DOCSLIB.ORG

Russian and Serbian Minorities After Secession

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Russian and Serbian Minorities After Secession ETHNIC POLITICS IN NEW STATES: RUSSIAN AND SERBIAN MINORITIES AFTER SECESSION Anna Batta Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2013 APPROVED: Idean Salehyan, Major Professor John Ishiyama, Co-Major Professor T. David Mason, Committee Member Steven Forde, Committee Member Richard Ruderman, Chair of the Department of Political Science Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Batta, Anna. Ethnic Politics in New States: Russian and Serbian Minorities after Secession. Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science), May 2013, 295 pp., 22 tables, 15 figures, 234 titles. New states are often born in a volatile environment, in which the survival of the new country is uncertain. While analysis of the nationalizing new governments exists, research focuses mainly on domestic politics. I argue that the treatment of minority that remains in the new states is a function of the interaction of the dual threat posed by the minority itself domestically on one hand and the international threat coming from the mother state to protect its kin abroad on the other hand. Specifically, I argue that there is a curvilinear relationship between domestic and international threat and the extent of discrimination against the politically relevant minority. Most discrimination takes place when domestic and international threats are moderate because in this case there is a balance of power between the government, the minority, and the rump state. With time-series-cross-sectional (TSCS) data analysis this dissertation systematically tests the treatment of Russian and Serbian minorities in all post-Soviet and post-Yugoslav states between 1991 and 2006 and finds statistically significant results for the curvilinear hypothesis. Territorial concentration of the minority and the ratio of national capabilities between the mother and the seceded states prove to be especially important predictors of minority treatment. In addition, with most similar systems (MSS), most different systems (MDS) design methods, and directed case studies I apply the curvilinear hypothesis to the Russian minority in the Baltic States and the Central Asian Republics, and also to the Serb minority in the countries of the former Yugoslavia to present a detailed analysis. Copyright 2013 by Anna Batta ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: STRANDED ETHNIC MINORITIES ....................................................... 1 1.1 A Different Kind of Diaspora ................................................................................... 8 1.2 Theoretical Sketch................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Outline of Dissertation .......................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2 THE RUSSIAN AND SERBIAN MINORITIES .................................................................. 20 2.1 History of Migration .............................................................................................. 20 2.1.1 The Russians .............................................................................................. 20 2.1.2 The Serbs ................................................................................................... 24 2.2 The Russian Minority after Independence ........................................................... 29 2.3 The Serb Minority after Independence ................................................................ 34 2.4 Relations with Russia ............................................................................................ 38 2.5 Relations with Serbia ............................................................................................ 45 CHAPTER 3 A THEORY OF MINORITY PROTECTION AFTER SECESSION ........................................ 53 3.1 Bargaining Literature ............................................................................................ 55 3.2 Secession and Irredentism Literature ................................................................... 57 3.3 Minority Rights Literature ..................................................................................... 62 3.4 Domestic and International Threat: A Curvilinear Relationship ........................... 64 3.5 Domestic Threat .................................................................................................... 72 3.5.1 Threat of Further Secession ...................................................................... 72 3.5.2 Territorial Concentration .......................................................................... 77 3.5.3 Zero-Sum Game and Threat to National Authority .................................. 80 3.6 International Threat .............................................................................................. 83 3.7 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 4 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 92 4.1 Research Strategy and Justification ...................................................................... 93 4.2 Measuring the Concepts ....................................................................................... 95 4.2.1 Dependent Variable .................................................................................. 95 iii 4.2.2 Independent Variables .............................................................................. 97 4.2.3 Control Variables..................................................................................... 100 4.3 Quantitative Results ............................................................................................ 102 CHAPTER 5 THE RUSSIAN MINORITY IN THE BALTIC STATES ...................................................... 117 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 117 5.2 Historical Background ......................................................................................... 120 5.3 The Treatment of the Russian Minority in the Baltic States ............................... 123 5.3.1 Political Discrimination ........................................................................... 123 5.4 Domestic Threat .................................................................................................. 131 5.4.1 Threat of Further Secession .................................................................... 