Johannes Christian Bernhardt DIE JÜDISCHE REVOLUTION Johannes Christian Bernhardt Der Seleukide Antiochos IV

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Johannes Christian Bernhardt DIE JÜDISCHE REVOLUTION Johannes Christian Bernhardt Der Seleukide Antiochos IV KLIO BH 22 Johannes Christian Bernhardt DIE JÜDISCHE REVOLUTION Johannes Christian Bernhardt Der Seleukide Antiochos IV. griff 168 v. Chr. tief in den Kult von Jerusalem ein. Dagegen formierte sich unter den Hasmonäern eine Erhebung, die zur Wieder- herstellung des Kultes, zur Etablierung der Hasmonäer als Hohepriester und zur Unabhängigkeit Judäas führte. Vor dem Hintergrund weit auseinandergehender DIE JÜDISCHE Forschungspositionen unternimmt diese Studie eine integrative Deutung von Ursachen, Entwicklung und Folgen der hasmonäischen Erhebung, fasst diese im Spannungsfeld von Religion und Politik als historischen Prozess und arbeitet ihre Bedeutung für die diskursive Ausbildung des Judentums heraus. REVOLUTION UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZU URSACHEN, VERLAUF UND FOLGEN DER HASMONÄISCHEN ERHEBUNG DIE REIHE: KLIO – BEITRÄGE ZUR ALTEN GESCHICHTE. BEIHEFTE NEUE FOLGE Die Klio-Beihefte wurden 1903 gegründet und etablierten sich rasch als eine der führenden Reihen auf dem Feld der historischen Altertumswissenschaften. Nach jahrzehntelanger Unterbrechung erscheinen sie wieder seit 1999 als »Neue Folge« und geben herausragenden Forschungen zur Geschichte der griechischen und römischen Welt ein geeignetes Forum. Dies gilt für das gesamte Spektrum von stärker quellen- basierten bis zu prononciert theoriegeleiteten Untersuchungen sowie für innovative Studien aus den Nachbardisziplinen der Alten Geschichte. KLIO – BEITRÄGE ZUR ALTEN GESCHICHTE BEIHEFTE NEUE FOLGE www.degruyter.com ISBN 978-3-05-006481-9 ISSN 1438-7689 Johannes Christian Bernhardt Die Jüdische Revolution KLIO Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte Beihefte. Neue Folge Herausgegeben von Hartwin Brandt und Martin Jehne unter Mitarbeit von Manfred Clauss, Peter Funke und Hans-Joachim Gehrke Band 22 Johannes Christian Bernhardt Die Jüdische Revolution Untersuchungen zu Ursachen, Verlauf und Folgen der hasmonäischen Erhebung ISBN 978-3-05-006481-9 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-05-006482-6 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-038001-9 ISSN 1438-7689 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Druck und Bindung: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com | Für U.F.D.B. Inhalt 1 Problemstellung | 1 2 Ansatz | 12 3 Quellenkritik | 35 3.1 Vorbemerkung | 35 3.2 Das Buch Daniel | 37 3.3 Das erste Makkabäerbuch | 41 3.4 Das zweite Makkabäerbuch | 47 3.5 Flavius Josephus | 58 3.6 Umgang mit den Quellen | 68 4 Judäertümer und Polisstatus | 72 4.1 Voraussetzungen | 72 4.2 Oniaden und Tobiaden | 86 4.3 Die Bilga und der Hellenismos | 110 4.4 Jason und die Antiochener in Jerusalem | 129 4.5 Tyros, Sparta und Hierosolyma | 145 4.6 Menelaos | 156 4.7 Zusammenfassung | 163 5 Ein erschienener Gott | 166 5.1 Voraussetzungen | 166 5.2 Usurpation und Herrschaftssicherung | 172 5.3 Zeus und die Nähe zu den Göttern | 181 5.4 Der sechste syrische Krieg | 193 5.5 Isis