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Seasonal Changes in Lipid and Fatty Acid Profiles of Sakarya
Eurasian Journal of Forest Science ISSN: 2147 - 7493 Copyrights Eurasscience Journals Editor in Chief Hüseyin Barış TECİMEN University of Istanbul, Faculty of Forestry, Soil Science and Ecology Dept. İstanbul, Türkiye Journal Cover Design Mert EKŞİ Istanbul University Faculty of Forestry Department of Landscape Techniques Bahçeköy-Istanbul, Turkey Technical Advisory Osman Yalçın YILMAZ Surveying and Cadastre Department of Forestry Faculty of Istanbul University, 34473, Bahçeköy, Istanbul-Türkiye Cover Page Bolu forests, Turkey 2019 Ufuk COŞGUN Contact H. Barış TECİMEN Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Faculty of Forestry, Soil Science and Ecology Dept. İstanbul, Turkey [email protected] Journal Web Page http://dergipark.gov.tr/ejejfs Eurasian Journal of Forest Science Eurasian Journal of Forest Science is published 3 times per year in the electronic media. This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: They are authorized by their coauthors to enter into these arrangements. The work described has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review or thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and by the responsible authorities tacitly or explicitly of the institutes where the work has been carried out. They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere. The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party. -
Recerca I Territori V12 B (002)(1).Pdf
Butterfly and moths in l’Empordà and their response to global change Recerca i territori Volume 12 NUMBER 12 / SEPTEMBER 2020 Edition Graphic design Càtedra d’Ecosistemes Litorals Mediterranis Mostra Comunicació Parc Natural del Montgrí, les Illes Medes i el Baix Ter Museu de la Mediterrània Printing Gràfiques Agustí Coordinadors of the volume Constantí Stefanescu, Tristan Lafranchis ISSN: 2013-5939 Dipòsit legal: GI 896-2020 “Recerca i Territori” Collection Coordinator Printed on recycled paper Cyclus print Xavier Quintana With the support of: Summary Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Xavier Quintana Butterflies of the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ................................................................................................................. 11 Tristan Lafranchis Moths of the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ............................................................................................................................31 Tristan Lafranchis The dispersion of Lepidoptera in the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ...........................................................51 Tristan Lafranchis Three decades of butterfly monitoring at El Cortalet ...................................................................................69 (Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Natural Park) Constantí Stefanescu Effects of abandonment and restoration in Mediterranean meadows .......................................87 -
Diversity of the Moth Fauna (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of a Wetland Forest: a Case Study from Motovun Forest, Istria, Croatia
PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 VOL. 117, No 3, 399–414, 2015 CODEN PDBIAD DOI: 10.18054/pb.2015.117.3.2945 ISSN 0031-5362 original research article Diversity of the moth fauna (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of a wetland forest: A case study from Motovun forest, Istria, Croatia Abstract TONI KOREN1 KAJA VUKOTIĆ2 Background and Purpose: The Motovun forest located in the Mirna MITJA ČRNE3 river valley, central Istria, Croatia is one of the last lowland floodplain 1 Croatian Herpetological Society – Hyla, forests remaining in the Mediterranean area. Lipovac I. n. 7, 10000 Zagreb Materials and Methods: Between 2011 and 2014 lepidopterological 2 Biodiva – Conservation Biologist Society, research was carried out on 14 sampling sites in the area of Motovun forest. Kettejeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia The moth fauna was surveyed using standard light traps tents. 3 Biodiva – Conservation Biologist Society, Results and Conclusions: Altogether 403 moth species were recorded Kettejeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia in the area, of which 65 can be considered at least partially hygrophilous. These results list the Motovun forest as one of the best surveyed regions in Correspondence: Toni Koren Croatia in respect of the moth fauna. The current study is the first of its kind [email protected] for the area and an important contribution to the knowledge of moth fauna of the Istria region, and also for Croatia in general. Key words: floodplain forest, wetland moth species INTRODUCTION uring the past 150 years, over 300 papers concerning the moths Dand butterflies of Croatia have been published (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). -