131 5.4.2 Threat to National Authority .................................................................. 141 5.5 International Threat ............................................................................................ 151 5.5.1 Relations with Russia .............................................................................. 151 5.6 Discussion............................................................................................................ 156 CHAPTER 6 THE RUSSIAN MINORITY IN CENTRAL ASIA .............................................................. 167 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 167 6.2 Historical Background ......................................................................................... 171 6.3 The Treatment of the Russian Minority in Central Asia ..................................... 176 6.3.1 Political Discrimination ........................................................................... 176 6.4 Domestic Threat .................................................................................................. 190 6.4.1 Threat of Further Secession .................................................................... 192 6.4.2 Threat to National Authority .................................................................. 203 6.5 International Threat ............................................................................................ 208 6.5.1 Relations with Russia .............................................................................. 208 6.6 Discussion............................................................................................................ 213 CHAPTER 7 THE SERB MINORITY AFTER THE DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA............................ 224 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 224 7.2 History of the Serb Minority until Secession ...................................................... 227 7.3 The Treatment of the Serb Minority ................................................................... 231 7.3.1 Political Discrimination ........................................................................... 231 iv 7.4 Domestic Threat .................................................................................................. 239 7.4.1 Threat of Further Secession .................................................................... 239 7.4.2 Threat to National Authority .................................................................. 247 7.5 International Threat ............................................................................................ 251 7.5.1 Relations with Serbia .............................................................................. 251 7.6 Kosovo ................................................................................................................. 256
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Country Report: Serbia
    Country Report: Serbia 2016 Update Acknowledgements & Methodology This report was written by Pavle Kilibarda and Nikola Kovačević at the Belgrade Centre for Human Rights (BCHR), and was edited by ECRE. The first update was written by Nikola Kovačević at BCHR, and was edited by ECRE. This report draws on the BCHR’s experience in representing asylum seekers and refugees in Serbia, engaging the asylum authorities and monitoring the respect for the right to asylum in the country. The information in this report is up-to-date as of 31 December 2016. The Asylum Information Database (AIDA) The Asylum Information Database (AIDA) is coordinated by the European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE). It aims to provide up-to date information on asylum practice in 20 countries. This includes 17 EU Member States (AT, BE, BG, CY, DE, ES, FR, GR, HR, HU, IE, IT, MT, NL, PL, SE, UK) and 3 non-EU countries (Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey) which is easily accessible to the media, researchers, advocates, legal practitioners and the general public through the dedicated website www.asylumineurope.org. Furthermore, the project seeks to promote the implementation and transposition of EU asylum legislation reflecting the highest possible standards of protection in line with international refugee and human rights law and based on best practice. This report is part of the Asylum Information Database (AIDA) funded by the European Programme for Integration and Migration (EPIM), a collaborative initiative of the Network of European Foundations. This report was funded by the European Union with support from the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF).
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of the Law Governed State
    THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH TITLE: IN SEARCH OF THE LAW-GOVERNED STAT E Conference Paper #17 of 1 7 Commentary : The Printed versions of Conference Remarks by Participant s AUTHOR: Berman et al . CONTRACTOR: Lehigh University PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Donald D. Barry COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 805-0 1 DATE : October 199 1 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East European Research. The analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those of the author. NCSEER NOTE This paper is #17 in the series listed on the following page. The series is the product of a major conferenc e entitled, In Search of the Law-Governed State: Political and Societal Reform Under Gorbachev, which was summarized in a Council Report by that title authored by Donald D . Barry, and distributed by the Council i n October, 1991. The remaining papers were distributed seriatim . This paper was written prior to the attempted coup of August 19, 1991 . The Conference Papers 1. GIANMARIA AJANI, "The Rise and Fall of the Law-Governed Stat e in the Experience of Russian Legal Scholarship . " 2. EUGENE HUSKEY , "From Legal Nihilism to Pravovoe Gosudarstvo : Soviet Legal Development, 1917-1990 . " 3. LOUISE SHELLEY, "Legal Consciousness and the Pravovoe Gosudarstvo . " 4. DIETRICH ANDRE LOEBER, "Regional and National Variations : The Baltic Factor . " 5. JOHN HAZARD, "The Evolution of the Soviet Constitution . " 6. FRANCES FOSTER-SIMONS, "The Soviet Legislature : Gorbachev' s School of Democracy . " 7. GER VAN DEN BERG, "Executive Power and the Concept of Pravovo e Gosudarstvo .
