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Journal of Energy and Engineering 12 (2018) 408-417 doi: 10.17265/1934-8975/2018.08.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING

Principle of Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research

Bahman Zohuri Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

Abstract: There exist a lot of controversial issues around the subject of SW (Scalar ) and the purpose of this white paper is to take an innovative theoretical approach to prove and backup up existence of such phenomena. We basically define this as a SLW (Scalar Longitudinal Wave), whose existence derives from the MCE (More Complete Electrodynamic) theory aspect of Maxwell’s classical electrodynamic equations. MCE falls into the QED (Quantum Electrodynamic) aspect of the Maxwell’s equations, in particular out of his four famous classical equations, our interest focuses on the one that is known to us as Faraday’s Law of the Maxwell’s Equation set.

Key words: Scalar wave, more complete Maxwell’s equation, longitudinal wave, quantum electrodynamic, lagrangian and hamiltonian relationship.

1. Introduction Of the above two waves, the SLW wave is the matter of interest and it is the subject of this white paper. From a classical point of view, typically there are three kinds of waves: 2. Description of Transverse and Longitudinal (1) Mechanical waves (i.e. wave on string); Waves G G (2) EM (Electromagnetic) waves (i.e. E and B A wave is defined as a disturbance which travels fields from Maxwell’s Equations to deduce the Wave through a particular medium. The medium is a material Equations, where these waves carry energy from one through which a wave travels from one location to place to another); another location. We can take as an example a slinky (3) Quantum mechanical waves (i.e. using wave which can be stretched from one end to the other Schrödinger’s Equation to study particle movement). and comes to a static condition. This static condition is Note that a Soliton Wave is an exceptional case and called its neutral condition or equilibrium state. should be addressed separately, since this wave falls In the slinky coil, the particles move up and down into a different category than the three types defined and then come into their equilibrium state. This above. generates a disturbance in the coil which moves from The second type wave in the above list (i.e. EM one end to the other. This is the movement of a slinky Waves) is the subject of our interest, which is G pulse. This is a single disturbance in a medium from consistent with the electric E and the magnetic G one location to another. If it is done continuously and in field B . The EM Wave itself divides into two a periodical manner, then it is called a wave. These sub-categories as: disturbances are also called energy transport waves. (A) Transverse waves; They are found in different shapes, showing different (B) Longitudinal Waves, also known as behaviors, and characteristic properties. They are SLW (Scalar Longitudinal Waves). classified mainly into two types that are longitudinal and transverse. Here we are discussing the longitudinal Corresponding author: Bahman Zohuri, Ph.D., associate professor, research fields: electromagnetic and plasma physics. waves, their properties and examples. The movement

Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research 409 of wave is parallel to direction of travel of the particles direction of wave propagation. Sound waves [and in these waves. Primary-Waves or (P-Waves) in general] are longitudinal waves. A wave motion in which the 2.1 Transverse Waves particles of the medium oscillate about their mean For transverse waves the displacement of the positions in the direction of propagation of the wave, is medium is perpendicular to the direction of called a longitudinal wave. propagation of the wave. A ripple on a pond and a wave 3. What Are SLWs? on a string are easily visualized transverse waves (see Fig. 1). SLWs are conceived as longitudinal waves, similar Transverse waves cannot propagate in a gas or a to sound waves. Unlike the transversal waves of liquid because there is no mechanism for driving electromagnetism, which move up and down motion perpendicular to the direction of propagation of perpendicular to the direction of propagation, the wave. In summary, a transverse wave is a wave in longitudinal waves vibrate in line with the direction of which the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction propagation. Transversal waves can be, observed in of wave propagation. EM waves (and water ripples: the ripples move up and down as the Secondary-Waves (or S-Waves or Shear waves overall waves move outward, such that there are two sometimes called an Elastic S-Waves) in general are actions: one moving up and down, and the other transverse waves. propagating in a specific direction outward. Technically speaking, scalar waves have 2.2 Longitudinal Waves but no direction, since they are, imagined to be the In longitudinal waves the displacement of the result of two EM waves that are 180 degrees out of medium is parallel to the propagation of the wave. A phase with one another, which leads to both signals wave in a “slinky” is a good visualization. Sound being canceled out. This results in a kind of “pressure waves in air are longitudinal waves (see Fig. 2). wave”. Therefore, a longitudinal wave is one in which the Mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell, in oscillation is in the direction of, or opposite to the his original mathematical equations concerning

Fig. 1 Depiction of a transverse wave.

