DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolutionary Dynamics of Tyrannosauroid Dinosaurs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolutionary Dynamics of Tyrannosauroid Dinosaurs Facultat de Ciències Memòria del Treball Final de Grau Títol del treball: Evolutionary Dynamics of Tyrannosauroid Dinosaurs Estudiant: Laia Garcia Escolà Grau en biologia Correu electrònic: [email protected] Tutor: Sandra Heras Mena Cotutor: Albert Prieto Márquez Empresa/institució: ICP (Institut Català de Paleontologia) Vistiplau tutor (i cotutor): Nom del tutor: Sandra Heras Mena ([email protected]) Nom del cotutor: Albert Prieto Márquez ([email protected]) Empresa/ institució: Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont Data de dipòsit de la memòria a secretaria de coordinació: 03/06/2019 Evolutionary Dynamics of Tyrannosauroid Dinosaurs Laia Garcia Escolà Abstract This study explores the evolutionary dynamics of tyrannosauroid dinosaurs, a successful clade of basal coelurosaur theropods. This is accomplished by estimating rates of evolution using the Claddis R package. Morphological diversity was measured from discrete character data and estimates of evolutionary tempo on current phylogenetic hypotheses of tyrannosauroid relationships. In this work it is shown the process to obtain the set of necessary documents to obtain the results with the script to finally calculated it with R. In this set of previous documents are included a matrix character, that gather a series of different characters associated with the different taxa into the clade. It is also added a temporary range of each taxon and a consensus phylogenetic tree made by phylogenetic analysis under parsimony. All of them obtained through different software (Mesquite, TNT and R) and necessaries to run the script to obtain the seek resultants rates. Evolutionary rates were estimated for different anatomical regions of the tyrannosauroid skeleton, including the skull and mandible, the post cranial body and the whole-body. These phylogenetic trees include the rate calculation, the mode and tempo of changes produced in each node, to perceive possible acceleration or deacceleration of morphological evolution on the different branches of this clade. To help with the conclusions and discussions of the study it is assessed a relationship between tyrannosauroid evolution and the body mass of their potential prey, ceratopsians and ornithopods through time. The results indicate that the mandible was a driver of the increasing mass of the skull in tyrannosauroids, accompanied by an increase of the size of the posterior region of the skeleton and the reduction of the forelimbs. An important conclusion of this study is that the increasing skull size facilitates a greater bite force. The relationship between tyrannosauroids body mass and that of their potential preys indicates that is boosting, which could be a case of arms race, being a potential cause of this mandible adaptation, which is supported by different studies. I Evolutionary Dynamics of Tyrannosauroid Dinosaurs Laia Garcia Escolà Resum Aquest treball estudia la dinàmica evolutiva dels dinosaures tiranosauroides, un exitós clade basal de teròpodes coelurosaures. Això s’aconsegueix mitjançant l'estimació de les taxes d’evolució utilitzant un paquet estadístic, anomenat Claddis, per al programa R. La diversitat morfològica es mesura a partir de dades de caràcter discret i estimacions del temps evolutiu sobre les hipòtesis filogenètiques actuals de les relacions dels tiranosauroides. En aquests treball es mostra el procés per a obtenir un conjunt de documents necessaris per a poder obtenir els resultats a través d’un script i que puguin ser finalment calculats amb el programa estadístic R. En aquest conjunt de documents anteriors s’inclouen una matriu de caràcters, que recull una sèrie de diferents