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Universidade Do Algarve Faculty of Sciences and Technology UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE FACULTY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL REEFS TO PROMOTE BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ECOTOURISM IN CAPE VERDE: ECOLOGICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS MIGUEL TIAGO CANTIGA LOPES DE OLIVEIRA Thesis for the degree in Philosophy Doctor in Marine, Earth and Environmental Sciences, speciality in Marine Biodiversity Supervisors: Professor Doutor Karim Erzini (UAlg – FCT/CCMAR) Doutor Miguel Neves dos Santos (IPMA) Faro, 2016 UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA O PAPEL DOS RECIFES ARTIFICIAIS NA PROMOÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE E SUSTENTABILIDADE DO ECOTURISMO EM CABO VERDE: ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS, ECOLÓGICOS E DE ORDENAMENTO MIGUEL TIAGO CANTIGA LOPES DE OLIVEIRA Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente (CMTA), ramo de Ciências do Mar (CM), especialidade em Biodiversidade Marinha Orientadores: Professor Doutor Karim Erzini (UAlg – FCT/CCMAR) Doutor Miguel Neves dos Santos (IPMA) Faro, 2016 Título | Title: The role of artificial reefs to promote biodiversity and sustainability of the ecotourism in Cape Verde: ecological, biological and management aspects Declaração de autoria de trabalho | Declaration of Authorship: Declaro ser o autor deste trabalho, que é original e inédito. Autores e trabalhos consultados estão devidamente citados no texto e constam da listagem de referências incluída nesta tese. Miguel Tiago Cantiga Lopes de Oliveira Impressão | Printing: Empresa Diário do Porto 1ª Edição | 1st Edition: Digital Ed., Março 2016 Copyright: Miguel Tiago Cantiga Lopes de Oliveira A Universidade do Algarve tem o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicitar este trabalho através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, de o divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objectivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor. Contacto do Autor | Author’s contact: [email protected] Impresso em papel 100% reciclado | Printed in 100% recycled paper - I - ABSTRACT This multidisciplinary study aimed to assess the impact of artificial reefs (ARs) deployment off Santa Maria (Sal Island), to promote biodiversity and sustainability of the ecotourism in Cape Verde. Local natural reefs (NRs) showed higher rugosity and structural complexity, with the benthic assemblages within Baía de Santa Maria presenting different structure and composition compared to ARs, but also between depth ranges. At lower depths the communities were characterised by low abundance and high species turnover, while at 25m depth the assemblages showed higher abundance and species richness and generally presented lower species turnover within each site. As regards the fish assemblages, similar number of species and mean densities were found, which demonstrates that decommissioned vessels can mimic the local NRs by supporting diverse fish assemblages similar to those from nearby natural habitats. Acoustic telemetry showed that the tagged Cephalopholis taeniops specimens remained in the ARs area for 44 days, denoting greater activity at night. A total of 8,328 specimens, belonging to 29 fish species across 14 families were sampled to estimate Weight-Length and Length-Length relationships for local reef fish species. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) scrutinized stakeholders' perception on the best practice for marine biodiversity conservation, results showed that to submerge obsolete structures in rocky or mixed areas have a high potential, but does not gathers consensuality and seems that limitation of activities is the preferred management option to be consider. Willingness to pay (WTP) for the protection of local marine biodiversity through the creation of a trust fund showed that 32% of respondenst were unwilling to contribute and of those respondents who said they would be willing to contribute, 50% chose “fee” as the option where they were willing to pay less, whereas the “combined” option (i.e. including “donation”, “fee” and “souvenir”) was the one where respondents were willing to pay more, with around €1-7 and €0-800, respectively. ARs have promoted an increase in dive trips - acting as a complementary function to NRs. Nevertheless, local environmental campaigns and the promotion of the marine resources are fundamental to establish a relation between local population and the establishment of new activities (e.g. ecotourism) that can create new job opportunities and increase the income of local populations, a theoretical proposal was suggested, incorporating human and social dimensions into the management of scuba dive tourism in