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Iv Congreso De Historia De La Defensa

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Iv Congreso De Historia De La Defensa IV CONGRESO DE HISTORIA DE LA DEFENSA “FUERZAS ARMADAS Y POLÍTICAS DE DEFENSA DURANTE EL FRANQUISMO” Editores: Fernando PUELL DE LA VILLA Sonia ALDA MEJÍAS Autores: Henar ALONSO RODRÍGUEZ Josep CAÑABATE PÉREZ Juan José DÍAZ BENÍTEZ Juan Carlos DIZ MONJE María Jesús ESPUNY TOMÁS Guillermo GARCÍA GONZÁLEZ Ramón GÓMEZ MARTÍNEZ Beatriz GUTIÉRREZ LÓPEZ Daniel MACÍAS FERNÁNDEZ Manuel MELGAR CAMARZANA Juan PASTRANA PIÑERO Olga PAZ TORRES Victoriano PERRUCA ALBADALEJO José Miguel QUESADA GONZÁLEZ Alberto RICO SÁNCHEZ Rafael RODRIGO FERNÁNDEZ Jesús María RUIZ VIDONDO Manuel Jesús SOLANA CORTÉS Antonio VÁZQUEZ RODRÍGUEZ Luis VELASCO MARTÍNEZ Editores: Fernando PUELL DE LA VILLA Sonia ALDA MEJÍAS IV CONGRESO DE HISTORIA DE LA DEFENSA “FUERZAS ARMADAS Y POLÍTICAS DE DEFENSA DURANTE EL FRANQUISMO” MADRID, 3-5 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2009 INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO – UNED 2010 © Copyright by Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado de Investigación sobre la Paz, la Seguridad y la Defensa c/ Princesa 36 28008 Madrid Teléfono: 91 7580011 Fax: 91 7580030 [email protected] www.iugm.es Madrid, 2010 ISBN: 978-84-608-1110-7 Depósito Legal: M-33765-2010 Maquetación e Impresión: Doppel, S.L. c/ Bruselas 46 A - EURÓPOLIS 28232 Las Rozas (Madrid) 91 637 73 49 [email protected] ÍNDICE DE COMUNICACIONES 1. LA POSTGUERRA.................................................................................. 7 LA PLANIFICACIÓN MILITAR ESPAÑOLA Y LA NO BELIGERANCIA DURANTE LA II GUERRA MUNDIAL: EL CASO DE CANARIAS............................. 9 Juan José Díaz Benítez PERÍODO DE GUERRA Y DE POSTGUERRA. RÉGIMEN DE FRANCO ................... 27 Victoriano Perruca Albadalejo EL EJÉRCITO ESPAÑOL EN 1940..................................................................... 51 Rafael Rodrigo Fernández 2. VINCULACIÓN A ESTADOS UNIDOS............................................. 77 LOS ACUERDOS EJECUTIVOS DE 1953: RELACIONES BILATERALES ENTRE ESPAÑA Y ESTADOS UNIDOS EN MATERIA DE COOPERACIÓN MILITAR............................................................ 79 Antonio Vázquez Rodríguez 3. PRESENCIA EXTERIOR .................................................................. 101 ELEMENTOS ASIMÉTRICOS DE LA GUERRA DE IFNI-SÁHARA ....................... 103 Beatriz Gutiérrez López EL AFRICANISMO DEL EJÉRCITO FRANQUISTA............................................. 123 Daniel Macías Fernández EL «PLAN MADRID»: LA DEFENSA DEL A.O.E. QUE NUNCA LLEGÓ A SER..... 147 Juan Pastrana Piñero LA SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA EN LA GUINEA ESPAÑOLA: 1959-1969 ................. 165 Alberto Rico Sánchez 4 IV CONGRESO DE HISTORIA DE LA DEFENSA “FUERZAS ARMADAS Y POLÍTICAS DE DEFENSA DURANTE EL FRANQUISMO” 4. ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS DURANTE EL FRANQUISMO............................................................. 189 FONDOS DOCUMENTALES DE LA GUERRA CIVIL Y EL FRANQUISMO EN EL ARCHIVO GENERAL MILITAR DE ÁVILA: ORGANIZACIÓN, ACCESIBILIDAD Y PERSPECTIVAS DE FUTURO............................................. 