Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 12 (2018) 408-417 doi: 10.17265/1934-8975/2018.08.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research Bahman Zohuri Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA Abstract: There exist a lot of controversial issues around the subject of SW (Scalar Waves) and the purpose of this white paper is to take an innovative theoretical approach to prove and backup up existence of such phenomena. We basically define this wave as a SLW (Scalar Longitudinal Wave), whose existence derives from the MCE (More Complete Electrodynamic) theory aspect of Maxwell’s classical electrodynamic equations. MCE falls into the QED (Quantum Electrodynamic) aspect of the Maxwell’s equations, in particular out of his four famous classical equations, our interest focuses on the one that is known to us as Faraday’s Law of the Maxwell’s Equation set. Key words: Scalar wave, more complete Maxwell’s equation, longitudinal wave, quantum electrodynamic, lagrangian and hamiltonian relationship. 1. Introduction Of the above two waves, the SLW wave is the matter of interest and it is the subject of this white paper. From a classical physics point of view, typically there are three kinds of waves: 2. Description of Transverse and Longitudinal (1) Mechanical waves (i.e. wave on string); Waves G G (2) EM (Electromagnetic) waves (i.e. E and B A wave is defined as a disturbance which travels fields from Maxwell’s Equations to deduce the Wave through a particular medium. The medium is a material Equations, where these waves carry energy from one through which a wave travels from one location to place to another); another location. We can take as an example a slinky (3) Quantum mechanical waves (i.e. using wave which can be stretched from one end to the other Schrödinger’s Equation to study particle movement). and comes to a static condition. This static condition is Note that a Soliton Wave is an exceptional case and called its neutral condition or equilibrium state. should be addressed separately, since this wave falls In the slinky coil, the particles move up and down into a different category than the three types defined and then come into their equilibrium state. This above. generates a disturbance in the coil which moves from The second type wave in the above list (i.e. EM one end to the other. This is the movement of a slinky Waves) is the subject of our interest, which is G pulse. This is a single disturbance in a medium from consistent with the electric field E and the magnetic G one location to another. If it is done continuously and in field B . The EM Wave itself divides into two a periodical manner, then it is called a wave. These sub-categories as: disturbances are also called energy transport waves. (A) Transverse waves; They are found in different shapes, showing different (B) Longitudinal Pressure Waves, also known as behaviors, and characteristic properties. They are SLW (Scalar Longitudinal Waves). classified mainly into two types that are longitudinal and transverse. Here we are discussing the longitudinal Corresponding author: Bahman Zohuri, Ph.D., associate professor, research fields: electromagnetic and plasma physics. waves, their properties and examples. The movement Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research 409 of wave is parallel to direction of travel of the particles direction of wave propagation. Sound waves [and in these waves. Primary-Waves or (P-Waves) in general] are longitudinal waves. A wave motion in which the 2.1 Transverse Waves particles of the medium oscillate about their mean For transverse waves the displacement of the positions in the direction of propagation of the wave, is medium is perpendicular to the direction of called a longitudinal wave. propagation of the wave. A ripple on a pond and a wave 3. What Are SLWs? on a string are easily visualized transverse waves (see Fig. 1). SLWs are conceived as longitudinal waves, similar Transverse waves cannot propagate in a gas or a to sound waves. Unlike the transversal waves of liquid because there is no mechanism for driving electromagnetism, which move up and down motion perpendicular to the direction of propagation of perpendicular to the direction of propagation, the wave. In summary, a transverse wave is a wave in longitudinal waves vibrate in line with the direction of which the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction propagation. Transversal waves can be, observed in of wave propagation. EM waves (and water ripples: the ripples move up and down as the Secondary-Waves (or S-Waves or Shear waves overall waves move outward, such that there are two sometimes called an Elastic S-Waves) in general are actions: one moving up and down, and the other transverse waves. propagating in a specific direction outward. Technically speaking, scalar waves have magnitude 2.2 Longitudinal Waves but no direction, since they are, imagined to be the In longitudinal waves the displacement of the result of two EM waves that are 180 degrees out of medium is parallel to the propagation of the wave. A phase with one another, which leads to both signals wave in a “slinky” is a good visualization. Sound being canceled out. This results in a kind of “pressure waves in air are longitudinal waves (see Fig. 2). wave”. Therefore, a longitudinal wave is one in which the Mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell, in oscillation is in the direction of, or opposite to the his original mathematical equations concerning Fig. 1 Depiction of a transverse wave. Fig. 2 Depiction of a longitudinal wave. 410 Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research electromagnetism, established the theoretical existence by Eq. (1) for the total EM energy flow. of scalar waves. After his death, however, later Therefore, based on above suggestion, the scalar G physicists assumed these equations were meaningless, wave could be accompanied by a vector potential A . G G since scalar waves had not been observed, and they E , and yet B remain zero in the far field. were not repeatedly verified by the scientific From EM theory, one can write the following community at large. relationship: G Vibrational, or subtle energetic research, however, ⎧ ⎪ GG1 ∂A has helped advance our understanding of scalar waves. ⎪E =-∇φ - ⎨ ct∂ (2) One important discovery states that there are many ⎪ GGG ⎪BA=×∇ different types of scalar waves, not just those of the EM ⎩⎪ variety. For example, there are vital scalar waves In this case φ in Eq. (2) is the scalar (electric) G (corresponding with the vital or “Qi” body), emotional potential and A is the magnetic vector potential. The scalar waves, mental scalar waves, causal scalar waves, Maxwell’s equations, then predict the following and so forth. In essence, as far as we are aware, all mathematical relations [1]: “subtle” energies are, made up of various types of 1 ∂2φ ∇−2φ = 0 (Scalar Potential Waves) (3) scalar waves. ct22∂ G Some general properties of scalar waves (of the G 1 ∂2A ∇−2A = 0 (Vector Potential Waves) (4) beneficial kind) include: ct22∂ y Seem to travel faster than the speed of light; A solution appears to exist for the special case of G G G y Seem to transcend space and time; E = 0 , B = 0 , and ∇×=A 0 , for a new wave y Cause the molecular structure of water to become satisfying the following relations. G G ⎧ coherently reordered; ⎪A = ∇S ⎪ y Positively increase immune function in mammals; ⎨ 1 ∂S (5) ⎪φ = − y Are involved in the formation process in nature. ⎩⎪ ct∂ It has been suggested that the scalar wave, as it was In Eq. (5), S then satisfies the following understood by some physicists and engineers in the relationship: field, is not an EM (electromagnetic) wave. An EM 1 ∂2S G G ∇−2S (6) wave has both Electric ( E ) fields and Magnetic (B ) ct22∂ fields and power flow in EM waves is by means of the Note that in Eq. (6) the quantity c represents the Poynting vector, as Eq. (1) written below: speed of light. G GG SEB=× Watts/m2 (1) Mathematically S is a “Potential” with a wave The energy per second crossing a unit area whose equation, one that suggests propagation of this wave G G G normal is pointed in the direction of S is the energy even through EB==0 and the Poynting theorem in the EM wave. indicates no EM power flow. G A scalar wave has no time varying B field (In From the above analyses, the suggestion is that there G some cases, it also has no E field). Thus, it has no exists a solution to Maxwell’s Equations involving a energy propagated in the EM wave form. It must be scalar wave with potential S that can propagate realized, however that any vector could be added that without Poynting vector EM power flow. However, the may be integrated to zero over a closed surface and question arises as to where the energy is drawn from to Poynting theorem still applies. Thus, there is some sustain such a flow of energy. Some suggesting a ambiguity in even stating the relationship that is given vector that integrates to zero over a closed surface Principle of Scalar Electrodynamics Phenomena Proof and Theoretical Research 411 might be added in the theory, as suggested above. we may even wonder whether it exists at all; and if it Another is the possibility of drawing energy from the exists, do we need exotic conditions to produce and use vacuum, assuming net energy could be drawn from it, or will it require a drastic transformation in our “free space”.