    [Show full text]
  • The Question of 'Race' in the Pre-Colonial Southern Sahara
    The Question of ‘Race’ in the Pre-colonial Southern Sahara BRUCE S. HALL One of the principle issues that divide people in the southern margins of the Sahara Desert is the issue of ‘race.’ Each of the countries that share this region, from Mauritania to Sudan, has experienced civil violence with racial overtones since achieving independence from colonial rule in the 1950s and 1960s. Today’s crisis in Western Sudan is only the latest example. However, very little academic attention has been paid to the issue of ‘race’ in the region, in large part because southern Saharan racial discourses do not correspond directly to the idea of ‘race’ in the West. For the outsider, local racial distinctions are often difficult to discern because somatic difference is not the only, and certainly not the most important, basis for racial identities. In this article, I focus on the development of pre-colonial ideas about ‘race’ in the Hodh, Azawad, and Niger Bend, which today are in Northern Mali and Western Mauritania. The article examines the evolving relationship between North and West Africans along this Sahelian borderland using the writings of Arab travellers, local chroniclers, as well as several specific documents that address the issue of the legitimacy of enslavement of different West African groups. Using primarily the Arabic writings of the Kunta, a politically ascendant Arab group in the area, the paper explores the extent to which discourses of ‘race’ served growing nomadic power. My argument is that during the nineteenth century, honorable lineages and genealogies came to play an increasingly important role as ideological buttresses to struggles for power amongst nomadic groups and in legitimising domination over sedentary communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges of Forced Migration in Serbia Position of Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons, Returnees and Asylum Seekers
    CHALLENGES OF FORCED MIGRATION IN SERBIA POSITION OF REFUGEES, INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS, RETURNEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS June 2011 The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Group 484 and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union 1 2 The goal of this publication is to raise the level of understanding of the complex problems of forced migration in Serbia in the territory of the former Yugoslavia in the context of the obligations in the process of European integrations, as well as to encourage cooperation and exchange of knowledge and experience among national and international institutions, civil society, the academic community and interested individuals. The policy paper on the status and problems of refugees, internally displaced persons, asylum seekers and returnees under readmission agreements, "The Challenges of Forced Migration in Serbia", coordinated by Group 484, was developed by a team composed of representatives of NGOs dealing with these issues: Humanitarian Centre for Integration and Tolerance, Praxis, Society for Peace, Development and Ecology, International Aid Network, Ecumenical Humanitarian Organization, the Red Cross of Serbia, the “Protecta” Centre for Civil Society Development , Serbian Democratic Forum, Novi Sad Humanitarian Centre, Union, Educational Centre Leskovac, Balkan Centre for Migration and Humanitarian Activities, Belgrade Centre for Human Rights, Belgrade Centre for Security Policy, and the Initiative for Development and Cooperation. NGO representatives participated in four working groups to agree on a common policy paper that should also be the basis for advocating for the rights of forced migrants in the state institutions of Serbia and the EU bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • Pag Annual Report 06
    elcome to the CSC Annual Report for 2008. At a time of serious economic difficulties and political challenges, it is good to reflect on the words of St Paul: “May you, in com- pany with all God’s people, be strong to grasp what is the Wbreadth and length and height and depth of Christ’s love”. (Ephesians 3:18-19). 2008 was far from easy for Europe’s political institutions. On 12 June, the voters of Ireland rejected the Lisbon Treaty on the reform of the EU. The year ended with many European nations being affected by the economic recession. Yet the European integration process continues; agree- ment was reached for Slovakia to adopt the Euro at the start of 2009. CSC’s work on addressing the challenge of climate change was high- lighted by the Assembly of the European Christian Environmental Network, held in Milan, Italy, on 24- 28 September. This was al- so a major issue in dis- cussions between religious leaders and the Presidents of the EU Institutions on Ms Anthea Cox Co-moderator 5 May in Brussels. CSC celebrated the 60th anniversary of the Univer- sal Declaration of Human Rights on 10 December 2008 and produced com- memorative postcards and bookmarks, which have been well received. In 2008 the integration between CEC and the Churches' Commission for Migrants in Europe (CCME) was for- mally agreed. Looking ahead, 2009 will be a year of anniversaries. CEC will celebrate its 50th anniversary. CSC will also celebrate 10 years as part of CEC; the former European Ecumenical Commission for Church and Society was created 25 years ago; one of its founding streams, the Ecumenical Association, even dates back to 1959.
