Estudios Sobre El Teatro De Lope De Vega. Autos, Comedias De Vidas De Santos (Conclusión), Pastoriles, Mitológicas, De Historia Clásica, Y De Historia Extranjera

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Estudios Sobre El Teatro De Lope De Vega. Autos, Comedias De Vidas De Santos (Conclusión), Pastoriles, Mitológicas, De Historia Clásica, Y De Historia Extranjera Estudios sobre el teatro de Lope de Vega. Autos, comedias de vidas de santos (conclusión), pastoriles, mitológicas, de historia clásica, y de historia extranjera Índice: COMEDIAS DE VIDAS DE SANTOS (CONCLUSIÓN) EL SERAFÍN HUMANO SAN NICOLÁS DE TOLENTINO EL SANTO NEGRO ROSAMBUCO DE LA CIUDAD DE PALERMO EL ANIMAL PROFETA Y DICHOSO PARRICIDA SAN JULIÁN COMEDIA DE SAN SEGUNDO EL CAPELLÁN DE LA VIRGEN, SAN ILDEFONSO LA NIÑEZ DE SAN ISIDRO.— LA JUVENTUD DE SAN ISIDRO.— SAN ISIDRO LABRADOR DE MADRID LA VIDA DE SAN PEDRO NOLASCO SAN DIEGO DE ALCALÁ EL NIÑO INOCENTE DE LA GUARDIA LOS M ÁRTIRES DE M ADRID JUAN DE DIOS Y ANTÓN MARTÍN EL SABER POR NO SABER Y VIDA DE SAN JULIÁN DE ALCALÁ DE HENARES EL RÚSTICO DEL CIELO LA NIÑEZ DEL PADRE ROJAS LA BUENA GUARDA O LA ENCOMIENDA BIEN GUARDADA LA FIANZA SATISFECHA LA LIMPIEZA NO MANCHADA LOS TERCEROS DE SAN FRANCISCO LA BIENAVENTURADA MADRE SANTA TERESA DE JESÚS LOS PRIM EROS MÁRTIRES DEL JAPÓN EL TRUHÁN DEL CIELO Y LOCO SANTO COMEDIAS PASTORILES EL VERDADERO AMANTE, GRAN PASTORAL BELARDA LA PASTORAL DE JACINTO BELARDO EL FURIOSO LA ARCADIA LA SELVA SIN AMOR COMEDIAS MITOLÓGICAS. ADONIS Y VENUS LAS M UJERES SIN HOM BRES EL PERSEO EL LABERINTO DE CRETA EL VELLOCINO DE ORO EL M ARIDO MÁS FIRM E LA BELLA AURORA EL AMOR ENAMORADO COMEDIAS SOBRE ARGUMENTOS DE LA HISTORIA CLÁSICA. CONTRA VALOR NO HAY DESDICHA LAS GRANDEZAS DE ALEJANDRO EL HONRADO HERMANO ROMA ABRASADA EL ESCLAVO DE ROMA COMEDIAS DE HISTORIA EXTRANJERA. LA IMPERIAL DE OTÓN LA REINA JUANA DE NÁPOLES EL REY SIN REINO EL GRAN DUQUE DE MOSCOVIA Y EMPERADOR PERSEGUIDO file:///C|/PARA_PUBLICAR/ABRIL/MENENDEZ_PELAYO/029133/029133.HTM ESTUDIOS SOBRE EL TEATRO DE LOPE DE VEGA — II : COMEDIAS DE VIDAS DE SANTOS (CONTINUACIÓN), PASTORILES, MITOLÓGICAS, DE HISTORIA CLÁSICA Y DE HISTORIA EXTRANJERA IV. COMEDIAS DE VIDAS DE SANTOS (CONCLUSIÓN) [p. 7] VIII. - EL SERAFÍN HUMANO Publicada por Lope en la Parte decinueve y la mejor parte de sus Comedias (1626), con dedicatoria a doña Paula Porcel de Peralta, mujer del licenciado Gregorio López Madera, consejero de Castilla. Sobre lo que en la dedicatoria se dice de la comedia de Los porceles de Murcia, trataremos cuando llegue el turno a esta singular producción. No estando El serafín humano en las listas de El peregrino, debe de ser posterior a 1618. El autor promete una segunda parte, que quizá sería La gloria de San Francisco, citada en el catálogo de Huerta, pero desconocida hoy. Aunque incluída por Lope de Vega o por su editor entre las que creía mejores, es, a mi juicio, una de las más endebles. Contiene, sin unidad alguna de plan y como en forma de cuadros sueltos, toda la vida de San Francisco, con muchas anécdotas de los compañeros del Santo, tomadas de los Fioretti, insistiendo, principalmente, en las atribuídas a fray León, la pecorella di Dio, y al inocentísimo fray Junípero, cuyas simplicidades, rebosando de santa alegría, forman el ingenuo entremés de