Sal, including Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) and Sustainable Tourism - II - Development (STD) in an integrative model and a species ID slates with diverse information on 124 species and four under water routes were also developed during the study. Furthermore, the AR should not be limited to decommissioned vessels, as more complex structures could possibly support the establishment of more species and providing them with a wide range of uses. On the other hand, the use of ARs should not be promoted indiscriminately, a community engagement and a management plan involving all the stakeholders is mandatory to avoid conflicts and maximize the extractive value of sustainable fishing along with other important economic values. Keywords: Natural and artificial reefs; vessel reef; length-weight and length-length relationships; fish assemblages, macrofauna, Cephalopholis taeniops; habitat complexity, activity pattern, acoustic telemetry; AHP; CVM; WTP; economic analysis; diving tourism; marine biodiversity; conservation; Sal Island (Cape Verde). - III - RESUMO Este estudo multidisciplinar teve como objectivo a avaliação do impacto da implantação de recifes artificiais (ARs) ao largo de Santa Maria (Ilha do Sal) na promoção da biodiversidade e da sustentabilidade do ecoturismo em Cabo Verde. Os recifes naturais (NRs) existentes evidenciaram uma maior rugosidade e complexidade estrutural. As comunidades bentónicas da Baía de Santa Maria apresentam composição e estrutura diferentes entre recifes naturais e artificiais e também entre diferentes profundidades. A baixa profundidade, as comunidades caracterizaram-se pela baixa abundância e uma alta variação nas espécies existentes, ao passo que a 25m de profundidade as comunidades mostraram maior abundância e riqueza de espécies e, genericamente, apresentaram menor rotatividade de espécies dentro de cada site. No que se refere às comunidades ictiológicas, observou-se um número idêntico de espécies e densidades médias, demonstrando que navios descomissionados podem imitar os NRs locais, dando suporte a comunidades ictiológicas semelhantes às dos habitats naturais próximos. A telemetria acústica mostrou que os espécimes de Cephalopholis taeniops marcados permaneceram na área dos ARs durante 44 dias, evidenciando uma maior actividade durante a noite. Um total de 8.328 espécimes, pertencentes a 29 espécies de peixes de 14 famílias, foram amostrados e estimaram-se as relações de peso-comprimento e de comprimento- comprimento de espécies de peixes de recife. Escrutinou-se a percepção dos utilizadores sobre as melhores práticas para a conservação da biodiversidade marinha na Ilha do Sal, com recurso ao processo analítico hierárquico (AHP - Analytic Hierarchy Process), tendo os resultados tornado evidente que o afundamento de estruturas obsoletas em áreas rochosas ou mistas parece ter um grande potencial, mas não reúne consenso, afigurando-se a limitação de actividades de mergulho como uma opção a considerar. O estudo da disposição para pagar (WTP - willingness to pay) a favor da protecção da biodiversidade marinha local através da criação de um fundo fiduciário mostrou que 32% dos inquiridos não se encontram dispostos a contribuir e, dos que afirmaram que estariam dispostos a contribuir, 50% escolheu "taxa" como a opção onde estão dispostos a pagar menos e a opção "combinado" (ou seja, incluindo "doação", "taxa" e/ou "lembrança") é a que recebe a maior disponibilidade para pagar pelos inquiridos, com aproximadamente 1-7€ e 0-800€, respectivamente. Os ARs têm promovido um aumento das saídas de mergulho, desempenhando uma função complementar à dos NRs. No entanto, campanhas ambientais locais e a promoção dos recursos marinhos são fundamentais para estabelecer uma relação entre a população local e a criação de novas actividades (e.g. ecoturismo) geradoras de novas oportunidades de emprego, contribuindo - IV - Resumo positivamente para a melhoria de vida das populações locais. Foi sugerida uma proposta teórica, incorporando as dimensões humana e social, para a gestão do turismo de mergulho na Ilha do Sal, num modelo integrativo de gestão costeira integrada (ICM) e desenvolvimento sustentável do turismo (DST). Um guia de identificação com diversas informações sobre 124 espécies e quatro percursos subaquáticos para mergulhadores foram também desenvolvidos durante o estudo. Os ARs não devem ser limitados a navios descomissionados, sendo que estruturas mais complexas poderiam apoiar o estabelecimento de um maior número de espécies e proporcionar-lhes uma ampla gama de utilizações. Porém, a utilização de ARs não deve ser promovida de forma indiscriminada - um envolvimento com a Comunidade e um plano de gestão, envolvendo todas as partes interessadas é fundamental para evitar conflitos e maximizar o valor extractivo
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