Constitutional Process, Constitutionalism, and the Eritrean Experience Richard A
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Beta Samati: Discovery and Excavation of an Aksumite Town Michael J
Beta Samati: discovery and excavation of an Aksumite town Michael J. Harrower1,*, Ioana A. Dumitru1, Cinzia Perlingieri2, Smiti Nathan3,Kifle Zerue4, Jessica L. Lamont5, Alessandro Bausi6, Jennifer L. Swerida7, Jacob L. Bongers8, Helina S. Woldekiros9, Laurel A. Poolman1, Christie M. Pohl10, Steven A. Brandt11 & Elizabeth A. Peterson12 The Empire of Aksum was one of Africa’smost influential ancient civilisations. Traditionally, most archaeological fieldwork has focused on the capital city of Aksum, but recent research at the site of Beta Samati has investigated a contempor- aneous trade and religious centre located between AksumandtheRedSea.Theauthorsoutlinethe discovery of the site and present important finds from the initial excavations, including an early basilica, inscriptions and a gold intaglio ring. From daily life and ritual praxis to international trade, this work illuminates the role of Beta Samati as an administrative centre and its signifi- cance within the wider Aksumite world. Keywords: Africa, Ethiopia, Aksum, ancient trade, ancient states 1 Department of Near Eastern Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Gilman 113, 3400 North Charles Street, Balti- more, MD 21218, USA 2 Center for Digital Archaeology, 555 Northgate #270, San Rafael, CA 94903, USA 3 Life Design Lab, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA 4 Archaeology and Heritage Management, P.O. Box 1010, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia 5 Department of Classics, Yale University, 344 College Street, P.O. Box 208266, New Haven, CT 06520, -
The Sacred City of the Ethiopians, Being a Record of Travel and Research in Abyssinia in 1893
The sacred city of the Ethiopians, being a record of travel and research in Abyssinia in 1893 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip100052 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The sacred city of the Ethiopians, being a record of travel and research in Abyssinia in 1893 Author/Creator Bent, J. Theodore Date 1896 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Horn of Africa, Ethiopia, Axum, Eritrea Source Smithsonian Institution Libraries, DT379 .B47 1896X/916.3 B475s Description Contents. I: Arrival in Ethiopia. II: Stay at Asmara. III: Expedition to the monastery of Bizen. -
The Status of the Constitution of Eritrea and the Transitional Government
23 October 2018 The Status of the Constitution of Eritrea and the Transitional Government “Today, 23 May 1997, on this historic date, after active popular participation, approve and solemnly ratify, through the Constituent Assembly, this Constitution as the fundamental law of our Sovereign and Independent State of Eritrea”. – Preamble, The Eritrean Constitution Drafted by a Constitutional Commission established under the auspices of the Transitional Government of Eritrea in 1993 and ratified by a duly established Constituent Assembly in May 1997, the Constitution of Eritrea entered into force upon its ratification on 23 May 1997. The Constitution thus remains legally in effect as of that date. The regime’s failure to implement, that is, to respect, adhere to and apply the Constitution upon its ratification is a calculated and deliberate political decision to pursue its own agenda of self-preservation and plunder. The Constitution was consecrated ‘as the fundamental law of our Sovereign and Independent State of Eritrea’ on 23 May 1997. In the opinion of legal scholars and constitutional lawyers, the Constitution has been legally in force and its provisions have a lawfully binding effect ever since its ratification in May 1997, irrespective of the status of its formal implementation. This character of the Constitution is explicitly stated in its Preamble. Yet, there has been widespread misunderstanding concerning this fundamental legal status of the Eritrean Constitution. The prevailing confusion in the public debate regarding its ‘non-implementation’ has operated to the benefit of the regime. The general confusion in the public debate emanates from three factors: (1) the regime’s failure to respect, adhere to and abide by the Constitution; (2) the meaning of ‘non-implementation’ of the Constitution; and (3) the claims of non-inclusion, by certain groups, in the exercise of constitution making. -
Protesters Burn the Woolies
