ZIMBABWE Vulnerability Assessment Committee
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SIRDC VAC ZIMBABWE Vulnerability Assessment Committee Zimbabwe Rural Livelihood Baselines Synthesis Report 2011 Financed by: Implementation partners: The ZimVAC acknowledges the personnel, time and material The Zimbabwe Rural Livelihood Baselines was made possible by contributions of all implementing partners that made this work contributions from the following ZimVAC members who supported possible the process in data collection, analysis and report writing: Office of the President and Cabinet Food and Nutrition Council Ministry of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development For enquiries, please contact the ZimVAC Chair: Ministry of Labour and Social Services Food and Nutrition Council Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency SIRDC Complex Ministry of Health and Child Welfare 1574 Alpes Road, Hatcliffe, Harare, Zimbabwe Ministry of Education, Sports, Arts and Culture Save the Children Tel: +263 (0)4 883405, +263 (0)4 860320-9, Concern Worldwide Email: [email protected] Oxfam Web: www.fnc.org.zw Action Contre la Faim Food and Agriculture Organisation World Food Programme United States Agency for International Development FEWS NET The Baseline work was coordinated by the Food and Nutrition Council (FNC) with Save the Children providing technical leadership on behalf of ZimVAC. Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee August 2011 Page | 1 Zimbabwe Rural Livelihood Baselines Synthesis Report 2011 Acknowledgements Funding for the Zimbabwe Livelihoods Baseline Project was provided by the Department for International Development (DFID) and the European Commission (EC). The work was implemented under the auspices of the Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee chaired by George Kembo. Daison Ngirazi and Jerome Bernard from Save the Children Zimbabwe provided management and technical leadership. The Household Economy Approach Committee comprised of the Food and Nutrition Council, Action Contre la Faim, Concern Worldwide in Zimbabwe, Food and Agriculture Organisation, FEWS Net, Oxfam GB and Save the Children led the field work. Technical support and report writing for the project was provided by Waddington Chinogwenya of FEG Consulting. Page | 2 Zimbabwe Rural Livelihood Baselines Synthesis Report 2011 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures and Tables .......................................................................................................................... 4 Glossary of Terms and Acronyms .............................................................................................................. 5 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................7 1. Background .............................................................................................................................. 12 1.1. Transformation of the Commercial Agricultural Sector .............................................................. 13 1.2. The Macro-level Financial Crisis and the Household Economy .................................................. 13 1.3. HIV/AIDS and the New Household .............................................................................................. 14 1.4. Multi -currency System and Stabilization of the Economy ......................................................... 14 2. What Are the Key Factors Shaping Livelihood Patterns .............................................................. 15 2.1. Livelihood Zone Descriptions ...................................................................................................... 17 3. How is Wealth Defined across Livelihood Zones ........................................................................ 22 3.1. Trends in the Distribution of Productive Assets across Livelihood Zones .................................. 22 3.2. What Are the Causes for Differences in Land Utilization? .......................................................... 23 3.3. Livestock Ownership and Wealth ............................................................................................... 25 4. What Options Exist for Obtaining Food and Cash ....................................................................... 26 4.1. What Are the Main Sources of Food? ......................................................................................... 26 4.2. What Are the Main Sources of Cash Income? ............................................................................ 28 4.3. What are Rural Communities Spending Cash On? ...................................................................... 29 5. Which Livelihood Zones Have the Least (and Highest) Total Incomes .......................................... 30 6. How Well Do the Total Incomes Compare To Poverty Thresholds ............................................... 33 6.1. Comparing Total Incomes to the Survival Threshold ....................................................................... 33 6.2. Comparing Total Incomes to National Poverty Lines ....................................................................... 34 6.3. Scenario Analysis: Understanding the Effect of Selected Hazards to Food Security ....................... 36 6.4. How Do Households Cope With the Initial Effects of a Shock? ....................................................... 39 6. Programming Implications ........................................................................................................ 39 Annex 1: List of Zimbabwe Provinces and districts ................................................................................. 41 Annex 2: Household Food Sources for All Wealth Groups and Livelihood Zones .................................. 42 Annex 3: Household Income Sources for All Wealth Groups and Livelihood Zones............................... 43 Annex 4: Household Expenditure Patterns for All Wealth Groups and Livelihood Zones ...................... 44 Page | 3 Zimbabwe Rural Livelihood Baselines Synthesis Report 2011 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: Administrative Map of Zimbabwe............................................................................................ 12 Figure 2: Natural Farming Regions of Zimbabwe .................................................................................... 15 Figure 3: Livelihood Zone Map of Zimbabwe .......................................................................................... 17 Figure 4: Wealth Breakdown by Agro-Ecology and Livelihood Types ..................................................... 22 Figure 5: Amount of land Cultivated with Different Asset Combinations Across Livelihood Zones ....... 24 Figure 6: Weighted Average Cattle and Goat Holding ............................................................................ 25 Figure 7: Better-off Households Sources of Food ................................................................................... 26 Figure 8: Poor Households’ Sources of Food .......................................................................................... 27 Figure 9: Eleven Livelihood Zones with the Highest Better-off Cash Income ......................................... 28 Figure 10: Crops sold by Better-off Households ..................................................................................... 28 Figure 11: Poor Households’ Sources of Cash Income ............................................................................ 29 Figure 12: Crops sold by Poor Households ............................................................................................. 29 Figure 13: Livelihood Zones with Highest Expenditure on Staple Food - weighted average ................. 30 Figure 14: Livelihood Zones with Lowest Expenditure on Staple Food - weighted average ................. 30 Figure 15: Poor Households’ Total Income along Zimbabwe’s Border Zones (Monetary value) ........... 31 Figure 16: Poor Households’ Total Income along Zimbabwe’s Border Livelihood Zones (Kilocalorie equivalent) .............................................................................................................................................. 31 Figure 17: Poor Households with Highest Total Income (Kilocalorie equivalent) .................................. 32 Figure 18: Poor Households with Highest Total Income (Monetary Value) ........................................... 32 Figure 19: Comparison of Highest and Lowest Total Incomes Against the Survival Threshold- Poor Households.............................................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 20: Highest Total Incomes Compared to National Poverty Lines ................................................ 34 Figure 21: Livelihood Protection Deficit or Surplus Resulting from 100% Crop loss .............................. 37 Figure 22: Livelihood Protection Deficit or Surplus Resulting from 100% Loss of Agriculture Labour Income .................................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 23: Survival and Livelihood Protection Deficit or Surplus Resulting from 100% Loss of Livestock Income ....................................................................................................................................