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Effect of Polluted Water on Soil, Sediments and Plant Contamination

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Effect of Polluted Water on Soil, Sediments and Plant Contamination Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Solid Earth Discuss., doi:10.5194/se-2015-34, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Solid Earth Published: 8 February 2016 SED © Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License. doi:10.5194/se-2015-34 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Solid Earth (SE). Effect of polluted Please refer to the corresponding final paper in SE if available. water on soil, sediments and plant Effect of polluted water on soil, sediments contamination and plant contamination by heavy metals E. Mahmoud and A. M. Ghoneim in El-Mahla El-Kobra, Egypt Title Page E. Mahmoud1 and A. M. Ghoneim2,3 Abstract Introduction 1Soil and Water Sciences Dept., Faculty of Agriculture at Tanta, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt 2Soil Science Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Conclusions References P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia Tables Figures 3Agricultural Research Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, 33717, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt J I Received: 24 March 2015 – Accepted: 25 March 2015 – Published: 8 February 2016 J I Correspondence to: E. Mahmoud ([email protected]) Back Close Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 1 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract SED The discharge of untreated wastewater in drains Zefta and No. 5 is becoming a problem for many farmers in El-Mahla El-Kobra area, Egypt. The discharging water contains doi:10.5194/se-2015-34 high levels of contaminants considered hazardous to the ecosystem. Some plants, soil, 5 water, and sediment samples were collected from El-Mahla El-Kobra area to evaluate Effect of polluted the contamination by heavy metals. The results showed that the heavy metals, pH, water on soil, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), BOD and COD in the water of drains Zefta and No. sediments and plant 5 exceeded permissible limits for irrigation. In rice and maize plants grown in soils contamination irrigated by water from Zefta and No. 5 drains, the bioaccumulation factors for Cd, 10 Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn were higher than 1.0. The heavy metals of irrigated soils from E. Mahmoud and drains Zefta and No. 5 exceeded the upper limit of background heavy metals. In this A. M. Ghoneim study, the mean contaminant factor values of the drain No. 5 sediments revealed that Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni > 6, indicating very high contamination, which receive a huge amount of metallic pollution due to the direct discharge of wastewater from the Title Page 15 urban and industrial area. The high bioaccumulation coefficients of Cynodon dactylon Abstract Introduction Phragmites australis and Typha domingensis growing in Zefta drain. These species can be considered as hyperaccumulators for, decontamination of polluted water. Thus, Conclusions References the wastewater in El-Mahla El-Kobra area must be treated before discharge in drains Tables Figures (Zefta and No. 5) and remediation of polluted soils from heavy metals. J I 20 1 Introduction J I Environmental contamination of heavy metals has been increased in last decades. Back Close Heavy metals have recently received more attention of researchers all over the world, Full Screen / Esc and this is due to their pernicious effects on living organism such as plants, animals. Industrial wastewater contains high levels of heavy metals, dyes and organic con- Printer-friendly Version 25 taminants. Industrial pollution is particularly dangerous, because it may contaminate soils, waters, crops and groundwater with heavy metals. Industrial processes produce Interactive Discussion 2 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | wastewater that contains heavy metal contaminants (Aslam et al., 2004). There is an increase in the heavy metal contents when soil irrigated with wastewater (Mapanda SED et al., 2005). Heavy metals in effluents are poorly soluble in water, and may bioaccu- doi:10.5194/se-2015-34 mulate in crops, causing damage to plants when reach and under certain conditions 5 become toxic to human and animals fed on these metal-enriched plants (Stephen- son and Sheldon, 1996). Heavy metals persist in soil which then leaches down into Effect of polluted the groundwater and may induce enhanced antioxidant enzymatic activities in plants water on soil, or become adsorbed with solid soil particles (Iannelli et al., 2002). Heavy metals are sediments and plant subjected to bioaccumulation and risk to human health when moved to the food chain contamination 10 (Kelly et al., 1996). Cd uptake by carrot roots was about five times more than the reg- ulatory limits for men, eight times more for women, and 12 times more for children. E. Mahmoud and