THE BYRON SHIRE ECHO Advertising & news enquiries: Mullumbimby 02 6684 1777 Byron Bay 02 6685 5222 Fax 02 6684 1719 [email protected] [email protected] seven p19 Available early Tuesday at: entertainment http://www.echo.net.au VOLUME 23 #06 TUESDAY, JULY 15, 2008 22,700 copies every week FADS, FETISHES & FREAKY AFFAIRS Printed on recycled paper Minister Protesters burn the Woolies ‘box’ approves rates rise Michael McDonald NSW local government minister Paul Lynch last Thursday approved Byron Shire Council’s application for an extra 6.22% on the statewide pegged rate of 3.2% for the coming financial year. About 25 NSW councils were successful in getting a rate variation. At its extraordinary meeting last Thursday to set the rate, Council had to defer the matter until later in the day when the Minister’s advice arrived. Councillors then voted unanimously to set the rate and various other charges such as waste management fees. Mayor Jan Barham said the approval of the rate increase is recognition of the strong case put by Council of the need for addi- tional funds to provide services to the community. ‘Council’s submission included letters of support and it is appreci- ated that Byron United were able to provide their support for the rate increase request,’ said Cr Barham in a press release. ‘There are many projects that Council is seeking to An effigy of the Woolworths ‘big box’ goes up in flames at last Saturday’s rally in Mullumbimby. See more photos on our new website at www.echo.net.au inside deliver, but with a low population July Echo Extra in Galleries. -
Nation Building, State Construction and Development in Africa : the Case Of
STUDY Nation Building, State Construction and Development in Africa The Case of Eritrea ANDEBRHAN WELDE GIORGIS April 2010 n About fifty years after the end of the colonial era, the prototype postcolonial African state remains weak and lacking in legitimacy, delivery and relevance. Conflicts, underdevelopment and climate change continue to undermine the people’s wellbeing and degrade the human condition in much of the continent. The prototype state is dysfunctional, insecure and fragile. n Independent Eritrea’s experience to date evinces a marked deficit in democratic governance. Significant lapses have disconnected policy and practice in nation building, state construction and development. Nineteen years post liberation, the state in Eritrea, like the prototype post- colonial African state, is in deep crisis. It has failed to provide for the needs, promote the well- being, cater to the aspirations and safeguard the security of the people. It is characterised by a crisis of legitimacy, delivery and relevance. A dismal record has dashed hopes that Eritrea would avoid the continent’s malaise and shine as the inspiring beacon of an African success story. n Lack of democratic governance has weakened nation building, undermined state construc- tion, and subverted socioeconomic development. Eritrea’s record to date indicates more a duplication of than an exception to the general African experience. This has been a cause of profound disappointment to the vision of building a democratic and progressive Eritrea that stands out as a bright star in the African constellation. n An internally driven, dynamic and developing process of democratic governance would un- derpin successful nation building, state reconstruction and development in Eritrea and Af- rica. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/01/2021 05:53:02PM Via Free Access 238 Magnet
African Journal of Legal Studies 8 (2015) 237–272 brill.com/ajls Constitution Making in Eritrea: Why It Is Necessary to Go Back to the Future Joseph Eliot Magnet Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, 57 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5 [email protected] Abstract Eritrea went through a constitutional process from 1995 to 1997, which resulted in a text that provides for the rule of law, democratic institutions and human rights. The text was ratified by the National Assembly, but never implemented. The United Nations, the USA and the EU support the 1997 Constitution. They have called on Eritrea to “(i)mplement (it) fully and without further delay”. This recommendation is challenged here. Eritrea is multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-lingual. The 1997 Constitution creates a highly centralized Stalinist structure that experience teaches does not work in deeply diverse democracies. Eritrea requires a power sharing constitution, fabricated in a proper nego- tiated process. Implementing the 1997 Constitution would likely bring Eritrea’s two large nationalities into conflict with its eight smaller nationalities with high risk for vio- lent civil strife that could spill over into neighbouring countries. This is concerning for geopolitics and would be devastating for human rights. Keywords African constitutional law – comparative constitutional law – constitution making – constitutional law – constitutional design – Eritrea – Eritrea constitution … © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2�16 | doi 10.1163/17087384-12342064Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 05:53:02PM via free access 238 Magnet Between the strong and the weak, between the rich and the poor, between master and servant, it is freedom that oppresses and the law that sets free. -
Eritrean Refugees in Buffalo Background
