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Tendayi Mutimukuru-Maravanyika Phd Thesis Can We Learn Our Way to Sustainable Management? Adaptive Collaborative Management in Mafungautsi State Forest, Zimbabwe. Tendayi Mutimukuru-Maravanyika Thesis committee Thesis supervisors Prof. dr. P. Richards Professor of Technology and Agrarian Development Wageningen University Prof. dr. K.E. Giller Professor of Plant Production Systems Wageningen University Thesis co-supervisor Dr. ir. C. J. M. Almekinders Assistant Professor, Technology and Agrarian Development Group Wageningen University Other members Prof. dr. ir. C. Leeuwis, Wageningen University Prof. dr. L.E. Visser, Wageningen University Dr. ir. K. F. Wiersum, Wageningen University Dr. B.B. Mukamuri, University of Zimbabwe This research was conducted under the auspices of the CERES Research School for Resource Studies for Development. Can We Learn Our Way to Sustainable Management? Adaptive Collaborative Management in Mafungautsi State Forest, Zimbabwe. Tendayi Mutimukuru-Maravanyika Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M. J. Kropff in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 23 April 2010 at 11 a.m. in the Aula. Tendayi Mutimukuru-Maravanyika Can We Learn Our Way to Sustainable Management? Adaptive Collaborative Management in Mafungautsi State Forest, Zimbabwe. 231 pages Thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2010) ISBN 978-90-8585-651-1 Dedication To my parents, my husband Simeon , my son Tafadzwa and my daughter Ndatenda, with love. Table of Contents List of Tables............................................................................................................................ iv List of Boxes ............................................................................................................................. v List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... vi Acronyms and Abbreviations.................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ viii Thesis Summary........................................................................................................................ x Samenvatting van de thesis ..................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background .............................................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Recent history of natural resource conservation in Africa................................... 2 1.2.2 Emergence of participatory forest management approaches ............................... 5 1.2.3 History of forestry policy making in Zimbabwe ................................................. 8 1.2.4 Experiences with participatory forest management in Zimbabwe....................... 9 1.3 Research Objectives............................................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Specific objectives............................................................................................. 16 1.4 The Research Questions......................................................................................... 16 1.5 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 17 1.6 Conceptual Orientation .......................................................................................... 19 1.6.1 New institutionalism.......................................................................................... 20 1.6.2 Political Ecology................................................................................................ 22 1.7 Organisation of the thesis....................................................................................... 26 Chapter 2: The Zimbabwe and Mafungautsi contexts......................................................... 29 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 29 2.2 Situating the study in the broader national context................................................ 29 2.2.1 Background to natural resource management in Zimbabwe.................................. 32 2.2.2 The land question and forests in Zimbabwe ...................................................... 39 2.2.3 The Zimbabwe economic meltdown ................................................................. 42 2.3 Mafungautsi reserve – forest and people ............................................................... 49 2.3.1 The Mafungautsi Forest..................................................................................... 49 2.3.2 The stakeholders in Mafungautsi....................................................................... 52 2.3.3 The People ......................................................................................................... 53 i 2.4 Settlement history in the forest .............................................................................. 57 2.4.1 Mafungautsi North............................................................................................. 57 2.4.2 Mafungautsi South............................................................................................. 60 2.5 The study sites........................................................................................................ 60 2.6 Resource management approaches in the history of Mafungautsi Forest.............. 64 2.7 Summary ................................................................................................................ 68 Chapter 3: The Adaptive Collaborative Management Approach ........................................ 71 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 71 3.2 Background of the ACM Research Project............................................................ 71 3.2.1 Conceptualising the ACM approach.................................................................. 72 3.2.2 Objectives and proposed steps of the ACM project in Zimbabwe .................... 75 3.3 The Zimbabwe ACM team and its capacity building ............................................ 77 3.3.1 The selection of Zimbabwe ACM team members............................................. 77 3.3.2 Roles of team members ..................................................................................... 78 3.3.3 Capacity building for the ACM team members................................................. 78 3.4 Reflection and Discussion...................................................................................... 81 3.5 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................... 86 Chapter 4: Implementing Adaptive Collaborative Management in Mafungautsi State Forest ........................................................................................................................... 89 PART I: Preparing the ground ............................................................................................ 90 4.1 Selection of study area and specific study sites ..................................................... 90 4.2 Introducing the research to the study sites and selection of community partners.. 91 4.2.1 Introducing the ACM project to Batanai area and selection of the community partner................................................................................................................ 92 4.2.2 Introducing the ACM project to Gababe area and selection of the community partner................................................................................................................ 94 4.2.3 Introducing the ACM project to Ndarire area and selection of the community partner................................................................................................................ 95 4.3 Training of the Community Partners...................................................................... 96 4.4 The context studies................................................................................................. 97 4.4.1 Key findings ...................................................................................................... 98 4.4.2 Report back on context studies........................................................................ 100 4.5 Preparing the stage for PAR................................................................................. 101 4.5.1 Empowerment training .................................................................................... 102 4.5.2 Conflict Resolution Processes ......................................................................... 112 4.5.3 Training on Leadership Skills.......................................................................... 116 4.5.4 Resource User Group Formation..................................................................... 116 ii Part II: Participatory Action Research with resource user
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