Chapter 14 “We Choose to Go to the Moon” JFK and the Race for The
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Works Cited Primary Sources CBS News
Alaniz 1 Works Cited Primary Sources CBS News. “Apollo 11 Splashdown Live Stream: Watch ‘Live’ Coverage of the Apollo 11 Splashdown on This Date 50 Years Ago.” CBS News, CBS News, 24 July 2019, www.cbsnews.com/news/apollo-11-splashdown-watch-live-stream-50-years-ago-today-2 019-07-24/. Accessed 17 Dec. 2019. This source includes a wide variety of pictures and videos of the Apollo 11 landing back on Earth. It depicts the same live footage taken by CBS News on that day and images of the Apollo crew after they landed. It also includes videos of President Nixon greeting them on the boat and making a public declaration with them in quarantine after. This source brings the events that happened after the landing to my project. Freshspot Marketing LLC, and David Meerman Scott. “Apollo Press Kits.” Apollopresskits.Com, 2016, www.apollopresskits.com. This source includes valuable additional information not found in NASA issued news releases. Reporters and editors from media outlets including television and newspapers had access to such documents from dozens of manufacturers while working on stories about the first lunar landing, all their findings are located within the press kits found in this website. Those exclusive findings bring unknown facts that weren’t told before to my project. Alaniz 2 Kennedy, John F. “We Choose To Go To The Moon” Speech. Address at Rice University on the Nation’s Space Effort. Document. This source includes the complete speech delivered by President John F. Kennedy at Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas, on September 12, 1962. -
Jerome Wiesner Was a Creative Force at MIT for the Last Half Century
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES JEROME BERT WIESNER 1915–1994 A Biographical Memoir by LOUIS D. SMULLIN Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 78 PUBLISHED 2000 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. Copyright by Karsh, Ottawa JEROME BERT WIESNER May 30, 1915–October 21, 1994 BY LOUIS D. SMULLIN EROME WIESNER—JERRY to almost everybody—led an excit- J ing and productive life and, more than most, he made a difference. His career, the offices he held and the honors he received are spelled out in the MIT obituary notice at the time of his death. As interesting and impressive as is the list of offices and honors, even more interesting is his transformation from a young engineer just out of college to an “electronic warrior” during World War II, to a “cold warrior” during the early days of the “missile gap,” and finally to a leading spokesman for the nuclear test ban and a worker for nuclear disarmament. Jerry and his younger sister, Edna, were the children of Joseph and Ida Wiesner, each of whom had come to the United States at about the turn of the century. To escape having to take violin lessons, at age nineteen, Joseph had run away from his parents in Vienna in about 1892 and had shipped out to places as far away as Alaska and the California gold fields before landing in New York. (Edna remembers her father telling stories about meeting and drinking with Jack London in Alaska.) Ida had come from Romania to New York with her younger sister. She worked in the gar- ment industry and then as a housekeeper until she and 3 4 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Joseph met and married in 1914. -
Feature Multiple Means to an End: a Reexamination of President Kennedy’S Decision to Go to the Moon by Stephen J
Feature Multiple Means to an End: A Reexamination of President Kennedy’s Decision to Go to the Moon By Stephen J. Garber On May 25, 1961, in his famously special “Urgent National Needs” speech to a joint session of Congress, President John E Kennedy made a dramatic call to send Americans to the Moon “before this decade is out.”’ After this resulted in the highly successful and publicized ApoZZo Program that indeed safely flew humans to the Moon from 1969-1972, historians and space aficio- nados have looked back at Kennedy’s decision in varying ways. Since 1970,2 most social scientists have believed that Kennedy made a single, rational, pragmatic choice to com- CHAT WITH THE AUTHOR pete with the Soviet Union in the arena of space exploration Please join us in a “chat session” with the au- as a way to achieve world prestige during the height of the thor of this article, Stephen J. Garber. In this “chat session,” you may ask Mr. Garber or the Quest Cold War. As such, the drama of space exploration served staff questions about this article, or other ques- simply as a means to an end, not as an goal for its own sake. tions about research and writing the history of Contrary to this approach, some space enthusiasts have spaceflight. The “chat” will be held on Thursday, argued in hindsight that Kennedy pushed the U.S. to explore December 9,7:00CDT. We particularly welcome boldly into space because he was a visionary who saw space Quest subscribers, but anyone may participate. -
Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon John M