Fig. 2 Depiction of a longitudinal wave.

410 Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research

electromagnetism, established the theoretical existence by Eq. (1) for the total EM energy flow. of scalar waves. After his death, however, later Therefore, based on above suggestion, the scalar G physicists assumed these equations were meaningless, wave could be accompanied by a vector potential A . G G since scalar waves had not been observed, and they E , and yet B remain zero in the far field. were not repeatedly verified by the scientific From EM theory, one can write the following community at large. relationship: G Vibrational, or subtle energetic research, however, ⎧ ⎪ GG1 ∂A has helped advance our understanding of scalar waves. ⎪E =-∇φ - ⎨ ct∂ (2) One important discovery states that there are many ⎪ GGG ⎪BA=×∇ different types of scalar waves, not just those of the EM ⎩⎪ variety. For example, there are vital scalar waves In this case φ in Eq. (2) is the scalar (electric) G (corresponding with the vital or “Qi” body), emotional potential and A is the magnetic vector potential. The scalar waves, mental scalar waves, causal scalar waves, Maxwell’s equations, then predict the following and so forth. In essence, as far as we are aware, all mathematical relations [1]: “subtle” energies are, made up of various types of 1 ∂2φ ∇−2φ = 0 (Scalar Potential Waves) (3) scalar waves. ct22∂ G Some general properties of scalar waves (of the G 1 ∂2A ∇−2A = 0 (Vector Potential Waves) (4) beneficial kind) include: ct22∂ y Seem to travel faster than the of light; A solution appears to exist for the special case of G G G y Seem to transcend space and time; E = 0 , B = 0 , and ∇×=A 0 , for a new wave y Cause the molecular structure of water to become satisfying the following relations. G G ⎧ coherently reordered; ⎪A = ∇S ⎪ y Positively increase immune function in mammals; ⎨ 1 ∂S (5) ⎪φ = − y Are involved in the formation process in nature. ⎩⎪ ct∂ It has been suggested that the scalar wave, as it was In Eq. (5), S then satisfies the following understood by some physicists and engineers in the relationship: field, is not an EM (electromagnetic) wave. An EM 1 ∂2S G G ∇−2S (6) wave has both Electric ( E ) fields and Magnetic (B ) ct22∂ fields and power flow in EM waves is by means of the Note that in Eq. (6) the c represents the Poynting vector, as Eq. (1) written below: speed of light. G GG SEB=× Watts/m2 (1) Mathematically S is a “Potential” with a wave The energy per second crossing a unit area whose equation, one that suggests propagation of this wave G G G normal is pointed in the direction of S is the energy even through EB==0 and the Poynting theorem in the EM wave. indicates no EM power flow. G A scalar wave has no time varying B field (In From the above analyses, the suggestion is that there G some cases, it also has no E field). Thus, it has no exists a solution to Maxwell’s Equations involving a energy propagated in the EM wave form. It must be scalar wave with potential S that can propagate realized, however that any vector could be added that without Poynting vector EM power flow. However, the may be integrated to zero over a closed surface and question arises as to where the energy is drawn from to Poynting theorem still applies. Thus, there is some sustain such a flow of energy. Some suggesting a ambiguity in even stating the relationship that is given vector that integrates to zero over a closed surface

Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research 411 might be added in the theory, as suggested above. we may even wonder whether it exists at all; and if it Another is the possibility of drawing energy from the exists, do we need exotic conditions to produce and use vacuum, assuming net energy could be drawn from it, or will it require a drastic transformation in our “free space”. Quantum electrodynamics allows random current understanding of classical electrodynamics, or energy in free space but conventional EM theory has how much of an impact will it have on future modes of not allowed this to date. Random energy in free space power generation and conversion, with applications in that is built of fields that sum to zero is a possible weaponry, medicine or a low energy fusion driven approach. If so, these might be a source of energy to energy source (D + D reaction)? drive the S waves drawn from “free space”. A There is also a possibility of applying such a SEW number of engineers/scientists in the community have (scalar electrodynamics wave) to develop and suggested that, if realizable, the scalar wave could demonstrate an AE (all-electronic) engine that would represent a new form of wave propagation that could replace EM (electro-mechanical) engines for vehicle penetrate sea water or be used as a new approach for propulsion. DEWs (directed energy weapons). Second, a newly proposed application of this source However, this author suggests considering a of energy, might be of interest to the Special Warfare different innovative theoretical approach to prove Group folks in the Navy, utilizing the SLW for mathematically, the existence of SLW, where we can underwater communications. take a look at the MCE (more complete electrodynamic) To clarify these issues, hopefully, we provide the theory of Maxwell’s Equations, especially Faraday’s answers to these and some other questions below. First equation. In this schema, we generate an SLW, by is some helpful background material on where we are deriving the Lagrangian Density Equation for the MCE. currently. It can be written as [2]: Our knowledge of the properties and dynamics of

