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Spring 2015 Group Journal 4 134 Urban Issn 1750 712x 1976—2015 Design Garden FROM INNER CITIES TO 28 / 04 In 2015 URBED celebrates 40 years of practice through a series of events THE FIRST that explore key projects, key cities and key changes in the ’s REGENERATION urban renaissance journey. AREA? Moving from innovative early work in Covent Garden or Bradford’s Little Germany to larger schemes in Manchester, and beyond, the seven Covent Garden, events will reflect on what was, assess what is and dream of what could be. Venue: Wallacespace – Covent Garden Date: 17.30 - 28th April 2015 All the events are free to attend, however booking is necessary. Chair: John Worthington Please visit www.urbed.coop/events to book your place. Key: Charles Landry

20 / 05 05 / 06 14 / 07 RESCUING HOW TO LOSE YOUR RETHINKING THE INDUSTRIAL RING ROAD AND FIND MASTERPLAN? QUARTERS? YOUR CENTRE? Little Germany, Bradford Initiative, Birmingham New Quarter, Brighton

Venue: Bradford Design Exchange Venue: AoU Congress* - Birmingham Venue: Jurys Inn - Brighton Date: 17.30 - 20th May 2015 Date: 5th June 2015 Date: 17.30 - 14th July 2015 Chair: David Rudlin Chair: Nicholas Falk Chair: David Rudlin Key: Marc Cole Key: Sir Albert Bore Key: Pam Alexander

16 / 09 12 / 10 11 / 11 A SUSTAINABLE HOW TO PROMOTE WHATEVER HAPPENED URBAN NEIGHBOUR- QUALITY HOUSING? TO ENTERPRISE HOOD? DEVELOPMENT? Hulme, Manchester Cambridge Bankside BID, London

Venue: Z-Arts Centre - Hulme Venue: Trumpington Meadows School Venue: 15Hatfields - Southwark Date: 17.30 - 16th September 2015 Date: 16.00 - 12th October 2015 Date: 17.30 - 11th November 2015 Chair: David Rudlin Chair: Nicholas Falk Chair: Nicholas Falk URBAN Key: John Burton, USM DESIGN Key: Anne Power Key: Dame Kate Barker GROUP * This event is open to Academy of Congress attendees only. URBAN DESIGN 20150316_UDG_Advert.indd 1 3/23/2015 1:32:27 PM GROUP NewsUDG Update

Housing plays an important role in seen as the party that solved the housing cri- view from the shaping our urban environment, as explored sis. They acknowledged in their January 2015 within this issue, and John Punter, Emeritus report Until there’s a home for everyone that chair: Katy Professor of Urban Design at Cardiff Uni- there is a change in homeowners’ attitudes versity, gave the 2014 Kevin Lynch Memo- to more homes in their area. The Neaves rial Lecture on ‘Unaffordable housing and report identifies that NIMBYism has declined socially exclusive urban design’ (see p.6). He sharply with spiralling prices and acknowledged Kevin Lynch’s comments on rent increases. It goes on to stress that the At the beginning of the year I attended a talk social justice and how this might be achieved , whom the homes are for, and given by Ben Page, Chief Executive of Ipsos through . His con- what opportunities the homes MORI, at which he looked at predictions for clusions included the following: the need to might bring, must all be addressed in order the UK in 2015. The key point of discussion reduce raw land prices to pay for infrastruc- to neutralise doubts or opposition within the was the uncertainty about the outcome of the ture and , to approve Local local community. UK’s general election in May. This ambiguity, Plans and promote collaboration between The other topic, health, is being explored he explained, has never been seen before adjacent local authorities on housing growth by Barry Sellers who has been leading on the in the UK’s political affairs and he predicted areas, and for more funding for housing as- UDG Designing Healthy Cities initiative. This the possibility of further coalition and inertia sociations and for the creation of genuine will be discussed at our London event in April regarding policy. affordable housing. All of these principles, if and will cover such topics as: are our towns Over the last couple of months the UDG adopted by the political parties, would help and cities making us sad, sick and lonely?, has been exploring two of the top current to solve the housing crisis and aid the crea- and what design and options issues for voters as identified by YouGov, tion of sustainable developments. encourage people to be sociable, active, and housing and health, and the role that urban Shelter have identified that the political eat a better diet? design has within these arenas. parties could win voter loyalty through being • Katy Neaves