Chapter Two Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon John M. Logsdon Project Apollo, the remarkable U.S. space effort that sent 12 astronauts to the surface of Earth’s Moon between July 1969 and December 1972, has been extensively chronicled and analyzed.1 This essay will not attempt to add to this extensive body of literature. Its ambition is much more modest: to provide a coherent narrative within which to place the various documents included in this compendium. In this narrative, key decisions along the path to the Moon will be given particular attention. 1. Roger Launius, in his essay “Interpreting the Moon Landings: Project Apollo and the Historians,” History and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 2006): 225–55, has provided a com prehensive and thoughtful overview of many of the books written about Apollo. The bibliography accompanying this essay includes almost every book-length study of Apollo and also lists a number of articles and essays interpreting the feat. Among the books Launius singles out for particular attention are: John M. Logsdon, The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970); Walter A. McDougall, . the Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985); Vernon Van Dyke, Pride and Power: the Rationale of the Space Program (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1964); W. Henry Lambright, Powering Apollo: James E. Webb of NASA (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); Roger E. Bilstein, Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles, NASA SP-4206 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1980); Edgar M. -
Occasionally, the Volume Suffers from the Problem of Repetition. This
I I Occasionally, the volume suffers from the problem of repetition. This was proba- bly an editorial choice, and it does serve to bolster the truth-value of these memoirs; yet, in my view, this repetition weakens the force of the selections and makes it more likely that the reader will become desensitized to the real tragedies described in the memoirs. This said, Till My Tale Is Told is an important testimony to the Stalinist years and very useful as a teaching tool. Each selection is introduced by someone who knew the author of the piece (and/or by the editor of the volume). There is a good glossary and a short history of events at the back of the book as well as two short, in- formation-packed introductions (to the English and Russian editions) by Simeon Vilensky, and an afterword by John Crowfoot. The translations are good. And each of the testimonies begins with a photograph of the author - some in their youth, some in old age; this visual evocation provides intimacy and poignancy to the stories told in words. The original volume, Dodnes' tiagoteet (A Burden Borne to This Day) is longer by seven memoirs than the English edition; this editing down is an excellent choice as it makes the book more suitable for teaching. Overall, this is an intelligent volume - well thought-out and well put together. Till My Tale Is Told adds a great deal to those accounts already published: it delineates perspectives that are often different from the well-known accounts of Ginzburg and Solzhenitsyn and enhances such recent works as the diary selections in the 1995 Intimacy and Terror (Garros, Korenevskaya, La- husen, editors). -
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Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 290 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 291 Jerome Bert Wiesner 1915-1994 By Paul E. Gray In or out of public positions, he never stopped caring or working for the country's good. He never thought it was not his problem . [He] performed the office of public citizen better than any contemporary I know. Anthony Lewis The New York Times October 28, 1994 Jerome B. Wiesner—engineer, educator, adviser to presidents and the young, passionate advocate for peace, and public citizen—died on October 21, 1994, at his home in Watertown, Massachusetts, at the age of seventy-nine. Throughout his life, he applied his intellect and wisdom and energy to improve the many institutions with which he was involved, to ameliorate the problems clouding the future of humankind, and to make the world a better, safer, more humane home to all its citizens. Jerry was born in Detroit, Michigan, on May 30, 1915—the son of a shopkeeper—and grew up in nearby Dearborn, where he attended the public schools. He attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, where he earned bachelor of science degrees in electrical engineering and mathematics in 1937, the master of science degree in electrical engineering in 1938, and the doctor of philosophy degree in electrical engineering in 1950. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 292 He began his professional career in 1937 as associate director of the University of Michigan broadcasting service, and in 1940 moved to the Acoustical Record Library of the Library of Congress, where he served as chief engineer. -
THE SOVIET MOON PROGRAM in the 1960S, the United States Was Not the Only Country That Was Trying to Land Someone on the Moon and Bring Him Back to Earth Safely