191 Henar Alonso Rodríguez y Manuel Melgar Camarzana LA GUERRA IRREGULAR EN EL MARCO DE LA DEFENSA OPERATIVA DEL TERRITORIO (1965-1975)............................................................................ 217 Juan Carlos Diz Monje CUADROS PARA LA RESERVA MILITAR FRANQUISTA: INSTRUCCIÓN PREMILITAR SUPERIOR Y ESCALA DE COMPLEMENTO................................. 237 José Miguel Quesada González ORGANIZACIÓN Y DESARROLLO DE LA ESCUELA SUPERIOR DEL EJÉRCITO DURANTE EL RÉGIMEN DEL GENERAL FRANCO ........................... 253 Jesús María Ruiz Vidondo 5. FUERZAS ARMADAS Y FRANQUISMO....................................... 273 EL PODER MILITAR EN EL RÉGIMEN DE FRANCO. UNA APROXIMACIÓN JURÍDICO-POLITICA..................................................................................... 275 Ramón Gómez Martínez EL CASINO MILITAR DE MADRID, UN OBSERVATORIO SINGULAR PARA CONTEMPLAR, EXAMINAR Y REPASAR LA DISPOSICIÓN POLÍTICA DE LOS MILITARES EN LA ETAPA FRANQUISTA................................................. 299 Manuel Jesús Solana Cortés LOS PRECEPTOS DE UNAS CENTENARIAS REALES ORDENANZAS DETERMINAN, GOBIERNAN Y TUTELAN LOS VALORES CASTRENSES CARACTERÍSTICOS DE UNA ÉPOCA DIFERENCIADA. EL ARTICULO 5, DEL TÍTULO II “DEL CABO”, COMO BREVIARIO, COMPENDIO Y ESTÁNDAR DE CONDUCTA PARA EL “LIDER” ....................... 311 Manuel Jesús Solana Cortés ÍNDICE 5 6. ACCIÓN SOCIAL ............................................................................... 329 EXCEPCIONES AL ACCESO A LA CARRERA MILITAR EN LA LEY DE 24 DE JULIO DE 1961 DE DERECHOS POLÍTICOS, PROFESIONALES Y DE TRABAJO DE LA MUJER................................................................................ 331 María Jesús Espuny Tomás, Guillermo García González, Olga Paz Torres y Josep Cañabate Pérez 7. IMAGEN SOCIAL DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS DURANTE EL FRANQUISMO ............................................................. 343 MILITARES Y PERIODISMO: LA RELACIÓN DEL GENERAL FRANCISCO FRANCO CON LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN............................................ 345 María Victoria Campos Zabala LAS PANTALLAS Y LAS PRODUCCIONES CINEMATOGRÁFICAS ESPAÑOLAS COMO GUIÓN PARA UN MANUAL POÉTICO DEL PARADIGMÁTICO MODELO DE VIRTUDES CASTRENSES ............................... 369 Manuel Jesús Solana Cortés LAS IDENTIDADES REGIONALES EN EL SENO DE LAS FF.AA: EL CINE BÉLICO DURANTE EL FRANQUISMO ............................................................. 397 Luis Velasco Martínez 1. LA POSTGUERRA LA PLANIFICACIÓN MILITAR ESPAÑOLA Y LA NO BELIGERANCIA DURANTE LA II GUERRA MUNDIAL: EL CASO DE CANARIAS JUAN JOSÉ DÍAZ BENÍTEZ La no beligerancia española durante la II Guerra Mundial no es una cuestión desconocida, pues las publicaciones sobre ella se remontan al menos hasta los amagos exculpatorios del régimen franquista frente a las acusaciones de los vencedores por su colaboración con el Eje. En las últimas décadas la historiografía ha demostrado que dicha no beligerancia era, en realidad, una pre- beligerancia a favor del Eje, ya señalada por Víctor Morales Lezcano en 1980. No obstante, aún quedan algunos aspectos por estudiar, como el papel que desempeñó la vulnerabilidad de Canarias en la política exterior española durante aquellos años 1 . Con este fin la presente comunicación pretende analizar el refuerzo de la defensa del archipiélago entre 1939 y 1943 en relación con la política de no beligerancia, así como realizar un balance del alcance y limitaciones del esfuerzo defensivo. De este modo podremos aproximarnos a la importancia que tuvieron las islas en la política exterior española en el periodo de mayor tentación belicista, 1940-1942, en el que la indefensión de las islas no constituyó un obstáculo insalvable para los delirios imperiales del régimen franquista. 