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Islamic Architecture-Notes 1 Nl"Ll,r .s +q 4+eb HrsToRY oF ARcHITEcTURE I SouthtothefortressofTughtoqobodisihe,tombofitsbuilder,Ghiyo. leod to the tomb compound' Tughloq. R on.. fortified ltrtu*oy suddin Ghiyos-ud-din Tughtoq time stood within ol"ig" reservoir*' which of one fortifying every- o mon of set ideoF"whfe"-he wcis'obout wos obviousry ogoinst is hord to soy; fortified his tomt os well. whot thing in sight, he grounds too literolly' who took the term hoppy hunting probobly Mongols it hos been .is onf *otui on! bridge over The reservoir 1.o tonggr stores ]rre woy for on extremely busy rood' The broken off in the miOJte to mo[e p]gn ond its entronce-ll"'9i'old'-9d tomb is bosed rou-g!Jy-*q11qP9u9.991!l*: b;-mosffe P"ffi66' -,!- Simple-*-,-; Architecture Very mUCh the worrior's tomb. The mousoleum itsetf is very simple, S i m p t e w e, i,T ; t !l ! Jrr ",', decor< l?*lifi *Jr.r.r. EoCh wott rrosQ66ed"J@#i:#fi'*ifl: soteYvgys E"oGitul,lq]!cevyq'ffi.Thedomeisentirelyot-white*mgr-severe tomb does ollow itself bre ond is quiie sii.rling inaa"aa:rnriotn", ofewinscribedSgnels,glc.h,b-o19|els.lotticeworkscreensond,lotus-bud, edseswhich i"ffi there is o tiny grove of the enJlgnce, in the corridor, the left is not exiictly o fioworos *," rriton,s fovorite Jog; which which is soid to be thot of lo do' consid'iiruL''r rrr,er vvvvdogs uncleon' typicol thing forcr o Musllm'Muslim' whowtlt.l THIRD SEMESTER I r-r-.- includes the introduction \;'- e l ndio n ;;; e n ts in ih j,:;I]:ffi| i: T |ffi1.J[:.#*1; orchitec- n J?,ffi Th.ese rndo-rsromic in the *uoi"roi ierioo. prov- ",,subcontinent region rules in different *"YJini'oduced #;;H:ly:: These styles tures in lndio grorith-espec'roi'rli this fierd' which tremendo* The Muslim rulers inces ^oJL ,inou oi,itr.u fusion of both' were neither rrro]ii. nor '' : l'f$,j; :p'lt'xrffi [",1 J? :"iffi r: ]r i*t] to this monv new ffreil o'itoingt' Dure period ond opprieo to-oJ;;;" ;'r"" durins this in *,"i, ou,uiri"oi'. ;i; yYlT; poloces' were introduceJ *Z'qu"t' minorets' forts ond mostly creoted mousoleums' chorocter of which conditioned the numerous reosons their proc- There were Muslim powers ond o1u of *t,,',Jr, *.r the to the the provinciol styres, closely ossocioted when o prolrin"e remoined tice of orts of Derhi. their effect on orchritecture *,u ilrrrim aynosty' of centrol powerwhich wos i; the distont ports this influen."l, less notic"t;i; wos grew strong, *r,," tl^re provinciol style t#i ievetoping of the the country. nnJther moio, witnin ihe oreo orts which'" ,r..uu'deJ the noture of the indigenous oito"ot ortisons' Another or* tl'tn" o"o"iotion the nr' province thot'flJurirr,Jo styre in rndio wos frorincior Muslim reoson behind the deverop*Jni'ot ot different toreis;';;[;"1]^"i#"l"t lslomic orchi- srotion ot u*J",.i"nt"o ond t't"i"O wonderfut ortirons "*ozing with lndion pro- rulers. They *Li" notive rono mixing tectures onoiiit"i"niprin.ipr., "if'eir vinqisr.urt,,rel sJdJi[:::r*; mi*tl;iff.,'*..::di. n o s p e cifi c buildi n s moterio| J opi s P'","iI :'^1' differen:?:'r;;;:lI':: : ;;"k'il of ", "r rlr"tor tec!1icol "::' ot wnicrr ioturollv tions impor.i ond rore tn < common in some regions "1 being irre building ort' oitlJt"o ilt"""n"tolt"t ot lndionsubcontinentweredividedintofollowingcotegortes. fii:t I Puniob wos the er:Yl::. Jffi; iiT:.i :jI Ii T ;:,tm; il[i lyr '[ltru'*:Jf":nT;#ir Jr ?tJ T;if,: ]i: "il;fii mrltr;;',';;,:nffi ::fl ,1l:l:ffti^"-;;v,'***j:,",ff [[:'.'ffiinnuence'" ,:=H:i#itTi,*iltffi *f.]fi[]f#ffi"rrr ."0 produced':ffi hishlv3; ffiffi#;nif,to.i. :::Ffl wos [*:";H[ilfi iecture of Puniob Province THIRD SEMESTER HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE I3 ARCHITECTURE DIJRING SAYYID AND tOD The construction of lslomic orchitecture procticed during the Tughloq dy- nosty wos reloxed under the Soyyid ond Lodi rule. Due to the inheritonce of greotly weokened siote treosury, both the dynosfies were not oble to construct monumentol buildings. So their desire for orchltecturol construc- tions were projected in smqll tombs ond mousoleum built throughout Delhi. The pottern of orchitecture during Soyyid ond Lodi dynosty wos therefore restricted to tombs ond sepulcher only. The orchiiectures during Soyyid ond Lodi dynosty mode smoller influence to the cities where they ruled. Whotever they constructed mirrored the bro- ken spirit of the rulers of both the dynosties. No fomous building orts, copitol cities, imperiol poloces ond fortresses were creoied during their regime oi Delhi. They were olso not credited for ony mosques or colleges. During the eniire regime of the Soyyid ond Lodhi, they constructed severol monuments os memoriols io the deod. This orchitecturql period during Soyyid ond Lodhi Cynosiy wos known os the period of the mocobre (word probobly derived from *moqboro* or ihe cemetery in Arobic). A lorge number of tombs were constructed