Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture
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Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture Volume 9 Pandora Project Stage 2: four more seasons of excavation at the Pandora historic shipwreck by Peter Gesner Minister: Annastacia Palaszczuk MP, Premier and Minister for the Arts CEO: Suzanne Miller, BSc(Hons), PhD, FGS, FMinSoc, FAIMM, FGSA , FRSSA Editor in Chief: J.N.A. Hooper, PhD Issue Editor: Geraldine Mate, PhD PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE BOARD 2016 © Queensland Museum PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Australia Phone: +61 (0) 7 3840 7555 Fax: +61 (0) 7 3846 1226 Web: qm.qld.gov.au National Library of Australia card number ISSN 2205-3220 COVER Cover image: Ship-remains/photomosaic. Queensland Museum. NOTE Papers published in this volume and in all previous volumes of the Memoirs of the Queensland Museum may be reproduced for scientific research, individual study or other educational purposes. Properly acknowledged quotations may be made but queries regarding the republication of any papers should be addressed to the CEO. Copies of the journal can be purchased from the Queensland Museum Shop. A Guide to Authors is displayed on the Queensland Museum website qm.qld.gov.au A Queensland Government Project Design and Layout: Tanya Edbrooke, Queensland Museum Printed by Watson, Ferguson & Company CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This publication has been prepared to extract of the Logbook of HMS Pandora, present the findings of Stage 2 of the Pandora transcribed and annotated; these sections excavations conducted between 1996 and 2000 present an account of the Pandora’s last under the auspices of the Queensland Museum voyage, wrecking and the subsequent (QM) and largely funded by The Pandora travails of some of her crew. Foundation. This volume builds on the work Detailed reports of five seasons of fieldwork published in 2000 in Volume 2(1) of the Memoirs are presented in Chapter 5. The outcomes of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage of excavation are reported in the Artefact Series by Peter Gesner and Janet Campbell, covering the results of earlier QM fieldwork Catalogue (Chapter 6) and preliminary during five seasons of excavation at the wreck analysis of artefact deposition and analysis of HMS Pandora, the Royal Navy frigate sent (Chapter 7). Summary discussion is into the South Pacific in 1790 to recapture presented at the end of the volume. A range HMAV Bounty and bring home to Britain for of appendices include additional research punishment the ‘pirates’ who had taken her material and a report by Warren Delaney of from her legitimate captain. the excavation of the bow section. This volume (Volume 9) has been prepared Our understanding of the Pandora collection to ensure that the body of work from is continuing to evolve with ongoing artefact the Pandora project is published, and to analysis, conservation and research. As the encourage further access and research on collection contains more than 5600 records, the Pandora collection, the mainstay of the and excavation was discontinued after the QM’s Maritime Archaeology (MA) collection 1999 field season, it will be appreciated that held in the Museum of Tropical Queensland this report is to be considered as a progress (MTQ) in Townsville, North Queensland. update rather than the final word on the Pandora collection. As such, the collection In this volume, an examination of the should also be considered a ‘living’ and contextual history of the Pandora, expanding changing entity. on historical research undertaken as background to archaeological work is To begin this next part of the documentation presented (Chapter 2). Details of the people of the Pandora project, the context of the on board the Pandora are further explored wreck’s discovery and work during project using a range of archival resources (Chapter Stage 1 (Gesner, 2000) are recapitulated in the 3) and Chapter 4 presents a comprehensive following section. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture 9 2016 | 1 Peter Gesner FIG. 1. Location of Pandora Wreck Site. 2 | Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture 9 2016 Introduction THE PANDORA SITE LOCATION The Pandora wreck is located within Pandora In November 1977, 186 years after its loss, the Entrance, approximately 6km (3.4 nautical wreck of the Pandora was officially reported miles) to the north-west of Moulter Cay. to the Commonwealth’s Minister for Home Moulter Cay was referred to as ‘Entrance Affairs and Environment by Steve Domm, Cay’ by Captain Edwards to distinguish John Heyer and Ben Cropp. Its discovery it from ‘Escape Cay’ where the survivors was the result of a methodical search based spent two nights after the wreck.2 These cays on analysis of historical information that are among three sand cays3 lying within had been carried out by John Heyer and Pandora Entrance4; they are on the outer Steve Domm prior to their fieldwork; they Great Barrier Reef, approximately 