1 Víctor Morales Lezcano, Historia de la no-beligerancia durante la segunda guerra mundial, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Mancomunidad de Cabildos de Las Palmas, 1980, pp. 25-34. La reedición de este libro por el Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria en 1995 incluye nuevas reflexiones sobre esta cuestión, especialmente en las páginas 241-273. Véase un estado de la cuestión en: Enrique Moradiellos, La España de Franco (1939-1975). Política y sociedad, Madrid, Editorial Síntesis, 2000, pp. 237- 261. Para una síntesis más reciente: Julio Gil Pecharromán, La política exterior del franquismo. Entre Hendaya y El Aaiún, Barcelona, Flor del Viento Ediciones, 2008, pp. 23-135. También: Stanley G. Payne, Franco y Hitler. España, Alemania, la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el Holocausto, Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 2008. 10 IV CONGRESO DE HISTORIA DE LA DEFENSA “FUERZAS ARMADAS Y POLÍTICAS DE DEFENSA DURANTE EL FRANQUISMO” 1. LA SECULAR INDEFENSIÓN DE CANARIAS La vulnerabilidad del archipiélago frente a un ataque exterior no era ninguna novedad en 1939. A lo largo de toda la Edad Moderna las islas fueron objeto de numerosos ataques de piratas, corsarios y armadas pertenecientes a los enemigos de la Monarquía Hispánica. Durante esos siglos la defensa se limitaba casi exclusivamente a las milicias insulares, deficientemente armadas, sin instrucción y bajo el mando de oficiales no profesionales extraídos de las elites isleñas. Las únicas fuerzas regulares de carácter permanente eran las compañías fijas creadas en 1769 y unidas a partir de 1792 en el Batallón de Infantería de Canarias, con sede en Tenerife. Esta situación se mantuvo hasta finales del siglo XIX, cuando fue organizada una serie de unidades regulares para guarnecer de forma permanente el archipiélago, mientras el ya obsoleto sistema de milicias languidecía bajo la forma del Ejército Territorial de Canarias hasta su desaparición en el primer tercio del siglo XX2. Sin embargo, la creación de una guarnición formada por tropas regulares no cubrió las necesidades defensivas de Canarias, tal y como han demostrado las investigaciones realizadas sobre el archipiélago durante la coyunturas bélicas de 1898 y 1914-1918. En la primera de ellas el temor a un ataque norteamericano provocó la movilización de miles de reservistas y el envío de unidades expedicionarias desde la Península, a pesar de lo cual las autoridades militares del archipiélago consideraron que el esfuerzo era insuficiente para rechazar el ataque de una escuadra moderna. Durante la I Guerra Mundial no se hizo un esfuerzo similar para paliar el precario estado defensivo de las islas, pese a la mejora del artillado de costa con la instalación de nuevas baterías, y ni siquiera hubo suficientes medios para garantizar el respeto de la neutralidad española
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