International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Determining Indicators of Terrestrial Biodiversity in Olive grove and Natural Mediterranean Ecosystems

1Alexandra D. Solomou and 2Athanassios I. Sfougaris,

1Hellenic Agricultural Organization "DEMETER", Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, Terma Alkmanos, Ilisia, 11528, Athens, Greece.

2Laboratory of Ecosystem and Biodiversity Management, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., N. Ionia, 38446, Volos, Greece.

Abstract: Mediterranean ecosystems support high and the most spectacular feature of its agricultural biodiversity and are considered to be biological landscape [4]. Olives along with vine and cereals ―hotspot‖. The olive grove is one of the most important represent the most traditional agricultural crops in the crops grown in the Mediterranean region, both in terms Mediterranean region. The importance of Greek olive of total surface area and its socioeconomic and grove ecosystems on maintenance of local and regional environmental impact. Biodiversity constitutes the most biodiversity has been considerably recognized, despite important working component of a natural and agro the fact that olive tree has been an important cultivation ecosystems. It helps maintain ecological processes, in this region for a long time, only in recent decades. recycles nutrients, has a moderating effect on the Herbaceous and woody , carabids, climate, degrades waste, controls diseases and above tenebrionids and birds have been used as indicators of all, provides an index of health of an ecosystem. In ecosystem functioning [5]. Although there is a order to advise farmers and their associates about taxa generally recognized threats inflicted by agricultural monitoring quickly and inexpensively biodiversity in intensification, the role of the different management olive groves we compared and contrasted organic, factors on different biological group remains unclear. conventional and abandoned olive groves and a typical Currently, research programs are focusing on Mediterranean maquis, in central Greece. Species evaluation of the relative importance of the richness of different taxa were estimated in the chosen management factors on more than one biological group plots by line point method (herbaceous plants), plots of simultaneously, especially in cereal farming systems. 100 m2 (woody plants), point count method (breeding For example, Guerrero et al. (2010) [6] studied the birds) and pitfall traps (carabids and tenebrionids). influence of agricultural factors on weed, carabid and Indicator value of each group was investigated by bird species richness in a low intensity cereal cropping examining the degree of congruence of its species- system of Spain. Flohre et al. (2011) [7] studied the richness pattern with that of the other groups and the effects of agricultural intensification on species efficiency of its complementary network in conserving richness in vascular plants, carabids and birds. the other groups and biodiversity. It is concluded that It is known that the use of biodiversity indicators overall taxa comparison specified carabids and birds as consists one of the fundamental tools of the best candidates for monitoring biodiversity at olive conservationists for quick action against biodiversity groves whose employment could facilitate loss [8]. Conservation researchers attempt to recognize conservation-related decisions in the entire taxa that are well known, easily surveyed, and have the Mediterranean. propensity to be used as indicators of the biodiversity distribution patterns at different spatial scales [9]. Keywords: Landscape, Sustainability, Taxa, Species Recently, test of the Value of six taxonomic groups Richness, Biomonitoring, Reserve. (woody plants, aquatic and terrestrial herpetofauna, small terrestrial birds, orchids, and Orthoptera) as I. INTRODUCTION biodiversity indicators in the Dadia Reserve in northern The Mediterranean has a long history of human use Greece was accomplished [10]. and landscape modification, creating a mosaic of Hence, research data on the efficiency of five different habitat types [1,2]. The olive grove is one of groups of taxa as indicators for the species richness of the most important crops in the Mediterranean basin, other groups, in an economically important agro- both for the large surface area covered and for its great ecosystem of the Mediterranean regions such as olive environmental impact. Olive grove and natural groves (organic, conventional and abandoned ecosystems favor biodiversity, creating ideal habitats management system) and maquis is limited so far. for flora and fauna as indicators of environmental conditions. The specific objective of the study were to select Olive trees have a remarkable international the taxa most suitable as biodiversity indicators that importance, both from a social and economic point of would over time provide an inexpensive, reliable, and view [3]. It is a typical tree of the Mediterranean region IJTRD | Jan-Feb 2016 Available [email protected] 292 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com rabid biodiversity assessment in all study area and 10 natural ecosystems (maquis) (M1-M10) was within each olive grove management system. randomly selected. The characteristics and management practices applied to the selected farms are presented in II. STUDY AREA Table 1.

