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Lessons from the Nationalisation of Education Ffffffff.Cdr Lessons from the Nationalisation of Education in 1972 Dr Tahir Kamran/Peter Jacob Foreword by Dr Yaqoob Khan Bangash All rights are reserved with Publisher. CSJ is responsible entirely for the data mentioned about nationalised / denationalised schools;the content of this book may be used with citation and acknowledgment. Publisher: Centre for Social Justice Address: CSJ – E-58, Street # 8, Officers Colony, Walton Road, Lahore 54180, Pakistan Copies in Print: 600 Printed in: August 2020 Art work: Ali Fazal Lay out: Waseem Hassan Printing: Hassan Printing Press, Lahore ISBN: 978-969-7681-11-2 Lessons from the Nationalisation of Education in 1972 Table of Contents Introduction of Authors i Purpose and Acknowledgments iv Methodology v Foreword – Dr Yaqoob Khan Bangash 1 How did the Nationalisation Policy impact the lives of the Christian minority in Pakistan? – Peter Jacob Abstract 6 Outbreak of Policy 6 The Tragedy in Rawalpindi 7 Political Fall-out 11 Position of the Churches on Nationalisation 16 Main Churches: The Internal Dynamics 18 Socio-economic fall-out of Nationalisation in 1972 22 Economic loss of Churches: Nobody’s Gain 23 Second economic fall-out (1979 – 1996) 24 Third fall-out (1996 – 2004) 27 Denationalisation: The Task Unfinished 30 34 Education Policy 2009 Supreme Court Judgment of 19th June 2014 36 Policy making in 2019: Challenges 37 Conclusion and Recommendations 39 Impact of Nationalisation Policy on Educational Institutions – Dr Tahir Kamran Introduction 43 Literature review 46 Tracing the antecedents of the policy of Nationalisation 49 Nationalisation of schools in 1972: Salient Features 51 Consequences of Nationalisation 53 Recommendations 55 Appendices Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s address on Education Policy, 1972 57 The Privately Managed Schools and Colleges (Taking Over) Regulation 63 1972 (Martial Law Regulation No. 118) i Dedication CSJ dedicates this study to Bishop Inayat Masih, Bishop Anthony Lobo and Bishop Patras Yusaf as a token of appreciation for their services to the cause of education in general and for denationalization of Educational Institutions in particular. Bio-notes: Bishop Anthony Theodore Felix Lobo (4 July 1937 – 18 February 2013) earned degrees from the University of Karachi, Harvard University and The University of Paris. He was appointed the Auxiliary Bishop of Karachi by Pope John Paul II in 1982 and Bishop Islamabad–Rawalpindi in 1993. Bishop Lobo made important contributions to education in the country. He founded the illustrious St. Michael's Convent School in Karachi He has authored many books on education. Bishop Lobo also served in the following positions: § Chairman, Education Commission of Pakistan. § Secretary General, Catholic Bishop Conference of Pakistan. § Chairman, Office of Education, Federation Of Asian Bishop's Conference. § Member of Senate, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur. § Member of Senate, Sindh University, Jamshoro. § Member of the board for Oasis magazine, Cairo, Egypt. The magazine focuses on the need for interreligious dialogue and peace. § Spiritual Director of the St. Vincent's Home for the Aged, Karachi. In recognition of his services to the cause of literature and education, the President of Pakistan conferred on him the Presidential Pride of Performance Award in 1990. Bishop Patras Yusaf (29 July 1936-29 December 1998) was the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Multan from 1984 until his death in 1998. He obtained a degree in moral theology in Rome in 1976, after which he taught at Christ the King Seminary in Karachi. He also wrote a book in the Urdu language on the Christian family. He made valuable intellectual contributions on the subject of theology and enculturation. He served as the national director of Caritas Pakistan from 1986 to 1998 during which time the numbers reached to millions of beneficiaries in their basic needs for economic and social development. As the National director of Caritas Pakistan and Bishop of Multan, he patronized a number of initiatives to improve quality of life for the rural communities. From opening of schools in the far-flung areas in Cholistan and Thal, to commissioning studies on subsistence and integrated farming, his quest for cultivating happiness for the common people manifested in a number of projects. He was a farsighted person who cherished empowerment of the people through focusing upon development and women's rights. Bishop Patras was particularly keen to groom youth and therefore he opened many schools and hostels in South Punjab. In 1989 he also served on the Muslim Christian Dialogue and Major Seminary commissions of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Pakistan. Bishop Inayat Masih (1918-1980) hailed from Chak 424, a village near Gojra, Punjab . Bishop Inayat