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Environmentally Safe Control Strategies

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Project no. SSPE-CT-2003-502329 PANDA Permanent network to strengthen expertise on infectious diseases of aquaculture species and scientific advice to EU policy Coordination Action Scientific support to policies Deliverable 10 - Environmentally safe control strategies Due date of deliverable: Month 30 Actual submission date: Month 44 Start date of project:01/01/04 Duration:44 months Dr Panos Christofilogiannis, FEAP Belgium Revision [1.0] Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public PU PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) 1 Contents Page 1. Executive summary 3 2. Introduction 4 3. Disease cards for the identified disease hazards 7 3.1 Fish diseases 7 3.1.1 Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis 7 3.1.2 Infectious salmon anaemia 10 3.1.3 Red sea bream iridoviral disease 13 3.1.4 Koi Herpervirus disease 15 3.1.5 Streptococcus agalactiae 17 3.1.6 Lactococcus garviae 19 3.1.7 Streptococcus iniae 21 3.1.8 Trypanosoma salmositica 22 3.1.9 Ceratomyxa shasta 23 3.1.10 Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis 24 3.1.11 Parvicapsula pseudobranchicola 26 3.1.12 Gyrodactylus salaris 27 3.1.13 Aphanomyces invadans 29 3.2 Mollusc diseases 30 3.2.1 Candidatus Xanohaliotis californensis 30 3.2.2 Pacific oyster nocardiosis 31 3.2.3 Marteiliosis 32 3.2.4 Perkinsus olseni / atlanticus 34 3.2.5 Perkinsus marinus 35 3.3 Crustacean viral diseases 40 3.3.1 YellowHead disease 41 3.3.2 Whitespot virus 43 3.3.3 Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis 46 3.3.4 Taura syndrome 48 3.3.5 Coxiella cheraxi 50 3.4 Amphibian diseases 52 3.4.1 Amphibian Iridoviridae Ranavirus 52 3.4.2 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 53 4. Prudent Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 55 5. Biosecurity Considerations 76 6. Vaccination strategies 84 7. Alternative treatments 98 8. Antiparasitic Treatments 102 9 Genetic resistance 128 10. Identified Knowledge gaps and Recommendations 146 11. Epilogue 153 2 1. Executive summary Aquatic animal health management is a wide complex area of research since diseases depends on species, farming systems, environmental conditions and pathogen characteristics. Good husbandry and management practices at farm level shift the balance in favor of cultured organisms versus opportunistic or real pathogens is in all cases the cornerstone of any successful health strategy. Appropriate water quality and stocking densities, correct feeding strategy and good hygiene standards as well as appropriate vaccination plans are factors that could play significant role in the improvement of farm health status. Quarantine involving thermal or chemical water disinfection is a necessary precaution during imports of live animals and gametes. Appropriate protocols for disinfection and sanitary handling and disposal of mortalities and appropriate methods for treatment of infected fish by products are essential to contain the disease in a farm or an area. Site selection and farm carrying capacity significantly influence disease patterns. Clean water supply or appropriate inlet water treatment as well as disinfection of the effluent water in land-based farms are important means of disease control. Quarantine protocols for imported disease free broodstock, disinfection of eggs prior to introduction from reliable sources, minimised handling induced stress, year class separation, species appropriate stocking densities are significant factors affecting farm health management that are not well understood and are not supported by applied research. Parasitic biological circle and intermediate hosts knowledge is paramount in effective prevention, containment and treatment of these pathogens. New options are made available and always the most environmentally friendly method should be utilised. Selection of disease resistant stocks does not always coincide with fast growing populations and selection for a disease might be associated with increased susceptibility to others. Fast growing families have also been proven more susceptible to disease outbreaks. Multifactor genetic selection is very important in order to be relevant for the industry. Disease prevention by the application of vaccines and immunostimulants as well as alternative treatments, where applicable, have in recent years advanced aquaculture as we know it resolving the risk from major especially bacterial diseases. Vaccines significantly reduce the need for other therapeutics, saving costs, and reducing problems such as antibiotic resistance and concerns over residual levels or environmental impact. Definition of 3uestionna vaccination strategies with the selection of the right type of vaccines, application method and schedule to adapt to the epidemiology of the disease in the farm is important to alleviate pressure especially in culture and health management of new species. While vaccination, strictly speaking, is not applicable in the case of mollusc diseases because of the lack of antibodies, the use of chemotherapeutics may be relevant for aquaculture in some particular conditions like in hatchery-nursery, but is not practical in the natural environment. The aim of this report is to illustrate the main areas of interest in terms of prevention, containment and treatment not only of the diseases identified in WP2. While the focus in Aquatic Health Management is on the animal health and welfare, the compliance with current EU, state and regional legislation and the consumer safety it is closely interlinked with the environmental future sustainability in terms of effects on the aquatic environment and the wild fauna as well as the aquaculture industry’s economic viability. 