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Israel: Background and U.S
Israel: Background and U.S. Relations Casey L. Addis Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs February 14, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33476 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Israel: Background and U.S. Relations Summary On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence and was immediately engaged in a war with all of its neighbors. Armed conflict has marked every decade of Israel’s existence. Despite its unstable regional environment, Israel has developed a vibrant parliamentary democracy, albeit with relatively fragile governments. The most recent national elections were held on February 10, 2009, ahead of schedule. Although the Kadima Party placed first, parties holding 65 seats in the 120-seat Knesset supported opposition Likud party leader Benjamin “Bibi” Netanyahu, who was designated to form a government. Netanyahu’s coalition includes his own Likud, Yisrael Beiteinu (Israel Our Home), Shas, Habayet Hayehudi (Jewish Home), the United Torah Judaism (UTJ), and the new Ha’atzmout (Independence) party. The coalition controls 66 of 120 Knesset seats. Israel has an advanced industrial, market economy with a large government role. Israel’s foreign policy is focused largely on its region, Europe, and the United States. Israel’s foreign policy agenda begins with Iran, which it views as an existential threat due to Tehran’s nuclear ambitions and support for terrorism. Achieving peace with its neighbors is next. Israel concluded peace treaties with Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, but not with Syria and Lebanon. Recent unrest in Egypt is rekindling latent anxiety in Israel about the durability of the peace treaty Egypt and Israel have relied upon for 30 years. -
The Profitable and Untethered March to Global Resource Dominance!
Athens Journal of Business and Economics X Y GlencoreXstrata… The Profitable and Untethered March to Global Resource Dominance! By Nina Aversano Titos Ritsatos† Motivated by the economic causes and effects of their merger in 2013, we study the expansion strategy deployment of Glencore International plc. and Xstrata plc., before and after their merger. While both companies went through a series of international acquisitions during the last decade, their merger is strengthening effective vertical integration in critical resource and commodity markets, following Hymer’s theory of internationalization and Dunning’s theory of Eclectic Paradigm. Private existence of global dominant positioning in vital resource markets, posits economic sustainability and social fairness questions on an international scale. Glencore is alleged to have used unethical business tactics, increasing corruption, tax evasion and money laundering, while attracting the attention of human rights organizations. Since the announcement of their intended merger, the company’s market performance has been lower than its benchmark index. Glencore’s and Xstrata’s economic success came from operating effectively and efficiently in markets that scare off risk-averse companies. The new GlencoreXstrata is not the same company anymore. The Company’s new capital structure is characterized by controlling presence of institutional investors, creating adherence to corporate governance and increased monitoring and transparency. Furthermore, when multinational corporations like GlencoreXstrata increase in size attracting the attention of global regulation, they are forced by institutional monitoring to increase social consciousness. When ensuring full commitment to social consciousness acting with utmost concern with regard to their commitment by upholding rules and regulations of their home or host country, they have but to become “quasi-utilities” for the global industry. -
Foreignpolicyleopold
