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Fused and Vaulted Nasals of Tyrannosaurid Dinosaurs: Implications for Cranial Strength and Feeding Mechanics
Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics ERIC SNIVELY, DONALD M. HENDERSON, and DOUG S. PHILLIPS Snively, E., Henderson, D.M., and Phillips, D.S. 2006. Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (3): 435–454. Tyrannosaurid theropods display several unusual adaptations of the skulls and teeth. Their nasals are fused and vaulted, suggesting that these elements braced the cranium against high feeding forces. Exceptionally high strengths of maxillary teeth in Tyrannosaurus rex indicate that it could exert relatively greater feeding forces than other tyrannosaurids. Areas and second moments of area of the nasals, calculated from CT cross−sections, show higher nasal strengths for large tyrannosaurids than for Allosaurus fragilis. Cross−sectional geometry of theropod crania reveals high second moments of area in tyrannosaurids, with resulting high strengths in bending and torsion, when compared with the crania of similarly sized theropods. In tyrannosaurids trends of strength increase are positively allomeric and have similar allometric expo− nents, indicating correlated progression towards unusually high strengths of the feeding apparatus. Fused, arched nasals and broad crania of tyrannosaurids are consistent with deep bites that impacted bone and powerful lateral movements of the head for dismembering prey. Key words: Theropoda, Carnosauria, Tyrannosauridae, biomechanics, feeding mechanics, computer modeling, com− puted tomography. Eric Snively [[email protected]], Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; Donald M. Henderson [[email protected]], Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Box 7500, Drumheller, Alberta T0J 0Y0, Canada; Doug S. -
At Carowinds
at Carowinds EDUCATOR’S GUIDE CLASSROOM LESSON PLANS & FIELD TRIP ACTIVITIES Table of Contents at Carowinds Introduction The Field Trip ................................... 2 The Educator’s Guide ....................... 3 Field Trip Activity .................................. 4 Lesson Plans Lesson 1: Form and Function ........... 6 Lesson 2: Dinosaur Detectives ....... 10 Lesson 3: Mesozoic Math .............. 14 Lesson 4: Fossil Stories.................. 22 Games & Puzzles Crossword Puzzles ......................... 29 Logic Puzzles ................................. 32 Word Searches ............................... 37 Answer Keys ...................................... 39 Additional Resources © 2012 Dinosaurs Unearthed Recommended Reading ................. 44 All rights reserved. Except for educational fair use, no portion of this guide may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any Dinosaur Data ................................ 45 means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other without Discovering Dinosaurs .................... 52 explicit prior permission from Dinosaurs Unearthed. Multiple copies may only be made by or for the teacher for class use. Glossary .............................................. 54 Content co-created by TurnKey Education, Inc. and Dinosaurs Unearthed, 2012 Standards www.turnkeyeducation.net www.dinosaursunearthed.com Curriculum Standards .................... 59 Introduction The Field Trip From the time of the first exhibition unveiled in 1854 at the Crystal -
Dinosaurs British Isles
DINOSAURS of the BRITISH ISLES Dean R. Lomax & Nobumichi Tamura Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett (Natural History Museum, London) Skeletal reconstructions by Scott Hartman, Jaime A. Headden & Gregory S. Paul Life and scene reconstructions by Nobumichi Tamura & James McKay CONTENTS Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett.............................................................................10 Foreword by the authors........................................................................................11 Acknowledgements................................................................................................12 Museum and institutional abbreviations...............................................................13 Introduction: An age-old interest..........................................................................16 What is a dinosaur?................................................................................................18 The question of birds and the ‘extinction’ of the dinosaurs..................................25 The age of dinosaurs..............................................................................................30 Taxonomy: The naming of species.......................................................................34 Dinosaur classification...........................................................................................37 Saurischian dinosaurs............................................................................................39 Theropoda............................................................................................................39 -
Geotourism and Geoconservation on the Isle of Wight, UK: Balancing Science with Commerce