    [Show full text]
  • 644A Disciple Has Crossed Over by Water': an Analysis of Lawrence
    64 4A disciple has crossed over by water’: an Analysis of Lawrence Durrell’s Alexandria Quartet in its Egyptian Historical and Intellectual Contexts.” Mike Diboll. Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Leicester. University College Northampton August 2000 UMI Number: U139322 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U139322 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 <DIAOI2 AAEEANAPEY2IN Dedicated to Phyllis (1908 - 1994) and Joan (1916 - 2000). Abstract: “ ‘A disciple has crossed over bv water’: Lawrence Diirrell's Alexandria Quartet in its Egyptian Historical and Intellectual Contexts” by Mike Diboll. This dissertation examines Lawrence Durrell's The Alexandria Quartet in its various Egyptian contexts. It contests the idea that the Alexandria of the Quartet is essentially a city of the imagination which bears little or no relation to the real city of history. It argues that various strata of Alexandrian history, from antiquity to the nineteen- fifties, are deeply embedded in Durrell’s Quartet. Of particular interest is the tetralogy’s representation of the history of Egypt's Wafdist independence movement in the years 1919 - 1952, and Britain's responses to it.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Muslim Economic Thinking in the 11Th A.H
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive A study of Muslim economic thinking in the 11th A.H. / 17th C.E. century Islahi, Abdul Azim Islamic Economics Institute, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA 2009 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/75431/ MPRA Paper No. 75431, posted 06 Dec 2016 02:55 UTC Abdul Azim Islahi Islamic Economics Research Center King Abdulaziz University Scientific Publising Centre King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia FOREWORD There are numerous works on the history of Islamic economic thought. But almost all researches come to an end in 9th AH/15th CE century. We hardly find a reference to the economic ideas of Muslim scholars who lived in the 16th or 17th century, in works dealing with the history of Islamic economic thought. The period after the 9th/15th century remained largely unexplored. Dr. Islahi has ventured to investigate the periods after the 9th/15th century. He has already completed a study on Muslim economic thinking and institutions in the 10th/16th century (2009). In the mean time, he carried out the study on Muslim economic thinking during the 11th/17th century, which is now in your hand. As the author would like to note, it is only a sketch of the economic ideas in the period under study and a research initiative. It covers the sources available in Arabic, with a focus on the heartland of Islam. There is a need to explore Muslim economic ideas in works written in Persian, Turkish and other languages, as the importance of these languages increased in later periods.
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Regime and Churches: What Is Therebetween? Religion In
    Issue 8 (38), 2013 RELIGION IN BELARUS: LIMITED INDEPENDENCE Since the concept of secular state has become a issue of “The Bell” is dedicated to answer these standard in a Western world long time ago, the questions. position of the Church is not very much discussed while speaking about the political issues. How- In the first article Anton Radniankou analyses the ever, there are tendencies of the rising interest of three biggest confessions in Belarus and reveals the Putin’s regime on involving Russian Orthodox their connection with the regime. He states, that Church to strengthening its power. while the Orthodox Church is the most familiar Anton Radniankou is a project to the government, Protestants are the least loyal manager of the Local Foundation And we might find similar approach of the Belar- to A.Lukashenka. “Interakcia”. He also edits intellec- usian regime. A.Lukashenka calls the Orthodox tual online magazine IdeaBY. Church as the main ideologist of the statehood, In the second article Natallia Vasilevich takes while remaining a non-believer – some kind of a deeper look into relations between Orthodox Natallia Vasilevich is a politi- strange “Orthodox atheist” composition. More- Church and the regime. She finds out that there cal scientist, lawyer and theolo- over, the Russian Orthodox Church authorities are different groups among the Church branches, gian. She is director of Centre have a direct influence on the Belarusian Church, which position ranges from pro-Russian to pro- “Ecumena” and editor of website forming its shape and ideology. It is clear that Nationalist wings. All in all, it is mostly influ- “Carkwa”.
