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Tullich Aberdeenshire Society of Antiquaries of Scotland PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY SCOTTISHOF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANTIQUARIES OF INTERNETSCOTLAND REPORTS ISSN: 0081-1564 • e-ISSN: 2056-743X Tullich, Aberdeenshire: a reappraisal of an early ecclesiastical site and its carved stones in the light of recent excavations How to cite: Geddes, J, Murray, H K and Murray, J C 2015 ‘Tullich, Aberdeenshire: a reap- praisal of an early ecclesiastical site and its carved stones in the light of recent excavations’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 145: 229-281. Collection DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5284/1000184 Click http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/psas/volumes.cfm to visit the journal homepage. Please note: This document is the publisher’s PDF of an article published in the Proceed- ings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. This version has been peer-re- viewed and contains all final editorial corrections and journal pagination. Copyright © 2016 rests with the Society and the individual authors. Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The permission to reproduce the Society's copyright-protected ma- terial does not extend to any material which is identified as being the copyright of a third party. Authorisation to reproduce such material must be obtained from the copyright holders concerned. Proc Soc Antiq ScotTULLICH, 145 (2015), ABERDEENSHIRE: 229–281 A REAPPRAISAL OF AN EARLY ECCLESIASTICAL SITE | 229 Tullich, Aberdeenshire: a reappraisal of an early ecclesiastical site and its carved stones in the light of recent excavations Jane Geddes,* Hilary K Murray† and J Charles Murray† ABSTRACT Long known as an early church site, the importance of Tullich in Aberdeenshire may often have been underestimated. An evaluation and excavation were undertaken prior to the extension of the modern graveyard and have produced evidence of both inner and outer enclosures around the church that yielded good radiocarbon dates for development of the site in the 7th to 9th centuries and for continued activity in the medieval period. Two early grave markers were found during the excavation, bringing the present total of carved stones from the site to 16 cross-marked slabs and a Pictish symbol stone, a quantity which makes Tullich unique in Aberdeenshire and strongly indicates a religious community established by the late 7th century. The newly discovered crosses have prompted a reappraisal of the full corpus of early medieval carved stones from the site. INTRODUCTION (GPR) was undertaken by Rose Geophysical Consultants (Ovenden 2013) which clearly The ruined medieval church of Tullich, indicated the line of a ditch, possible revetting or Aberdeenshire (NMRS No: NO39NE 2; Historic stonework within the ditch and an arc of possible Scotland SM Index No 86), stands within its stone outside the line of the existing graveyard sub-circular graveyard some 2km to the east of wall (illus 5). It was used as a basis for deciding Ballater, between the A93 and the River Dee a scheme of full excavation of targeted areas, (NGR: NO 3905 9754). Traditionally regarded which took place in 2013 (Murray & Murray as the site of an Early Christian community 2012a; 2014). Two previously unknown cross- founded by St Nathalan, it has produced a slabs were found during the excavation, which significant collection of early medieval carved stimulated the present authors to adopt a multi- stones. When an extension was proposed to disciplinary reassessment of Tullich. the modern graveyard, which lies beside the church, Aberdeenshire Council’s Archaeology Service imposed a planning condition requiring PART 1: THE SITE an archaeological evaluation of the field to the east of the graveyard (illus 1 and 6). Undertaken LOCATION in November 2012 (Murray & Murray 2012a), The striking landscape around Tullich is of this investigation revealed part of an outer ditch focal and strategic importance. It lies on a flat and, as a result, it was decided to commission plain at the east end of the Pass of Ballater, a geophysical survey of the ditch line and the controlling the route between the Highlands and enclosed area, including the west part of the the lower reaches of the River Dee. A church in graveyard. A ground penetrating radar survey this position would demonstrate a very visible * History of Art, University of Aberdeen AB24 3DS † Murray Archaeological Services Ltd, Hill of Belnagoak, Methlick, Aberdeenshire AB41 7JN 230 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 2015 Illus 1 Location of Tullich. A: sites associated with St Nathalan. B: Tullich and its surrounding topography political endorsement by the early medieval church west to the pass across the ford of the secular power in the area. Tullich Burn and south to the ford over the It is also beside the confluence of the River Dee (illus 2). This fairly narrow stretch of Tullich Burn and the River Dee, with fords good land between the river and the high ground over both nearby. An estate map of 1790 (Scroll to the north would have controlled movement Plan) shows early roads running from the through the pass and across the river. This would TULLICH, ABERDEENSHIRE: A REAPPRAISAL OF AN EARLY ECCLESIASTICAL SITE | 231 Illus 2 Detail of Tullich Churchyard from the Scroll Plan of the lands of Tullich within dykes, the property of Wm Farquharson Esqr of Monaltrie. 