Carpenter: Rocky start of Dinosaur National Monument… Geoconservation Research Original Article Geotourism and Geoconservation on the Isle of Wight, UK: Balancing Science with Commerce Martin I. Simpson Lansdowne, Military Rd, Chale, Isle of Wight, PO38 2HH, UK. Abstract The Isle of Wight has a rich and varied geological heritage which attracts scientists, tourists and fossil collectors, both private and commercial. Each party has a role to play in geoconservation and geotourism, but a policy on the long term curation of scientifically important specimens is essential to prevent future conflicts. A new code of conduct is recommended, based on the one adopted on the Jurassic Coast of Dorset. I have spent over 40 years living on the Island and working in the tourist industry running geology field-trips for both academics and tourists, and managing one of the longest running geological gift shops. I see the geological heritage and fossil sites as valuable geotourism assets, and envisage no problems with respect to the scientifically important material provided that a clear collecting policy is adopted, and the local museum generates funding to ensure that significant finds remain on the Island. A positive attitude is recommended in view of past experiences. Corresponding Author: Martin I. Simpson Lansdowne, Military Rd, Chale, Isle of Wight, PO38 2HH, UK. Email: [email protected] Keywords: Palaeontology, Geology, Isle of Wight, Tourism. Introduction with few formations absent, probably one of the best successions of this type in Europe (Fig 1c).Once a larger landmass joined to the mainland The Isle of Wight is a small, vaguely lozenge-shaped island situated as recently as 9000 years ago, what remains as 'Wight Island' or 'Vecta just off the central south coast of England, about 113 km south west of Insula' is eroding away at a rate of one metre per year in places (Munt London (Fig 1a, 1b), renowned for its balmy climate and golden, sandy 2016), but this erosion has produced spectacular scenery and iconic beaches. -
DINOSAUR BOOKLET No. 2 Iguanodon Bernissartensis and Mantellisaurus Atherfieldensis
DINOSAUR BOOKLET No. 2 Iguanodon bernissartensis and Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis Description Iguanodon (pronounced 'Ig-wan-oh-don') was one of the first dinosaurs to be named. The name is derived from 'Iguana' - a type of modern reptile, and 'don' meaning tooth. Iguanodon is the name of a small group of dinosaurs within the much larger group called Iguanodontids; they were large herbivores, with a long tail for balance, and hind legs that were longer than their fore limbs. There were three large hooved toes on each foot, and four fingers and a thumb spike on each hand. The mouth had a battery of chewing teeth, and a boney beak in place of front teeth. Since its initial discovery in the early nineteenth century, and more detailed reconstructions after complete skeletons were found in a Belgian mine in 1878, we have been forced to re-evaluate its posture, shape and movement; and to look again at how it fits in with other members of the Iguanodontids. Fossil remains from the group show they existed from the late Jurassic through to the late Cretaceous. Here on the Isle of Wight it was once thought there were two basic species of Iguanodon; a larger form called Iguanodon bernissartensis, and a more graceful species called Iguanodon atherfieldensis. The first was named after the Belgian town where complete skeletons were found (Bernissart) and the latter from Atherfield on the south west coast of the Isle of Wight. However 1 more recently palaeontologist Gregory Paul has moved our smaller variety to a new genera, leaving us with only one Iguanodon but a new genera of Iguanodontid called Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis (named after Gideon Mantell) in its place. -
New Tyrannosaur from the Mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan Clarifies Evolution of Giant Body Sizes and Advanced Senses in Tyrant Dinosaurs
New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs Stephen L. Brusattea,1, Alexander Averianovb,c, Hans-Dieter Suesd, Amy Muira, and Ian B. Butlera aSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom; bZoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; cDepartment of Sedimentary Geology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199178, Russia; and dDepartment of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved January 29, 2016 (received for review January 5, 2016) Tyrannosaurids—the familiar group of carnivorous dinosaurs in- We here report the first diagnostic tyrannosauroid from the mid- cluding Tyrannosaurus and Albertosaurus—were the apex predators Cretaceous, a new species from the Turonian (ca. 90–92 million in continental ecosystems in Asia and North America during the years ago) Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan. This formation has latest Cretaceous (ca. 80–66 million years ago). Their colossal sizes recently emerged as one of the most important records of mid- and keen senses are considered key to their evolutionary and eco- Cretaceous dinosaurs globally (9–11). Possible tyrannosauroid logical success, but little is known about how these features devel- specimens from the Bissekty Formation were reported more than oped as tyrannosaurids evolved from smaller basal tyrannosauroids a half century ago (12), and, more recently, several isolated fossils that first appeared in the fossil record in the Middle Jurassic (ca. 170 were assigned to the group (9, 13), but none of these has been million years ago). -
Jurassic- Cretaceous Transition) of Galve (Aragon, NE Spain)