AIAA AEROSPACE M ICRO-LESSON Easily digestible Aerospace Principles revealed for K-12 Students and Educators. These lessons will be sent on a bi-weekly basis and allow grade-level focused learning. - AIAA STEM K-12 Committee. THE SOVIET MOON PROGRAM In the 1960s, the United States was not the only country that was trying to land someone on the Moon and bring him back to Earth safely. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also called the Soviet Union, also had a manned lunar program. This lesson describes some of it. Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS): ● Discipline: Engineering Design ● Crosscutting Concept: Systems and System Models ● Science & Engineering Practice: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions GRADES K-2 K-2-ETS1-1. Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem that can be solved through the development of a new or improved object or tool. Have you ever been busy doing something when somebody challenges you to a race? If you decide to join the race—and it is usually up to you whether you join or not—you have to stop what you’re doing, get up, and start racing. By the time you’ve gotten started, the other person is often halfway to the goal. This is the sort of situation the Soviet Union found itself in when President Kennedy in 1961 announced that the United States would set a goal of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade. -
Neri Oxman Material Ecology
ANTONELLI THE NERI OXMAN CALLS HER DESIGN APPROACH MATERIAL ECOLOGY— A PROCESS THAT DRAWS ON THE STRUCTURAL, SYSTEMIC, AND AESTHETIC WISDOM OF NATURE, DISTILLED AND DEPLOYED THROUGH COMPUTATION AND DIGITAL FABRICATION. THROUGHOUT HER TWENTY- ECOLOGY MATERIAL NERI OXMAN NERI OXMAN YEAR CAREER, SHE HAS BEEN A PIONEER OF NEW MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES, AND A CATALYST FOR DYNAMIC INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATIONS. WITH THE MEDIATED MATTER MATERIAL GROUP, HER RESEARCH TEAM AT THE MIT MEDIA LAB, OXMAN HAS PURSUED RIGOROUS AND DARING EXPERIMENTATION THAT IS GROUNDED IN SCIENCE, PROPELLED BY VISIONARY THINKING, AND DISTINGUISHED BY FORMAL ELEGANCE. ECOLOGY PUBLISHED TO ACCOMPANY A MONOGRAPHIC EXHIBITION OF OXMAN’S WORK AT THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART, NEW YORK, NERI OXMAN: MATERIAL ECOLOGY FEATURES ESSAYS BY PAOLA ANTONELLI AND CATALOGUE HADAS A. STEINER. ITS DESIGN, BY IRMA BOOM, PAYS HOMAGE TO STEWART BRAND’S LEGENDARY WHOLE EARTH CATALOG, WHICH CELEBRATED AND PROVIDED RESOURCES FOR A NEW ERA OF AWARENESS IN THE LATE 1960S. THIS VOLUME, IN TURN, HERALDS A NEW ERA OF ECOLOGICAL AWARENESS—ONE IN WHICH THE GENIUS OF NATURE CAN BE HARNESSED, AS OXMAN IS DOING, TO CREATE TOOLS FOR A BETTER FUTURE. Moma Neri Oxman Cover.indd 1-3 9.01.2020 14:24 THE NERI OXMAN MATERIAL ECOLOGY CATALOGUE PAOLA ANTONELLI WITH ANNA BURCKHARDT THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART, NEW YORK × Silk Pavilion I Imaginary Beings: Doppelgänger Published in conjunction with the exhibition Published by Neri Oxman: Material Ecology, at The Museum of The Museum of Modern Art, New York Modern Art, New York, February 22–May 25, 2020. 11 West 53 Street CONTENTS Organized by Paola Antonelli, Senior Curator, New York, New York 10019 Department of Architecture and Design, www.moma.org and Director, Research and Development; and Anna Burckhardt, Curatorial Assistant, © 2020 The Museum of Modern Art, New York 9 FOREWORD Department of Architecture and Design Certain illustrations are covered by claims to copyright cited on page 177. -
Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon James Harford
To purchase this product, please visit https://www.wiley.com/en-us/9780471327219 Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon James Harford Paperback 978-0-471-32721-9 March 1999 Print-on- $26.00 demand DESCRIPTION How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive Beat America to the Moon. "Fascinating . packed with technical and historical detail for the space expert and enthusiast alike . Great stuff!"-New Scientist "In this exceptional book, James Harford pieces together a most compelling and well-written tale. Must reading."-Space News. "Through masterful research and an engaging narrative style, James Harford gives the world its first in-depth look at the man who should rightly be called the father of the Soviet space program."-Norman R. Augustine, CEO, Lockheed Martin. "In Korolev, James Harford has written a masterly biography of this enigmatic 'Chief Designer' whose role the Soviets kept secret for fear that Western agents might 'get at' him."-Daily Telegraph. "Harford's fluency in Russian and his intimate knowledge of space technology give us insights that few, if any, Americans and Russians have had into this dark history of Soviet space."-Dr. Herbert Friedman, Chief Scientist, Hulburt Center for Space Research Naval Research Laboratory. "Reveals the complex, driven personality of a man who, despite unjust imprisonment in the Gulag, toiled tirelessly for the Soviet military industrial complex. More than just a biography, this is also a history of the Soviet space program at the height of the Cold War. Highly recommended."-Library Journal. "For decades the identity of the Russian Chief Designer who shocked the world with the launching of the first Sputnik was one of the Soviet Union's best-kept secrets. -