was the founder Moderator of the Church of Pakistan (1970) and the first Executive Secretary of National Council of Churches Pakistan. He earned Masters of Oriental Language (three Masters in Persian, Urdu and Arabic) degrees. He led one of the foremost agitations against nationalisation in Lahore and a delegation which held negotiations with Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Lessons from the Nationalisation of Education in 1972 Authors Peter Jacob is a researcher, freelance journalist and a trainer with experience of over 30 years in human rights work in Pakistan. He is currently serving as the Executive Director of Centre for Social Justice, and Chairperson of the Peoples Commission for Minorities’ Rights. He is a member of National Curriculum Council working under the Federal Ministry of Education since 2019. Jacob has carried out several research studies including; Working Conditions of Agricultural Labour in Punjab (2001), Life on the Margins (2012), a study on situation of minority women in Punjab and Sindh Provinces, Combating Hate Speech beyond Administrative Measures (2016), an analysis of laws and policy dealing with hate speech, Sowing Peace in the Mind-Fields (2016), an assessment of the approaches and tools for peacebuilding being used in Pakistan, Building Peace from the Bottom (2017), an assessment of functions, capacities and needs of District Peace Committees in Punjab and Sindh, A Long Wait for Justice (2019), an assessment of status of compliance of orders in judgment issued by Supreme Court of Pakistan, regarding protection of religious minorities. He has authored two books Insani Haqooq Ka Irteqa “Evolution of Human Rights” (Three editions since 2007) and Insani Haqooq Ka Bainulaqwami Nizam “International UN Human Rights Protection Mechanism” (2013). Jacob has written extensively on human rights and public policy issues for national and international publications. He was rated best correspondent for 1998 by UNANEWS. His monograph on “Religious Minorities: The Heart of Alternative Narrative” was published by Oxford University Press in 2020 in the compendium “Pakistan: Alternative Imag(in)ings of the Nation State”. He studied Political Science, Rural Development and Law in Pakistan, and earned an L.L.M degree in International Human Rights Law from University of Notre Dame (USA). i Dr Tahir Kamran is one of the prominent historians of the country. He is the author of multiple books and research articles specifically on the history of the Punjab, sectarianism, democracy, and governance. Most of them were published in top journals of the world i.e. Modern Asian Studies, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society and South Asian History and Culture. In addition, he has contributed fifteen chapters in edited volumes which were published by internationally acclaimed publishing houses that include Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, Routledge (Francis and Taylor), Orient and Longman, Palgrave and Macmillan. Furthermore, he has translated six books. He has founded two journals, i.e. The Historian, and Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies, published by Indiana University Press. He had been a visiting professor at several universities i.e. University of Manchester, University of Bradford, University of Southampton, National University of Singapore, University of Heidelberg. He has been Charles Wallace Fellow at SOAS school of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) and Common Wealth Fellow at University of Southampton in 2006-07. He has also served at University of Cambridge for 5 years and he was full fellow at Wolfson College. He has served as Chairman at History Department and Dean of Arts and Social Sciences at Government College University, and currently serves at National Beaconhouse University in Lahore. Lessons from the Nationalisation of Education in 1972 Dr Yaqoob Khan Bangash is a historian of Modern South Asia. His current research interests lie in the emergence of Pakistan as a post-colonial state, with broader interests in decolonisation, modern state formation, formation of identities, and the emergence of ethnic and identity based conflicts. Dr Bangash’s first book was published by Oxford University Press as, ‘A Princely Affair: Accession and Integration of Princely States in Pakistan, 1947-55,’ in 2015, and he has recently completed another book: “Between the Sword and the Pen: The History of the Lahore High Court”. Furthermore, he is currently working on a monograph on the imagination of Pakistan as a country after its creation, using the debates of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan (1947—56) as primary material. In 2016, Dr Bangash founded the first academic literary festival in Pakistan, the ‘Afkar-e- Taza ThinkFest,’ which attracted over 16,000 people in 2018. Dr Bangash has received several
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