la divina leyenda franciscana. La inferioridad de este drama depende, principalmente, de su estructura o, más bien, de la carencia de ella, que hace que las escenas se sucedan sin trabazón interna y como las piezas de un calidoscopio. Pero si se entra en los detalles, aun reconociendo que el poeta más popular de España algo mejor pudo hacer en [p. 8] honra del Santo más popular de la cristiandad, es imposible dejar de admirar la ardiente efusión mística de algunos trozos: Dulcísimo Jesús, yo estaba ciego; Yo estaba ciego, vida de mi vida, Pues no te abrí cuando llamaste luego! ¡Oh, voluntad sin mi Jesús perdida! ¿Que amabas tú, que mi Jesús no fuese, De tinieblas del mundo oscurecida? ¿Es posible, mi Dios, que no te oyese Francisco, cuando tú dabas suspiros Porque la puerta a tu hermosura abriese? . ¡Tú los inviernos en mi calle helando Tu regalado cuerpo, y yo durmiendo Muerto y amortajado en lienzo blando! ¿Que amores dulces estarías diciendo file:///C|/PARA_PUBLICAR/ABRIL/MENENDEZ_PELAYO/029133/029133.HTM (1 de 3)09/04/2008 11:10:04 file:///C|/PARA_PUBLICAR/ABRIL/MENENDEZ_PELAYO/029133/029133.HTM A una bestia del campo, a un ignorante? «Abre, Francisco, que me estoy muriendo.» ¡Oh corazón más duro que diamante! No amabas a Jesús, ¿qué es lo que hacías? . ¿Qué es la hermosura humana? ¡Viento vano, Muladar que ha cubierto blanca nieve!... Todavía tiene más sabor de poesía franciscana el romance de las cinco llagas ; si bien debo advertir que en el Romancero espiritual de Lope está más completo que en la comedia, y con variantes que, en general, le mejora. [1] Allí se leen otros dos romances al mismo asunto, y otro sobre el desposorio de San Francisco con la pobreza. Un mancebo mercader Quiso casarse en su tierra... Fuera de los trozos antes citados, poco encuentro que elogiar en esta comedia, escrita con notable desaliño, y a veces con incongruencias pedantescas. El pobre, con quien San Francisco trueca [p. 9] los vestidos, encuentra modo de citar, en el curso de tres octavas, a Plutarco, Difílides, Diógenes y Aristóteles. En la primera jornada hay un cuento bastante gracioso para probar que la música tuvo principio en Portugal: Estaba en una azotea, En invierno, un portugués, Y otro en la calle, de pies, Por falta de chimenea. Pues para decir si allá, Hacía sol, que el frío cesa, En su lengua portuguesa Dijo al otro: «Fa sol la». «Sol fa» , respondió también, Y así el cantar se inventó, Y en Portugal se quedó, Por siempre jamás, amén. Por si escocía a los portugueses la broma, añade Lope que «son músicos todos cuantos allá nacen», porque Su misma lengua es canción... file:///C|/PARA_PUBLICAR/ABRIL/MENENDEZ_PELAYO/029133/029133.HTM (2 de 3)09/04/2008 11:10:04 file:///C|/PARA_PUBLICAR/ABRIL/MENENDEZ_PELAYO/029133/029133.HTM Sería de todo punto temerario e impertinente aquí, amén de ocioso, un estudio acerca de San Francisco y su influencia en el arte. Temas de tal magnitud no deben tocarse por incidencia, cuando no hay seguridad de decir algo importante y nuevo. Prosigamos, pues, con otros santos menos conocidos. NOTAS A PIE DE PÁGINA: [p. 8]. [1] . Reproducido con el núm. 268 en el Romancero y Cancionero Sagrados de la Biblioteca de Rivadeneyra. file:///C|/PARA_PUBLICAR/ABRIL/MENENDEZ_PELAYO/029133/029133.HTM (3 de 3)09/04/2008 11:10:04 file:///C|/PARA_PUBLICAR/ABRIL/MENENDEZ_PELAYO/029133/029133_0001.HTM ESTUDIOS SOBRE EL TEATRO DE LOPE DE VEGA — II : COMEDIAS DE VIDAS DE SANTOS (CONCLUSIÓN), PASTORILES, MITOLÓGICAS, DE HISTORIA CLÁSICA Y DE HISTORIA EXTRANJERA IV. COMEDIAS DE VIDAS DE SANTOS (CONCLUSIÓN) [p. 9] IX.