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Relationship of Oil Palm RELATIONSHIP OF OIL PALM INFLORESCENCE AND EVALUATION OF SEVERAL INSECTICIDES ON Tirathaba mundella Walker (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) AND Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) MUHAMMAD IDRUS SHUKOR UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2017 RELATIONSHIP OF OIL PALM INFLORESCENCE AND EVALUATION OF SEVERAL INSECTICIDES ON Tirathaba mundella Walker (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) AND Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) by MUHAMMAD IDRUS SHUKOR Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master Science July 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My highest gratitude to ALLAH for giving me this opportunity to pursuit my dream on becoming a post-graduate student. Praise to ALLAH for letting me complete this project. I would like to appreciate and honour my supervisor, Prof. Abu Hassan Ahmad for giving all of his effort in helping me completing this thesis. Without his guidance, I am sure this thesis will be a never ending task. A special thank you for my co- supervisor, Dr. Abdul Hafiz Ab Majid for always keeping me up-to-date especially to my study and my post-graduate time in general. Thank you so much to both of you. An appreciation towards Mr. Aiman Hanis Jasmi and Mr. Siaw Ting Chuan for giving me the opportunities to conduct my study in Ta Ann plantation. Thanks for helping me out from Sibu to Mukah so that this study can be done successfully. A special thanks I bid to Dr. Hasber Salim and Muhammad Farhan Ali for helping me in giving advices, good discussions and exchange experiences throughout my post-graduate time. It’s such a wondrous moments in meeting both of you. I wish upon an eternal thank you and love to both my parents and family members for their funding and moral support towards the whole processes of this project. Their advices and ideas had helping me up in performing this project. Thank you. In deep gratitude, I thanks my friends, Nurul Najwa Abdul Mokti for continuous support throughout the process in completing this thesis. “So verily, with the hardship, there is relief” Quran 94: 5 II TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II TABLE OF CONTENTS III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VII LIST OF TABLES IX LIST OF FIGURES XI LIST OF PLATES XII LIST OF APPENDICES XIV ABSTRAK XV ABSTRACT XVII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1.1 Oil palm and their importance 4 2.1.2 Biology of oil palm 4 2.1.3 Oil palm inflorescence and bunch phenology 6 2.1.4 Acreage of oil palm planted in Malaysia 6 2.1.5 Oil palm planted on peat soil 8 2.1.6 Pollinators of oil palm 9 2.1.7 Predators and parasitoids of oil palm pests 11 2.1.8 Pests of oil palm 12 2.2.1 Tirathaba mundella 15 2.2.2 Biology of Tirathaba mundella 16 2.2.3 Identification of Tirathaba mundella 18 2.2.4 Population and distribution of Tirathaba mundella 19 III 2.2.5 Control on Tirathaba mundella 20 2.3.1 Elaeidobius kamerunicus 21 2.3.2 Ecology and population of Elaeidobius kamerunicus 22 2.3.3 Importance of Elaeidobius kamerunicus 23 2.3.4 Issues related with the Elaeidobius kamerunicus 23 2.4.1 Insecticides 24 2.4.2 Insecticide properties and application used to treat Tirathaba 24 mundella 2.4.3 Insecticide efficacy and residual used to treat Tirathaba 26 mundella 2.4.4 Insecticide effect towards Elaeidobius kamerunicus 27 CHAPTER 3: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PHENOLOGY OF FEMALE 29 OIL PALM BUNCH AND Tirathaba mundella 3.1. Introduction 29 3.2. Material and Methods 30 3.2.1 Female oil palm bunch phenology 30 3.2.2 Tirathaba mundella symptoms and larval population 34 assessment between sites 3.2.3 Tirathaba mundella adult emergence rate from different bunch 42 phenology 3.3. Results 44 3.3.1 Female oil palm bunch phenology 44 3.3.2 Tirathaba mundella symptoms and larval population 45 assessment between sites IV 3.3.3 Correlation and regression between the female oil palm bunch 46 phenology and Tirathaba mundella symptoms 3.3.4 Tirathaba mundella adult emergence rate from different bunch 50 phenology 3.4. Discussion 51 CHAPTER 4: THE RELATIONSHIP OF MALE OIL PALM 58 INFLORESCENCE STAGES AND Elaeidobius kamerunicus 4.1. Introduction 58 4.2. Material and Method 59 4.2.1 Male oil palm inflorescence phenology at 3 different sites 59 4.2.2 The developmental time of oil palm male inflorescence 63 4.2.3 Elaeidobius kamerunicus adult population 67 4.3. Results 69 4.3.1 Male oil palm inflorescence phenology at 3 different sites 69 4.3.2 The developmental time of oil palm male inflorescence 70 4.3.3 Elaeidobius kamerunicus adult population 72 4.3.4 Correlation and regression between male inflorescence 73 phenology and Tirathaba mundella symptoms 4.4. Discussion 77 CHAPTER 5: FIELD EVALUATION OF SEVERAL INSECTICIDES 81 TOWARDS Tirathaba mundella POPULATION AND EFFECT ON Elaeidobius kamerunicus POPULATION 5.1. Introduction 81 5.2. Material and Methods 82 V 5.2.1 Trial 1: Efficacy of