    [Show full text]
  • Serbia in 2001 Under the Spotlight
    1 Human Rights in Transition – Serbia 2001 Introduction The situation of human rights in Serbia was largely influenced by the foregoing circumstances. Although the severe repression characteristic especially of the last two years of Milosevic’s rule was gone, there were no conditions in place for dealing with the problems accumulated during the previous decade. All the mechanisms necessary to ensure the exercise of human rights - from the judiciary to the police, remained unchanged. However, the major concern of citizens is the mere existential survival and personal security. Furthermore, the general atmosphere in the society was just as xenophobic and intolerant as before. The identity crisis of the Serb people and of all minorities living in Serbia continued. If anything, it deepened and the relationship between the state and its citizens became seriously jeopardized by the problem of Serbia’s undefined borders. The crisis was manifest with regard to certain minorities such as Vlachs who were believed to have been successfully assimilated. This false belief was partly due to the fact that neighbouring Romania had been in a far worse situation than Yugoslavia during the past fifty years. In considerably changed situation in Romania and Serbia Vlachs are now undergoing the process of self identification though still unclear whether they would choose to call themselves Vlachs or Romanians-Vlachs. Considering that the international factor has become the main generator of change in Serbia, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia believes that an accurate picture of the situation in Serbia is absolutely necessary. It is essential to establish the differences between Belgrade and the rest of Serbia, taking into account its internal diversities.
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED NATIONS CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All
    CEDAW/C/LTU/1 English Page 1 CEDAW UNITED NATIONS Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (CEDAW) CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 18 OF THE CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN Initial report of States parties LITHUANIA Part I Land and people1 Lithuania is located on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east, and Poland and the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation to the south. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 square kilometres. At the beginning of 1998 the population totalled 3,704 million. The capital of Lithuania is Vilnius. Average income per capita: in the first quarter of 1998, it was 452 litas (LT), and average disposable income per capita was LT 393.7. GDP: in 1996, LT 31,569 million; and in 1997, LT 38,201 million. /... CEDAW/C/LTU/1 English Page 2 Rate of inflation has been decreasing in recent years: in 1994, it was 45.1 per cent, and in 1997, 8.4 per cent. External debt: as of 1 July 1998, it comprised US$ 1,402.70 million. Rate of unemployment: in 1997, 5.9 per cent; in April 1998, 6.9 per cent. Literacy rate: according to the census of 1989, 99.8 per cent of the population 9-49 years of age were literate. Religion: the majority of the population is Roman Catholic. Ethnic composition of the population: according to the data of the beginning of 1997, Lithuanians comprised 81.6 per cent; Russians, 8.2; Poles, 6.9; Belarussians, 1.5; Ukrainians, 1.0; Jews, 0.1; and other nationalities, 0.7 per cent.
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Politics and Views on Brexit
    BRIEFING PAPER Number 8362, 2 May 2019 The EU27: Internal Politics By Stefano Fella, Vaughne Miller, Nigel Walker and Views on Brexit Contents: 1. Austria 2. Belgium 3. Bulgaria 4. Croatia 5. Cyprus 6. Czech Republic 7. Denmark 8. Estonia 9. Finland 10. France 11. Germany 12. Greece 13. Hungary 14. Ireland 15. Italy 16. Latvia 17. Lithuania 18. Luxembourg 19. Malta 20. Netherlands 21. Poland 22. Portugal 23. Romania 24. Slovakia 25. Slovenia 26. Spain 27. Sweden www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 The EU27: Internal Politics and Views on Brexit Contents Summary 6 1. Austria 13 1.1 Key Facts 13 1.2 Background 14 1.3 Current Government and Recent Political Developments 15 1.4 Views on Brexit 17 2. Belgium 25 2.1 Key Facts 25 2.2 Background 25 2.3 Current Government and recent political developments 26 2.4 Views on Brexit 28 3. Bulgaria 32 3.1 Key Facts 32 3.2 Background 32 3.3 Current Government and recent political developments 33 3.4 Views on Brexit 35 4. Croatia 37 4.1 Key Facts 37 4.2 Background 37 4.3 Current Government and recent political developments 38 4.4 Views on Brexit 39 5. Cyprus 42 5.1 Key Facts 42 5.2 Background 42 5.3 Current Government and recent political developments 43 5.4 Views on Brexit 45 6. Czech Republic 49 6.1 Key Facts 49 6.2 Background 49 6.3 Current Government and recent political developments 50 6.4 Views on Brexit 53 7.
    [Show full text]