N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh. 239 (1) 77- 99 Stutigart, Januar 2006 A megatheropod tooth from the late Tithonian - middle Berriasian (Jurassic- Cretaceous transition) of Galve (Aragon, NE Spain) Josà Ignacio Canudo, Josà Ignacio Ruiz-OmeñacaMarc Aurell, Josà Luis Barco and Gloria Cuenca-Bescos, Zaragoza With 4 figures and 1 table CANUDO,J. I., RUIZ-OMERACA,J., AURELL,M., BARCO, J. L. & CUENCA-BESCOS,G. (2006): A megatheropod tooth from the late Tithonian - middle Berriasian (Jurassic-Cretaceous transition) of Galve (Aragon, NE Spain). -N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh., 239: 77-99; Stuttgart. Abstract: We herein describe the biggest theropod tooth hitherio found in Spain. The tooth (IPS-G1) comes from the Villar del Arzobispo Formation (Upper Tithonian- Middle Berriasian) in the Galve Sub-basin. The specimen is a nearly complete maxillary tooth with a FABL of 34 mrn and DSDI = 1. Considering its geological age and the crown morphology (including the size), it is most likely that the tooth belongs to an allosauroid. This clade of theropods was present in the Late Jurassic of Portugal and the Early Cretaceous (Bemasian and Barremian) of England. The tooth represents the first allosaurid from Spain, and the biggest theropod from the European Bemasian. Zusammenfassung: Wi beschreiben hier den grofiten bisher in Spanien gefimdenen Theropodenzahn. Dieser Zahn (IPS-G1) stanunt aus der Villar-del-Arzobispo- Formation (spates Tithonium - mittleres Berriasium) im Teilbecken von Galve. Das Exemplar ist ein beinahe vollstandiger Oberkieferzahn mit einer Basislange (FABL) von 34 mm und DSDI = 1. In Anbetracht seines geologischen Alters und der Morphologie der Zahnkrone (auch deren GroOe) stammt der Zahn mit grofier Wahr- scheinlichkeit von einem Allosauroiden. -
Newsletter Number 52
The Palaeontology Newsletter Contents 52 Association Business 2 AGM 14 News 16 Association Meetings 20 From our own correspondents Conceptual fossils 24 Sutures joining Ontogeny and Fossils 29 Correspondence 33 Big Gamble for a Big Dead Fish 40 The Mystery Fossil 43 Obituary: Frank Hodson 46 Future meetings of other bodies 48 Meeting Reports 56 Book Reviews 68 Palaeontology vol 46 parts 1, 2, 3 99–101 Special Papers in Palaeontology no. 68 102 Reminder: The deadline for copy for Issue no 53 is 27th June 2003 On the Web: http://www.palass.org/ Newsletter 52 2 Newsletter 52 3 Meetings. Four meetings were held in 2002, and the Association extends its thanks to the Association Business organisers and host institutions of these meetings. a. Lyell Meeting. “Approaches to Reconstructing Phylogeny”, was convened on behalf of the Annual Report for 2002 Association by Prof. Gale (University of Greenwich) and Dr P.C.J. Donoghue (Lapworth Museum, University of Birmingham). Nature of the Association. The Palaeontological Association is a Charity registered in England, b. Forty-fifth Annual General Meeting and Address. 8th May. The address, entitled “Life and Charity Number 276369. Its Governing Instrument is the Constitution adopted on 27 February work of S.S. Buckmann (1860-1929) Geobiochronologist and the problems of assessing the work of 1957, amended on subsequent occasions as recorded in the Council Minutes. Trustees (Council past palaeontologists,” was given by Prof. Hugh Torrens and attended by 40 people. The meeting Members) are elected by vote of the Membership at the Annual General Meeting. The contact was held at the University of Birmingham and organised by Dr M.P. -
Early Cretaceous, Barremian) of Southern England
Cretaceous Research 25 (2004) 353–364 www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes The first record of velociraptorine dinosaurs (Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Wealden (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) of southern England Steven C. Sweetman School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK Received 20 March 2003; accepted in revised form 30 January 2004 Abstract Velociraptorine dromaeosaurid dinosaur teeth are reported for the first time from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England. They represent the second record of the Dromaeosauridae in Britain and the first of this clade from strata of the British Wealden Group. Ó 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cretaceous; Barremian; Dinosaur; DSDI; Isle of Wight; Teeth; Theropoda; Velociraptorinae 1. Introduction bones from several others (Lydekker, 1888; Galton, 1973; Naish, 2000), Calamosaurus foxi Lydekker, 1889, The Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Wessex Forma- represented by two associated cervical vertebrae; and tion of the Isle of Wight, southern England, yields a Calamospondylus oweni Fox in Anon., 1866a (Anon., diverse dinosaur fauna (Martill and Naish, 2001). In 1866b; Naish, 2002), which is based on a sacrum the addition to ankylosaurs, ornithopods, sauropods, rare whereabouts of which is currently unknown. The synsa- stegosaurs and the problematic Yaverlandia bitholus crum named Ornithodesmus cluniculus Seeley, 1887a Galton, 1971 (Sullivan, 2000), the fauna also includes (Seeley, 1887b) has been compared with troodontid a number of theropods known from both isolated and dromaeosaurid coelurosaurs (Howse and Milner, elements and partially articulated skeletons. The latter 1993; Norell and Makovicky, 1997) and coelophysoids comprise the allosauroid Neovenator salerii Hutt et al., (Makovicky, 1995; Naish, 1999c). -