Foreign Policy VOICE The 750 Million Dollar Man How a Swiss commodities giant used shell companies to make an Angolan general three-quarters of a billion dollars richer. BY Michael Weiss FEBRUARY 13, 2014 Revolutionary communist regimes have a strange habit of transforming themselves into corrupt crony capitalist ones and Angola -- with its massive oil reserves and budding crop of billionaires -- has proved no exception. In 2010, Trafigura, the world’s third-largest private oil and metals trader based in Switzerland, sold an 18.75-percent stake in one of its major energy subsidiaries to a high-ranking and influential Angolan general, Foreign Policy has discovered. The sale, which amounted to $213 million, appears on the 2012 audit of the annual financial statements of a Singapore-registered company, which is wholly owned by Gen. Leopoldino Fragoso do Nascimento. Details of the sale and purchaser are also buried within a prospectus document of the sold company which was uploaded to the Luxembourg Stock Exchange within the last week. “General Dino,” as he’s more commonly called in Angola, purchased the 18.75 percent stake not in any minor bauble, but in a $5 billion multinational oil company called Puma Energy International. By 2011, his shares were diluted to 15 percent; but that’s still quite a hefty prize: his stake in the company is today valued at around $750 million. The sale illuminates not only a growing and little-scrutinized relationship between Trafigura, which earned nearly $1 billion in profits in 2012, and the autocratic regime of 71-year-old Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos Santos, who has been in power since 1979 -- but also the role that Western enterprise continues to play in the Third World. -
GLENCORE: a Guide to the 'Biggest Company You've Never Heard
GLENCORE: a guide to the ‘biggest company you’ve never heard of’ WHO IS GLENCORE? Glencore is the world’s biggest commodities trading company and 16th largest company in the world according to Fortune 500. When it went public, it controlled 60% of the zinc market, 50% of the trade in copper, 45% of lead and a third of traded aluminium and thermal coal. On top of that, Glencore also trades oil, gas and basic foodstuffs like grain, rice and sugar. Sometimes refered to as ‘the biggest company you’ve never heard of’, Glencore’s reach is so vast that almost every person on the planet will come into contact with products traded by Glencore, via the minerals in cell phones, computers, cars, trains, planes and even the grains in meals or the sugar in drinks. It’s not just a trader: Glencore also produces and extracts these commodities. It owns significant mining interests, and in Democratic Republic of Congo it has two of the country’s biggest copper and cobalt operations, called KCC and MUMI. Glencore listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2011 in what is still the biggest ever Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the stock exchange’s history, with a valuation of £36bn. Glencore started life as Marc Rich & Co AG, set up by the eponymous and notorious commodities trader in 1974. In 1983 Rich was charged in the US with massive tax evasion and trading with Iran. He fled to Switzerland and lived in exile while on the FBI's most-wanted list for nearly two decades. -
Chapter 48 – Creative Destructor
Chapter 48 Creative destructor Starting in the late 19th century, when the Hall-Heroult electrolytic reduction process made it possible for aluminum to be produced as a commodity, aluminum companies began to consolidate and secure raw material sources. Alcoa led the way, acquiring and building hydroelectric facilities, bauxite mines, alumina refineries, aluminum smelters, fabricating plants and even advanced research laboratories to develop more efficient processing technologies and new products. The vertical integration model was similar to the organizing system used by petroleum companies, which explored and drilled for oil, built pipelines and ships to transport oil, owned refineries that turned oil into gasoline and other products, and even set up retail outlets around the world to sell their products. The global economy dramatically changed after World War II, as former colonies with raw materials needed by developed countries began to ask for a piece of the action. At the same time, more corporations with the financial and technical means to enter at least one phase of aluminum production began to compete in the marketplace. As the global Big 6 oligopoly became challenged on multiple fronts, a commodity broker with a Machiavellian philosophy and a natural instinct for deal- making smelled blood and started picking the system apart. Marc Rich began by taking advantage of the oil market, out-foxing the petroleum giants and making a killing during the energy crises of the 1970s. A long-time metals trader, Rich next eyed the weakened aluminum industry during the 1980s, when depressed demand and over-capacity collided with rising energy costs, according to Shawn Tully’s 1988 account in Fortune. -