3 2. Introduction The aim of this Workpackage is to: • Consider the currently available methods for the prevention, containment and treatment of the most serious diseases • Identify those which are applicable in different production systems as well as being environmentally safe • Advise where research is needed to develop alternatives to those which may have adverse effects on the environment This Report on Evaluation of current methods for controlling the disease hazards is the deliverable of this workpackage and includes: • Assessment of their likely impact on the environment and • Recommendations for their application in different production systems and for various aquatic animal species. • Identification of training needs for scientists and fish farmers • Identification of gaps in knowledge and research needs regarding development of these methods in European aquaculture. • Recommendations for guidelines and policy / legislation options with regards to application of new methods for the control of the diseases FEAP was allocated as leader of this workpackage due to it’s relevance to the future and sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Dr. Panos Christofilogiannis FEAP consultant that was the WP5 coordinator selected the five main areas of interest in order to divide the work to fish health experts: • Antimicrobial chemotherapy • Vaccine technology • Antiparasitic treatments • Genetic resistance • Alternative treatments Table 1. Experts called to participate in the task force WP5 Task force expert Institute Country Field Myriam Algoet CEFAS UK Alternative treatment s Tony Ellis FRS UK Vaccination Methods Pete Smith UIG Ireland Ant imictobial Chemot herapy Kurt Buchmann RVAU Denmark Ant iparasit ic treatment s Pierre Boundry IFREMER France Genetic Resistance Panos Christofilogiannis FEAP Belgium Healt h Management The first task force meeting was realised in Luton and the second task force meeting was in Hydra island Greece. Due to lack of availability three members of the taskforce requested to be substituted after the second task force meeting. The new WP5 task force included three new members in the areas of Alternative treatments, Genetic resistance and Antiparasitic treatments: 4 Table 2. Experts called to participate in the second task force WP5 Task force expert Institute Country Field David Verner-Jeffreys CEFAS UK Alternative treatments Tony Ellis FRS UK Vaccination Methods Pete Smith UIG Ireland Antimictobial Chemotherapy Efi Athanasopoulou UoThessaly Greece Antiparasitic treatments Richard Paley CEFAS UK Genetic Resistance Panos Christofilogiannis FEAP Belgium Health Management Two more task force meeting were organised in Lelystad and Weymouth while the coordinator visited CEFAS in Weymouth two more times to work with CEFAS task force members and other experts on the finalisation of the WP5 report. Task force meeting (Weymouth) - Involvement of external experts: • Dr. Grant Stentiford (Crustacea) • Dr. Matt Longshaw (parasites / molluscs) • Dr. Isabelle Arzul (molluscs) • Dr. Richard Paley (Resistance breeding) • Dr. David Verner-Jeffreys (Biosecurity - Disinfection) • Dr. Myriam Algoet (Alternative treatments) • WP5 organised a workshop on “Critical review of fish health strategies clinical efficacy and environmental impact” in Hydra, Greece May 2005 in extention of a PANDA consortium meeting and following FEAP Annual General Assembly. Please see details on the programme and presentations on http://www.europanda.net/m_area/docs/wp5/Hydraworkshop.xls Prof. Pete Smith developed and sent a 5uestionnaire to PANDA members on “Current susceptibility testing practices of fish health diagnostic laboratories” Prof. Efi Athanassopoulou wrote a chapter on
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  • Ciliate Diversity, Community Structure, and Novel Taxa in Lakes of the Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

    Ciliate Diversity, Community Structure, and Novel Taxa in Lakes of the Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

    Reference: Biol. Bull. 227: 175–190. (October 2014) © 2014 Marine Biological Laboratory Ciliate Diversity, Community Structure, and Novel Taxa in Lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica YUAN XU1,*†, TRISTA VICK-MAJORS2, RACHAEL MORGAN-KISS3, JOHN C. PRISCU2, AND LINDA AMARAL-ZETTLER4,5,*࿣ 1Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; 2Montana State University, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, 334 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717; 3Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056; 4The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; and 5Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Abstract. We report an in-depth survey of next-genera- trends in dissolved oxygen concentration and salinity may tion DNA sequencing of ciliate diversity and community play a critical role in structuring ciliate communities. A structure in two permanently ice-covered McMurdo Dry PCR-based strategy capitalizing on divergent eukaryotic V9 Valley lakes during the austral summer and autumn (No- hypervariable region ribosomal RNA gene targets unveiled vember 2007 and March 2008). We tested hypotheses on the two new genera in these lakes. A novel taxon belonging to relationship between species richness and environmental an unknown class most closely related to Cryptocaryon conditions