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SEBAGAI PEMANGSA LARVA KUMBANG TANDUK Oryctes Rhinoceros Linn

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SEBAGAI PEMANGSA LARVA KUMBANG TANDUK Oryctes Rhinoceros Linn BIOEKOLOGI Myopopone castanea Smith (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) SEBAGAI PEMANGSA LARVA KUMBANG TANDUK Oryctes rhinoceros Linn. (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) DISERTASI OLEH: WIDIHASTUTY NIM : 148104004 PROGRAM STUDI DOKTOR ILMU PERTANIAN FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2020 Universitas Sumatera Utara BIOEKOLOGI Myopopone castanea Smith (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) SEBAGAI PEMANGSA LARVA KUMBANG TANDUK Oryctes rhinoceros Linn. (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) DISERTASI Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar Doktor dalam Program Doktor Ilmu Pertanian pada Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara OLEH: WIDIHASTUTY NIM : 148104004 Program Doktor (S3) Ilmu Pertanian PROGRAM STUDI DOKTOR ILMU PERTANIAN FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2020 Universitas Sumatera Utara LEMBAR PENGESAHAN DISERTASI Judul Disertasi Bioekologi Myopopone castanea Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Sebagai Pemangsa Larva Kumbang Tanduk Orycles rhinoceros Linn. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Nama Mahasiswa Widihastuty NIM 148104m4 Program Studi Doktor (S3) Ilmu Pertanian Menyetujui Komisi Pembimbing Co.Promotor Co-Promotor Tanggal Lulus; 13 Januari2020 Universitas Sumatera Utara Diuji pada Ujian Disertasi Terbuka (Promosi Doktor) Tanggal: 03 September 2020 PANITIA PENGUJI DISERTASI Pemimpin Sidang: Prof. Dr. Runtung Sitepu, SH, M.Hum (Rektor USU) Ketua : Prof. Dr. Dra. Maryani Cyccu Tobing, M.S. Universitas Sumatera Utara Anggota : Dr. Ir. Marheni, M.P. Universitas Sumatera Utara Prof. Dr. Ir. Retna Astuti Kuswardani, M.S. Universitas Medan Area Dr. Suputa Universitas Gadjah Mada Prof. Dr. Ir. Darma Bakti, M.S. Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara PER}IYATAAN BIOEKOL OGI Myapapone castcnea Smith (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) SEBAGAI PE.MANGSA TARVA KUMBANG TANDUK Ory ctes r hinaaetos Linn. (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) Dengan ini penulis menyatakan bahwa diseftasi ini sebagai syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor pada Prograrn Studi Doktor (S3) Ilmu Pertanian pada program Pascasarjana Fakultas Fertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara adalah benar merupakan hasil karya penulis sendiri, Adapun pengutipan-pengutipan yang penulis lakukan pada bagian-bagian tertentu dari hasil karya orang lain dalam penulisan disertasi ini, telah penulis canrtumkan surnbernya secara jelas sezuai dengan nomna, kaidah dan etika penulisan ilmiah. Apabila di kemudian hari ternyata ditemukan seluruh atau sebagian disertasi ini bukan hasil karya penulis sendiri atau adanya plagiat dalam bagian-bagian tertentu, penulis bersdia menerima sanlffi pencabutan gelar akadennik yang penulis sandang dan sanksi-sanksi lainnya sesuai dengan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Medan, September 2020 Universitas Sumatera Utara i SUMMARY WIDIHASTUTY. BIOECOLOGY Myopopone castanea Smith (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) AS A PREDATOR FOR LARVAE OF COCONUT RHINOCEROS BEETLE Oryctes rhinoceros Linn (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) under the supervision of M. CYCCU TOBING, as promotor, MARHENI and RETNA ASTUTI KUSWARDANI, as co-promotor Oil palm is a superior plantation crop in Indonesia. Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is one of the pests that attack oil palm plants, especially young plants. The policy of the plantation management that entered empty fruit bunches from palm oil processing into productive plant and laying the waste with more than one layer, made the place a breeding site for the O. rhinoceros beetle in the of productive plant. Myopopone castanea Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is one of the natural enemies (predators) of the pre-adult stage of the O. rhinoceros beetle. In oil palm plantations, these ants live in oil palm trunks that have fallen and decay. Pre-adult of O. rhinoceros lives in oil palm trunks that have decayed too, there are similarity of a niche between the M. castanea and O. rhinoceros ants opens the opportunity to utilize and optimize the role of M. castanea ants as biological agents for the immature stage of O. rhinoceros. But the information about M. castanea ants is still very less, therefore this study aims to explore information about some aspects of the biology and ecology of M. castanea ants so that this information can be used to control pests that are more environmentally friendly The study was conducted from December 2016 to July 2018. Research in the laboratory was conducted in the plant pest laboratory of the Faculty Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, and field research was conducted in the Adolina PTPN 4 plantation Perbaungan, Serdang Bedagai Regency and smallholder oil palm plantations