of Holistic City Software, using Rob Cowan’s bedded-in, and for everything to be double- Urban Design time tested technique. About 30 of us set out checked. So if you think there is an error with Group into the chilly streets of Bulwell to try out the your subscription, please let us know. If you prototype. After logging in, users can add can see any other ways in which the UDG flags on to a map, and explanatory text on could provide a better service to members the things they like about the place, things or one that is easier to use, we would love to Placecheck for Smartphones they don’t like, and things that need to be hear from you. Street-test worked on. One of the people who attended the 2014 We found it possible to rapidly populate A welcome to Kathleen Lucey National Urban Design Conference in Not- the map with comments; and the plus point We welcome Kathleen Lucey to the UDG, as tingham was Graham Allen, MP for Notting- was that, unlike paper notes that have to be office manager. Kathleen has had a varied ham North. He told of a community beset by deciphered later when the energy is often at career which has included time in Europe problems of declining industry and employ- a low ebb, the smartphone enabled note- where she worked with an MEP, in energy ment, and asked whether the urban design taking to keep pace with the enthusiasm. with Lord Ezra and his company Micropower, community could help. One of the efforts The results provided a clear analysis of the and at Veolia where she worked in the field of so far has been to run a Placecheck event strengths and weaknesses of the area, and corporate social responsibility. on 20th February in the old market town suggestions for specific sites. On the basis of Bulwell and the outlying Crabtree Farm of the test, we came to the conclusion that UrbanNous – catalogue Estate. This was a Placecheck for the 21st it would be easy for anyone to use. The next available century, backed by a special smartphone- test will be to run a Smartphone Placecheck Over 200 videos are now easily accessible on friendly website, developed by Chris Sharpe that involves the whole community. Accord- the UrbanNous website, thanks to the on-line ing to UDG East Midlands convenor, Laura catalogue developed by Fergus Carnegie. Alvarez, it is young and middle aged adults View www.urbannous.org.uk – and follow the who are least likely to get involved in the fu- yellow text Hover here to bring ideas to life. ture of places, and this is the very group that Robert Huxford has the highest ownership of smartphones. •

New Membership System for UDG The UDG has moved to a new integrated membership and accounts system, which will in the long-term substantially improve efficiency and reduce costs. It will take around six months for the system to be fully

Current subscriptions Individual (UK and international) £50 UK Library £80 Urban Design is free to Urban Design Group UK student / £30 International Library £100 members who also receive newsletters and Recognised Practitioner in Urban Design the directory at the time of printing £80 Check the website for full details of benefits Small practice (<5 professional staff) £250 plus corporate and partnership packages UDG Office Large practice (>5 professional staff) £450 www.udg.org.uk/join Tel 020 7250 0892 Education £250 Email [email protected] Local Authority £100 Individual issues of Urban Design cost £10 Contents

Contents

This issue has been generously sponsored by UPDATE Garden ? Mette Mclarney 42 Urbed Greening the City 3 Capturing the of the Garden City, Planning 3 Colin Pullan and Elli Thomas 45 COVER Urban Design Library #15 4 , Image courtesy of Letchworth Urban Design Interview: Dan Black 5 BOOK REVIEWS Garden City Heritage Foundation Kevin Lynch Memorial Lecture: The Hidden Potential of Sustainable Unaffordable Housing in England, , Harrison Fraker 46 FUTURE ISSUES Professor John Punter 6 URBAN VOICES : Celebrating urban UD135 The City as Master Developer design in , John Byrne, UD136 designing Housing International Bill Chandler, Bruce Echberg (eds) 46 UD137 Latin America Building Momentum in , Interconnect: Improving the Journey Nicolo Cammelli 10 Experience, Centro and City ID 47 Dynamic Skyline, Anika Mittal Dhawan 12 Saverio Muratori: A Legacy in Urban Design, Marco Maretto 47