Natur in Breitenfurt Ergebnisse Zum Tag Der Artenvielfalt 2015
NATUR IN BREITENFURT ERGEBNISSE ZUM TAG DER ARTENVIELFALT 2015 Eine Initiative der Länder Niederösterreich und Wien 200 INHALT Vorworte 2 Ausgewählte Organismen-Gruppen Unglaubliche Vielfalt der Arten 4 Blütenpflanzen 26 Tausende Geschichten der Natur – Moose 28 Vielfalt vor der Haustüre 5 Algen und Cyanobakterien 29 Tag der Artenvielfalt 2015 in Breitenfurt 6 Flechten 30 Tag der Artenvielfalt 2015 – Unsere ExpertInnen 7 Pilze und Schleimpilze 32 Lebensräume Fledermäuse 34 Wälder 9 Vögel 35 Gewässer 15 Amphibien und Reptilien 36 Wiesen 18 Schnecken 37 Siedlungsgebiet und Gärten 24 Schmetterlinge 38 Was kann ich für die Artenvielfalt tun? 25 Käfer 40 Hautflügler 42 Zikaden 45 Wanzen 46 Heuschrecken 47 Spinnentiere 48 Untersuchungs-Gebiet 50 Artenliste 51 Impressum 72 1 VIELFÄLTIGES NIEDERÖSTERREICH Die außergewöhnliche landschaftliche Vielfalt wald, so wie wir sie heute lieben und schät- Niederösterreichs bietet wertvollen Lebens- zen, entstanden. Dies zeigt, dass etwa Natur raum für zahlreiche Pflanzen- und Tierarten. und eine nachhaltige Landwirtschaft ganz Aktionen wie der Tag der Artenvielfalt wecken wesentlich voneinander profitieren. Das Land nicht nur die Begeisterung der Menschen für Niederösterreich geht daher mit gutem Bei- die heimische Natur, sondern zeigen auch spiel voran und gibt neben dem Anreiz über auf, über welche Naturschätze Niederöster- zahlreiche Projekte und Förderungen auch reich verfügt. Darunter befinden sich Beson- gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen vor, um derheiten wie Alpenbock, Gartenrotschwanz die Vielfalt einerseits zu schützen anderseits und Alpen-Schilfspornzikade. Unsere Aufgabe auch zu nützen. Gerade im Biosphärenpark ist es, diese Artenvielfalt zu schützen und zu Wienerwald, der Modellregion für nachhaltige erhalten. Ein Blick auf die Roten Listen der Entwicklung, soll dieses Miteinander ganz be- gefährdeten Arten reicht aus, um sich des sonders gelebt werden und Vorbild für andere hohen Stellenwertes unserer Verantwortung Gebiete sein. -
Fauna Lepidopterologica Volgo-Uralensis" 150 Years Later: Changes and Additions
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Atalanta Jahr/Year: 2000 Band/Volume: 31 Autor(en)/Author(s): Anikin Vasily Victorovich, Sachkov Sergej A., Zolotuhin Vadim V., Antonova Elena M. Artikel/Article: "Fauna lepidopterologica Volgo-Uralensis" 150 years later: changes and additions. Part 3. Geometridae (Insecta, Lepidoptera) 293-326 ©Ges. zur Förderung d. Erforschung von Insektenwanderungen e.V. München, download unter www.zobodat.at Atalanta (August 2000) 31 (1/2):293-326, Würzburg, ISSN 0171-0079 "Fauna lepidopterologica Volgo-Uralensis" 150 years later: changes and additions. Part 3. Geometridae (Insecto, Lepidoptera) by Vasily V. A n ik in , Sergey A . Sac h ko v , Va d im V. Z o lo t u h in & Elena M. A nto n o va received 24.II.2000 Summary: 370 species of Geometridae are listed for the modern Volgo-Ural fauna. 7 species (Euchloris volgaria Guenee , Nemoria melinaria Herrich-Schäffer , Rhodostrophia calabraria Hübner , Ennomos effractaria Freyer, Ourapteryxpérsica M enetries , Yezognophos dilucidaría Denis & S chiffermüller and Y. serotinaria Denis & S chiffermüller ) are deleted from the list. Supposedly they were either erroneously determinated since Eversmann 's work or they are considered now of subspecific or infrasubspecific rank. 161 species are recorded from the re gion in addition to Eversmann 's list. This paper is the fourth in a series of publications1 and deals with the composition of the pres ent day fauna of geometrid moths in the Middle Volga and the south-western Cisurals. This re gion comprises the administrative divisions of the Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov, Samara, Uljanovsk, Orenburg, Uralsk and Atyraus (= Gurjev) Regions, together with Tataria and Bash kiria. -