2 Table 1: General Characteristics and Applied The study was conducted in a 312 km area of Management Practices to the olive Grove Farms western Magnesia Prefecture in central Greece Surveyed (39º03'12.05"N, 22º57'11.84"E) (Fig. 1). The study area is included in the Quercetalia ilicis vegetation zone, Conve and Quercion ilicis and Oleo-Ceratonion subzones. The Abandon Organic ntional main rock substrate of the study area is metamorphic ed Maqu olive olive schist [11]. The typical Mediterranean climate is olive is groves groves characterized by relatively cold and wet winters and hot groves and dry summers. The mean annual temperature in the Average studied region is 16.8 °C, with the warm maxima in field size (ha) July and with the cold minima in January and February. 13.83 15.5 11.3 38.5 Average The mean annual rainfall reaches at 490 mm (Fig. 2) number of 200 200 200 (National Meteorological Service of Greece). olive trees per hectare Age of olive ~150- ~150- ~150-170 groves 170 170 Variety of Amfiss Amfissa Amfissa olive groves a Years of 1997 enrolment Manure (kg 50 per tree) Inorganic fertilizer N 1.5-2 (kg per tree) Inorganic fertilizer K 1.5-2 Figure 1: Study area (western Magnesia, central (kg per tree) Greece) Organic 2-3 fertilizer K (kg per tree) Weed Grass Herbici control cutting de Irrigation No No

B. Sampling Procedures

1. Herbaceous and Woody Plants, Carabids, Tenebionids and Birds Censuses

We evaluated groups of taxa that exhibit different taxonomic, functional, and spatial aspects of local and regional biodiversity [12]. Based on criteria, such as Figure 2: Ombrothermic diagram of the study area for wide range of species, sufficient distinction as to their the period 1956-2010. size, mobility and ecological requirements we chose to test suitability to estimate species richness herbaceous III. MATERIAL AND METHODS and woody plants, carabids, tenebrionids and birds. They are known to be good indicators of environmental A. Sampling sites change and they have well-known life histories so that Field work was conducted in spring 2009 and 2010. changes in their diversity can be related to observed A set of 30 olive grove farms [10 organic (O1-O10), 10 changes in the environment [13]. Species richness was conventional (C1-C10), 10 abandoned (A1-A10)] and selected as an expression of biodiversity due to it common use to evaluate and monitor the health of IJTRD | Jan-Feb 2016 Available [email protected] 293 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com ecosystems and as a tool for conservation planning (we selected this methods due to variables follow [14]. Also, species richness was chosen because of its normal distribution). simplicity and sensitivity to processes acting at different spatial scales on species differing in size and IV. RESULTS mobility. Herbaceous species were surveyed in May Herbaceous and woody plants, carabids, 2009 and 2010. Sampling of herbaceous species was tenebrionids and birds were widespread in the study carried out by the Line Point Method [15]. Woody area. A total number of 78 and 18, 20, 22 and 31 vegetation was inventoried during the same period as species of herbaceous and woody plant, carabids, herbaceous vegetation in randomly selected sampling tenebrionids and bird species were recorded in organic plots of 100 m2 (10 m x 10 m) [16]. olive groves respectively. In the conventional olive Pitfall trapping was carried out in a field of olive groves the recorded herbaceous and woody plant, groves (conventional, organic and abandoned) and carabid, tenebrionid and bird assemblages included 47 maquis to determine the species richness of carabids and 17, 6, 10 and 21 species respectively. Also, diverse and tenebrionids. The traps (diameter 9 cm, height 13 herbaceous and woody plants, carabids, tenebrionids cm) were half-filled with 250 ml water plus 0.25% and birds assemblages were recorded, including 62 and surfactant as a preserving solution [17]. The minimal 25, 18, 20 and 28 species in abandoned olive groves. In distance between adjacent traps was 10 m. The traps the case of maquis, a total of 34 and 28, 20, 21 and 33, remained in the field for seven days at the end of May herbaceous and woody plants, carabids, tenebrionids [18]. The avifauna was surveyed from early May until and birds species were identified (Appendix I-V). middle of June so as to include the breeding period [19]. For bird counting the point count method was Moreover, our data showed that the strongest followed [20]. The counts were carried out from early pairwise correlations were between species richness morning till 10.30 a.m. and only during the days patterns of carabids and tenebrionids (r=0.90, p<0.01) without present rain or wind [21]. Only breeding pairs, in all study area, carabids and tenebrionids (r=0.92, in each plot of 50m radius were recorded by two p<0.01) in organic olive groves, birds and carabids observers. Each count lasted for 10 minutes [22]. (r=0.68, p<0.01) in conventional olive groves, carabids and tenebrionids in abandoned olive groves, and C. Statistical Analysis carabids and tenebrionids in maquis (r=0.79, p<0.01) (Table 6). If the yearly trends provided similar results in a specific parameter then, in order to increase the Also, species richness patterns were robustness and generality of the results, data from all significantly correlated between carabids and birds two years were analyzed together [23]. Data were (r=0.55, p<0.01), and tenebrionids and birds (r=0.46, evaluated for normality and homogeneity by p<0.01) in all study area, birds and tenebrionids Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilks tests. If (r=0.60, p<0.01) in organic olive groves, birds and needed, they were transformed using log10(x+1) to meet tenebrionids (r=0.64, p<0.01) in conventional olive normality assumptions [24]. groves, birds and tenebrionids in abandoned olive groves (r=0.6, p<0.01), birds and carabids (r=0.50, The value of each indicator taxon was tested, as a p<0.05), and birds and tenebrionids (r=0.45, p<0.05) in substitute for the conservation of each of the other taxa maquis (Table 2). examined. We also tested the value of each indicator taxon for the conservation of biodiversity (BD). The The above pairwise relationships explained parameter BD was defined as the total number of why the pair represented by carabids and birds was the species found at a site (of all five taxa examined) minus best indicator of biodiversity in all study area (r=0.61, the species belonging to the indicator taxon [10]. For p<0.01), organic (r=0.85, p<0.01) and abandoned the evaluation of the indicator value of each taxon, the (r=0.68, p<0.01) olive groves and maquis (r=0.69, degree of congruence of the species richness patterns p<0.01), and conventional (r=0.71, p<0.01) olive across the several taxa and BD with Pearson correlation groves, respectively. The second best indicator pair was coefficients was estimated. We also examined how the represented by tenebrionids (r=0.49, p<0.01) in all management factor affected the significant relations study area, organic (r=0.73, p<0.01) and abandoned produced by analyzing subsets of the data for different (r=0.64, p<0.01) olive groves and maquis (r=0.67, olive grove management systems (organic, p<0.01), and carabids in conventional olive groves conventional and abandoned) and maquis, and (r=0.69, p<0.01) (Table 2). calculating Pearson correlation coefficients within them

