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Enciclopedia Delle Donne Enciclopedia delle donne Home Tutte le voci Lavori in corso L’Impresa Autrici e autori Partecipa Cerca Il blog Tutte le voci Marzia Rosti Azucena Villaflor Avellaneda 1924 - Gran Buenos Aires 1977 Azucena Villaflor nacque in una famiglia della classe operaia da Emma Nitz, di soli 15 anni, e da Florentino Villaflor, che ne aveva 21 e lavorava in Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo un lanificio. Terminata la scuola primaria a 16 anni, iniziò a lavorare come desaparecidos centralinista presso la metalmeccanica Siam, ove conobbe Pedro De diritti Vincenti, delegato della Unión Obrera Metalurgica, con il quale si sposò impegno civile nel 1949 e dal quale ebbe quattro figli: Pedro, Néstor, Adrián e Cecilia. Madres de Plaza de Mayo Alcuni membri della sua famiglia aderirono apertamente al peronismo: lo Madres de Plaza de Mayo- Linea Fundadora zio Anibal Villaflor partecipa alla marcia del 17 ottobre 1945– la protesta persecuzione spontanea che i lavoratori argentini fecero in Plaza de Mayo per reclamare politica la liberazione di Peron – e contribuisce alla creazione del Comité de violenza Unidad Sindical della Provincia di Buenos Aires; alcuni suoi cugini Tutti i tag (Rolando, Raimundo e José Osvaldo) militano nella Confederación General del Trabajo e aderiscono al Peronismo de Base e alle Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas e, infine, il figlio Néstor milita nella Juventud Estela Carlotto Esther Ballestrino de Peronista. Careaga Fu la sparizione del figlio Néstor insieme alla fidanzata Raquel, il 30 Hebe de Bonafini novembre 1976, ad accostare Azucena alle donne (all’epoca madri, sorelle, María Eugenia Ponce de cognate e suocere) che, a pochi mesi dall’inizio della dittatura instauratasi Bianco il 24 marzo 1976, si rivolgevano alle istituzioni in cerca di notizie sui Marta Ocampo propri parenti scomparsi. A lei si riconduce la famosa esortazione che, nel Nestor Raquel 1977, dopo mesi di infruttuose ricerche e un inutile incontro con Tutti i personaggi monsignor Grasselli (segretario del vicario militare Tortolo), rivolse ad alcune donne mentre si trovava nell’anticamera della parrocchia Stella Maris di Buenos Aires. Facendosi interprete del loro disagio la ricordano in piedi, in mezzo alla sala, che con voce alta, decisa, con la borsa che batteva sulla gamba, Azucena esclamava: «Madres, así no conseguimos nada. Nos mienten en todas partes, nos cierran todas las puertas. Tenemos que salir de este laberinto infernal que nos lleva a recorrer inútilmente despachos oficiales, cuarteles, Iglesias y juzgados. Tenemos que ir directamente a la Plaza de Mayo y quedarnos allí hasta que nos den una respuesta. Tenemos que llegar a ser cien, docientas, mil madres, hasta que nos vean, hasta que todos se enteren y el propio Videla se vea obligado a recibirnos y darnos una respuesta». La sua proposta fu raccolta da alcune madri che infatti, il 30 aprile 1977, si radunarono in Plaza de Mayo, dinanzi alla Casa Rosada, sede del governo, dando origine alle Madres de Plaza de Mayo, la prima organizzazione femminile impegnata nella lotta per i diritti delle vittime della dittatura, il cui simbolo è appunto il luogo in cui da allora, ogni giovedì pomeriggio, le donne si riuniscono; le loro invenzioni simboliche sono ormai famose in tutto il mondo: il fazzoletto bianco sul capo, le foto dei parenti scomparsi, file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/MarcheselliM/Desktop/Rosti1.htm[12/09/2012 12.44.12] Enciclopedia delle donne le silhouette disegnate sull’asfalto e la marcia circolare. Anche Azucena fu sequestrata dai militari il 10 dicembre 1977, Giornata Internazionale per i Diritti Umani, mentre andava verso la Avenida Mitre per acquistare il quotidiano «La Nación» sul quale, insieme alle altre madri, era riuscita a far pubblicare un appello alle istituzioni intitolato Por una Navidad en Paz solo pedimos Verdad, che elencava i nomi delle persone scomparse di cui si chiedevano notizie. Qualche giorno prima erano state sequestrate altre due madri - María Eugenia Ponce de Bianco e Esther Ballestrino de Careaga - le