Spring 2015 TOPIC: GARDEN CITIES Explorations in Urban Design. Urban Design Group Journal 134 Urban ISSN 1750 712x The Relevance of the Garden City for the An Urban Design Research Primer, 4 21st Century, Colin Pullan and Elli Thomas 15 Matthew Carmona (ed) 48 1976—2015 Design garDen cities The Garden City Resurgence, David Lock 16 Garden Cities of Tomorrow? A New Future FROM INNER CITIES TO Fantasy or Opportunity?, Miles Gibson for the Cottage Estates, Martin Crookston 48 URBAN RENAISSANCE and Liz Mason 17 Site Design for Multifamily Housing: 28 / 04 Dealing with the Housing Shortage, Creating Livable, Connected In 2015 URBED celebrates 40 years of practice through a series of events THE FIRST that explore key projects, key cities and key changes in the United Kingdom’s REGENERATION urban renaissance journey. Roberta Blackman-Woods MP 20 Neighborhoods, Nico Larco, AREA? Moving from innovative early work in Covent Garden or Bradford’s Little Covent Garden, London Germany to larger schemes in Manchester, Brighton and beyond, the seven The Art of Building a Garden City, Kristin Kelsey and Amanda West 49 events will reflect on what was, assess what is and dream of what could be. Venue: Wallacespace – Covent Garden Date: 17.30 - 28th April 2015 All the events are free to attend, however booking is necessary. Chair: John Worthington Katy Lock 21 Water sensitive design in the UK, CIRIA 49 Please visit www.urbed.coop/events to book your place. Key: Charles Landry Designing Garden Cities for the 21st 20 / 05 05 / 06 14 / 07 RESCUING HOW TO LOSE YOUR RETHINKING THE Century, Nicholas Falk and David Rudlin 24 PRACTICE INDEX 50 INDUSTRIAL RING ROAD AND FIND MASTERPLAN? QUARTERS? YOUR CITY CENTRE? Building Blocks for the Future, EDUCATION INDEX 55 Little Germany, Bradford Highbury Initiative, Birmingham New England Quarter, Brighton Venue: Bradford Design Exchange Venue: AoU Congress* - Birmingham Venue: Jurys Inn - Brighton Chris Wilford and Andy Von Bradsky 26 ENDPIECE Date: 17.30 - 20th May 2015 Date: 5th June 2015 Date: 17.30 - 14th July 2015 Chair: David Rudlin Chair: Nicholas Falk Chair: David Rudlin Key: Marc Cole Key: Sir Albert Bore Key: Pam Alexander Creating the Vision, Patricia Willoughby 29 Accord and Discord, Joe Holyoak 56 International Interpretations of the 16 / 09 12 / 10 11 / 11 A SUSTAINABLE HOW TO PROMOTE WHATEVER HAPPENED Garden City Ideal, Mike Devereux 32 URBAN NEIGHBOUR- QUALITY HOUSING? TO ENTERPRISE HOOD? DEVELOPMENT? From Model to Reference, Erratum Hulme, Manchester Cambridge Bankside BID, London

Venue: Z-Arts Centre - Hulme Venue: Trumpington Meadows School Venue: 15Hatfields - Southwark Date: 17.30 - 16th September 2015 Date: 16.00 - 12th October 2015 Date: 17.30 - 11th November 2015 Anca Duguet and Emilie Jarousseau 35 In issue UD 132 the article on the work of Chair: David Rudlin Chair: Nicholas Falk Chair: Nicholas Falk URBAN Key: John Burton, USM DESIGN Key: Anne Power Key: Dame Kate Barker GROUP Letchworth then and now, David Ames 38 Spacehive was attributed to Orsola de Marco, * This event is open to Academy of Urbanism Congress attendees only. URBAN DESIGN What is so difficult about creating a and this should have been Andy Teacher. 20150316_UDG_Advert.indd 1 3/23/2015 1:32:27 PM GROUP

DIARY OF EVENTS

Unless otherwise indicated, all LONDON events are held at The Gallery, 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ at 6.30 pm.

Note that there are many other events run by UDG volunteers throughout the UK. For the WEDNESDAY 22 APRIL WEDNESDAY 10 JUNE latest details and pricing, please check on Urban Design & Health AGM & Garden Cities – Part 2 the UDG website www.udg.org.uk/events/ Are our towns and cities making us sad, sick The evening will start with the 2015 Urban and lonely? What design and management Design Group’s AGM at which the Executive Always check the UDG website for final options encourage people to be sociable, Committee is elected. details and late changes. active, and eat a better diet? Led by Barry Following on from the first event on Gar- Sellers den Cities in March, this event will examine the beguiling appeal of the term and the MONDAY 11 MAY reality and relevance for the 21st century. Dealing with Density Chaired by Ben Van Bruggen. Is ever-increasing density the solution to accommodating increased population, or WEDNESDAY 8 JULY is there an optimum range, not only for The City as Developer health, wellbeing and happiness, but also Looking at the potential for urban authorities for practicality and financial viability and to take a direct role in enterprising the future environmental sustainability. Introduced by of their areas. This is a joint event with the Amanda Reynolds Academy of Urbanism.