IJTRD | Jan-Feb 2016 Available [email protected] 294 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Table 2: Results of pairwise correlations (Pearson correlation coefficients) of the species richness of the five groups of taxa in all study area and within each olive grove management system.

All study area Taxonomic Herbaceou Woody Carabid group s plants plants s Tenebrionids Birds BDa Herbaceous plants 1 -0.36 0.17 0.09 0.16 0.16 Woody plants 1 0.51 0.46 0.43b 0.15 Carabids 1 0.90c 0.55c 0.61c Tenebrionids 1 0.46b 0.49c Birds 1 0.42c Organic olive groves Herbaceous plants 1 0.28 0.25 0.25 -0.40 0.06 Woody plants 1 -0.17 -0.22 0.04 0.03 Carabids 1 0.92c 0.45 0.85c Tenebrionids 1 0.60c 0.73c Birds 1 0.09 Conventional olive groves Herbaceous plants 1 0.43 -0.36 0.23 0.40 0.49 Woody plants 1 -0.06 0.01 0.45 0.52 Carabids 1 0.22 0.68c 0.69c Tenebrionids 1 0.64c 0.67c Birds 1 0.71c Abandoned olive groves Herbaceous plants 1 0.04 -0.05 -0.16 -0.07 -0.20 Woody plants 1 -0.19 -0.05 0.05 -0.08 Carabids 1 0.93C -0.59 0.68c Tenebrionids 1 0.68b 0.64c Birds 1 0.55b Maquis Herbaceous plants 1 0.32 0.22 0.33 0.01 0.15 Woody plants 1 0.30 0.23 0.18 0.46 Carabids 1 0.79** 0.50* 0.69** Tenebrionids 1 0.45* 0.67** Birds 1 0.50* aConservation of biodiversity value. bp≤0.05 level (two tailed). cp≤0.01 level (two tailed).