in Tanah Merah Village, South Binjai District, Binjai City. The results showed that colonies of M. castanea ants found in the smallholder oil palm plantations and PTPN's varied in the size and number of stages of their development. The mean abiotic factors in the microhabitat of M. castanea ant in the PTPN plantation (t = 29.7 0C, Rh = 70%, pH = 6.03 and C / N ratio = 66,18%), while the mean for smallholder plantation (t = 29.1 0C, Rh = 70.9, pH = 6.39 and C / N ratio = 69,01%) and the volatile compounds from the GC-MS analysis for M. castanea wood nest are mostly hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon compounds play an important role in ant communication systems. The results about the some aspects of biology M. castanea ant found that the eggs were white and oval shaped, the length of the egg stage was 13.8 days. M. castanea ant larvae consist of 5 instars with varying lengths of each stage. Stadia pupae was passed for 17.2 days for pupae workers and 17.9 days for female ant pupae. Average of survival of M. castanea ants completing their life cycle from egg stage to adult was 56.4%. The prey ability of M. castanea in the laboratory showed that 100% mortality of 1st and 2nd instar of O. rhinoceros larvae Universitas Sumatera Utara ii achieved on the fifth days after exposure, whereas the third larvae prey reached mortality 100% on the seven day after application. The predation on the field for the young plants (immature plants) in PTPN 4 Adolina showed that M. castanea can prey average of 2.8 individuals larvae (46.87%) in a five day exposure and for productive plants at smallholders plantation can prey 3.0 individuals larvae (50.3%). Preference tests on prey instar larvae showed that M. castanea ants preferred to prey on 1st and 2nd instar larvae of O. rhinoceros than third instar if all stages of instar prey were present as feed. The results of functional response studies showed that the ability prey of M. castanea ants changes according to prey density. The ability to prey on low density (5 individuals) was statistically different with high prey density (14 individuals). The results of the functional response type research, M. castanea ants are classified as type II, where predators belonging to this type are usually effective in controlling prey at low densities. Universitas Sumatera Utara iii RINGKASAN WIDIHASTUTY. BIOEKOLOGI Myopopone castanea Smith (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) SEBAGAI PEMANGSA LARVA KUMBANG TANDUK Oryctes rhinoceros Linn (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) (dibawah bimbingan M. CYCCU TOBING, sebagai Promotor, MARHENI dan RETNA ASTUTI KUSWARDANI, sebagai Co- promotor). Kelapa sawit merupakan tanaman perkebunan unggulan di Indonesia. Kumbang tanduk Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) adalah salah hama yang menyerang tanaman kelapa sawit, khususnya tanaman yang masih muda. Adanya kebijakan pihak perkebunan yang memasukkan tandan kosong hasil pengolahan kelapa sawit ke kebun-kebun TM dan peletakan limbah tersebut yang lebih dari 1 lapis, membuat tempat tersebut menjadi tempat perkembangbiakan (breeding site) kumbang O. rhinoceros di kebun-kebun TM. Semut Myopopone castanea Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) adalah salah satu musuh alami (predator) untuk stadium pradewasa kumbang O. rhinoceros. Di perkebunan kelapa sawit, semut ini hidup di batang-batang kelapa sawit yang telah tumbang dan melapuk. Stadia pradewasa O. rhinoceros hidup di batang-batang kelapa sawit yang telah melapuk juga. Adanya kesamaan relung (niche) antara semut M. castanea dan O. rhinoceros membuka peluang untuk memanfaatkan dan mengoptimalkan peran semut M. castanea sebagai agens hayati untuk stadium predewasa O. rhinoceros. Tetapi informasi tentang semut M. castanea ini masih sangat sedikit, oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali informasi tentang beberapa aspek-aspek biologi dan ekologi semut M. castanea sehingga informasi yang didapatkan nanti dapat memperkaya keilmuan dan menjadi landasan dalam pengendalian hama O. rhinoceros yang lebih ramah lingkungan. Penelitian dilakukan mulai bulan Desember 2016 sampai dengan Juli 2018. Penelitian di laboratorium dilakukan di laboratorium Hama Tanaman Fakuktas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, dan penelitian lapangan dilakukan di kebun Adolina PTPN 4 Perbaungan, Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai dan kebun kelapa sawit rakyat di Kelurahan Tanah Merah, Kecamatan Binjai Selatan Kota Binjai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semut M. castanea yang ditemukan di perkebunan kelapa sawit rakyat dan kebun PTPN bervariasi dalam ukuran jumlah anggota koloninya dan tahapan stadium perkembangannya. Rerata faktor- faktor abiotik yang ada di mikro habitat semut M. castanea di kebun PTPN (t = 29,7 0C, Rh = 70%, pH = 6,03 dan rasio C/N = 66,18% ), sedangkan rerata untuk kebun rakyat (t = 29,1 0C, Rh = 70,9%, pH = 6,39 dan rasio C/N = 69,01% ), dan senyawa volatile hasil analisis GC-MS dari batang kelapa sawit yang melapuk yang merupakan sarang semut M. castanea didominasi
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