Seeds of Discovery: Chapters in the Economic History of Innovation Within NASA
Seeds of Discovery: Chapters in the Economic History of Innovation within NASA Edited by Roger D. Launius and Howard E. McCurdy 2015 MASTER FILE AS OF Friday, January 15, 2016 Draft Rev. 20151122sj Seeds of Discovery (Launius & McCurdy eds.) – ToC Link p. 1 of 306 Table of Contents Seeds of Discovery: Chapters in the Economic History of Innovation within NASA .............................. 1 Introduction: Partnerships for Innovation ................................................................................................ 7 A Characterization of Innovation ........................................................................................................... 7 The Innovation Process .......................................................................................................................... 9 The Conventional Model ....................................................................................................................... 10 Exploration without Innovation ........................................................................................................... 12 NASA Attempts to Innovate .................................................................................................................. 16 Pockets of Innovation............................................................................................................................ 20 Things to Come ...................................................................................................................................... 23 -
"The Road to the Stars Is Paved by the Communists!": Soviet Propaganda and the Hero-Myth of Iurii Gagarin
"The Road to the Stars is Paved by the Communists!": Soviet Propaganda and the Hero-Myth of Iurii Gagarin Trevor Rockwell B.A., University of Victoria, 2003 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History O Trevor Sean Rockwell, 2005 All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisor: Dr. Serhy Y ekelchyk ABSTRACT This thesis addresses Soviet propaganda of the world's first cosmonaut, Iurii Gagarin, and the first-manned space flight, Vostok 1, which took place on April 12, 1961. This thesis compares official Soviet biographies of Gagarin's life and Communist Party resolutions of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Key documents include Gagarin's autobiography The Road to the Stars (1961), and the Third Party Program of 1961. It concludes that the Gagarin propaganda closely corresponded to Party directives. In doing so, this thesis analyzes the key themes of the propaganda and suggests how the propaganda was used to legitimize the regime of Nikita Khrushchev. Supervisor: Dr. Serhy Yekelchyk (Department of History) TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Table of Contents Introduction: Space Age Histories Chapter One: The Agitprop Apparatus Chapter Two: The General Line Chapter Three: Our Gagarin Chapter Four: The Road to the Stars Chapter Five: The Molding of the Rising Generation Conclusion: Immortal Gagarin Bibliography INTRODUCTION: SPACE AGE HISTORIES To put the first man in space was a highly symbolic technological milestone. Well aware of the propaganda benefits to be derived from such a feat, the USSR and the USA were, in 1961, racing to be the first. -
Invoking the Experts: Theantiballistic Missile Debate
58 Advising or Legitimizing1 dated April 3, 1970: "lt would be unfortunate to leave the impremon that the [Garwin CHAPTER 5 teport) was 'highly crltical' of the SST program.'' [ Reprinted in Congressional Record 111 (1971): 32125.) DuBridge's letter stated further that the Garwin Report was prepared at President Nixon's request and would not be released; the quoted Statement was evidently intended to deceive Reuss as to the report's actual conclusions. 1. NBC radio interview with Rep. Reuss, reprinted in Congre11ional Record 115 (1969): 34743. Invoking the Experts : 8. Congreuional Record 115 (1969): 32599-32613. 9. lbid., p. 32606. 10. lbid., p. 32608. 11. Ibid., p. 3 261 o. The Antiballistic Missile 12. lbid., p. 32607. 13. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations, Department of Transportation and Related Agencie1 Approprilltions for 1971, Part 3, April 23, 1970, pp. 980-994. Debate 14. Quoted in Saturday Review, August 15, 1970. lS. The suit was füed by the American Civil Ll"berties Union on behalf of Gary A. Soucie, executive director of the Friends of the Earth, and W. lloyd Tupling, Washington representative of the Siena Club. Peter L Koff of Boston was the volunteer attomey. 16. Letter from Edward E. David, Jr., PJesldent Nixon's science advisor, to Peter L Koff, August 17, 1971. 17. Subcommittee on Physical Effects, NAS-NRC Committee on SST-Sonic Boom, Report on Physical Effectl of the Sonlc Boom (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. February 1968). 18. New Y«k Time1, March S, 1968. (This story was run in early editions but removed De.