caràcters associats als diferents tàxons del clade. També s’afegeix un rang temporal de cada taxó i un arbre filogenètic consens obtingut a partir d’un anàlisi filogenètic sota parsimònia. Tots ells, necessaris per executar l’script, obtenir les taxes resultants i obtinguts a través de diferents programes (Mesquite, TNT i R). Les taxes evolutives es calculen per a cada region anatòmica de l’esquelet dels tiranosauroides, les quals es divideixen en el crani i la mandíbula, el crani sense la mandíbula, en el cos post cranial i en el cos sencer. Aquests arbres filogenètics inclouen el càlcul de la velocitat, el mode i el temps dels canvis produïts a cada node, per percebre una possible acceleració o desacceleració de l’evolució morfològica a les diferents branques d’aquest clade. Per ajudar amb les conclusions i la discussió sobre l’estudi, s’avalua la relació entre l’evolució de la massa corporal dels tiranosauroides i de les seves preses potencials, ceratopsians i ornitòpodes a través del temps. Finalment, els resultats indiquen que la mandíbula va ser un dels principals motors en l’augment de la massa del crani en tiranosauroides, acompanyada d’un augment de la mida de la regió posterior de l’esquelet i la reducció de les extremitats anteriors. Una conclusió important d’aquest estudi és que l’augment de la mida del crani facilita una major força de mossegada. La relació entre la massa corporal dels tiranosauroides i la de les seves preses potencials indica que està augmentant de manera similar, cosa que podria ser un cas d’ “arms race”, sent la causa potencial d'aquesta adaptació de la mandíbula i recolzada en diferents estudis. II Evolutionary Dynamics of Tyrannosauroid Dinosaurs Laia Garcia Escolà Resumen Este trabajo estudia la dinámica evolutiva de los dinosaurios tiranosauroides, un exitoso clado basal de terópodos coelurosaures. Esto se consigue mediante la estimación de las tasas de evolución utilizando el paquete estadístico Claddis para R. La diversidad morfológica se mide a partir de datos de carácter discreto y estimaciones del tiempo evolutivo sobre las hipótesis filogenéticas actuales de las relaciones de los tiranosauroides. En este trabajo se muestra el proceso de obtención de un conjunto de documentos necesarios para el calculo mediante un script para R. En este conjunto de documentos anteriores incluyen una matriz de caracteres, que recoge una serie de diferentes caracteres asociados a los diferentes taxones del clado. También se añade un rango temporal de cada taxón y un árbol filogenético consenso obtenido a partir de un análisis filogenético bajo parsimonia. Todos ellos, necesarios para ejecutar el script, obtener las tasas resultantes y obtenidos a través de diferentes programas (Mesquite, TNT y R). Las tasas evolutivas se calculan para cada región anatómica del esqueleto de los tiranosauroides, las cuales se dividen en el cráneo y la mandíbula, el cráneo sin la mandíbula, en el cuerpo post craneal y en el cuerpo entero. Estos árboles filogenéticos incluyen el cálculo de la velocidad, el modo y el tiempo de los cambios producidos en cada nodo, para percibir una posible aceleración o desaceleración de la evolución morfológica en las diferentes ramas de esta categoría filogenética. Para ayudar con las conclusiones y la discusión sobre el estudio, se evalúa la relación entre la evolución de la masa corporal de los tiranosauroides y de sus presas potenciales, ceratopsians y ornitópodos a través del tiempo. Finalmente, los resultados indican que la mandíbula fue uno de los principales motores en el aumento de la masa del cráneo en tiranosauroides, acompañada de un aumento del tamaño de la región posterior del esqueleto y la reducción de las extremidades anteriores. Una conclusión importante de este estudio es que el aumento del tamaño del cráneo facilita una mayor fuerza de mordida. La relación entre la masa corporal de los tiranosauroides y la de sus presas potenciales indica que está aumentando de manera similar, lo que podría ser un caso de “arms race”, siendo la causa potencial de esta adaptación de la mandíbula y apoyada en diferentes estudios. III Index Introduction ………….