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 1 Leader Promoting Urban Design

This issue of contribution that urban designers can make, Urban Design and spread the word. As well as being sent to looks at the UDG members and academic libraries in the big topic of UK and overseas, the published Urban Design Garden Cities. Directory will go to all UK local authorities For many – key officers, plus the heads of planning, beyond our environment and transport departments, immediate professional circles, the publicity and the chairs of planning committees – and around the Wolfson Prize may have public libraries. been the first time that they heard the term In parallel it will land on the desks of over ‘urban designer’, to describe David Rudlin’s 800 developers and house builders across role in winning the prize. It is time to change the country, who, we trust, will find it hard not that, so that people understand what urban to glance inside and see the eye-catching designers do, as readily as they understand masterplans, strategies, and photographs of about architects and , planners and completed schemes, without coming back to it policies, highway engineers and roads. again when a new project is starting or needs The Urban Design Directory 2015-17 was help. launched at the National Urban Design Awards We are grateful therefore to everyone evening in March 2015, and shows the richness who has supported this initiative to promote of projects by practices and students alike. urban design, and especially to our guest For the first time a new online Urban Design contributors Nick Rogers of Taylor Wimpey and Directory (www.urbandesigndirectory.com) Graham Marshall and Rhiannon Corcoran of allows browsers to find practices or projects Pro-Social Space, who gave their thoughts on by key professional disciplines, sectors how we can collaborate with others to make of the market or . The better places. spectacular portfolio of projects already available should inspire others to see the • Louise Thomas

Urban Design Group Trustees [email protected] Chairman Katy Neaves Roger Evans, Arnold Linden, Marcus Wilshere Book Review Editor: Jane Manning Patrons Irena Bauman, Alan Baxter, Dickon Robinson, Helle Søholt, Lindsey Editorial Board Design Whitelaw and John Worthington Matthew Carmona, Tim Catchpole, Richard trockenbrot (Claudia Schenk and Anja Sicka) Cole, Alastair Donald, Tim Hagyard, www.trockenbrot.com Office Joe Holyoak, Sebastian Loew, Daniela Printing Henry Ling Ltd Urban Design Group Lucchese, Jane Manning, Chris Martin, © Urban Design Group ISSN 1750 712X 70 Cowcross Street Malcolm Moor, Judith Ryser, Louise Thomas, London EC1M 6EJ Polly Turton Advertising enquiries Tel 020 7250 0892 Please contact UDG office Email [email protected] Editors Material for publication Website www.udg.org.uk Louise Thomas, [email protected] Please send text by email to the editors, (this issue), Sebastian Loew, images to be supplied as jpeg.

2 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Update

The following events have been organised by Events at the Gallery the UDG and held at The Gallery, Cowcross Street, London. Many are recorded by Urban- Nous and are available to watch again on the UDG’s website, thanks to the generous sup- of Fergus Carnegie.

Gary Grant of Green Roof Consultancy, Greening the City describing himself as an ecologist, suggested The Gallery, London 18 February that eco-systems in cities can be restored 2015 and at the same time a number of urban problems could be solved. Water sensitive cities could not just save water, but reduce pollution and summer temperatures resulting Three speakers shared the platform for from the urban heat island phenomenon. this well-attended event that was jointly Rain gardens are not limited to green roofs: organised with the Landscape Institute, and they are any planted feature designed to re- images were from other countries, there were followed the publications of UD133 on the ceive run-off water from down-pipes or paved also some encouraging local ones. topic. First, Fenella Griffin of Untitled Practice areas. He showed a number of examples in This was the first theme of the ensuing advocated the integration of landscape into which he has been involved, some very mod- discussion: why are so few good examples all and design, and an under- est, others more spectacular, and mentioned from England? Why weren’t more roofs of standing of ‘the valuable services that nature Green Infrastructure Audits, such as the one industrial buildings covered in vegetation? provides to the human environment’. She for the Business Improvement District in The involvement on politicians, the costs, the cited some examples where a city’s design London’s , which led to a great living management were other topics raised in the started with nature (surprisingly Los Angeles) wall, and is a model for other areas. very lively debate that ended the evening. and others where cities have been retrofit- The third speaker was Ian Hingley, a Sebastian Loew ted to restore nature. These have resulted defender of the modest green verge in all • in increased property values, in addition to its forms. He showed through numerous many health and environmental benefits. Her examples how strips that are not paved over own work has involved schemes in Totten- can reduce water pollution, contribute to ham, Thamesmead and Brighton, where the biodiversity and amenity, and more generally objectives have been the interconnection of restore nature in urban areas. Various typolo- different spaces through landscape and the gies indicate the possibilities available with restoration of nature. relatively modest means, and although many