several insecticides towards Tirathaba 83 mundella population 5.2.2 Trial 2: Residual effect of several insecticides towards 85 Tirathaba mundella population 5.2.3 Trial 3: Effect of several insecticides towards the Elaeidobius 86 kamerunicus population 5.3. Results 88 5.3.1 Trial 1: Efficacy of several insecticides towards Tirathaba 88 mundella population 5.3.2 Trial 2: Residual effect of several insecticides towards 92 Tirathaba mundella population 5.3.3 Trial 3: Effect of several insecticides towards Elaeidobius 99 kamerunicus population 5.4. Discussion 102 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 108 LITERATURE CITED 112 APPENDICES 128 VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A Floral part (spathe) Ach Acetylcholine AChE Acetylcholinesterase B Female inflorescence pre-anthesis BBCH Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie BD Banting dura C Female inflorescence at-anthesis CPO Crude palm oils D Female inflorescence post-anthesis DAA Day after application DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DxP Dura x Pisifera = Tenera E Young bunch EIL Economy injury level ENH Young bunch with new frass and high infestation ETL Economy threshold level F Middle bunch FFB fresh fruit bunch G Old bunch GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (γ-Aminobutyric acid) K Potassium L Low infestation VII M Medium infestation N Nitrogen / New frass nAChR Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor O Old frass P&D Pest and disease RyRs Ryanodine VGM Vegetative growth measurement X No frass/ No infestation VIII LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1: Acreage of oil palm planted in the different states of Malaysia 7 Table 2.2: Insect visitor on oil palm inflorescence 10 Table 2.3: Insect visitor on oil palm inflorescence 15 Table 2.4: Detail diagram of Tirathaba sp. life cycle done by Riana (2000) 18 Table 3.1: Location of sampling sites for oil palm bunch phenology 30 Table 3.2: Differences between female bunches according to their ages, 32 phenology and BBCH scale Table 3.3: Preliminary result of Tirathaba larvae population count on 42 different bunch categories Table 3.4: Mean number of female bunch stage per palm at TAPI1, TAPI2 44 and ZOP Table 3.5: Comparison of Tirathaba mundella damage and larval 45 population assessment at three different sites Table 3.6: The differences between the female oil palm bunch phenology 46 and Tirathaba mundella symptoms at TAPI1, TAPI2 and ZOP Table 3.7: The correlation between female oil palm bunch phenology and 47 Tirathaba mundella symptoms Table 3.8: Number of T. mundella moth adult emergence rate per bunch on 50 different bunch stages Table 4.1: Location of sampling sites for male oil palm inflorescence 59 phenology Table 4.2: Differences between male inflorescences according to their 61 ages, phenology and BBCH scale IX Table 4.3: Male inflorescence phenology details including four 64 distinguished anthesizing stages Table 4.4: Mean number of male inflorescence per palm at TAPI1, TAPI2 69 and ZOP Table 4.5: Mean day taken for each male inflorescence stage ± standard 70 error at ZOP Table 4.6: Mean number of pollinating weevil adult population at ZOP 72 Table 4.7: The differences between the male inflorescence phenology and 73 Tirathaba mundella symptoms Table 4.8: The correlation between male oil palm bunch phenology and 74 Tirathaba mundella symptoms Table 5.1: Location of trial sites for the field evaluation of several 83 insecticides towards Tirathaba mundella population and their effect on Elaeidobius kamerunicus population Table 5.2: Treatments and dosages of insecticides for each trial 83 Table 5.3: Bunches with new infestation from Tirathaba mundella after 90 being sprayed with insecticides Table 5.4: Mean count of Tirathaba mundella larval population per bunch 90 after being sprayed with insecticides Table 5.5: Bunches with new infestation of Tirathaba mundella after 70 94 days Table 5.6: Mean count of Tirathaba mundella larvae per bunch after 70 95 days Table 5.7: Mean count of alive Elaeidobius kamerunicus adult in one day 100 after application of insecticides X LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1: Life cycle of Tirathaba sp. 17 Figure 3.1: Map detail for a replicate with 20 study palms 31 Figure 3.2: The linear regression line between Tirathaba mundella new infestation 48 with female middle and rotten bunch Figure 3.3: The linear regression line between Tirathaba mundella larval population 49 with female middle and rotten bunch Figure 4.1: Details for a replicate with 20 study palms 60 Figure 4.2: The developmental time of oil palm male inflorescence stage at ZOP, 71 Sibu, Sarawak Figure 4.3: The linear regression line between Tirathaba mundella new infestation 75 with male pre-anthesis and post-anthesis inflorescence Figure 4.4: The linear regression line between Tirathaba mundella larval population 76 with male post-anthesis inflorescence Figure 5.1: Trial 1 overall result, A: Percentage reduction of T.
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