100 miles had also arranged aerial assistance from east-south-east of Cape York, on the edge the RAAF to locate the wreck. Eyewitnesses of the Coral Sea (figure 1). Their location is on the Pandora, Captain Edwards, James remote. Lying in far northern Great Barrier Morrison and George Hamilton, had Reef (GBR) waters, the site is geographically mentioned that the survivors had made closer to Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea their way to a small sand cay several miles and to Thursday Island in the Torres Strait from the wreck. Morrison said this cay than to Townsville or Cairns, the two closest was between 2½ to 3 miles distant (Rutter, major mainland Australian ports. Depending 1935:128), while Hamilton gave a distance of on weather and sea conditions, it takes 4 miles (Hamilton, 1793:108) and Edwards nearly three days (approximately 65 hours had also given a bearing and an estimated continuous steaming) for an expedition distance. Based on this information, Heyer vessel to get to the wreck from Townsville; and Domm had delineated a search area for or approximately 50 hours continuous the RAAF aircraft within Pandora Entrance. steaming from Cairns. Their reasoning proved justified in light of Raine Island, with its historic, convict-built subsequent events, i.e. the wreck’s location and restored beacon5, is 13 miles to the south was accurately narrowed-down by the of the wreck site; while the closest terrestrial RAAF and subsequently pin-pointed within islands – the Sir Charles Hardy Islands – are the delineated area inside Pandora Entrance approximately 55 miles to the south-west, off (pers comm. John Heyer, 1994). Cape Grenville. A magnetometer carried by an RAAF The Pandora struck an isolated cluster of small Neptune maritime reconnaissance aircraft reef pinnacles, running aground on a larger, indicated the approximate location of crescent-shaped reef which is unofficially the wreck within the area that had been referred to as Pandora’s reef (figure 2). This delineated by Heyer and Domm. The was borne out by the discovery on the wreck’s exact location – very near the spot reef top of a bronze rudder fitting, pieces where a flare had been dropped by the of copper (hull) sheathing, copper alloy RAAF’s Neptune – was discovered the tacks and an iron swivel gun. The distance next day by Ron Bell, one of the divers in between Pandora’s and ‘West’ reefs is Ben Cropp’s team (Cropp, 1980:80). The approximately 250 metres. The location of site was immediately declared protected the first bower anchor, that was dropped under the Commonwealth’s, then recently immediately after the vessel got off the reef, promulgated, Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976.1 has not yet been determined. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture 9 2016 | 3 Peter Gesner FIG. 2. The configuration of the three small reefs around the wreck, which is located approximately 75 metres to the east of ‘West Reef’. FIG. 3. Escape Cay, 1999. (Photo: Gary Cranitch, Queensland Museum). 4 | Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture 9 2016 Introduction ENVIRONMENT depositional history of the seabed layer is imperfectly understood in spite of Three relatively stable sand cays in Pandora preliminary attempts at analysis (Carter & Entrance represent the only ‘land’ within a 8 Hooper 1993; Ward et al., 1999). kilometer radius of the wreck. Based on James Morrison’s account that Escape Cay6 was the ‘middle of three cays’ inside Pandora Entrance IDENTIFICATION (Rutter, 1935:128), Cay 11-091 is thought to be A survey to confirm the identity of the wreck the sand cay (figure 3) the survivors stayed on and to assess its archaeological potential for the two nights before leaving the wreck was commissioned by the Commonwealth scene for Timor in the four remaining ships’ Department of Home Affairs & Environment boats (Gesner 2000b:13) see also figure 9. and carried out in April 1979. The archaeologist who conducted the survey was Sea conditions Graeme Henderson, who was accompanied by photographer Patrick Baker; both from Although the wreck lies well inside Pandora the Western Australian Maritime Museum Entrance, it is exposed in the east to swells (WAMM) (Henderson, 1979). from the Coral Sea generated by prevailing easterly winds, especially between May and Rudder fittings, retrieved from the wreck by December; which is the season of the South the finders in November 1977, were sent East Trade winds. to the WAMM’s Fremantle laboratory for conservation and further investigation. Directly to the east, south-east and west, the One of these fittings – a pintle – was wreck is surrounded by two reef outcrops subsequently found to be marked with and a pinnacle that offer some protection a series of dots punched onto the surface by breaking-up to some extent the ocean in the form of the number ‘24’. It also swells that roll-in through Pandora Entrance. had the name ‘FORBES’ embossed on Moreover, the reefs and pinnacle also deflect it, in addition to a broad arrow, which the flow of currents across the site.