………………………..……….………..…..…… 2 Objectives ……………………………………………….……….…….…… 5 Methodology …………………………………………………………..…. 6 Ethics and sustainability …………..…………………………….… 11 Results ……………………………………………………………………… 11 Discussion ……………………………………………….………………… 20 Conclusion …………………………………………..……………………. 22 Acknowledgment …………………..…………………………….…… 22 References ………………………………………….…………………….. 23 Evolutionary Dynamics of Tyrannosauroid Dinosaurs Laia Garcia Escolà Introduction Tyrannosauroids, are a clade of theropod dinosaurs spanning the Middle Jurassic through the latest Cretaceous (Osborn, 1905; Gauthier, 1986; Brussate et al., 2010). Their fossil record is distributed among Eurasia, the Americas and Australia (Lyson, 2010) (Figure 1). Although is been revealed in recent studies that the distribution of tyrannosauroids could have been cosmopolitan it’s not formally probed, as some authors believed that tyrannosauroids were absent from the most arid paleoenvironments (Holtz, 2004). Figure 1. Representation map of the tyrannosauroids distribution in an actual Earth map. Colours on the map match with the colours of the geological periods below. This clade includes some of the most iconic carnivorous dinosaurs, such as Tyrannosaurus rex. Tyrannosauroids have been an iconic clade since the beginning of the twentieth century. (Osborn, 1905). For much of the century, these animals were included within the carnosaur group (Brussate et al., 2010). Carnosaurs included all the large theropods, some of them of gigantic size, like T. rex. 2 Evolutionary Dynamics of Tyrannosauroid Dinosaurs Laia Garcia Escolà Before the advent of cladistics, the relationship of dinosaurs and other fossil organisms followed a Linnaean classification scheme. Subsequently,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fused and Vaulted Nasals of Tyrannosaurid Dinosaurs: Implications for Cranial Strength and Feeding Mechanics
    Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics ERIC SNIVELY, DONALD M. HENDERSON, and DOUG S. PHILLIPS Snively, E., Henderson, D.M., and Phillips, D.S. 2006. Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (3): 435–454. Tyrannosaurid theropods display several unusual adaptations of the skulls and teeth. Their nasals are fused and vaulted, suggesting that these elements braced the cranium against high feeding forces. Exceptionally high strengths of maxillary teeth in Tyrannosaurus rex indicate that it could exert relatively greater feeding forces than other tyrannosaurids. Areas and second moments of area of the nasals, calculated from CT cross−sections, show higher nasal strengths for large tyrannosaurids than for Allosaurus fragilis. Cross−sectional geometry of theropod crania reveals high second moments of area in tyrannosaurids, with resulting high strengths in bending and torsion, when compared with the crania of similarly sized theropods. In tyrannosaurids trends of strength increase are positively allomeric and have similar allometric expo− nents, indicating correlated progression towards unusually high strengths of the feeding apparatus. Fused, arched nasals and broad crania of tyrannosaurids are consistent with deep bites that impacted bone and powerful lateral movements of the head for dismembering prey. Key words: Theropoda, Carnosauria, Tyrannosauridae, biomechanics, feeding mechanics, computer modeling, com− puted tomography. Eric Snively [[email protected]], Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; Donald M. Henderson [[email protected]], Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Box 7500, Drumheller, Alberta T0J 0Y0, Canada; Doug S.