und Serapis | 206 5.6 Der Tag von Eleusis | 211 5.7 Zusammenfassung | 215 6 Der Greuel des Verwüsters | 217 6.1 Die Akra von Jerusalem | 217 6.2 Porphyrios und Zeus Olympios | 222 6.3 Der König und sein Kult | 236 6.4 Die Judäer und ihr Kult | 245 6.5 Religionsverfolgung und Gründungsmythos | 255 6.6 Epiphanie und Apokalypse | 265 6.7 Zusammenfassung | 273 XII | Inhalt 7 Die Anfänge der Erhebung | 275 7.1 Mattathias | 275 7.2 Die Hasmonäerfamilie und Modein | 285 7.3 Judas Makkabaios | 290 7.4 Guerillakampf und Diplomatie | 301 7.5 Tempelweihung und Nachbarfeldzüge | 310 7.6 Das Ende der Kulteingriffe | 318 7.7 Zusammenfassung | 327 8 Hohepriesteramt und Etablierung | 329 8.1 Judas’ letzte Kämpfe | 329 8.2 Jonathan und die Lage in Judäa | 338 8.3 Dynastiestreit und Bruderzwist | 345 8.4 Das Bündnis mit Rom | 364 8.5 Das Hohepriesteramt | 375 8.6 Simons Etablierung | 384 8.7 Zusammenfassung | 394 9 Hellenismus und Judentum | 396 9.1 Voraussetzungen | 396 9.2 Hasmonäer, Sadduzäer und Pharisäer | 408 9.3 Die Essener und Qumran | 414 9.4 Diaspora | 425 9.5 Die Ideologie der Verfolgung | 432 9.6 Judentum | 453 9.7 Zusammenfassung | 466 10 Epilog | 468 Appendix 1: Religionseingriffe und Erhebungsursachen in der Forschung | 485 1.1 Zielsetzung | 485 1.2 Königliche Hellenisierung | 485 1.3 Judäische Reformation | 488 1.4 Königliche Macht und Herrschaft | 490 1.5 Machtergreifung und Vergöttlichung | 496 1.6 Hohepriesterliche Macht und Herrschaft | 498 1.7 Königliche Reformversuche | 500 1.8 Verfolgungsnarrative und Traditionsbildung | 504 1.9 Königliche Verwaltung | 507 1.10 Tempelbaugeschichten und Steuerdruck | 509 1.11 Zusammenfassung | 513 Inhalt | XIII Appendix 2: Die Datierung des ersten Einleitungsbriefes in 2. Makk. | 515 Appendix 3: Chronologie und Ereignisgang | 524 3.1 Problemlage und Zielsetzung | 524 3.2 Beginn der Religionseingriffe | 525 3.3 Ereignisgang der Jahre 165–163 v. Chr. | 545 3.4 Tempelweihung und Nachbarfeldzüge | 555 Appendix 4: Das Tobiadenbuch als historische Quelle | 570 Appendix 5: Antiochos in Jerusalem, Tempelplünderung und Bürgerkrieg | 584 Appendix 6: Onias in Ägypten und die Hohepriesterschaft des Alkimos | 593 Appendix 7: Zeittafel | 604 Appendix 8: Karten | 607 Literaturverzeichnis | 610 Quellenregister | 678 Index | 708 1 Problemstellung „Der Religionszwang, den Epiphanes in Jerusalem ausübte, stellt also das eigentliche und ein- zige Rätsel der Geschichte des seleukidischen Jerusalem dar.“ Elias Bickermann1 Alexander veränderte die Welt für immer. Seine Feldzüge und Siege über das Perser- reich öffneten Kleinasien, die Levante, Ägypten und den Vorderen Orient bis weit nach Indien griechischer Herrschaft und Kultur. Schon im kurzlebigen Riesenreich Alexanders und zunehmend in den Großreichen seiner Nachfolger breitete sich die Polis als maßgebliche Lebensform der Griechen bis an die Grenzen der bekannten Welt aus – und auf ihren Spuren Konzepte griechischer Literatur, Philosophie und Kunst. Schließlich stieg die griechische Sprache zur lingua franca einer neuen Welt auf, die auf lange Sicht auch die griechische Kultur nicht unverändert lassen sollte: der hellenistischen Oikoumene. Einen Brennpunkt dieser Veränderungen bildete von Anfang