The results indicating, carrots grown in contaminated soils by Cd have the potential to A. M. Ghoneim cause toxicological problems in men, women, and young children (Roy and McDonald, 2013). High levels of Cd in soil was identified as causing itai-itai disease in Toyama Pre- Title Page 15 fecture, Japan, however, soil solution levels similarly high in Cd do not seem to cause health problems for people living in Shipham, England (Morgan, 2013). For the Cu- Abstract Introduction contaminated agricultural soils with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) assayed, these Conclusions References values would range between 32.9 and 1696.5 mgkg−1, depending on soil properties (Sacristán et al., 2015). Accumulation of toxic heavy metals in plant living cells results Tables Figures 20 in various deficiencies, reduction of cell activities and inhibition of plant growth (Kabir et al., 2008; Farooqi et al., 2009). They also sultriness chlorosis, reduced water and nu- J I trient uptake; affect enzymatic action by exchanging metals ions with metalo-enzymes, damage root tips and the enzymes (Agarwal, 1999; Sanità di Toppi and Gabbrielli, J I 1999). Phytoremediation of both heavy metals and organic chemicals has received at- Back Close 25 tention (Tu et al., 2002; Cho et al., 2013; Ye et al., 2014), as well as human exposures Full Screen / Esc to contaminates obtained by plants through soils and passed up the food chain (Khan et al., 2008; Zhuang et al., 2009; Roy and McDonald, 2013). Printer-friendly Version Heavy metal pollution is persistent, covert and irreversible (Wang et al., 2011). This kind of pollution not only degrades the quality of the food crops, atmosphere, and water Interactive Discussion 3 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | bodies, but also threatens the health and well-being of human and animals beings by way of the food chain (Nabulo et al., 2010; Dong et al., 2011). Excessive intake of the SED Pb to human body can damage the nervous, skeletal, endocrine, enzymatic, circula- doi:10.5194/se-2015-34 tory, and immune systems (Zhang et al., 2012). The chronic effects of Cd consist of 5 lung cancer, pulmonary adenocarcinomas, prostatic proliferative lesions, kidney dys- function, bone fractures and hypertension (Żukowska and Biziuk, 2008). Brevik and Effect of polluted Sauer, 2015) recognized that soils influence (1) food availability and quality (food se- water on soil, curity), (2) human contact with various chemicals, and (3) human contact with various sediments and plant pathogens. contamination 10 In El-Mahla El-Kobra, the dominant sources of heavy metal pollution are wastewa- ter irrigation, manure and sediment applications for metallic ores. El-Mahla El-Kobra E. Mahmoud and area is density populated and contains 183 industrial factories such as textile, food, A. M. Ghoneim oil, and other industries. The quantity of industrial and municipal wastewater is around 243 500 m3 day−1 (107 500 m3 day−1 of municipal sewage and 136 000 m3 day−1 of in- 3 −1 Title Page 15 dustrial wastewater), which discharge into Zefta drain (flow, 354 240 m day ) and 3 −1 3 −1 drain No. 5 (flow, 265 248 m day ) without treatment except 63 627 m day of mu- Abstract Introduction nicipal wastewater can be treated in Dawakhlia plant. At present time, large amount of Conclusions References untreated industrial wastewater is disposed into surface bodies (Saleemi, 1993). In de- veloping countries, untreated city effluent is generally disposed onto agricultural lands Tables Figures 20 to establish urban cultivation around big cities (Hernandez et al., 1991; Qadir et al., 1999). In the periphery of big cities and areas with unavailability of natural surface J I drains, farmers use sewage water and drainage water for crop production as it is not costly (Lone and Rizwan, 1997). J I The objectives of this study were to evaluate the contamination of soils and drainage Back Close 25 water and bottom sediments of polluted drains by heavy metals in El-Mahla El-Kobra, Full Screen / Esc Egypt. Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 4 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 2 Materials and methods SED 2.1 Site description, samples and analysis doi:10.5194/se-2015-34 Seventy represented soil surface (0–30 cm) in summer 2012 were collected from culti- vated lands of El-Mahla El-Kobra, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt which are irrigated with Effect of polluted 5 drainage water from drains No. 5 and Zefta, and Fifteen samples which are irrigated water on soil, from Baher El Mlah water. In this study, the soil had been continuously irrigated with sediments and plant drainage water from drain No. 5 for a period of above 10 years. El-Mahla El-Kobra area contamination is located at 30◦340 N latitude, 30◦450 E longitude. The soil is classified as a vertic torri- fluvents. The soil temperature regime of the studied area could be defined as thermic E. Mahmoud and 10 and soil moisture regime as torric according to Salwa et al.
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