Der Tag Der Artenvielfalt 2010 in Morel-Filet (VS)
Der artenreichste Quadratkilometer der Schweiz? Der Tag der Artenvielfalt 2010 in Morel-Filet (VS) Ariel Bergamini, Martin K. Obrist & Michael Nobis1 Bull. Murithienne 12B/2010 : 7-42 (2011 ) m 12 Juni 2010 wurde in Morel-Filet ein Tag der Artenvielfalt durchgeführt. lm untersuchten Mots clés Quadratkilometer war anhand statistischer Modelle für Blütenpflanzen, Tagfalter und Vogel Journée de la biodiversité, A hotspot, espèce rare, eine hohe Artenvielfalt zu erwarten. Am Tag der Artenvierfalt nahmen 35 Expertlnnen teil welche diversité des habitats, modèle zusammen 1309 Taxa entdeckten; in vier zusatzlichen Arthropodenfallen, die über sieben Wochen stehen blieben, wurden 694 Taxa gefunden. lnsgesamt ergaben sich 1963 Taxa für den Schlüsselwôrter Quadratkilometer. Die artenreichste Gruppe waren die Gefasspflanzen (519 Taxa) gefolgt von den Tag der Artenvielfalt, Hotspot, Seltene Arten, Hautflüglern (324 Taxa). Wahrend für einige Gruppen der Quadratkilometer ais ein Hotspot der Habitatvielfalt, Modelle Artenvielfalt angesehen werden kann (z.B. Blütenpflanzen oder Rüsselkafer), war die Artenvielfalt bei andern Gruppen nicht besonders hoch. Bei vielen Gruppen wurden auch seltene Arten gefun Keywords den. Bei den Pilzen ist eine Art sogar neu für die Schweiz. Wie die Resultate eindrücklich zeigten, Species diversity day, ist Artenvielfalt «vor der Haustüre» oft erstaunlich reich! hotspot, rare species, habitat diversity, models Le kilomètre carré le plus riche en espèces de Suisse? La journée de la biodiversité 2010 à Morel Filet (VS). Une journée de la biodiversité s'est tenue à Morel-Filet le 12 juin 2010. La zone d'étude correspondait au kilomètre carré de la carte topographique, pour lequel les modèles statistiques avaient prédit une très grande variété autant pour les plantes vasculaires que pour les papillons de jour et les oiseaux. -
Lepidoptera, Heterocera) Species Diversity in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey
North-Western Journal of Zoology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2009, pp.104-120 P-ISSN: 1584-9074, E-ISSN: 1843-5629 Article No.: 051112 Some aspects of the moth (Lepidoptera, Heterocera) species diversity in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey Zuhal OKYAR1,*, Selcuk YURTSEVER1,*, Nihat AKTAÇ1 and Gökhan ÇAKAN1 1. Biology Department, Faculty of the Science and Arts, 22030 Edirne, Turkey * Corresponding authors: S. Yurtserver, E-mail: [email protected], Z. Oykar, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The moth species were investigated in the four distinct types of habitat — coniferous, beech, oak forests and shrubs including 57 different sites — of Western Black Sea Region in Turkey between the years of 2001 and 2004. A total of 207 Lepidoptera species belonging to 164 genera and 11 families was determined. Results showed that the index of diversity in the coniferous habitats (H=0.5592) was significantly higher than those of beech (H=0.3561) and oak forests (H=0.4238), but was not significantly different than those of shrubs (H=0.4921). The pooled species numbers of the coniferous habitats were the highest among the four types of habitat (P<0.001). Moreover, the pooled number of species in the Noctuidae and Geometridae families were significantly higher (P<0.001) than those found in the other Lepidoptera families in the study area. The pooled numbers of the species tended to decrease from June to September during the study months. Key words: Moth, Lepidoptera, Heterocera, diversity, Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. Introduction Some of the later taxonomical studies have been performed in South-Western (Wehrli Due to its distinctive zoogeography and 1932, 1934), Eastern (Wagner 1929, 1930, habitat diversity, Turkey has been one of 1931), and Central Anatolia (Zukowsky the significant survey areas for many 1937, 1938, 1941). -
T.C. Batman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Maden Ilçesi (Elaziğ) Geometridae (Lepidoptera) Faunasi Ve Ekoloj