V. DISCUSSION only one correlation was highly significant. Similarly low congruence of species richness patterns at a small In our study was found little congruence of scale was found by several researchers from the tropics species richness patterns among five indicator groups [25], the boreal forests of North Europe [26], the studied in all and each olive grove management system, rainforests of Australia and the forest of northern

IJTRD | Jan-Feb 2016 Available [email protected] 293 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Greece [10] . Researchers from the broader scales in the environmental pollutants (pesticides, heavy metals researches of North America [27] and the tropics [28] and other toxic chemicals) of an area and they are found weak correlations of species richness patterns. commonly used as surrogates of biodiversity. The indicator value of carabids and birds has In practical terms, our results suggest that a not been examined in the Mediterranean olive grove conservation scheme targeting maintenance of the management systems. Little study has been done of diversity of carabids would also guarantee maintenance potential biodiversity indicators in this area. The of birds and tenebrionids in organic and abandoned evaluation of biodiversity indicators was accomplished olive groves and maquis, whereas birds would ensure by one of the possible ways such as the investigation of maintenance of carabids and tenebrionids in the congruence of species richness patterns. The value conventional olive groves. In the applied context, our of different species groups as biodiversity indicators results also provide a scientific background on which a showed that carabids were the best local biodiversity future pilot biomonitoring program of olive groves indicators in organic and abandoned olive groves and management could be based. maquis. The above fact reflects the response of carabids CONCLUSIONS to the characteristics and management practices of these specific sites. Therefore, carabids are influenced by Our results suggest that agricultural intensification moisture, temperature, shade, food availability and affects , carabid, tenebrionid, bird and habitat structure such as the vegetation [29], which they woody species richness in Magnesia Prefecture in are enhanced by organic and abandoned management central Greece. Herbaceous plants, carabids, and maquis in our study area. Also, it is known that tenebrionids, birds and woody plants are important represent a huge resource of ecosystem drivers of ecosystem functions as nutrient cycling, pest information with high ecological importance. Another control, pollination and maintenance of soil structure possible reason is that carabids serve in ecosystem and environmental health. Thus, strategies for functions such as decomposition, help maintain soil addressing the conservation of herbaceous and woody structure and soil fertility, adjust populations of other plants, carabids, tenebrionids and birds in agricultural organisms (including arthropods, vertebrates and landscapes must be promoted. This study also plants), respond rapidly to environmental changes, and highlights that carabids and birds were an adequate act as ―mobile links‖ essential to the reproduction of biodiversity indicator for the organic and abandoned many plants. Andersen and Majer (2004) [30] olive groves and maquis, and conventional olive suggested terrestrial arthropods as bio-indicators of groves, respectively, which they would greatly facilitate habitat change. Similarly, the use of arthropods as conservation efforts and related decision making in the indicator can provide highly sensitive advance warning ecosystems of Mediterranean region. of ecosystem changes and it is a good biodiversity surrogate, given its keystone character for several Acknowledgments taxonomic groups dependent on them. Few studies have estimated the Order: Coleoptera as surrogates for We thank all the farmers of the western Magnesia biodiversity per se in forest ecosystem [31]. Morrison et Prefecture, for allowing us to conduct the experiments al. (2012) [32] has evaluated the effectiveness of on their fields, Mr. Ilias Letsios, agronomist of the specific subgroups of as indicators but detected Magnesia Agricultural Development Office, for that neither single families such as Carabidae, providing archive data for olive groves and Assistant Staphylinidae and Scarabaeidae, nor family Professor C. Nakas, University of Thessaly, for his combinations implemented as well as the whole order advice on the statistical analyses. This research has as predictors of other taxa. been co-financed by the European Union (European In contrast to the study by Larsen et al. (2012) Social Fund – ESF) and Greek national funds through [33], our study underlined a significant predictive the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong power of bird group in conventional olive groves. This Learning" of the National Strategic Reference is possibly attributed to pesticides application in our Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: study area, accumulating in the food chain, specifically Heracleitus II. Investing in knowledge society through those which cause endocrine disruption, pose a long- the European Social Fund. term risk to mammals, birds, amphibians and [34]. 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APPENDICES: Appendix. I. Presence (+) of the herbaceous plant species in the olive groves under different management system and maquis. Organic Conventional Abandoned Family Species Maquis olive groves olive groves olive groves Poaceae Aegilops ovata + + Aegilops + + + geniculata Aira elegantissima + + + Briza maxima + + + Bromus tectorum + + + Cynosurus + echinatus Dactylis glomerata + + Gaudinia fragilis + + Hordeum + + + bulbosum Hordeum murinum + + + Lagurus ovatus + Lolium perenne + + + Piptatherum + + + + miliaceum Setaria verticillata + + + + Sorghum + + halepense Avena barbata + + + + Anthemis arvensis + + + + Carduus + pycnocephalus Chrysanthemum + + + segetum Crepis rubra + + + Crupina + + + crupinastrum Onopordum + acanthium Onopordum + + illyricum Onopordum + tauricum Matricaria + + + + chamomilla Leontodon + + + tuberosus Sonchus arvensis + + + Xanthium + spinosum Fabaceae Medicago lupulina + + + Trifolium arvense + + + + Trifolium + + + campestre Raphanus Brassicaceae + + + + raphanistrum Rapistrum + + rugosum Brassicacae Parietaria + +