orouncj the copitol. The three royol tombs of Muborok Soyyid, Muhommed Soyyid ond Sikondar Lodireflect the prototype of orchitecture c'-,ring Sovyid orrd Lodhi dynosty. Aport from ihese, other fqmous orchi- tectures of Soyyid ond Lodi ciynus'iies in the Delhi neighbourhood ore Boro Khon ko Gumbod, Choto Khon ko Gumbod, Shish Gumboci, Boro Gum'cqd, Tomb of Shihob-ud-din Toj Khon, Poli ko Gumbod ond Dodi ko Gumbod. Architecture during Soyyid ond Lodi dynosty developed q new form of ls- lomic orchitecture which wos loter followed by the Mughols. Soyyids ond Lodis consiructed the tombs in two different forms; one pottern wos bosed on octogonol plon surrounded by orched wolkwoy with one storey in height ond the otherlone wos bosed on squore plon without wolkwoy wiih two or three storey in height. ln both ihe coses, the building hod o dome with pil- lors on eoch side of the ociogonol ond the squore vorieiy. An importont feoiure of the orchitecture during Soyyid ond Lodi dynosty is the omozing meosurements of height ond width to motch with the structure of ihe bose- ments. The height ond width of eoch octogonol foce is thirty feet, including the bosement. The orncmentol pinnocles or guldosto is preseni of the cor- ners. This meosurement is olso holf the iotol height of the building including the flniol. Eoch octogonol foce contoins three orched openings divided by pillors. The centrol opening of the octogonol foce is slightly brooder thon the two oiher openings. The tomb chomber inside is octogonol in plon THIRD SEMESTER olong with on "orch ond beom" opening in eoch foce" The squore type tomb structure ond olso the octogonol type tomb structure morks the pot- tern of orchitecture during Soyyid ond Lodi dynosty. Amongst the octogonol ond squore tombs of the orchitecture during Soyy- id ond Lodi dynosty, octogonol tombs were reserved for the rulers ond the squore type tombs were reserved for the nobles of their courts. All the mon- uments were supposed io erect within o yeor or two either before or ofter their demise. Among the severol monuments found in the city, three lorge mousoleums ore of the rulers themselves, while the others ore the resting ploces of severol nobles of their court. The orchitecture of the tomb build- ing of the three rulers Muborok Soyyid, Muhommed Soyyid crnd Sikcrndor Lodiore identicol, the only exception is the crown of the dome of Muborok Soyyid which is four feet lower thon the other two tombs. They meosures 30 feet eoch to the octogonol side, 74 feel width, ond the height of the dome, excluding the finiol is 54 feet, except the Muborok Soyyid's tomb which is 50 feet. THIRD SEMESTER l.Le .:4Fr*-;-,6r,*'-'--_ I5 IlISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE flourished in lndio when GhoziTughloq Archiiecture during Tughloq dynosty the Khcrlji rulers' The period of come io power i,i rsl in Dethi-Jeteoting ond been morked os the time of elotion Tughloq dynosty in history hos new Mosier builders were hired for o rediscovery for tslomic orchitectri"r. style' The turt of creotivity in lndo-lslomic Sulion to constrr;i new empire " pottern of orchitecture during Tughloq lndo-lslomic style dominoted th; dynosty.Thelndo-lslomicstyleoforchitectureWostheomolgomotionof Hir,J, style of :rchitecture' This omolgqmo- lstomic orchitectrr" o, well cs tionhoppenedduringtheinvosionperiooofthgMuslimrulers;theyusedtotemples ,noteriols of the Hindu or Join build their mosques with the ,ri*i ondfewiemplesitselfweremodifiedintomosques.Thefusioncreotedthe in lndio thot groduolly developed new lndo-lslomic style of or.flit..lure intoogreoto,cnit".turolsignifi*."duringtheTughloqdynosty. whilst mok- creotivity to his own copitol city Eoch ruler odded orchitecturol influence O,t-.,otiy to stond oport' The ing orchiiecture during the fughioq in the lslomic orchitecture is there- of the three obove mentioneo i'rltt forenoieworth,,r.Ghivos-udninrrgrrloq'sTughloqoboddepictsthesogo ofthegloriousdoysoforchitecturcricieveiopmentsoftheTughloqdynosty.of i'rie Tu- of g;roen bricks. The orchitecture The greot poloce wos mod" into iwo R*omon foshion ond wos divided ghloqobod city wos boseg 3n ports,oneportconsistedofthefortressCorrespondingtothecostleoftheout for the resi- port *orl1" extended occident ond the other "it,1, '1'1ch dentiolondmiliioryrequirementsofthetimes.Thewqllsweremodeupof sun-driedbricks.Thehugeo,t"r*oltshodsloping,extendedtothelorges"rni.ir.Yl* with evelets were oreo of ihe ,oJr.l"l,n oetr,i rioje. ?::Pns down of the enemles' present of ,ugJor intervols to look Amongthemo]ororchiiecturesduringtheTughloqdynosty,thetomboforiginolly the tomb wos con- otmost p"|,t*.tiy-fr"rltu"d' Ghiyos-ud-pinJi connutLo with the citodel by on in on ortiflciol loke, which wos structed orched ccusewoy hos been re- poth. Howerrer, of pr"i"nt the eminent form of o self-contoined for- cr-,ivos-ud-Din', io*t is in the ploced.
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