was also very encouraging throughout the Master's thesis process and I thank him for his help. Many thanks also to the thesis defense chair, Dr. Steve Grubman Black Dr. Lisa Bowleg is also an incredible mentor and teacher, from whom I learned how to conduct qualitative research, and whose guidance and input was invaluable for this thesis. I would also like to thank my mentor, Jerry Battle, who had faith in me throughout this entire process and helped me to believe in my ability to accomplish this goal. I would liketo express sincere appreciation my wonderful family for their everlasting support and encouragement throughout the development of this project. Thank you to my mother, father, Kidan, Ashraf and Futsum. I would especially like to thank my sister Kidan, and brother-in-law Ashraf, for opening up their home to me as a writer-in-residence. That was a special opportunity which helped me a great deal in 111 completing this project. Thank you to David J'A yinde Brinkleyfor his encouragement and for alwaysbelieving in my abilityto complete this work Thank you also to Lutheran SocialMinistries of New Jersey, Immigration and Refugee Servicesfor their support of this research. Andrew Durbak and Katrina Klettke Straker were instrumental in the recruitment process and I am very appreciativeof all of their assistance,kindness and generosity.Thank you to Jerome Goytom and Yosief Araya for their generous help in recruitingparticipants. Lastly,but not, least, I would like to thank my dear friends from the Universityof Rhode Island, whose brillianceand friendship has been a great inspiration to me as I worked on this project. Natalie, Simona, Lotus and Rashida,thank you so much for your friendship and love. IV Table of Contents Abstract ...... ...... ....................... ..... ..... ......... ............. .. ............... .. ...... ii Acknowledgements ............................... ........................... ............ ......... iii Table of Contents .. ....................... .... ... ... ....... .. .... ... ....................... ......... .. ........v List of Tables .... ... ...................... .......... ...... .... .. ..... ... .. ..... ..... .... ... .. ............ .viii Introduction ... ... ..... ......... ....... .. .. ....... .... .......................... .... ...... ...... 1 Method .................. .. ... ... ...... .................. ...... .. ............ .................. .... 21 Part1c1pants... ................. ..... .... ... ... .. ...... ....... .............. .... ........... 21 Materials ...... .......... ....... ..... ... .. ..... ..... ............. .... ................... ..21 Procedures ... ... .. ...... ............................................... .. .......... ..... 22 Analysis .. ................................ .. .. .............. .. ..... .... ..... ... ........ 25 Results . .. ..... ........ ....... ............................ .. ...... .. .. .............................. 27 Perceived C.auses of Hardship ......................... ... ...... ................. ....... ... .27 Access to Food and Water ...... ... .................. ................ ..... ..... ...... 27 Medical C.are...... ... ........ ... .... .. .... ... ............. ... ......... ..... .. ... ... ..31 Danger, Safety & Comfort Issues .. .. .... ...... ..... .... .. .. ......... ................ 34 Freedom & Mobility .... ..... .......... .... .............. ..... ................. .. .... ..39 Prejudicial Treatment & Host-Refugee Relations ....................... ....... .... .43 Corruption ... ........ .... .... ... .... .. ... .. ... ...................... ...... ............... 49 Absence of Work & Money .......... .. .. ..... ..... .. ... .................. ........... .51 Challenges for Women ...... .. .. .. ... ..... .... .. .. ..... .. ......... ............ .. ... .57 V Socioeconomic Background ... ... .......... ........... ...... .... .. ... ....... .... .. ....59 Lack of Access to Quality & Higher Education ....... .......... ....... .. ... ........60 Cultural Practices Left Behind .............................. ............ ..... ......... ... .. 61 C,ommunity and Family Togetherness ... ... ..... .. ..................... .. ......... ... .62 Traditional Ceremonies and Societies .................. ..... .. .... .. .... .... ........... 63 Politically-Sensitive Celebrations ...................................... .. ............... 66 Family Structure .............. .... ............................. .. ..... .. .............. .. 67 Cultural Practices Maintained in the Refugee Camps ...................................... 68 Helping One Another .......... ...... ........... ...... ... ..... ........... .... ... .... ..69 Celebrations & Other Cultural Traditions .... ......... .. .. ... .. ....... ... .. ......... ..72 Upbringing .......... .............. ............. ... .... .... .... .. ............ ... ........ 78 New Cultural Developments ..... .. .......... ... ............ .. ............ .. .. ....... .81 The Role of Religion in the Refugee Camps .................................... .. .. ..... .83 Religious Freedom &Abundance of Religious Forums ..... ....................... 83 Increased Religious Participation ....................... .. .... .... ..................... 86 Benefits of Religious Practice .... ......... .... ... ............ .. .. ............. ... .. .. 88 ccr_\...,Ummerc1a · liza tion· " o f .nu ..e lig1on · .. .. ... ..... ..... ............. ....... ................ .89 Causes and Experiences of Psychological Distress ...... ........................ ... ...... 90 Emotional Impact of Camp Life .......... ................... .. .. ..... .... ... ....... .. 91 Suicidalityin the Camps ................................................................ 96 Traumatic Experiences .................................................................. 97 Resilience to Trauma & Distress ...... .. ........ ........................................... 100 Innovation: Creating opportunities in the camps .. .. .... ........ ... .. ............... 102 Activities within the Camp .... ... ........................ ... ..... .............. ...... 105 Vl Network of Helpers Inside and Outside of the Camp .... .......... ... .. ..... .. ....106 Upbringing & Socioeconomic Background ...... ....... .... ...
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