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Government Policy and the University of St. Petersburg, 1819-1849

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Government Policy and the University of St. Petersburg, 1819-1849 71 - 27,559 STEINGER, Charles Stanford, 1944- GOVERNMENT POLICY AND THE UNIVERSITY OF ST. PETERSBURG, 1819-1849. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 History, modern University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan 0 1971 Charles Stanford Steinger ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED / GOVERBïEIiT POLICY AND THE UÎJIVERSITY OP ST. PETERSBURG, 1819-18%9 A DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University Cliarles S. Steinger, B.A,, M.A. ****** The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by Adviser Department of History PLEASE NOTE: Some pages have indistinct print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The debt which this writer owes to several persons and institutions, particularly the Ohio State University* s Department of History, can never properly be repaid. Especial thanks are owed to Professor Charles Morley of Ohio State (who guided my work) , Professor Hugh Seton-Watson of the University of London (who made some very useful suggestions) , and the government of the United States (which provided the funds for my work). Only Elaine and Shayna (who endured virtual poverty during my years of graduate work) , provided the human warmth, encouragement, and sympathetic understanding that enabled me to withstand the pressures, tensions and frustrations that are a part of doctoral studies. ii VITA January 3, 1944 . B o m - St. Louis, Missouri 1965 ............... B.A. in History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 1965-1968 ............. N.D.E.A. Fellow in Russian and Polish History 1967 ............... H.A. in History, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968.1969 ............. Research Student, University of London, London, England I969-I97O ............. Assistant Professor, S.E. Missouri State College, Cape Girardeau, Missouri PUBLICATIONS "Condoroet's Report on Public Education,” The Social Studies, January 1970, pp. 20-25. FIELDS OF STUDY Russian and East European History, frofessors Charles Morley, Michael Curran, Carole Rogel. International Journalism. Professor Paul Underwood. Early Modern European History, Professors Harold J. Grimm and John C. Rule, Russian Literature. Professor Oulanoff. lii TABLE OF COMTEMTS Page ACKÎ.OVÆEDGEMEIvTS........................................ ii VITA .................................................... iii LIST OF T A B L E S .......................................... vi lETRODUCTIOM ............................................ 1 Chapter I, THE BACKGROUND; RUSSIAN UNIVERSITIES AND UNIVERSITY POLICIES, 1726-1824 7 The Eighteenth Century The Reign of Alexander I Conclusions n . THE F0UND3:G OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ST. PETERSBURG, 1819- ' 1821 48 Introduction: The Origins of the University The Curatorship of S.S. Uvarov The Fall of Uvarov HI. THE APPLICATION OF THE ALEXANDRIAN REACTION TO THE UNIVERSITY OF ST. PETERSBURG: THE CURATORSHIP OF RUKICH, 1821-1826 ................ 69 D.P. Runich Runichrs Purge of the Teaching Staff, 1821-1822 The Policies of Runich and Their Results, 1822-1826 IV. THE MINISTRIES OFSHISHKOV .AND LIEVEN, 1824-1833 .... 90 Nicholas I and Public Education Shishkov and Lieven, 1824-1833 V. THE UNIVERSITY Ot ST. PETERSBURG: YEARS OF RECOVERY, 1826-1833 ........................................ 118 The Curatorship of Borozdin, 1826-1833 University Growth; Faculty, Students, Laboratories, and Libraries The Quality of Instruction i v VI. THE MINISTRY OF UVAROV, 1 8 3 3 -1849.................... 142 Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality The Translation of Official Nationalism into University Policy The Fall of Uvarov V U . THE UNIVERSITY OF ST. PETERSBURG: YEARS OF PROSPERITY, 1833-1849 .......................................... 166 The Rectorship of Pletnev University Groifth; Faculty, Students, Laboratories, and Libraries The Quality of Instruction CONCLUSION ..... ....................................... 201 APPENDIX .................................................. 208 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................... 213 LIST OF TABLES Table Pag® 1 ......... 87 ......................................................... 125 ......................................................... 130 ................................................... 131 3 132 6 ........... 132 ......................................................... 184 8 ......................................................... 185 9 ........... » ............................................ 186 10 Number of University Non-Medical Graduates 18? U Number of Graduates from St® Petersburg University «<•>... 