2013 Activity Report
בצלם - מרכז המידע הישראלי לזכויות האדם בשטחים )ע.ר.( بتسيلم - مركز المعلومات اﻹسرائيلي لحقوق اﻹنسان في اﻷراضي المحتله B’Tselem – The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories 2013 Annual Report Executive Summary 1 Environment and Political Context 2 Research Informing Policymakers and the Public 3 Promoting Accountability for Human Rights Violations 4 Accountability Actions 4 Broad Impact of B'Tselem's Work Promoting Accountability 4 Video: Promoting Accountability and Reaching New Audiences 5 Video Promoting Accountability and Deterring Violence 5 Video Outreach to New Audiences 7 Public Resource and Information Centre 8 Advocacy Promoting Human Rights in the oPt 8 Advocacy within Israel 8 International Advocacy 9 Public Outreach 10 B'Tselem in the Press 10 New Media Outreach 12 Human Rights Community 13 Executive Summary B’Tselem continued its persistent work to protect human rights and promote respect for IHL in the OPT throughout the course of 2013. Despite the seemingly Sisyphean nature of these efforts, a number of significant achievements were noted during this reporting period. These include the following: B’Tselem remains the gold standard for research - Our latest report, Acting the Landlord, provides a comprehensive overview of the most entrenched and long-term human rights violation: Israel's massive investment in Israeli settlements alongside the prevention of Palestinian economic and social development, and the constant threat of demolition of Palestinian homes. This report now serves as the centerpiece of advocacy and public education efforts. Our video project continues to break new ground - B'Tselem's YouTube channel is one of the most popular non-profit channels in Israel, with over 4.1 million views and 242 videos on site. -
Session of the Zionist General Council
SESSION OF THE ZIONIST GENERAL COUNCIL THIRD SESSION AFTER THE 26TH ZIONIST CONGRESS JERUSALEM JANUARY 8-15, 1967 Addresses,; Debates, Resolutions Published by the ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENT OF THE ZIONIST EXECUTIVE JERUSALEM AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE n Library י»B I 3 u s t SESSION OF THE ZIONIST GENERAL COUNCIL THIRD SESSION AFTER THE 26TH ZIONIST CONGRESS JERUSALEM JANUARY 8-15, 1966 Addresses, Debates, Resolutions Published by the ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENT OF THE ZIONIST EXECUTIVE JERUSALEM iii THE THIRD SESSION of the Zionist General Council after the Twenty-sixth Zionist Congress was held in Jerusalem on 8-15 January, 1967. The inaugural meeting was held in the Binyanei Ha'umah in the presence of the President of the State and Mrs. Shazar, the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Knesset, Cabinet Ministers, the Chief Justice, Judges of the Supreme Court, the State Comptroller, visitors from abroad, public dignitaries and a large and representative gathering which filled the entire hall. The meeting was opened by Mr. Jacob Tsur, Chair- man of the Zionist General Council, who paid homage to Israel's Nobel Prize Laureate, the writer S.Y, Agnon, and read the message Mr. Agnon had sent to the gathering. Mr. Tsur also congratulated the poetess and writer, Nellie Zaks. The speaker then went on to discuss the gravity of the time for both the State of Israel and the Zionist Move- ment, and called upon citizens in this country and Zionists throughout the world to stand shoulder to shoulder to over- come the crisis. Professor Andre Chouraqui, Deputy Mayor of the City of Jerusalem, welcomed the delegates on behalf of the City. -
The Lgbt Community in Israel: Access to the Surrogacy Procedure and Legal Right for Equality, Family Life and Parenthood