    [Show full text]
  • Offer Your Guests a Visually Stunning and Interactive Experience They Won’T Find Anywhere Else World of Animals
    Creative Arts & Attractions Offer Your Guests a Visually Stunning and Interactive Experience They Won’t Find Anywhere Else World of Animals Entertain guests with giant illuminated, eye-catching displays of animals from around the world. Animal displays are made in the ancient Eastern tradition of lantern-making with 3-D metal frames, fiberglass, and acrylic materials. Unique and captivating displays will provide families and friends with a lifetime of memories. Animatronic Dinosaurs Fascinate patrons with an impressive visual spectacle in our exhibitions. Featured with lifelike appearances, vivid movements and roaring sounds. From the very small to the gigantic dinosaurs, we have them all. Everything needed for a realistic and immersive experience for your patrons. Providing interactive options for your event including riding dinosaurs and dinosaur inflatable slides. Enhancing your merchandise stores with dinosaur balloons and toys. Animatronic Dinosaur Options Abelisaurus Maiasaura Acrocanthosaurus Megalosaurus Agilisaurus Olorotitan arharensis Albertosaurus Ornithomimus Allosaurus Ouranosaurus nigeriensis Ankylosaurus Oviraptor philoceratops Apatosaurus Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis Archaeopteryx Parasaurolophus Baryonyx Plateosaurus Brachiosaurus Protoceratops andrewsi Carcharodontosaurus Pterosauria Carnotaurus Pteranodon longiceps Ceratosaurus Raptorex Coelophysis Rugops Compsognathus Spinosaurus Deinonychus Staurikosaurus pricei Dilophosaurus Stegoceras Diplodocus Stegosaurus Edmontosaurus Styracosaurus Eoraptor Lunensis Suchomimus
    [Show full text]
  • Late Jurassic Theropod Dinosaur Bones from the Langenberg Quarry
    Late Jurassic theropod dinosaur bones from the Langenberg Quarry (Lower Saxony, Germany) provide evidence for several theropod lineages in the central European archipelago Serjoscha W. Evers1 and Oliver Wings2 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland 2 Zentralmagazin Naturwissenschaftlicher Sammlungen, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany ABSTRACT Marine limestones and marls in the Langenberg Quarry provide unique insights into a Late Jurassic island ecosystem in central Europe. The beds yield a varied assemblage of terrestrial vertebrates including extremely rare bones of theropod from theropod dinosaurs, which we describe here for the first time. All of the theropod bones belong to relatively small individuals but represent a wide taxonomic range. The material comprises an allosauroid small pedal ungual and pedal phalanx, a ceratosaurian anterior chevron, a left fibula of a megalosauroid, and a distal caudal vertebra of a tetanuran. Additionally, a small pedal phalanx III-1 and the proximal part of a small right fibula can be assigned to indeterminate theropods. The ontogenetic stages of the material are currently unknown, although the assignment of some of the bones to juvenile individuals is plausible. The finds confirm the presence of several taxa of theropod dinosaurs in the archipelago and add to our growing understanding of theropod diversity and evolution during the Late Jurassic of Europe. Submitted 13 November 2019 Accepted 19 December 2019 Subjects Paleontology,
    [Show full text]
  • The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Second Edition
    MASS ESTIMATES - DINOSAURS ETC (largely based on models) taxon k model femur length* model volume ml x specific gravity = model mass g specimen (modeled 1st):kilograms:femur(or other long bone length)usually in decameters kg = femur(or other long bone)length(usually in decameters)3 x k k = model volume in ml x specific gravity(usually for whole model) then divided/model femur(or other long bone)length3 (in most models femur in decameters is 0.5253 = 0.145) In sauropods the neck is assigned a distinct specific gravity; in dinosaurs with large feathers their mass is added separately; in dinosaurs with flight ablity the mass of the fight muscles is calculated separately as a range of possiblities SAUROPODS k femur trunk neck tail total neck x 0.6 rest x0.9 & legs & head super titanosaur femur:~55000-60000:~25:00 Argentinosaurus ~4 PVPH-1:~55000:~24.00 Futalognkosaurus ~3.5-4 MUCPv-323:~25000:19.80 (note:downsize correction since 2nd edition) Dreadnoughtus ~3.8 “ ~520 ~75 50 ~645 0.45+.513=.558 MPM-PV 1156:~26000:19.10 Giraffatitan 3.45 .525 480 75 25 580 .045+.455=.500 HMN MB.R.2181:31500(neck 2800):~20.90 “XV2”:~45000:~23.50 Brachiosaurus ~4.15 " ~590 ~75 ~25 ~700 " +.554=~.600 FMNH P25107:~35000:20.30 Europasaurus ~3.2 “ ~465 ~39 ~23 ~527 .023+.440=~.463 composite:~760:~6.20 Camarasaurus 4.0 " 542 51 55 648 .041+.537=.578 CMNH 11393:14200(neck 1000):15.25 AMNH 5761:~23000:18.00 juv 3.5 " 486 40 55 581 .024+.487=.511 CMNH 11338:640:5.67 Chuanjiesaurus ~4.1 “ ~550 ~105 ~38 ~693 .063+.530=.593 Lfch 1001:~10700:13.75 2 M.