FACT SHEET July 8, 2015 Eritrean Refugees in Buffalo 1 Please note that this is a rough-and-ready guide, and that these facts will not be applicable to all Eritrean refugees that you meet. Background Eritrea was once part of Ethiopia but began a struggle for independence in the 1960s and finally became established as a separate country in 1993.2 The civil war that preceded the separation lasted for approximately 30 years, beginning while Eritrea was still considered part of Ethiopia and continued until 2000, even after independence was granted.3 Three waves of migration from Eritrea to the US occurred in the 1980s and 1990s, as refugees escaped the violent civil war, finding safety in refugee camps in surrounding countries, and then more recently as individuals (mostly men) sought to escape the mandatory national service.4 Despite the peace treaty with Ethiopia signed in 2000, there has been escalating tension along the border, along with discrimination against evangelical Christians and ethnic minority groups.5 The most common ethnic group in Eritrea is Tigrean.6 1 Cultural Attributes Belief Systems and Values The two major religions practiced in Eritrea are The Five Pillars of Islam Christianity and Islam7: 55% Catholic Shahadah: profession of faith in God 16% Protestant Salah: prayer towards Makkah, Islam's 16% Muslim (almost all Sunni) holiest city Zakat: almsgiving, service to God In Buffalo, the Debre Selam Medhane Alem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is Sawm: fasting during the holy month of attended by both Ethiopians and Eritreans. Ramadan Additionally, there are a number of mosques and Hajj: the pilgrimage to Makkah Islamic centers in the area, although they are not necessarily aimed at the East African community. -
Eritrea Report
ERITREA REPORT APRIL 2005 Country Information and Policy Unit IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Eritrea April 2005 CONTENTS 1 Scope of Document 1.1 2 Geography 2.1 3 Economy 3.1 3.2 Petrol Rationing 3.5 Drought & Famine 4 History Foundations of Eritrea 4.1 Resistance to Ethiopian Rule 1952-1991 4.2 Independence 1993 & Transitional Government 4.4 The PFDJ and Constitutional Developments 4.7 Border Conflict with Ethiopia 1998-2000 4.13 Unresolved Border Demarcation 4.18 5 State Structures The Constitution 5.1 - Citizenship and Nationality 5.3 - Three Witnesses 5.12 - The 1993 Referendum 5.18 - Mixed Marriage & Mixed Birth 5.21 The Political System 5.26 The Judiciary 5.32 - Special Courts 5.39 Legal Rights/Detention 5.42 - Death Penalty 5.46 Internal Security 5.47 Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.49 The Military 5.55 - Draft Evaders 5.56 - Military Service 5.59 - Demobilisation 5.64 - Prisoners of War 5.66 Medical Services - General 5.67 - Specialist Facilities 5.75 - HIV/AIDS 5.78 - The Disabled 5.80 Educational System 5.83 Eritrea April 2005 6 Human Rights 6.A Human Rights – issues General 6.1 Freedom of Speech and of the Media - The Media 6.9 - Non Media Criticism 6.15 6.16 Freedom of Religion Religious Groups - 6.20 - Non-Sanctioned Religious Groups 6.27 - Jehovah’s Witnesses 6.30 - Muslims 6.40 Freedom of Assembly and Association 6.44 - Political Activists - Political Opposition 6.48 - Democratic Elections 6.53 - The G15 Group 6.56 - Supporters of the Ethiopian Derg Regime 6.64 - Supporters of the ELF -
Incriminato Lex Direttore Della Sade
Quotidiano / Anno XLIV / N. 253 ( K^f) Giovedi 74 scttembrc 1967 / L 60 ^ Oggi 8 pagine speciali La campagna della stampa CECOSLOVACCHIA 1967 50 mila lire sottoscritte Un ampio panorama deU'economia e delle produzioni ceco- slovacche in occasione della Fiera internazionale di Brno da Giacomo Monzu ORGANO DEL PARTITO COMUNISTA ITALIANO Domenica 12 festivals provincial! dell'Unita II caso di Siena Si estende il dibattito sul superamento dei blocchi I^IENA e nel cuore degli Italiani, per la sua storia, per la sua bellezza, ed anche per la preoccupazione che suscitano le sue odierne difficolta economiche. Siena e una cittadella della democrazia e del movi- mento operaio, e il capoluogo della provincia piu ros- sa d'ltalia, di una provincia dove i comunisti sono in molti casi in maggioranza assoluta, dove i comunisti insieme ai socialists delle diverse tendenze, costitui- Forti attacchi dei cattolici rebbero, unit!, una forza immensa che nessuna ma- novra reazionaria, nessuna resistenza conservative potrebbe fermare. Ma i gruppi dirigenti della DC vo- gliono che a Siena la democrazia sia messa in mora; Lo scullore Giacomo Manzii, autore delle famose porta e i dirigenti socialists in nome dell'alleanza di cen- dl San Pielro, prcmio Lenin per la pace nel 19(6, ha sot- loscritto 50 mila lire per I'Unitn II fatto, significativo in tro-sinistra e di un cieco anticomunismo, hanno fatto $6, si inquadra nel clima dl crescente enlusiasmo ed In- propria questa stessa volonta. teresse che la campagna per la stampa comunista crea all'oltranzismo atla ntico attorno al nostra giornale ed alio jlancio nuovo con II quale II Consiglio comunale di Siena, eletto nel giugno i compagni, dopo I'imponenle manifestazione popolare dl scorso, ha dovuto decidere il proprio autoscioglimento Milano, si accingono a raggiungcre gli obiettivi per la sot. -
Mental Disability and the Executive: a Comparative Analysis of the Separation of Powers