New Teeth of Nodosaurid Ankylosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England
New teeth of nodosaurid ankylosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England WILLIAM T. BLOWS and KERRI HONEYSETT Blows, W.T. and Honeysett, K. 2014. New teeth of nodosaurid ankylosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (4): 835–841. We present new nodosaurid teeth from the Valanginian of Bexhill, Sussex and the Barremian of the Isle of Wight, the first from the Lower Cretaceous of the United Kingdom. Teeth found during the mid-1800s from the Valanginian and ascribed to the nodosaurid Hylaeosaurus are probably from sauropod dinosaurs. The Isle of Wight tooth could possibly be referred to Polacanthus foxii, the teeth of which are unknown. These new English nodosaurid teeth are similar to those of North American and European Jurassic to Late Cretaceous nodosaurids, especially the American Gastonia, Texasetes, Mymoorapelta, Gargoyleosaurus, and the European Hungarosaurus. Key words: Dinosauria, Nodosauridae, Polacanthus, ankylosaur, Valanginian, Barremian, Cretaceous, England. William T. Blows [[email protected]], School of Health Sciences, City University, London, EC1A 7QN, UK; Kerri Honeysett [[email protected]], 10 Camperdown Street, Bexhill on Sea, East Sussex, TN39 5BE, UK. Received 8 November 2012, accepted 11 March 2013, available online 13 March 2013. Copyright © 2014 W.T. Blows and K. Honeysett. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 1993). Isolated teeth from the same strata as Hylaeosaurus Introduction (NHMUK 2310, NHMUK 3326, NHMUK R739, BMBG 004179, BMBG 013516) were tentatively assigned to There are few skull and tooth remains of armoured dinosaurs Hy- by Mantell (1841) and Owen (1857). -
Get Ready for a Great Adventure 125 Million Years Back in Time
FossilGUIDE TO Hunting on the ISLE of WIGHT Get ready for a great adventure 125 million years back in time THIS GUIDE IS SPONSORED BY Guide to Fossil Hunting on the Isle of White GUIDE TO Table of Contents Fossil Preparation Hunting Recommended Reading ................................................................................4 ON THE ISLE of WIGHT Fossil Hunting Kit ..............................................................................................6 The Best Locations for Fossil Hunting The Isle of Wight, also dubbed “Dinosaur Island” Hamstead ................................................................................................................8 amongst fervent fossil hunters, has the most Yarmouth .................................................................................................................8 significant wealth of dinosaur remains in the UK. Compton Bay ........................................................................................................9 When walking along the island’s beaches, you’ll Brighstone Bay ....................................................................................................9 often find locals and visitors searching for fossils Whitecliff Bay .......................................................................................................9 underneath the chalk cliffs. As well as over 20 Types of Fossils to Find on the Isle of Wight species of dinosaur, there is a wealth of crocodile, Dinosaur Bones .................................................................................................10 -
Evolutionary Dynamics of Tyrannosauroid Dinosaurs
Facultat de Ciències Memòria del Treball Final de Grau Títol del treball: Evolutionary Dynamics of Tyrannosauroid Dinosaurs Estudiant: Laia Garcia Escolà Grau en biologia Correu electrònic: [email protected] Tutor: Sandra Heras Mena Cotutor: Albert Prieto Márquez Empresa/institució: ICP (Institut Català de Paleontologia) Vistiplau tutor (i cotutor): Nom del tutor: Sandra Heras Mena ([email protected]) Nom del cotutor: Albert Prieto Márquez ([email protected]) Empresa/ institució: Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont Data de dipòsit de la memòria a secretaria de coordinació: 03/06/2019 Evolutionary Dynamics of Tyrannosauroid Dinosaurs Laia Garcia Escolà Abstract This study explores the evolutionary dynamics of tyrannosauroid dinosaurs, a successful clade of basal coelurosaur theropods. This is accomplished by estimating rates of evolution using the Claddis R package. Morphological diversity was measured from discrete character data and estimates of evolutionary tempo on current phylogenetic hypotheses of tyrannosauroid relationships. In this work it is shown the process to obtain the set of necessary documents to obtain the results with the script to finally calculated it with R. In this set of previous documents are included a matrix character, that gather a series of different characters associated with the different taxa into the clade. It is also added a temporary range of each taxon and a consensus phylogenetic tree made by phylogenetic analysis under parsimony. All of them obtained through different software (Mesquite, TNT and R) and necessaries to run the script to obtain the seek resultants rates. Evolutionary rates were estimated for different anatomical regions of the tyrannosauroid skeleton, including the skull and mandible, the post cranial body and the whole-body.