    [Show full text]
  • At Carowinds
    at Carowinds EDUCATOR’S GUIDE CLASSROOM LESSON PLANS & FIELD TRIP ACTIVITIES Table of Contents at Carowinds Introduction The Field Trip ................................... 2 The Educator’s Guide ....................... 3 Field Trip Activity .................................. 4 Lesson Plans Lesson 1: Form and Function ........... 6 Lesson 2: Dinosaur Detectives ....... 10 Lesson 3: Mesozoic Math .............. 14 Lesson 4: Fossil Stories.................. 22 Games & Puzzles Crossword Puzzles ......................... 29 Logic Puzzles ................................. 32 Word Searches ............................... 37 Answer Keys ...................................... 39 Additional Resources © 2012 Dinosaurs Unearthed Recommended Reading ................. 44 All rights reserved. Except for educational fair use, no portion of this guide may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any Dinosaur Data ................................ 45 means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other without Discovering Dinosaurs .................... 52 explicit prior permission from Dinosaurs Unearthed. Multiple copies may only be made by or for the teacher for class use. Glossary .............................................. 54 Content co-created by TurnKey Education, Inc. and Dinosaurs Unearthed, 2012 Standards www.turnkeyeducation.net www.dinosaursunearthed.com Curriculum Standards .................... 59 Introduction The Field Trip From the time of the first exhibition unveiled in 1854 at the Crystal
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Ecology of Spinosaurus: Shoreline Generalist Or Aquatic Pursuit Specialist?
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: Shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist? David W.E. Hone and Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. ABSTRACT The giant theropod Spinosaurus was an unusual animal and highly derived in many ways, and interpretations of its ecology remain controversial. Recent papers have added considerable knowledge of the anatomy of the genus with the discovery of a new and much more complete specimen, but this has also brought new and dramatic interpretations of its ecology as a highly specialised semi-aquatic animal that actively pursued aquatic prey. Here we assess the arguments about the functional morphology of this animal and the available data on its ecology and possible habits in the light of these new finds. We conclude that based on the available data, the degree of adapta- tions for aquatic life are questionable, other interpretations for the tail fin and other fea- tures are supported (e.g., socio-sexual signalling), and the pursuit predation hypothesis for Spinosaurus as a “highly specialized aquatic predator” is not supported. In contrast, a ‘wading’ model for an animal that predominantly fished from shorelines or within shallow waters is not contradicted by any line of evidence and is well supported. Spinosaurus almost certainly fed primarily from the water and may have swum, but there is no evidence that it was a specialised aquatic pursuit predator. David W.E. Hone. Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. [email protected] Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA and Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Dinosaurs British Isles
    DINOSAURS of the BRITISH ISLES Dean R. Lomax & Nobumichi Tamura Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett (Natural History Museum, London) Skeletal reconstructions by Scott Hartman, Jaime A. Headden & Gregory S. Paul Life and scene reconstructions by Nobumichi Tamura & James McKay CONTENTS Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett.............................................................................10 Foreword by the authors........................................................................................11 Acknowledgements................................................................................................12 Museum and institutional abbreviations...............................................................13 Introduction: An age-old interest..........................................................................16 What is a dinosaur?................................................................................................18 The question of birds and the ‘extinction’ of the dinosaurs..................................25 The age of dinosaurs..............................................................................................30 Taxonomy: The naming of species.......................................................................34 Dinosaur classification...........................................................................................37 Saurischian dinosaurs............................................................................................39 Theropoda............................................................................................................39
    [Show full text]
  • Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in Later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica
    Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Theropod Guild Structure and the Tyrannosaurid Niche Assimilation Hypothesis: Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Manuscript ID cjes-2020-0174.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 04-Jan-2021 Author: Complete List of Authors: Holtz, Thomas; University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Geology; NationalDraft Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology Keyword: Dinosaur, Ontogeny, Theropod, Paleocology, Mesozoic, Tyrannosauridae Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Tribute to Dale Russell Issue? : © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 1 of 91 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1 Theropod Guild Structure and the Tyrannosaurid Niche Assimilation Hypothesis: 2 Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous 3 Asiamerica 4 5 6 Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 7 8 Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA 9 Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013 USA 10 Email address: [email protected] 11 ORCID: 0000-0002-2906-4900 Draft 12 13 Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 14 Department of Geology 15 8000 Regents Drive 16 University of Maryland 17 College Park, MD 20742 18 USA 19 Phone: 1-301-405-4084 20 Fax: 1-301-314-9661 21 Email address: [email protected] 22 23 1 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 2 of 91 24 ABSTRACT 25 Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show 26 greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50kg) theropod taxa than communities of the 27 Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia.
