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Djoumbe Fatima, Reine De Moheli

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Djoumbe Fatima, Reine De Moheli MINISTERE DE L’EDUCATION NATIONALE ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE DE TOAMASINA FACULTE DES LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES DEPARTEMENT D’HISTOIRE Mémoire de Maîtrise en Histoire DJOUMBE FATIMA, REIN E DE MOHELI (1836-1878) ENTRE HISTOIRE ET ME MOIRE Présenté par: Issouf CHARAFOUDINE Sous la direction de: Monsieur Solofo RANDRIANJA Professeur des Universités Année universitaire : 2007 -2008 1 2 Nord 3 REMERCIEMENTS Aucun travail ne s’accomplit dans la solitude. Et ce présent travail n’aurait pu se réaliser sans l’aide et le concours précieux de certaines personnes. Il est donc un devoir de leur exprimer ici notre profonde reconnaissance. Nous adressons nos sincères remerciements à Monsieur le professeur Solofo RANDRIANJA, notre encadreur pour nous avoir initié la méthode de recherche et enseigné la rigueur du travail intellectuel, qui nous ont permis de mener à bien nos recherches. Nous adressons également nos sincères remerciements au corps enseignant et à l’administration de l’Université de Toamasina, en particulier à tous les enseignants du département d’histoire et au directeur, monsieur Daniela Tovonirina RAKOTONDRABE, pour nous avoir permis d’acquérir une connaissance globale et approfondie en Histoire. Nous témoignons notre profonde reconnaissance à tous ceux qui nous ont aidé à rassembler la documentation nécessaire : Mahamoud Manini HALIFA et Saïd Manini MAHAMOUD ( tous les deux arrières petits fils de Djoumbe Fatima) ; et les centres de recherche que nous avions fréquentés, pour leurs accueil, collaboration et soutien matériel, en particulier, les Archives de la République de Madagascar (ARM) à Antananarivo, le Fonds Grandidier à l’Académie malgache à Tsimbazaza et l’église Saint-Joseph de Cluny à Andohalo Antananarivo ; le CICOR de Toamasina et le Centre National de Documentation et de Recherche Scientifique (CNDRS) Moroni. Nos remerciements vont également aux membres du jury qui ont bien voulu accepter d’évaluer ce travail. Une pensée toute particulière est adressée à notre chère mère Madame Issa Abdallah Hamada HOUZA et à notre cher père Monsieur M’madi AHMED pour leur amour parental et le sacrifice qu’ils ont concédé. Nous manquerions à un devoir de gratitude si nous omettions de remercier notre cher frère Monsieur Abdou Soidiki ISSOUFA (Keldi) et sa femme Madame Tamdjida SOUMAILA, pour leur soutien moral, financier, matériel et surtout la patience à notre égard. Que le reste de notre famille soit assuré de notre gratitude. Nous remercions également la famille M’lindé, notamment Mademoiselle Ayidat dont le soutien et les encouragements ne nous ont jamais fait défaut. Nous remercions enfin tous nos condisciples malgaches et comoriens de l’Université de Toamasina et leurs associations respectives pour leur amitié à notre égard. Issouf CHARAFOUDINE 4 GLOSSAIRE La transcription des textes ou des mots comoriens obéit aux règles de l’écriture en graphie latine pour la campagne d’alphabétisation engagée par l’Institut national de d’éducation avec l’appui scientifique du CNDRS. U : représente la graphie du français ou , exemple, uguguru se prononce ougougourou . E : représente la graphie française é, par exemple, Djoumbe se lit Djoumbé . On trouve parfois, un mot qui ne suit ni la règle de l’écriture préconisée par les linguistes du pays ni l’écriture exacte en langue française. C’est le cas justement du mot Djoumbe . Il devrait s’écrire Djumbe . C’est pourquoi nous vous signalons qu’au cours de la lecture de ce travail vous croiserez un mot en différentes écritures. Nous n’avons pas échappé à cela car le plus souvent nous le reprenons à d’autres personnes. Antalotra : en Malgache, "gens de la Kula yawmu l’djum’ânti thalathuna mer", ce sont des gens originaires des bakrâ, koula yaoumou l’djoumouenti Comores et de la côte orientale de thalathouna bakrâ : il faut donner trente l’Afrique qui se sont installés sur la côte bœufs chaque vendredi. nord-ouest de Madagascar où ils se Kwasa -kwasa, koissa -koissa : une petite livrèrent au commerce. vedette de pêche qui sert en même temps Bangwe , bangwé ou mpangahari : place de moyen de transport hasardeux vers publique. Mayotte pour les immigrants clandestins. Bavu ma hususu, bavou ma Madjilisa, madjilissa : le conseil des houssoussou : un monde à part. notables notabilité. Dawu, Daou : une grande pirogue à Mangodjeya yezi, mangodjéya yézi : la balancier. garde royale . Djera, djéra : région. Madzalihana mwali wa anda na mila, Djoumbe Soudi , Djoumbé Soudi ; madzalihana moili ya anda na mila : les Jomby Fatouma, Iomby ou « Mohéliens de souche ». Iombi, Joumbe ou Joumbé, Joumby Magnahuli, magnahouli : l’héritage d’une Soudy, Joumbi Sou di : Elle est connue lignée familiale. sous le nom de Djoumbe Fatima ou Maoulid ou mawulid : l’anniversaire de la Djoumbe Fatouma. Elle porte également naissance du prophète Mahomet . le nom de Raketaka. Maore, Maré : l’appellation de Mayotte en Fatidra : mot malgache qui signifie shikomori . fraternité de sang . Mashamba , Machamba, Salima Futari, foutari : la nourriture qu’un jeûneur Mashamba (Ursule) : la fille de Djoumbe prend à 18h après la prière et qui est en Fatima qui épousa le gendarme Paul même temps le point d’achevement du Camille. ramadan dans la journée. Mashangiria yezi, machanguiriya yézi : Hatwibu, hatubou : la personne qui la garde royale. présente le discours (hutba ou houtba) le Masudjayi ma watwaniya, massoudjaï jour du vendredi. ma oitoinia : l’armée patriotique. Hova , Houva : les hommes libres Mbaga, mbaga : feuilles de cocotier constituants la segonde ordre dans la tressées servant de toit d’une case. société merina. La société merina se Mdjawashe, mdjaoiché : le village de constituait par les Andriana (les nobles), lignée matrilinéaire. les Hova (les hommes libres) et les Mdjawume, mdjaoumé : le village de Andevo (les esclaves). lignée patrilinéaire. Kitabu koko, kitabou koko : « livre des Miradji, miradji : ascension de Prophète vieilles », farfelu ou blabla. Kontera, Mahomet. contéra : les contractuels (les travailleurs Mjimbia , mjimbia : un quartier de de Monsieur Lambert venant des îles Fomboni . voisines en particulier à Anjouan. 5 Mkiri wa shoni , mkiri wa choni : la Ngazidja , île de la Grande Comore mosquée royale de Fomboni. Ngome, ngomé : rempart. M’matsaha, M’matsaha : un campagnard. Nioumachioa, Numa-choa, Nioumachia, Mohély , Mohéli Nioumachioa : la ville la plus au sud de Moigne Attoumani, Moigné Attoumani : Mohéli abordant des nombreux îlots l’ancien Andriansifola. portant ce même nom (les îlots de Mpangahari, la place publique . Nioumachioa). Mremani , mrémani : nom d’une localité Nyasi, gnassi : herbes très fines utilisées de Mohéli. pour le toit d’une case. Mrenge, mrengué , le mrengué se traduit Pangahari ou Bangwe, pangahari : par l’expression « prend-le » en shikomori . place publique. Il désigne la lutte entre deux personnes Rikubali ha lidzina la umutsambu uno, qui se mesurent dans une arène Rikoubali ha lidzina la oumoutsambou : accompagnée de la musique traditionnelle Nous sommes d’accord au nom du qui lui est propre. sagoutier. Msafumu, Msafoumou : l’un des sultans Shikomori, chicomori : parler comorien. de la Grande Comore. Shungu sha mwali : choungou cha Murumwa, mouroumoi : le moili, le système coutumier de Mohéli. commissionnaire. Tunda tunda li kapwa laho ipvo utunde Mutsambu : sagoutier. lamunyaho, tounda tounda li kapoi laho Mutsamudu , Moutsamoudou ou ivo outoundé lamougnaho : Regarde ce M’samoudo :, la capitale d’Anjouan, le qui te concerne d’abord avant de regarder fondateur de cette ville s’appelle Moussa les autres. Moudou (Moussa le noir). Uhandza, ouhandza : Feuilles de cocotier Mwali Mdjini, Moili mdjini : l’ancienne sèches enroulées dans un bois fin d’un ville de Mohéli abandonnée. Elle est mètre et demi qui sert de toit d’une case reconnue aujourd’hui sous le nom de ou d’une maison. Mahourani , tout près de Djoiézi. Vahini : étranger en malgache. Mwinyi Baraka : Moingni Baraka est l’un Waguguru, oigougourou : percévérance, de chef spirituel des Comores né à tenace, obstiné. Itsanda Grande Comore). Wangazidja, Wangazidja : les Grands Mzungu, mzoungou : appellation d’un Comoriens. Blanc européen en shikomori . Yezi ya mfawume msambu, yézi ya Nayile yi lale, nayilé yi lalé : manger et mfaoumé msambou : le règne du roi dormir, cette expression est attribuée à sagoutier une personne fainéante. Ndzuani, Ndzouani : l’île d’Anjouan. Ngawa deyi trahuliyawo djahazi, ngaoi déyi trouhouliao djahazi : c’est la pirogue qui se borde à un boutre. Litt . Les petits doivent se diriger vers les grands. 6 INTRODUCTION Djoumbe Fatima, la reine de Mohéli succède à son père au trône de Mohéli. Ce royaume a été fondé en 1830 par son père Ramanetaka, un prince malgache d’origine merina. Devenu roi de cette petite île de l’archipel des Comores, l’ancien gouverneur de Mahajanga n’échappe pas à la vie déjà vécue à Madagascar. Pendant son règne, Djoumbe Fatima priorisera la préservation de l’indépendance de son royaume. Elle a du mal à la mener à terme, à cause des troubles qui se présentent entre 1849 et 1878. Si à Madagascar le royaume est soutenu par l’Angleterre, au début du XIX ème siècle, qui reconnaît Radama I er roi de Madagascar ; dans l’archipel de Comores se forme un système de sultanat, suivant un modèle importé du Moyen Orient. Ce système est présent dans les cités swahilies, sur le continent. Aux Comores, la vie de ces sultanats est marquée par des troubles permanents. Les sultans se font des ennemis, soit dans la même île, c’est le cas de la Grande Comore, soit dans les îles voisines, comme à Anjouan opposée à Mayotte. Ces querelles permanentes sont dues à des circonstances diverses : mariages, insultes, problèmes de succession etc.… Cette manière de vivre oblige Urbain Faurec, l’auteur de « l’archipel aux sultans batailleurs » en 1941 à baptiser les Comores comme le titre de son ouvrage. Cette phase commence au XII ème siècle, avec l’arrivée des Arabo-chiraziens , les fondateurs de ce système, et se termine au XIX ème siècle, grâce à l’occupation française sur l’ensemble de l’archipel des Comores.
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