1790. Photographed and reproduced courtesy of Invercauld Estate have been even more apparent if, as Watson and Craigendarroch, and at its east by Tom Beithe, a Allan suggest (1987: fig 5), the former tract of lower hillock. the Dee looped north to the west of the Tullich There is no clear archaeological evidence Burn. of any prehistoric ritual site on this ground – The church site appears to have been bordered although other natural features might be regarded on three sides by a palaeochannel which had as indicators of the possible existence of such an been deepened to form an enclosing ditch. The earlier, pre-Christian sacral site. The church is palaeochannel, possibly seasonally waterlogged, situated in direct alignment between the spring would have been visible in the Early Historic point of Pannanich Wells to the south and the landscape and may have created the sense of a exposed geological fault which forms a notch in place apart. The wider vista of the church plain Crannach Hill to the north (illus 3). It is tempting is closed at the west end by the prominent knoll, to think that the waters of the nearby Pannanich 232 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 2015 Wells (NO39NE 98.1 and 98.2) may have been with a possible secondary chamber (NO39NE3) locally known for their curative powers long (illus 3: C). There is no visible evidence of the before the publicised healing of an old lady in roundhouses that would have stood beside them; 1760 (Groome 1884: 158). Sedgwick (1995: 26) however, the effort of building two souterrains notes that the Monaltrie Estate papers refer to the would have involved community labour and, ‘discovery’ of the waters before 1745. as Armit (1999: 583) stresses, is a marker of a settlement of considerable social significance. The Class 1 Pictish symbol stone (Tullich 1) PREHISTORIC ACTIVITY from the graveyard is witness to the continuation The importance of the location of Tullich of this secular power in the immediate area into controlling the route-ways is demonstrated by the early medieval period. the deposition of a hoard of two Early Bronze Age flat axes at the Pass of Ballater (NO39NE16) HISTORICAL EVIDENCE (Ralston 1984: 77–8), which stresses the symbolic and practical significance of the pass. The earliest written records, from 1275 and Evidence of late prehistoric settlement in the 1366, refer to the location as Tulynathtlayk fertile plain directly around Tullich is provided and Tulynathelath meaning ‘hillock or knoll by two souterrains, c 80m apart, at Braehead of of Nathalan’ (Abdn. Reg.: 1275, 1366). Both Tullich between 200 and 250m south-east of the elements of the name are significant. His saint’s church. One of the souterrains is only known day, 8 January , commemorated in the Aberdeen from a cropmark (NO39NE103, NO39NE114). Breviary and by the date of the later village fair, The other, opened in the 1920s and since confirm his identity with Nectain of Nér, an blocked, comprises a stone passage c 15m long abbot whose death is recorded in the Annals of Illus 3 View from south side of River Dee near Pannanich Wells across the Dee to Tullich. Church (A), notch in the hill above the church (B) and the souterrain site (C) are marked TULLICH, ABERDEENSHIRE: A REAPPRAISAL OF AN EARLY ECCLESIASTICAL SITE | 233 Ulster in 679, with the death day mentioned in landmark. O’Grady (2014: 114, 117–19) has the Martyrology of Tallaght (Mackinlay 1914: identified a correlation, particularly in north- 222; Clancy 2008: 366–7; Macquarrie 2012: east Scotland, between names containing the 21). Clancy (2008: 367–75) identifies Nathalan element ‘tulach’, churches and assembly sites. with variations (Nachlan, Nechtan, Mo Nithoc, Some of these mounds are historically attested, Mo Neittoc) and suggests the name is probably like Tillydrone adjacent to St Machar’s Cathedral Pictish. He also suggests that Afforsk and in Aberdeen. O’Grady includes Abersnethock Abersnethock, both near Monymusk, and possibly (also containing St Nathalan’s name), adjacent Egilsmonichto, near Dundee, were dedicated to to the mound at Tillywater, and Tullich, with Nathalan. He identifies Nathalan with Nectain of its symbol stone and prominent knoll to the Nér in Alba – a lost monastery which he would east, in this group as a potential site of early place around Fetternear, Aberdeenshire. Clancy secular administration beside a church. Although (2008: 366) argues further that the apparently RCAHMS records another smaller mound at local nature of the cult of Nathalan, as illustrated Braehead of Tullich (NO39NE60), the defining by dedications and place-name evidence, may landmark is undoubtedly Tom Beithe (see below, indicate these are contemporary foundations pp 261, 264).
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