RUCH PRAWNICZY, EKONOMICZNY I SOCJOLOGICZNY ROK LXXXIII – zeszyt 1 – 2021 https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2021.83.1.7 YAEL ILANY*, NETTA ILANY** THE LGBT COMMUNITY IN ISRAEL: ACCESS TO THE SURROGACY PROCEDURE AND LEGAL RIGHT FOR EQUALITY, FAMILY LIFE AND PARENTHOOD I. INTRODUCTION In Israel, the surrogacy procedure for procreation has been performed and regulated under law since 1996, in contrast to Poland where surrogacy is un- regulated, and to some EU Member States who ban surrogacy. The article focuses on the right to parenthood of LGBT1 people in Israel and their access to surrogacy. That LGBT people have attained rights equal to those of hetero- sexual people in Israel is demonstrated through the issue of surrogacy, in light of a recent Supreme Court ruling.2 The President of the Supreme Court Ester Hayut determined in HCJ 781/15 that the Surrogacy Law3 and the Egg Donation Law4 together create the surrogacy procedure (hereinafter: ‘surrogacy arrangement’ or ‘surrogacy procedure’), harm in an unproportion- able manner single men and male couples’ constitutional rights to equality * Yael Ilany, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6111-1730. ** Netta Ilany, Advocate, Tel Aviv, Israel, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9413-4266. 1 LGBTQ+: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and the ‘plus’ is inclusive of other groups, such as asexual, intersex, queer, questioning, etc. (hereinafter: ‘LGBT’ or ‘LGBT commu- nity’, or ‘LGBT people’). 2 HCJ 781/15 Etai Arad Pinkas v Committee for Approval of Agreements of Embryo Carrying According to Embryo Carrying Agreement Law (Approval of Agreement and Status of the New- born) 1996, and others, partial decision 27 Feburuary 2020 (hereinafter: ‘HCJ 781/15 2020’ or ‘second partial decision’). -
Final Activity Report
The Access for All Program 1023 - 1024 Report 1 CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTNERS OF THE ACCESS FOR ALL PROGRAM Contributors and Partners Universities and Academic Local Municipalities Institutions Matanel Foundation Tel Aviv Tel Aviv University Keren Hayesod Foundation Be'er Sheva Ben Gurion University Yad Hanadiv Foundation Jerusalem The Hebrew University Legacy Heritage Fund Ofakim Ariel University Pa'amei Tikva Azur Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo Jewish Federations Bene Brak of Canada – UIA Bne Shimon Montreal Federation Government Offices Bat-Yam The First International Bank The Planning and Budgeting Givat Shmuel Matan Investing in the Committee of the Council for Dimona Community Higher Education Herzlia Joint Israel - Ashalim Ministry of Social Affairs and Social Services Holon Kibbutz Be'eri Adult and Youth Probation Services Yeruham Amiram Sivan Foundation Prisoner Rehabilitation Authority Lod Schocken Foundation Ministry of Education Netivot Gazit Globe Ministry of Health Petach Tikva Eastronics Kiryat Ono Collaborations Rishon-LeZion Youth Advancement l Tovanot BaHinuch l Ankori High school l Oranim Boarding School l Migdalor Youth Club Bat-Yam l The Rehovot Mentoring Program Ramla Yahdav Association l Circle of Life and Occupation Ramat Gan Student Union – Tel Aviv University l Student Union – The Hebrew Ramat-Hasharon University l Dean of Students Office - Ben Gurion University l Student Association – Ben Gurion University l Health Sciences Students' Association – Ben Gurion University Etty Primat – Personal Coach l Maya – Training and Guidance Center Bengis Center for Entrepreneurship - Ben Gurion University l Magen David Adom Wall Street Institute l Machshava Tova l Zooz – Consulting & Training 2 PROGRAM FOUNDER – MK DR . ADI KOLL Almost a decade has passed since I first dreamt of opening the gates of universities in Israel and spreading the knowledge gathered within them. -
Educational Considerations, Vol. 41(2) Full Issue
Educational Considerations Volume 41 Number 2 Selected National Education Finance Article 10 2013 Conference Papers 1-1-2014 Educational Considerations, vol. 41(2) Full Issue David C. Thompson Kansas State University Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/edconsiderations Part of the Higher Education Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Thompson, David C. (2014) "Educational Considerations, vol. 41(2) Full Issue," Educational Considerations: Vol. 41: No. 2. https://doi.org/10.4148/0146-9282.1074 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Educational Considerations by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thompson: Educational Considerations, vol. 41(2) Full Issue Special Issue: Selected National Education Finance 2013 Conference Papers Spring 2014 ISSN # 0146-9283 Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 1 Educational Considerations, Vol. 41, No. 2 [2014], Art. 10 Published by the College of Education at Kansas State