—SAN NICOLÁS DE TOLENTINO No incluída en las listas de El peregrino, por lo cual debemos creerla posterior a 1618. Se imprimió póstuma en la Veintiquatro parte perfeta de sus Comedias (Zaragoza, 1641). Se halla citada en catálogos del siglo pasado con el título de El Santo de los Milagros, San Nicolás de Tolentino. La vida de San Nicolás de Tolentino, frayle de la Orden de San Agustín, se escribe de esta manera en el Flos Sanctorum [1] del P. Rivadeneira (10 de septiembre): [p. 10] «San Nicolás de Tolentino, religioso de la Orden del glorioso padre y doctor de la iglesia San Agustín, nació en una aldea llamada San Angelo, de la ciudad de Fermo, que es en la provincia de la Marca de Ancona. Su padre se llamó Campañano y su madre Amata. Eran honrados y muy buenos christianos: y habiendo sido casados muchos días, no tenían hijos, y por eso andaban muy congoxados y afligidos. La madre Amata tomó por medianero a San Nicolás, obispo, con quien tenía particular devoción, y prometió de yr a visitar su sagrado cuerpo, que está en la ciudad de Bari, en el Reyno de Nápoles, si Dios le daba un hijo y le cumplía su deseo. Fué revelado a sus padres que hiziessen aquella romería, porque en ella se les diría quién había de ser el que dellos había de nacer. Pusiéronse en camino, llegaron a Bari, visitaron la iglesia de San Nicolás, y allí se les apareció el Santo, y los hizo ciertos que tendrían un hijo a quien pondrían nombre Nicolás, por haberle alcanzado por su intercession, y que sería siervo fidelíssimo de Dios y varon muy ejemplar, y de gran penitencia. Todo se cumplió assí, porque Amata concibió y a su tiempo parió un hijo, que se llamó Nicolás, el qual desde niño fué muy inclinado al servicio de Dios, frequentaba las iglesias, oía missa y rezaba con mucha devoción, huía las compañías de los muchachos traviesos, gustaba de tratar con religiosos, hazía bien a los pobres, ayunaba y ocupábase en el estudio, y oraba con tanta devoción y atención, que se dize haber visto, aun siendo mozo y orando en la iglesia, a Christo nuestro Señor con los ojos corporales, y como yba creciendo en edad, yba creciendo también en virtud y ciencia. Hiziéronle canónigo de una iglesia de San Salvador, y aunque vivía loablemente, no estaba contento, porque siempre anhelaba a otro estado de mayor perfección. Y assí habiendo oydo un sermón de un famoso predicador de la Orden de San Agustín del menosprecio del mundo, como el corazón estaba dispuesto y seca la leña, la centella de la palabra de Dios que cayó en ella, la encendió de manera que Nicolás, abrasado del amor divino, se determinó dar libelo de repudio a todas las cosas de la tierra, y buscar con grande ansia y solicitud las del cielo. [p. 11] Para esto tomó el hábito de San Agustín, en el convento de la ciudad de Tolentino, y los religiosos dél se le dieron con gran voluntad, conociendo quán santa era su vida y quán grande su ciencia y habilidad, y esperando que había de ser (como lo fué) gran ornamento de su sagrada religión.
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