IJTRD | Jan-Feb 2016 Available [email protected] 293 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com officinalis Sinapis arvensis + + Malvaceae Alcea biennis + Lavatera arborea + + Malva sylvestris + + + Araceae Arisarum vulgare + + + Dracunculus + + + vulgaris Asphodelaceae Asphodeline lutea + Apiaceae Daucus carota + + + + Eryngium + + + + campestre Orlaya daucoides + + Orlaya grandiflora + Oenanthe + + pimpinelloides spinosa + + + Smyrnium + rotundifolium Tordylium apulum + + + + Ferulago nodosa + + + Convolvulus Convolvulaceae + + + + althaeoides Convolvulus + + + elegantissimus Fumaria Papaveraceae + + + + officinalis Fumaria + + capreolata Papaver + + + + nigrotinctum Papaver rhoeas + + + + Caryophylaceae Silene cretica + + + Anacamptis Orchidaceae + + pyramidalis Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis + + + + Cyclamen + + + + graecum Scrophulariaceae Bellardia trixago + + Orobanche + + purpurea Verbascum + + undulatum Onobrychis caput- Leguminosae + + galli Scorpiurus + + + muricatus Campanula Campanulaceae + + spathulata Erodium Geraniaceae + + + + cicutarium Geranium + + + + robertianum Liliaceae Muscari comosum + + + + Cistaceae Cistus incanus + + Tuberaria guttata + + + + IJTRD | Jan-Feb 2016 Available [email protected] 294 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Lamiaceae Salvia verbenaca + + Salvia viridis + + + + Satureja nervosa + Cyperaceae Carex flacca + + + Echium Boraginaceae + + + plantagineum Knautia Dipsacaceae + + integrifolia Scabiosa stellata + Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae + + + + helioscopia Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae + + album Rubiaceae Galium aparine + Iridaceae Gladiolus italicus + Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris + +

Appendix II. Presence (+) of the woody plant species in the olive groves under different management system and maquis.

Organic olive Conventional Abandoned Species Family groves olive groves olive groves Maquis Arbutus adrachne Ericaceae + Arbutus unedo Ericaceae + + Asparagus officinalis Asparagaceae + + + + Calycotome villosa Leguminosae + + Cercis siliquastrum Leguminosae + + + + Cistus incanus Cistaceae + + Equisetum arvense Equisetaceae + Erica manipuliflora Ericaceae + + + + Ficus carica Moraceae + Fumana thymifolia Cistaceae + + Inula helenium Asteraceae + + + + Juniperus oxycedrus Cupressaceae + + + Juniperus phoenicea Cupressaceae + + + + Myrtus communis Myrtaceae + + Olea europaea Oleaceae + + + Olea. europaea var. sylvestris Oleaceae + + + + Paliurus spina-cristi Rhamnaceae + + + + Phlomis fruticosa Lamiaceae + + + Pistacia lentiscus Anacardiaceae + + + + Pistacia terebinthus Anacardiaceae + + Pyrus amygdaliformis Rosaceae + + + + Pyrus communis Rosaceae + + Quercus coccifera Fagaceae + + + + Quercus pubescens Fagaceae + Rhamnus alaternus Rhamnaceae + + Rubus fruticosus Rosaceae + + + + Salvia officinalis Lamiaceae +

IJTRD | Jan-Feb 2016 Available [email protected] 295 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Satureja thymbra Lamiaceae + + + Smilax aspera Smilacaceae + + + Spartium junceum Fabaceae + + + Ulmus campestris Ulmaceae + + Vitex agnus-castus Lamiaceae + + +

Appendix III. Presence (+) of the carabid species in the olive groves under different management system and maquis.

Organic Conventional Abandoned Species olive groves olive groves olive groves Maquis Acinopus baudii + + + Amara aenea + + + Amara aulica + + Brachinus crepitans + + + Calathus korax + + + Calosoma sycophanta + + + Carabus convexus + + + Carabus coriaceus + + + + Carabus preslii + + + Carabus violaceus + + + Dixus obscurus + + + Laemostenus cimmerius + + + + Molops piceus + + + Myas chalybaeus + + + + Odontocarus robustus + + + Pachycarus cyaneus + + + + Poecilus punctulatus + + + Pterostichus nigrita + + + Stenosis orientalis + + + Zabrus femoratus + + + +

Appendix IV. Presence (+) of the tenebrionid species in the olive groves under different management system and maquis.