University EXECUTIVE BOARD OF EDITORS David C. Thompson, Chair, Kansas State University Chad Litz, Chair Emeritus, Kansas State University S. Kern Alexander, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Faith E. Crampton, Crampton & Associates R. Craig Wood, University of Florida EDITORIAL STAFF EDITOR: Faith E. Crampton, Crampton & Associates ASSISTANT/TECHNICAL EDITOR: Mary L. Hammel, Kansas State University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Michael Addonizio Robert C. Knoeppel Anthony Rolle Wayne State University Clemson University University of Houston M. David Alexander Barbara LaCost Richard G. Salmon Virginia Polytechnic and State University University of Nebraska-Lincoln Virginia Polytechnic and State University Iris BenDavid-Hazar Jeffrey Maiden Catherine C. -
New Perspectives in Corporate Law
University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository SJD Dissertations Student Papers 2021 New Perspectives in Corporate Law Asaf Raz Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/sjd_dissertations Part of the Business Organizations Law Commons, and the Jurisprudence Commons NEW PERSPECTIVES IN CORPORATE LAW ASAF RAZ S.J.D. DISSERTATION UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA CAREY LAW SCHOOL DISSERTATION COMMITTEE David A. Skeel, S. Samuel Arsht Professor of Corporate Law Gideon Parchomovsky, Robert G. Fuller, Jr. Professor of Law Elizabeth Pollman, Professor of Law Dissertation Defense: April 13, 2021 2 Asaf Raz [Dissertation DISSERTATION CONTENTS New Perspectives in Corporate Law (2021) (S.J.D. Dissertation Introduction). Share Law: Toward a New Understanding of Corporate Law, 40 U. PA. J. INT’L L. 255 (2018). A Purpose-Based Theory of Corporate Law, 65 VILL. L. REV. 523 (2020). Mandatory Arbitration and the Boundaries of Corporate Law, 29 GEO. MASON L. REV. (forthcoming 2021). 2021] New Perspectives in Corporate Law 3 NEW PERSPECTIVES IN CORPORATE LAW ASAF RAZ* INTRODUCTION “The life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience,”1 wrote Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1881, laying the foundation for what would become the legal realist movement, and subsequently much of the way we think about, practice, adjudicate, and study the law today. Yet what if the life of the law has been both logic and experience? What if the law has its own structure, taxonomy, and unwaivable principles, which in turn operate to make the world a better place, even in extra-legal terms (economic, social, or otherwise)? This debate, regarding the proper balance between internal and external perspectives on the law, continues to unfold today. -
Vision and Reality in the Middle East
Vision and Reality in the Middle East The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) third annual international conference “Security Challenges of the 21st Century” was held almost one year Vision and Reality after the new administrations in Washington and Jerusalem entered office. This initial period in the tenure of both governments, which reminded the respective in the Middle East leaders that in the Middle East policy ideas do not always translate into practice, st provided the focus of the conference: “Vision and Reality in the Middle East.” Security Challenges of the 21 Century Speakers at the INSS conference identified three main challenges as the most Conference Proceedings urgent: the Iranian quest for a nuclear military capability; the ongoing Israeli- Palestinian conflict; and the tension in US-Israel relations. Most of the speakers Meir Elran and Yoel Guzansky, Editors concurred that the three challenges are in many ways interrelated and mutually Meir Elran and Yoel Guzansky, Editors Guzansky, Yoel Meir Elran and influential, but the degree of interrelationship, how this connection is manifested, and the implications of the linkage were subject to dispute. Whereas some suggested that the friction and inadequate understanding between the Obama administration and the Netanyahu government had a negative effect on the political process, others contended that the root cause of the volatile atmosphere in the Middle East lay in the trends of radicalization in the region, inspired by Iran’s uncurbed extremism and its quest for regional hegemony. Significantly, what was analyzed and posited in late 2009 remains highly relevant in the second half of 2010.