εc2 EM systems is believed to be the most solid and firmly £ = − FFμν+ JA μ − μν μ established in all . By its extension to 4 (7) 2222 γεcckμμ ε quantum electrodynamics, describing accurately the ()∂−μμAAA() 22 interaction of light and matter at the sub-atomic realm, The Lagrangian Density Equation written in terms of has resulted in the most successful theoretical scientific G the Potential A and φ then follows: theory to date, agreeing with corresponding ⎡⎤G 2 experimental findings to astounding levels of precision. 2 ⎛⎞G G εcA⎢⎥1 ⎜ ∂ ⎟ 2 ?)= ⎢⎥⎜∇φ + ⎟ −∇×A EM 2 ⎜ ⎟ Accordingly, these developments have led to the belief 2 ⎢⎥c ⎝⎠⎜ ∂t ⎟ ⎣⎦⎢⎥among physicists that theory of classical 2 (8) ⎛⎞G GGG 2 ⎜ G⎟ electrodynamics is complete and that it is essentially a εφc ⎜ 1 ∂ ⎟ − ρφ +JA⋅− ⎜ + ∇⋅ A⎟ 2 ⎜c2 ∂t ⎟ closed subject. ⎜ ⎟ ⎝⎠C However, at least as far back to the era of Nikola Tesla, there have been continual rumblings of 4. Proof of Principle of Scalar discontent stemming from occasional physical Electrodynamics and Theoretical Research evidence from both laboratory experiments and I am sure most of us have heard of scalar observation of natural phenomena such as the electrodynamics. However, we probably have many dynamics of atmospheric , etc., to suggest questions about this electrodynamic phenomenon. that in extreme situations involving the production of Since it has been up to now mostly shrouded in mystery, high energies at specific frequencies, there might be

412 Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research some cracks exposed in the supposed impenetrable Unbeknownst to most specialists in the disciplines monolithic fortress of classical/quantum electrodynamics, mentioned, over the last decade there has quietly but implying possible key missing theoretical and physical inexorably emerged bona fide physical evidence for the elements. Unfortunately, some of these observed existence of scalar-longitudinal wave dynamics in phenomena have been difficult to replicate and produce recent inventions and discoveries. As technology leads on-demand. Moreover, some have been shown to to new understanding, at this point we are certainly apparently violate some of the established principles rapidly approaching a time in which these findings can underlying classical thermodynamics. On top of that, no longer be pushed aside or ignored by orthodox many of those courageous individuals promoting study physics, and physics must come to terms with their of these effects have couched their understanding of the potential physical and philosophical impacts on our limited reliable experimental evidence available from world society. We could be on the brink of a new era in these sources, in language unfamiliar to the legion of science and technology the likes of which this mainstream technical specialists in electrodynamics, generation has never seen before. Despite what preventing clear communication of these ideas. Also, mainstream physics may claim, the study of the various sources that have sought to convey this electrodynamics is by no means a closed book. information have at times delivered contradictory It is the purpose of this effort paper to report on these statements. unique, various recent inventions and their possible It is therefore no wonder that for many decades, such modes of operation, and to convince those listening of exotic claims have been disregarded, ignored and their value for hopefully directing a future program summarily discounted by mainstream physics. geared towards the rigorous clarification and However, due to important developments over the past certification, of the specific role the electroscalar two years, there has been a welcome resurgence of domain might play in shaping a future, consistent, research in this area, bringing back renewed interest classical, electrodynamics. Also, by extension, to towards the certification of the existence these perhaps shed light on the current thorny conceptual and formerly rejected anomalous energy phenomena. mathematical inconsistencies that do exist, in the Consequently, this renaissance of a serious enterprise present interpretation of relativistic quantum in searching for specific weaknesses that currently mechanics. In this regard, it is anticipated that by plague a fuller understanding of electrodynamics, has incorporating this more expansive electrodynamic propelled the proponents of this research to more model, that the source of the extant problems with systematically outline in a clearer fashion: (1) the gauge invariance in quantum electrodynamics and the possible properties of these dynamics, (2) how subsequent unavoidable divergences in energy/, inclusion could change our current understanding of might be identified and ameliorated. electricity and magnetism, as well as (3) suggesting Not only does the electroscalar domain have the implications for potential, vast, practical ramifications potential to address such lofty theoretical questions to the disciplines of physics, engineering and energy surrounding fundamental physics, but another aim of generation. this effort is to show that the protocol necessary for On this point, the incompleteness in our received generating these field effects may be present not only understanding of the properties of electro-dynamical in exotic conditions involving large field strengths and systems can be attributed to the failure to properly specific frequencies involving expensive infrastructure incorporate what can be termed—the electro-scalar such as the LHC (Large Hadron Collider), but as recent force—in the structural edifice of electrodynamics. discoveries suggest, may be present in the physical

Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research 413 manipulation of ordinary everyday objects. We will electrodynamics can begin with the Helmholtz theorem, also see that nature has been and may be engaged in the which states that any sufficiently smooth process of using SLWs (scalar-longitudinal waves) in three-dimensional can be uniquely many ways as yet unsuspected and undetected by decomposed into two parts. By extension, a generalized humanity. Some of these modalities of scalar wave theorem exists, certified through the recent scholarly generation to be investigated include the following: of physicist-mathematician Dale Woodside (2009) chemical bond-breaking, particularly as a precursor to [3] (see Eq. (7) as well) for unique decomposition of a seismic events (illuminating the study and sufficiently smooth, Minkowski four-vector field (three development of earthquake early warning system), spatial dimensions, plus time) into four-irrotational and solar events (related to eclipses), and sunspot activity four-solenoidal parts, together with the tangential and and how it impacts the Earth’s magnetosphere. normal components on the bounding surface. With this Moreover, this overview of the unique aspects of the background, the theoretical existence of the electroscalar domain will suggest that many of the electroscalar wave can be attributed to failure to currently unexplained anomalies such as over-unity include certain terms in the standard, general, power observed in various energy devices, and exotic four-dimensional, electromagnetic, Lagrangian density energy effects associated with LENRs (Low Energy that are related to the four-irrotational parts of the Nuclear Reactions), may find some basis in fact. In vector field. Here, ε is electrical permittivity—not regard to the latter “cold fusion” type scenarios, the necessarily of the vacuum. Specifically, the electroscalar wave might be the actual agent needed to electroscalar field becomes incorporated in the reduce the nuclear Coulomb barrier, thus providing the structure of electrodynamics, when we let in Eq. (7) for long sought for viable theoretical explanation of this γ = 1 and k = 2πmc/h = 0. As we can see in this phenomenon. Longitudinal electrodynamic in representation as Eq. (7), it is the presence of the third exploding wires, etc., may actually be due to the term that describes these new features. operation of electroscalar waves at the sub-atomic We can see more clearly how this term arises by levels of nature. For instance, the extraordinary writing the Lagrangian density in terms of the standard energies produced by Ken Shoulder’s charge clusters EM scalar ( φ ) (see Eq. (8)) and magnetic vector (Footnote needed), may also be due to electroscalar potentials (A), without the electroscalar representation mechanisms. Moreover, these observations, spanning included. This equation has zero divergence of the as they do across many cross-disciplines of science, potentials (formally called solenoidal), consistent with beg the question as to the possible universality of the classical electromagnetics, as we see here. The second SLW. The longitudinal electroscalar wave, not present class of four-vector fields has zero curl of the potentials in current electrodynamics, may represent a general, (irrotational vector field), which will emerge once we key, over-arching principle, leading to new paradigms add this scalar factor. Here we see it is represented by in other sciences besides physics. This idea will also be the last term, which is usually zero in standard classical explored, showing the possible connection of electromagnetics. The expression in the parentheses, scalar-longitudinal (aka, electroscalar) wave dynamics when set equal to zero, describes what is known as the to biophysical systems. Admittedly, we are proposing Lorenz condition, which makes the scalar potential and quite an ambitious agenda in reaching for these goals, the vector potential in their usual form, mathematically but I think you will see that recent innovations will dependent on each other. Accordingly, the usual EM have proven equal to the task of supporting this quest. theory then specifies that the potentials may be chosen Insight into the incompleteness of classical arbitrarily, based on the specific, so-called, gauge that