an die Levante. Reich an Rohstoffen, Endpunkt wichtiger Handelswege und mit den alten phoiniki- schen Handelsstädten Umschlagplatz in den Mittelmeerraum, war die Region schon in den Diadochenkriegen heftig umkämpft. Erst nach der Schlacht von Ipsos 301 v. Chr. gelang es Ptolemaios I., die Levante als nördliches Glacis in sein ägyptisches Reich zu integrieren. Mit den sich verfestigenden Herrschaftsstrukturen intensivier- ten sich auch die Kulturkontakte und Austauschprozesse. Die phoinikischen Städte etwa konstituierten sich peu à peu als griechische Poleis neu – ein faszinierendes Ne- beneinander kultureller Traditionen entwickelte sich. Aber auch neue Poleis wurden gegründet. Da die Levante nach der Schlacht von Ipsos eigentlich Seleukos I. hätte zufallen sollen, hatte dieser in Nordsyrien bereits mit einer Reihe programmatischer Stadtgründungen das Zentrum seines Reiches an- gelegt. Mit der Gründung künftiger Metropolen wie Antiocheia und dem seleukidi- schen Zentralheiligtum von Daphne blieb auch der seleukidische Herrschaftsan- spruch auf die Levante bestehen. Damit war der Grund gelegt für die lange Reihe syrischer Kriege, die Seleukiden und Ptolemäer um die Oberherrschaft der Levante ausfechten sollten. Erst 200 v. Chr. erreichte der Seleukide Antiochos III., was seinen Vorgängern und ihm selbst zuvor nicht gelungen war: Im fünften syrischen Krieg eroberte er die ge- samte Levante bis nach Gaza. Nach rund einem Jahrhundert ptolemäischer Herr- schaft gingen Phoinikien, Koilesyrien und die zahlreichen Städte der Region in den seleukidischen Herrschaftsverband über. Und betroffen war von diesen Umbrüchen || 1 BICKERMANN 1937A, 92. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783050064826-015 2 | Problemstellung der großen Politik auch ein prima facie wenig bedeutsamer Teil im bergigen Hinter- land der größeren Verwaltungseinheit Phoinikien und Koilesyrien: Judäa mit seiner Tempelstadt Jerusalem. Nach dem Herrschaftswechsel begann Antiochos III., die Verhältnisse zu den neuen Angehörigen seines Reiches zu regeln. Beim judäischen Historiker Flavius Jo- sephus hat sich in diesem Zusammenhang ein Brief Antiochos’ III. erhalten, der einen Einblick in die spezifischen Regelungen für Judäa gibt. Aus diesem Brief geht hervor, daß die in Jerusalem ansässigen Judäer den König im Krieg unterstützt und bei der Vertreibung einer ptolemäischen Garnison aus Jerusalem tatkräftig geholfen hatten. Im Gegenzug revanchierte sich der König nun mit einer Reihe von Wohltaten: Er ließ die im Krieg schwer in Mitleidenschaft gezogene Stadt wiederherstellen, ordnete die Rückführung verschleppter Judäer an, versprach Zuwendungen für den Opferkult und die Verschönerung des Tempels und gewährte Steuernachlasse für die Judäer allgemein und besonders für das Kultpersonal2. Vor allem aber enthält der Brief die zentrale Bestimmung, daß „alle Angehörigen des Stammes in Übereinstimmung mit den väterlichen Gesetzen regiert werden sollen.“3 De facto erkannte Antiochos III. mit dieser Regelung Autonomie und Selbstverwaltung der Judäer an. Der Brief Antiochos’ III. entspricht den gängigen Mustern hellenistischer Herr- schaftspraxis. Der Aufbau
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