Organic olive Conventional Abandoned Species groves olive groves olive groves Maquis Akis elongata + + + Asida sp1 + + + + Asida sp2 + + Blaps abbreviata + + + + Blaps lethiphera + + + Blaps mucronata + + + + Dailognatha quandricollis + + + Dendarus anaphianus + + + + Dendarus graecus + + + Erodius orientalis + + Graecopachys quadricollis + + + rossii + + + IJTRD | Jan-Feb 2016 Available [email protected] 296 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Opatroides punctulatus + + + + Opatrum sabulosum + + + Pachyscelis villosa + + + + Pachyscelis rotundata + + Pedinus quadratus + + + + Pimelia sericella + + + Pimelia subglobosa + + + + Stenosis orientalis + + + Tentyria rotundata + + + + Zophosis punctata + + + +

IJTRD | Jan-Feb 2016 Available [email protected] 297 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Appendix V. Presence (+) of the breeding bird species in the olive groves under different management system and maquis.

Bird species Family Trophic 2009/14 SPEC Common name Organic Conventiona status1 7 Category2 Bird species olive l olive Abandoned Annexe Scientific name groves groves olive groves Maquis s Caprimulgus Nightjar Caprimulgid I I 2 europaeus ae + + + Carduelis Linnet Fringillidae G 2 cannabina + + + Carduelis Goldfinch Fringillidae G carduelis + + + + Carduelis chloris Greenfinch Fringillidae + + + + G Cettia cetti Cetti΄s warbler Sylviidae + + + I I Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola Cisticolidae + + I Cuculus canorus Common Cuckoo Cuculidae + + + + I I Emberiza cirlus Cirl Bunting Emberizidae + + + + I/G Emberiza Blackheaded Bunting Emberizidae I/G 2 melanocephala + + + + European Robin Muscicapida I Erithacus rubecula e + Fringilla coelebs Common Chaffinch Fringillidae + + + + G Galerida cristata Crested Lark Alaudidae + I/G 3 Garrulus Eurasian Jay Corvidae + + + O Higlandariusppolais Olivetree Warbler Acrocephalid I I olivetorum ae + + + + Hippolais pallida Eastern Olivaceous Acrocephalid + + + + I 3 Lanius collurio RedbackedWarbler Shrike Laniidaeae + + + I I 3 Lanius minor Lesser Grey Shrike Laniidae + + + I I 2 Lanius nubicus Masked Shrike Laniidae + + + I 2 Lanius senator Woodchat Shrike Laniidae + + + + I 2 Luscinia Common Muscicapida O megarhynchos Nightingale e + + + + Miliaria calandra Corn Bunting Emberizidae + + + O 2 Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapida + + + I 3 Oenanthe Blackeared Wheatear Muscicapidae + + O 2 hispanica Black Wheatear Muscicapidae O I 3 Oenanthe leucura e + + Parus caeruleus Blue Tit Paridae + + I

IJTRD | Jan-Feb 2016 Available [email protected] 298 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Parus lugubris Sombre Tit Paridae + + + + I/G Parus major Great Tit Paridae + + + + I Passer domesticus House Sparrow Paridae + + + I/G European Turtle Columbidae G I I/2 3 Streptopelia turtur Dove + + + + Sylvia atricapilla Eurasian Blackcap Sylviidae + O Sylvia cantillans Subalpine Warbler Sylviidae + + + I/F Sylvia hortensis Orphean Warbler Sylviidae + + + + I 3 Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat Sylviidae + I Sylvia Sardinian Warbler Sylviidae + + + + I Turdusmelanocephala merula Common Blackbird Turdidae + + + + O II/2 Upupa epops Eurasian Hoopoe Upupidae + + + + O 3 1 I:insectivorous; G:granivorous; I/G: insectivorous/granivorous; O:omnivorous; I /F: insectivorous/frugivorous. 2‗SPEC 1‘ Species of global conservation concern, i.e., classified as globally threatened. Near threatened or data deficient; ‗SPEC 2‘ for species with unfavorable conservation status in Europe whose global populations are concentrated in Europe; ‗SPEC 3‘ for species with unfavorable conservation status in Europe whose global populations are not concentrated in Europe; ‗SPEC 4‘ for species with a favorable conservation status in Europe whose global populations are concentrated in Europe.

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