414 Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research is chosen for this purpose. However, the MCE theory derived from this last equation of the Lagrangian allows for a non-zero value for this scalar-valued density. The Lagrangian expression is important in expression, essentially making the potentials independent physics, since invariance of the Lagrangian under any of each other, where this new scalar-valued component transformation gives rise to a conserved quantity. Now, (C in Eq. (8) that we may call it Lagrangian Density) is as is well known, conservation of charge-current is a a dynamic function of space and time. It is this new fundamental principle of physics and nature. idea of independence of the potentials, out of which the Conventionally, in classical electrodynamics charged G scalar value (C) derives, and from which the unique matter creates an E field. Motion of charged matter G properties and dynamics of the SLW (scalar creates a magnetic B field from an electrical current G G longitudinal electrodynamic) wave arise. which in turn influences the B and E fields. To put all this in perspective, a MCE model may be Before continuing further then, consider: G G ∂A E = −∇φ − Relativistic Covariance (9) ∂t G G G G Classical Fields ( B and E ) in terms of usual BA= ∇ × G G (10) classical potentials ( A and φ ) G 1 ∂φ G G G CA=+∇⋅ Classical wave equations for A , B (11) c2 ∂t G G 1 ∂E G G G ∇×BCJ−−∇= μ E and φ without the use of a gauge (12) c2 ∂t Condition (the MCE theory produces cancellation of

G ∂C ρ ∂∂Ct and −∇C in the classical wave equation for ∇⋅E += (13) ∂t ε G G φ and A , thus eliminating the need for a gauge condition)

These effects can be modeled by Maxwell’s lead to some important conditions. First, relativisticG equations. Now, exactly how and to what degree do covariance is preserved. Second, the classical fields G E these equations change when the new scalar-valued C and B are unchanged in terms of the usual classical G G field is incorporated. Those of you who are potentials ( A and φ ). We have the same classical G G G G knowledgeable of Maxwellian theory will notice the wave equations for A , φ , E and B without the two homogeneous Maxwell’s equations—representing use of a gauge condition (and its attendant G Faraday’s law and ∇⋅B (standard Gauss law incompleteness). The MCE theory shows cancellation equation for divergence less ) are both of ∂Ct/ ∂ and −∇C in the classical wave equations G G unchanged from the classical model. Notice the last for φ and A . And an SLW (scalar-longitudinal wave) three equations incorporate this new scalar component is revealed, composed of the scalar and which is labeled C . This formulation as defined by Eq. longitudinal-electric fields. (11) creates a somewhat revised version of Maxwell's A wave equation for C is revealed by use of the equations, with one new term −∇C in Gauss’ Law time derivative of Eq. (13), added to divergence of (Eq. (13)), where ρ is the , and one Eq. (12). Now, as is known, matching conditions at new term ( ∂∂Ct) in Ampere’s Law (Eq. (12)), where the interface between two different media are J is the . We see these new equations required to solve Maxwell’s equations. The divergence

Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research 415 theorem by Eq. (14) will yield interface matching in unique under the new MCE model since, although the normal component (“n”) of ∇C / μ as shown in classical electrodynamics forbids a spherically Eq. (15). symmetric transverse wave to exist, this constraint will be absent under MCE theory. Also, an 2 ⎛⎞G ∂∂C 22 ⎜ ρ ⎟ −∇CC ≡, =+μ⎜ ∇⋅ J⎟ (14) unprecedented result is that these longitudinal C ∂ct22 ⎝⎠⎜ ∂t ⎟ waves will have energy but no momentum. But, this is not unlike charged particle-antiparticle fluctuations ⎛⎞⎛⎞ ⎜⎜∇∇CC⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎟⎟= (15) which also have energy but no net momentum. ⎝⎠⎝⎠⎜⎜μμ⎟⎟ 11nn Now the question is why this constraint prohibiting a spherically symmetric wave is lifted in MCE. The CC= exp[ jkrt (− ω )]/ r (16) 0 answer can be seen in the following sets of Eq. (17) Note: The above set of Eqs. (14) and (15) are below for the wave equation for the vertical magnetic presenting a Wave Equation for Scalar Factor C field. G matching condition in Normal Component of ∇C / μ , ⎪⎧ 1 ∂2B G G ⎪ −∇2BJ= μ ∇× ⎪ 22 0 () a Spherically Symmetric Wave Solution for C . ⎪ct∂G ⎪ The subscripts in Eq. (15) denote ∇C / μ in ⎨∇×=JJ0 → = ∇κ (17) ⎪ medium 1 or medium 2, respectively ( μ ) is magnetic ⎪Gradient - Driven Current→ SL W ⎪ permeability—again not necessarily that of the ⎩⎪ G The set of Eq. (17) is established for the Wave vacuum). In this regard, withG the vector potential (A ) G and scalar potential ( φ ) now stipulated as Equation for B Resulting Gradient-Driven Current in independent of each other, it is the surface charge MCE for generating the SLW. density at the interface which produces a discontinuity Notice again, the source of the magnetic field (Right G in the gradient of the scalar potential, rather than the Hand Side (RHS)) is a non-zero value of ∇ ×J , which G signifies solenoidal current density, as is the case in standard discontinuity in the normal component of E G (see Hively’s paper, for further details (reference)). standard Maxwellian theory. When B is zero, so is G Notice also from Eq. (14), the source for the scalar ∇ ×J . This is an important result. Then the current factor C implies a violation of charge conservation density is irrotational, which implies that J = ∇κ . (RHS (Right Hand Side) non-zero), a situation which Here κ is a scalar function of space and time. Thus, in we noted cannot exist in macroscopic nature. contrast to the closed current paths generated in Nevertheless, this will be compatible with standard ordinary Maxwell theory which result in classical Maxwellian theory if this violation occurs at very waves that arise from a solenoidal current density G short time scales, such as occurs in sub-atomic ( ∇ ×J ≠ 0 ), J for the SLW is gradient-driven and may interactions. Now, interestingly, with the stipulation of be uniquely detectable. We also see from this result that charge conservation on large time scales, giving zero a zero value of the magnetic field is a necessary and on RHS of Eq. (8), longitudinal wave-like solutions sufficient condition for this gradient-driven current. are produced with the lowest order form in a Now, since in linearly conductive media, the current G spherically symmetric geometry at a (r), density (J ) is directly proportional to the electric field G intensity ( ) that produced it (where is the CC= 0 exp[ jkrt (− ω )]/ r. Applying the boundary E σ condition, C → 0 as r →∞ is thus trivially conductivity, this does not appear to be relevant) this satisfied. The C wave therefore, is a pressure wave, gradient driven current will then produce a longitudinal G similar to that in acoustics and hydrodynamics. This is E -field.