T.C. BATMAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ MADEN İLÇESİ (ELAZIĞ) GEOMETRIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) FAUNASI VE EKOLOJİSİ ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMALAR Abdullah ÇAKIR YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Mayıs-2019 BATMAN Her Hakkı Saklıdır iii TEZ BİLDİRİMİ Bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edildiğini ve tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada bana ait olmayan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapıldığını bildiririm. DECLARATION PAGE I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all materials and results that are not original to this work. Abdullah ÇAKIR 10.05.2019 iv ÖZET MADEN İLÇESİ (ELAZIĞ) GEOMETRIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) FAUNASI VE EKOLOJİSİ ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMALAR Abdullah ÇAKIR Batman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Erdem SEVEN 2019, 111 Sayfa Jüri Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Erdem SEVEN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kesran AKIN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Gökhan YÜRÜMEZ Maden ilçesi (Elazığ) Geometridae faunası üzerine yapılan bu araştırma, Nisan-Ağustos 2016 ve Mart-Ekim 2017 tarihleri arasında yapılmıştır. Baskın bitki türleri dikkate alınarak belirlenen 9 farklı habitat tipinde, 860-1600 metre arasındaki yüksekliklerde çalışılmıştır. Geometridae familyası üyelerinin çoğunluğu nocturnal (gece aktif) olduğundan, çalışmalar çoğunlukla gece yürütülmüştür. Diurnal (gündüz aktif) türlerin yakalanmasında atrap, nocturnal türlerin yakalanmasında ise UV ışık tuzakları kullanılmıştır. Toplanan örnekler gerildikten sonra teşhisleri yapılmıştır. Toplamda 6 altfamilya içerisinde 47 cinse ait 87 tür tespit edilmiştir. Belirlenen örneklerin tamamı araştırma alanı için, 82’si ise Elazığ ili için yeni kayıttır. -
Puglia in Spring
Puglia in Spring Naturetrek Tour Report 13 - 20 April 2019 Early Spider Orchid by Ron Brown Southern Festoon by Susan Wilsher Eurasian Hoopoe by Ron Brown Italian Pool Frog by Ron Brown Report compiled by Jessica Turner and Paul Harmes Images by Ron Brown & Susan Wilsher Naturetrek Wolf’s Lane Chawton Alton Hampshire GU34 3HJ England T: +44 (0)1962 733051 F: +44 (0)1962 736426 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Tour Report Puglia in Spring Tour Participants: Jessica Turner and Paul Harmes (leaders) with 15 Naturetrek clients Summary Our third Naturetrek visit to Puglia was very enjoyable. In terms of flowers, it was a later season, and there was less visible migration this year. However, we still saw a fair number of Marsh and Hen Harriers (the latter possibly all male), plus a couple of Montagu’s Harriers. We also had at least one dark-phase Booted Eagle and a Bonelli’s Eagle flying overhead. The Lesser Kestrels were a delight, as was the Lanner Falcon seen by Ron, and the more distant one out over the sea. The Hoopoes were rather elusive, but we had some good views, especially on the last afternoon. The sheer abundance, together with the range and diversity of orchids was breath-taking, and we also enjoyed a good range of other Mediterranean spring flowers, many localised to Puglia or with a peri -Adriatic distribution such as the maroon-flowered Figwort Scrophularia lucida and the blue spikes of the bellflower Asyneuma limonifolium by Capo d’Otranto. The Risso’s Dolphins and Audouin’s Gulls added interest, and we enjoyed too, the range of architecture from cave dwellings via trulli to cathedrals, with Matera being especially fascinating. -
Larval and Phenological Traits Predict Insect Community Response to Mowing Regime Manipulations
Ecological Applications, 29(4), 2019, e01900 © 2019 by the Ecological Society of America Larval and phenological traits predict insect community response to mowing regime manipulations 1,7,10 2,3,8 2,4 1 1 ROEL VAN KLINK , MYLES H. M. MENZ , HANNES BAUR, OLIVER DOSCH, ISABEL KUHNE€ , 1 5 1,9 1 1 1,6 LUKAS LISCHER, HENRYK LUKA, SANDRO MEYER, TIMEA SZIKORA, DEBORA UNTERNAHRER€ , RAPHAEL€ ARLETTAZ, 1 AND JEAN-YVES HUMBERT 1Division of Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Balzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern Switzerland 2Division of Community Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Balzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern Switzerland 3School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia 4Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bernastrasse 15, 3005 Bern, Switzerland 5Department of Crop Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, 5070 Frick Switzerland 6Swiss Ornithological Institute, Valais Field Station, Rue du Rhone^ 11, 1950 Sion Switzerland Citation: van Klink, R., M. H. M. Menz, H. Baur, O. Dosch, I. Kuhne,€ L. Lischer, H. Luka, S. Meyer, T. Szikora, D. Unternahrer,€ R. Arlettaz, and J.