quali, per la militanza in organizzazioni dell’opposizione, erano state individuate insieme ad Azucena come fondatrici o comunque ispiratrici della protesta e, dunque, soggetti da eliminare sia per spaventare le altre donne e indurle a non riunirsi più, sia per spezzare quel legame con i guerriglieri Montoneros sospettato dai militari, per i quali era impossibile che un gruppetto di madri disperate potesse sfidarli, mentre era più probabile che fossero collegate con i sovversivi e che le loro riunioni fossero in realtà cospirazioni. Secondo alcune testimonianze, Azucena insieme alle altre sequestrate trascorse qualche giorno nel settore Capucha dell’ESMA (Escuela Mecánica de la Armada), il più efferato centro di detenzione situato proprio nel cuore di Buenos Aires, per venire poi eliminata con un volo della morte. Nel 2005 i suoi resti sono stati identificati insieme a quelli delle altre due madri in una fossa comune del cimitero General Lavalle, ove erano stati sepolti come N.N., dopo essere stati ritrovati fra il 1977 e il 1978 sulle spiagge di Santa Teresita e di San Bernardo, località balneari a sud di Buenos Aires. Per volontà dei figli sopravvissuti, l’8 dicembre 2005, al termine della 25° marcia della Resistencia, le sue ceneri sono state poste ai piedi della piramide al centro di Plaza de Mayo, con una targa che recita: «Creadora de las Madres, detenida y desaparecida buscando a su hijo Néstor y a los treinta mil secuestrados. Fue mantendida en cautiverio en la ESMA y arrojada viva al mar. Juicio y castigo a los culpables». Dal 2003 è stato istituito il premio Azucena Villaflor de Vincenti, che viene conferito a coloro che si sono distinti nella difesa dei diritti umani e della democrazia. Ad Azucena seguì nella “guida” delle madri Hebe de Bonafini, eletta Presidentessa nel 1979 e ancora oggi alla testa dell’associazione. Dal nucleo originario, nel 1978, nacquero le Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo, oggi presiedute da Estela Carlotto, e, nel 1986, le Madres de Plaza de Mayo- Linea Fundadora, guidate da Marta Ocampo. Fonti, risorse bibliografiche, siti E. Arrosagaray, Biografía de Azucena Villaflor. Creadora del Movimiento Madres de Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires, 2006 E. Arrosagaray, Los Villaflor de Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, 1993 J.P. Bousquet, Las locas de Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires, 1983 U. Gorini, La rebelión de las Madres. Historia de las Madres de Plaza de Mayo (1976-1983), Buenos Aires, 2006 Sito ufficiale dell'Asociacion Madres de Plaza de Mayo Sito ufficiale delle Madres de Plaza de Mayo-Linea Fundadora Sito ufficiale delle Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo Marzia Rosti Insegna Storia dell’America Latina presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano. Le sue ricerche vertono - in chiave storico-politica - sulle trasformazioni degli ordinamenti giuridici latinoamericani nella prospettiva della tutela dei diritti umani e dei diritti indigeni. Fra le sue pubblicazioni: Argentina, Il Mulino, 2011 (Si governano così); L’Italia e i desaparecidos argentini d’origine file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/MarcheselliM/Desktop/Rosti1.htm[12/09/2012 12.44.12] Enciclopedia delle donne italiana, in Pasado y Presente: Algo más sobre los italianos en la Argentina, in M.C.V. de Flachs y L. Gallinari (comp.), Báez Ediciones, Córdoba, 2008 e anche in 24 Marzo.it; Il diritto per la memoria dei desaparecidos argentini, «Teoria politica», n. 1, 2007. Leggi tutte le voci scritte da Marzia Rosti I contenuti dell’Enciclopedia delle donne sono pubblicati sotto una licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Non commerciale-Condividi allo stesso modo 2.5. Possono essere ridistribuiti liberamente soltanto se vengono attribuiti ai rispettivi autori e come appartenenti al progetto dell’Enciclopedia delle Donne e se non vengono utilizzati a scopo commerciale. Per contattarci: [email protected] file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/MarcheselliM/Desktop/Rosti1.htm[12/09/2012 12.44.12].
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