188 12 Approximate Percentage of Studert: " ’’ariouv •' urs* ® . IS9 13 Contents of Libraries and Laboratories at St. r ' ^ r ; University 1833-1850 208 14 Libraries In St. Petersburg? Number of Volumcf - . • 209 15 Physics Kabinets: Number of Instruments e......»^. 209 16 Zoology KabinetsÎ Number of Specimens 210 17 Mineralogical Kablnett Number of Minerals ....... 210 18 Archeology (Medals) Kablnett Number of Coins and Medals . 211 19 Chmistry Laboratory: Number of Items 211 20 Technology Kablnett Number of Models and Machines • . • • . 212 INTRODUCTION Serious historical treatment of the Russian universities has not yet begun* There is not a single historical survey of Russian univer­ sities or university policies in any language. The only work approaching such a history, Unlversitetskoe obrazovanie v SSSR, published in Moscow in 1957 by A*S, Butiagin and Xu* A* Saltanov, is little more than an encyclopedic outline which Interprets university development in the most simplistic ideological terms* Its factual content goes little beyond a repetitive summary of information provided in standard administrative and educational histories* Works published in the Soviet Union and the West since the nineteenth century dealing with Russian education explore university policy only superficially, and with reference primarily to the most readily accessible collections of government documents,^ There are a few detailed descriptions of Russian universities and educational institutions in general at particular points in time, See Patrick L* Alston, Education and the State in Tsarist Russia (Stanford, I969); Nicholas Hans, History of Russian Educational Policy* I7OI-I9I7 (London, 1931)» William H.E. Johnson, Russian’s Educational Heritage (Pittsburgh, 1950)» Daniel B* Leary, Education and Autocracy in Russia (Buffalo, 1919), A.Go Nebol'sin, Istoriko-statisticheskii ocherk obshchago 1 spetsia I’nago obragovanie y Rosali (St* Petersburg [hereafter abbreviated SPBJ, 1883); and S.V* Rozhdestvenskii, Istorlcheskii ob%or deiatel’nosti ministerstva narodnago prosvleshchemiia, 1802- 1902 (SPB* 1902). such as Henry Barnard, Systems, Institutions of Public Instruction in Different Countries (New York, 18?2); Thomas Darlington, Education In Riiasla (London, 1909) » and a woric published anonymously in Paris in 1900 entitled, Aoer]^ de I'enselanment superleur en Russie, But their historical introductions are superficial in the extreme. Probably the most valuable introduction to tsarist university history is that of Professor Ikonnikov, "Russkie univeraltety v sviazi s khodom obshchest- vennago obrazovaniia," Vestnlk Evropv. I8 7 6 , no. 9» PP» 161-207; no. 1 0 , pp. 492-551 ; no. 1 1 . pp. 73-13 3 . With these exceptions, the other relevant secondary works deal with (1 ) the universities in general during particular reigns, (2) individual universities over longer periods of time, and (3) important events or periods in Russian university history, such as the purge of St. Petersburg university In 1821 and the role of the universities in the revolutionary movements. Among works published in Russia and the Soviet Union, those falling into the first category are largely portions of general histories written by men who are not specialists in university 2 history. Those faJAing into the second category — with few exceptions — were written under official sponsorship upon the occasion of universities* anniversaries and are pervaded more with the spirit of a celebration than the spirit of careful scholarship. 3h this respect there is little difference between works published in the tsarist and Soviet 2 See, for example, I.N. Borozdin,"Uiiverslteta Rossii v porvoi polovinie XTX vieka," Istorlia Rossil v XIX vloKie, H (SPB, 1907-U) , 349-379. periods*^ Only those In the third category supplement official printed documents with extensive and intensive treatment of contemporary memoirs. The only in-depth treatment of university policies and their results during a single reign is a first-rate dissertation written in ISSh by James T, Flynn, entitled, Universities in the Russia of Alexander I, Whatever the reason for the lack of first-rate work on the universities, the inaccessibility of documentary material is not one of them. As regards the tsarist period in particular, there is a wealth of printed material, including statistical tables, biographies of students, rectors, and other officials, student notebooks, rectors* r^orts on university progress, catalogues of university libraries and laboratories, and memoirs of individuals connected with the univer­ sity in every conceivable capacity — all found by this author in libraries outside the Soviet Union and many cited in this study for the first time. Within the Soviet Union, there are manuscript sources that have never been tapped by university historians, in connection with the present study, practically every relevant
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