416 Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research

Based on the calculations so far, we can establish, superconductivity (HTS). As we know, the physical G the Wave Equation for the E solution is a problem of HTS is one of the major unsolved G Longitudinal E in MCE and gives Spherically problems in theoretical condensed matter physics, in G G Symmetric wave solutions for E and J in linearly part, because the materials are somewhat complex, conductive media. multi-layered crystals. G 22G ⎛⎞G Here the MCE theory may provide an explanation ∂∂E 22⎜ ⎟ −∇ EE= ⎜ −∇⎟ ≡ ∂∂ct22⎜ ct 22 ⎟ on the basis of gradient-driven currents between (or ⎝⎠G (18) G ∂∇J ρ among) the crystal layers. The new MCE Hamiltonian ,2 E = −−μ ∂t ε (Eq. (16)) includes the SLW due to gradient-driven  currents among the crystalline layers as an explanation EErjkrtr= exp[ (− ω )]/ (19) r for HTS. G G G JE= σ → ,2J = 0 (20) The Electrodynamic Hamiltonian for MCE is written We can also see this from examining the standard as: vector wave equation for the electric field. The wave ⎛⎞εEB22 G =++⎜ ⎟ HEM ⎜ ⎟ equation for E (Eq. (18)) arises from the curl of ⎝⎠⎜ 22μ⎟ G G (21) Faraday’s law, use of ∇ × B from Ampere’s law Eq. GG GG CCA2 ∇⋅ G ()ρε−∇⋅EJA φ − ⋅ ++ (6) and substitution of ∇⋅E from Eq. (18) with 2μμ cancellation of the terms ∇(/)(/)∂∂=∂∂∇Ct tC. In conclusion we can build an antenna based on the When the RHS of Eq. (13) is zero, the lowest order, above concept within the laboratory environment and outgoing spherical wave is use simulation software such as Multi-Physics   EErjkrtr= r exp[ (− ω )]/ , where r represents the COMSOL or the ANSYS computer code to model unit vector in the radial direction and r represents the such an antenna. radial distance. The electrical field is also longitudinal. Therefore, we have provided adequate analysis in G G G Substitution of JE= σ into ,2 E = 0 (Laplacian?) this effort to show the field of electrodynamics G results in ,2J = 0 , meaning that current density is (classical and quantum), although considered to be also radial. The SLW equations for E and J are totally understood, with any criticisms of remarkable for several reasons. First, the vector SLW incompleteness on the part of dissenters essentially G G equations for E and J are fully captured in one taken as veritable heresy, nevertheless needs wave equation for the scalar function ()κ , ,2κ = 0 . re-evaluation in terms of apparent unfortunate sins of Second, these forms are like ,2 C = 0 . Third, these omission in the failure to include an electroscalar equations have zero on the RHS for propagation in component. Anomalies previously not completely G conductive media. This arises since B = 0 for the understood may get a boost of new understanding from G SLW, implying no back EM field from ∂∂B / t in the operation of electroscalar energy. We have seen Faraday’s law which in turn gives no circulating eddy this in the three instances examined—the mechanism currents. Experimentation has shown that the SLW is of generation of seismic precursor electrical signals not subject to the skin effect in media with linear due to the movement of the Earth’s crust, the ordinary electric conductivity, and travels with minimum peeling of adhesive tape, as well as irradiation by the resistance in any conductive media. special TESLAR chip, the common feature of the This last fact affords some insight into another breaking of chemical bonds (needs a reference or related on-going conundrum in condensed matter references). In fact, we may ultimately find that any physics—the mystery surrounding high phenomena requiring the breaking of chemical bonds,

Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research 417 in either inanimate or biological systems, may actually now surfacing to provide an able challenge to the be scalar-wave mediated. prevailing worldview by reproducible corroborating Thus, we may discover that the scientific disciplines tests by independent sources. This revolution in the of chemistry or biochemistry may be more closely technological witness to the overhaul of current related to physics than is currently thought. orthodoxy is definitely a harbinger of the rapidly Accordingly, the experimental and theoretical approaching time where many of the encrusted and re-evaluation of even the simplest phenomena in this equally ill-conceived still accepted paradigms of regard, such as tribo-electrification processes described science, thought to underpin our sentient reality—will above, is of the absolute essence for those researchers fall by the wayside. On a grander panoramic scale, our knowledgeable of the necessity for this re-assessment expanding knowledge gleaned from further examining of electromagnetics. As stated in the introduction, it the electroscalar wave concept, as applied to areas of may even turn out that the gradient-driven current and investigation such as cold fusion research, over-unity associated scalar-longitudinal wave could be the power sources, etc., will explicitly shape the future of umbrella concept under which many of the currently society as well as science, especially concerning our unexplained electrodynamic phenomena that are openness to phenomena that challenge our current frequently under discussion in our conferences might belief systems. find a satisfying explanation. The new SLW patent References itself—which is the centerpiece of this talk—is a primary example of the type of invention that probably [1] Jackson, J. D. 1999. Classical Electrodynamics. 3rd ed. New would not have seen the light of day even ten years ago. York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publishing Company. [2] Zohuri, B. 2019. Scalar Wave Driven Energy Applications. As previously mentioned, we are seeing more of this 1st ed. Springer (September 22, 2018). inspired breakthrough technology based on operating [3] Woodside, D. A. 2009. “Three Vector and principles formerly viewed with rank skepticism Identities and Uniqueness Theorems in Euclidian and bordering on haughty derision by mainstream science, Minkowski Space.” Am. J. Phys. 77 (5): 438-46.