    [Show full text]
  • Edentulism, Beaks, and Biomechanical Innovations in the Evolution of Theropod Dinosaurs
    Edentulism, beaks, and biomechanical innovations in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs Stephan Lautenschlagera,1, Lawrence M. Witmerb, Perle Altangerelc, and Emily J. Rayfielda aSchool of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom; bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701; and cMongolian Museum of Natural History, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 21, Mongolia Edited by Ophir Klein, University of California, San Francisco, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board November 3, 2013 (received for review June 5, 2013) Maniraptoriformes, the speciose group of derived theropod dino- a prime example for the diverse skeletal modifications occurring saurs that ultimately gave rise to modern birds, display a diverse in the maniraptoriform bauplan. Their basal position among and remarkable suite of skeletal adaptations. Apart from the Maniraptora (12) makes therizinosaurians of special interest in evolution of flight, a large-scale change in dietary behavior appears terms of the evolutionary functional relevance of these features. to have been one of the main triggers for specializations in the Due to their highly unusual and peculiar skeletal morphology, bauplan of these derived theropods. Among the different skeletal therizinosaurians have been the focus of many taxonomic and pa- specializations, partial or even complete edentulism and the de- leoecological controversies since the discovery of the first speci- velopment of keratinous beaks form a recurring and persistent trend mens. Numerous discoveries in recent decades have substantiated in from the evolution of derived nonavian dinosaurs. Therizinosauria therizinosaurians as specialized, even bizarre, theropod dinosaurs is an enigmatic maniraptoriform clade, whose members display these (12–14).
    [Show full text]
  • For Immediate Release Perot Museum's 2018-2019 Season Lineup Is an Exploration of Timeless Innovation from the Discoveries Of
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE PEROT MUSEUM’S 2018-2019 SEASON LINEUP IS AN EXPLORATION OF TIMELESS INNOVATION FROM THE DISCOVERIES OF NEW PREHISTORIC SPECIES TO THE CREATIVE ENGINEERING OF THE FUTURE Two traveling exhibitions – Ultimate Dinosaurs and The Art of the Brick – headline the season, alongside fan favorites such as Social Science nights, sleepovers, National Geographic Live speakers, Discovery Camps and a whole month dedicated to makers, innovators and creators DALLAS (Sept. 12, 2018) – Millions of LEGO® bricks used to create everything from the masterpieces of Da Vinci and Van Gogh to feats of engineering will intrigue guests as part of the spectacular The Art of the Brick traveling exhibition, which will headline the 2018-2019 season lineup at the Perot Museum of Nature and Science. And a fascinating display of mostly unknown dinosaurs from below the equator, plus dozens of events and programs – including a brilliant cast of National Geographic speakers, adults-only nights, new 3D films, sleepovers and seasonal camps – round out the season. Receiving rave reviews from its other national tour stops, The Art of the Brick (Feb. 23-Aug. 18, 2019) features LEGO® bricks of every size used to construct stunning works of art and structural marvels (such as the Mona Lisa, the statues of David, Venus de Milo and Augustus of Prima Porta, a T. rex, Hokusai's The Great Wave off Kanagawa and more). The popular exhibition Ultimate Dinosaurs continues through Jan. 6, 2019, bringing to life 17 incredible dinosaurs from the southern hemisphere including the Giganotosaurus (South America’s “king of the jungle” predator), Argentinosaurus (the world’s heaviest dinosaur) and other species unfamiliar to many North Americans.