LCB_23_2_Article_6_Nelson (Do Not Delete) 6/13/2019 9:53 PM NOTES & COMMENTS MENTAL DISABILITY AND THE EXECUTIVE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SEPARATION OF POWERS by Zachary Nelson The doctrine of Separation of Powers is integral to the United States’ consti- tutional system. To prevent tyranny, governmental power must be separated to ensure that no government institution nor official gains too much power. The U.S. Constitution was drafted with this central concern in mind. To achieve successful separation of powers, constitutions must make clear—or at least discernible—the boundaries and scope of each power. One of the most significant areas in which this clarity is required is in the election, mainte- nance, and removal of the country’s executive leadership. For over 175 years, the U.S. Constitution lacked a procedure for removing its president from office for reasons of ill health. This was not due to a surplus of healthy presidents. In fact, the history of U.S. presidents is one of frequent illness, sudden traumas, and eleventh-hour miracles. Numerous presidents narrowly avoided death, while countless others kept hidden their struggles with physical frailty and decline. Beyond physical ailments, presidents endure stress * J.D., summa cum laude, Lewis & Clark Law School, 2019; M.A., Colorado State University, 2016; B.A., University of South Dakota, 2013. Thank you to Professor Ozan Varol for the valuable comments, feedback, and guidance during the drafting process, to the staff of the Lewis & Clark Law Review for their diligent work preparing this for publication, and to my family for their constant encouragement. -
The State of Eritrea Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 18
The State of Eritrea Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 18th Session of the UPR Working Group Submitted 24 June 2013 Submission by CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation, NGO in General Consultative Status with ECOSOC and CDRiE: Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation Ms Charlotte Allan Email: [email protected] Ms Renate Bloem Email: [email protected] Web: www.civicus.org CDRiE: Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea Mr. Suleiman Hussein Email: [email protected] Web: www.cdrie.net 1 1. (A) Introduction 1.1 CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation is an international movement with members in more than 100 countries. Established in 1993, CIVICUS nurtures the foundation, growth and protection of citizen action worldwide, especially in areas where participatory democracy and citizens’ freedom of association are threatened. 1.2 CDRiE: Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea is a Diaspora based Eritrean civil society organisation that works for the full realization of the democratic rights of the Eritrean people; in particular, the broad advancement of the rule of law and of constitutional governance that will enable Eritreans to elect their own leaders through free and fair elections, including full restoration of freedoms of conscience, religion, information, expression and association. 1.3 In this document, CIVICUS and CDRiE outline concerns related to the environment in which civil society and human rights defenders operate in Eritrea, and discuss the threats they face in the exercise of the freedoms of expression, association and assembly. 1.4 CIVICUS and CDRiE are deeply concerned by the total repression of civil society and free speech in Eritrea. -
Eritrea Eligibility Guidelines
UNHCR ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION NEEDS OF ASYLUM-SEEKERS FROM ERITREA United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) April 2009 NOTE UNHCR Eligibility Guidelines are issued by the Office to assist decision-makers, including UNHCR staff, Governments and private practitioners, in assessing the international protection needs of asylum-seekers from a given country. They are authoritative legal interpretations of the refugee criteria in respect of specific groups on the basis of objectively assessed social, political, economic, security, human rights, and humanitarian conditions in the country of origin concerned. The pertinent protection needs are analyzed in detail and recommendations made as to how the applications in question should be decided upon in line with the relevant principles and criteria of refugee law as per, notably, the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, the UNHCR Statute and relevant regional instruments such as the Cartagena Declaration, the 1969 OAU Convention and the EU Asylum Directives. The recommendations may also touch upon, as relevant, complementary or subsidiary protection regimes. UNHCR issues its Eligibility Guidelines pursuant to its responsibility to promote the accurate interpretation and application of the above-mentioned refugee criteria as envisaged by Article 8 of its Statute, Article 35 of the 1951 Convention and Article II of its 1967 Protocol and based on the expertise it has developed over several years in eligibility and refugee status determination matters. It is expected that the positions and guidance contained in the Guidelines should be weighed heavily by the relevant decision-making authorities in reaching a decision on the asylum applications concerned.