-Y. Humbert. 2019. Larval and phenological traits predict insect community response to mowing regime manipulations. Ecological Applications 29(4):e01900. 10.1002/eap.1900 Abstract. For the restoration of biodiversity in agricultural grasslands, it is essential to understand how management acts as an ecological filter on the resident species. Mowing con- stitutes such a filter: only species that possess functional traits enabling them to withstand its consequences can persist in the community. We investigated how the timing of mowing modu- lates this filtering effect for insects. -
Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of the Baikal Region, Russia
Number 391: 1-23 ISSN 1026-051X September 2019 https://doi.org/10.25221/fee.391.1 http://zoobank.org/References/09FA2576-7AA8-42EA-ADFD-D1CD7C5C6600 NEW DATA ON GEOMETRID MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) OF THE BAIKAL REGION, RUSSIA I. A. Makhov 1, 2), E. A. Beljaev 3*) 1) Saint Petersburg State University, Biological Faculty, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia. 3) Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Summary. The list of 52 species of geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of the Baikal region (Irkutskaya oblast and Buryatia, Russia) is given. Rheumaptera neocervinalis Inoue, 1982 is reported as new for Siberia, 3 species are new for Baikal region, 18 species are new for Irkutskaya oblast and 4 species are new for Buryatia; distribution in the Baikal region of 4 species is confirmed; literature reference of 23 species from the region are considered as dubious. As result, total number of geo- metrids in the Baikal region reaches to 347 species from 153 genera. Genus name Scardostrenia Sterneck, 1928, stat. n., is removed from synonymy with the name Proteostrenia Warren, 1895; original combination of the name Scardostrenia reticu- lata Sterneck, 1928, comb. resurr. is restored. A key to Ourapteryx ussurica Inoue, 1993 and Ourapteryx sambucaria (Linnaeus, 1758) is given. Accuracy of the original geographic labels of the holotypes of Proteostrenia reticulata transbaicalensis Wehrli, 1939, Erannis bajaria var. -
საქართველოში გავრცელებული მზომელების (Geometridae, Lepidopte
სსიპ ,,ბათუმის შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი” ტექნოლოგიური ფაკულტეტი აგროეკოლოგიისა და სატყეო საქმის დეპარტამენტი ნიკოლოზ მესხი საქართველოში გავრცელებული მზომელების (Geometridae, Lepidoptera) სახეობრივი შემადგენლობის დაზუსტება და მავნეობის შემცირების ღონისძიებათა დამუშავება (აგრარულ მეცნიერებაში დოქტორის აკადემიური ხარისხის მოსაპოვებლად წადგენილი დისერტაცია) სპეციალობა: მცენარეთა დაცვა სამეცნიერო ხელმძღვანელები: რ. ჯაბნიძე - ბათუმის შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი, საქართველოს სოფლის მეურნეობის აკადემიის აკადემიკოსი მ. ლობჟანიძე - ბიოლოგიურ მეცნიერებათა აკადემიური დოქტორი, აგრარული უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი ბათუმი -2018 3 როგორც წარდგენილი სადისერტაციო ნაშრომის ავტორი, ვაცხადებ, რომ ნაშრომი წარმოადგენს ჩემს ორიგინალურ ნამუშევარს და არ შეიცავს სხვა ავტორების მიერ აქამდე გამოქვეყნებულ, გამოსაქვეყნებლად მიღებულ ან დასაცავად წარდგენილ მასალებს, რომლებიც ნაშრომში არ არის მოხსენიებული ან ციტირებული სათანადო წესების შესაბამისად ნიკოლოზ მესხი ----------------------------------------- დეკემბერი, 2018 წ. 4 შ ი ნ ა ა რ ს ი შესავალი 9 ლიტერატურული ნაწილი 12 თავი I. ზოგადი ცნობები მზომელების შესახებ 1.1 მზომელების ფაუნის გავრცელებისა და ეკოლოგიის ზოგიერთი საკითხი 15 1.2 ზამთრის მზომელას (Operoptera brumata) ბიოლოგიური, მორფოლოგიური და ეკოლოგიური თავისებურებანი 22 1.3 საქართველოს აგროკლიმატური დახასიათება 27 ექსპერიმენრტალური ნაწილი 44 თავი II მზომელების შესწავლის შესახებ 2.1 კვლევის მასალები და მეთოდები 2.2 საკვლევი ტერიტორიის აგროკლიმატური დახასიათება 51 2.3 საქართველოში გავრცელებული მზომელების (Geometridae, Lepidoptera)