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistoric Planet 3D PUBLISHING PACK for MUSEUM USE on SOCIAL PLATFORMS
    Walking with Dinosaurs: Prehistoric Planet 3D PUBLISHING PACK FOR MUSEUM USE ON SOCIAL PLATFORMS COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL Using this pack This pack outlines content examples for posts which fall under 7 content “pillars” (Continuing the Story, Box Office Promotion, Leveraging Other Assets, Branded Infographics, Branded Fact Files, Conversation Tools, and Behind-the-Scenes Videos). The copy provided with each post is recommended but not compulsory. Museums may want to add promotional messaging, although we’d advise not over-saturating content with these messages. Understanding the assets Each complete piece of content has been packaged individually to allow the publishing process to be as simple and efficient as possible. The platform(s) the copy is designed for (Facebook, Instagram, Proposed copy to be used in Image Twitter) conjunction with adjacent image Image no. COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL Understanding the assets cont. Beneath each example post in this PDF will be a figure number which corresponds to an asset found in the “Publishing Assets” folder also supplied in this pack. In the “Publishing Assets” folder this figure number will be followed by a set of letters which outline the platforms the content is optimised for; FB = Facebook TW = Twitter INSTA = Instagram COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL Publishing best practices To extract the optimum performance out of this Publishing Pack, theAudience advises the following best publishing practises. Following these principles will maximise the content’s potential in engaging an audience on social. Keep copy as short as possible theAudience has proposed copy to accompany each individual image in this pack. This copy can be used as an example with sales messages attached (or can be changed completely) although we would advise not directly marketing the film in more than 60% of the content as sales messages can lose traction when used at a high frequency on social.
    [Show full text]
  • Dino Data Challenge!
    KS2L Mathematics 102221 Statistics/Handling Data Dinosaur Data! Student Introduction Dino Data Challenge! During the course of your visit, find out something Can you use your maths skills to about each of these dinosaurs: find the most popular dinosaur? ü Iguanodon ü Neovenator salerii Which one do you like? In this activity we will determine which are the ü Eotyrannus lengi It might be down to favourite dinosaurs at Dinosaur Isle museum ü Hypsiliphodon features, speed, size, power, using maths skills! ü Valdosaurus looks, or even name! Tally up the responses, pictogram the ü Sauropodomorpha frequencies and figure out who’s best! ü Polacanthus ü Baryonyx Charting your favourite dinosaurs! Task 1 - Tally ü As each student in your group or class tells the teacher which dinosaur they’d like to vote for, you need to mark their answer next to the corresponding dinosaur name on the tally table below. Don’t forget to add your own vote! Isle of Wight Dinosaur TALLY TOTAL Iguanodon Neovenator salerii Eotyrannus lengi Hypsilophodon Valdosaurus Sauropodomorpha Polacanthus Baryonyx Page 1 of 4 Task 2 - Pictogram The frequency of each vote on the tally chart now needs to be shown on the pictogram below. Draw one dinosaur in the correct column for each vote received. Iguanodon Neovenator Eotyrannus Hypsilipho- Valdosaurus Sauropodo- Polacanthus Baryonyx don morpha 102221 Page 2 of 4 OPTIONAL: Cut out and stick dinosaurs! Iguanodon Neovenator Eotyrannus Hypsiliphodon 102221 OPTIONAL: Cut out and stick dinosaurs! Valdosaurus Sauropodomorpha Polacanthus Baryonyx ©2014 Education Destination www.educationdestination.co.uk 102221 Images © Dinosaur Isle.
    [Show full text]