business-led town centre or enterprise zone- a 98 per cent Yes vote, showing how effective style plans simplifying planning processes. communications had been. Sue Brownhill of More than 62 per cent of local authorities in Oxford Brookes University has been get- England now have designated NP areas, and ting students engaged in plan-making, and of those 58 per cent are actively seeking to monitoring local neighbourhood planning allocate sites for housing. Other neighbour- progress. Common issues where NPs could hood plans are either in progress and so be most effective locally were around local their objectives are not yet known, or are high streets, green spaces, connections and about design quality where the local plan has physical links, and housing sizes for local recently been adopted with allocations iden- affordability; in one case the NP process is Neighbourhood tified. With the release of additional funding being supported financially with rents from keenly awaited by many groups, CLG had also the local farmers’ market. South Planning monitored the cost of producing NPs, which District Council has devolved decision- included many in the £4-7000 range. making about housing site allocations to its Oxford Town Hall, 26 February Sue Rowlands of Tibbalds spoke about villages, which resulted in many more NPs in 2015 their experience in Thame, Winsford, and that area. One of these is in Drayton, and Par- Chalfont St Peter (a design quality plan), and ish Councillor Richard Williams presented the emphasised the need to check the useful- key themes, processes for site identification, Organised by the BOBMK network (support- ness of draft policies with the officers who and ways of attracting residents’ involve- ing local authorities in Buckinghamshire, would ultimately be using them. Winsford ment. The NP supports the allocation of sites Oxfordshire, Berkshire, and ), NP is regeneration–based strategy look- for 250 homes, to add to its 900 households this excellent afternoon event was opened ing for opportunities to solve some of the today. The event was well-planned and run, by Miranda Pearce from CLG. In the three town’s problems by supporting change. Next and addressed issues for those both new to years since its launch, the opportunity for Cllr Llew Monger of Winslow Town Council and familiar with NPs. BOBMK runs monthly local communities to make neighbourhood demonstrated how their vision and commit- events which are open to all, and advertised development plans (NPs) has been taken up ment to planning their area proactively has on the Urban Update e-bulletins. in a wide range of locations: from prosperous so far enabled them to control development Louise Thomas or disadvantaged communities enhancing applications in the right places. Their recent • their urban, suburban or rural settings, to referendum drew a 60 per cent turnout, with

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 3 Update The Urban Design Library #15

historical perspective on this group’s role in Centre for Urban Studies: the city, prior to recent patterns of migra- London Aspects of Change tion. Hobsbawm’s careful survey of London’s Macgibbon & Kee, 1964 labour market, and the role of various labour organisations in shaping the city during the 19th century, reveals a fascinating analysis of Read on the role of labour relations in London’s de- Campkin, Ben (2013) Remaking velopment today. As a document of a certain London: Decline and Regeneration point of time in London, the book as a whole in Urban Culture. I B Tauris provides a key record of a city that is emerg- Glass, Ruth (1989) Clichés of Urban ing from rationing and entering a new era of Doom: And Other Essays. Basil economic liberalisation and consumerism. Blackwell The mixture of generous depictions of 1950s Glass, Ruth (1960) Newcomers: The social housing provision, yet gloom at the West Indians in London. Centre for prospect of continued progress is powerful Urban Studies and painfully prescient. Imrie, Rob, Loretta Lees, and Mike One of the central themes in London Raco (2009) Regenerating London: Aspects of Change is the paradoxical nature Governance, Sustainability and of the city. Glass’ introduction opens with the Community in a . lines ‘London can never be taken for granted. Routledge The city is too vast, too complex, too contrary Gibson, S and Kerr, J eds. (2003) and too moody to become entirely familiar’. In London from Punk to Blair. Reaktion. William Holford’s chapter The Changing Face Hebbert, M (1998) London: More by of London he reflects on the density of housing Fortune than Design. John Wiley provision in London thus: ‘As the quality of Lees,L. (2003) Visions of ‘Urban housing is improved its quantity is dimin- Renaissance’: the Urban Task Force ished’. This book not only provides a view Report and the Urban White Paper, of the challenges and issues occupying the in Imrie,R. and Raco,M. (eds) minds of urban studies scholars in this period, Urban Renaissance? New Labour, but it also seems to make the suggestion that community and urban policy, Policy London is by its nature contradictory. Press: Bristol, pp.61-82. This book is full with intriguing details, and observations that continue to resonate. In the chapter on Tall Flats in Pimlico, the London Aspects of Change is a book which 1963 a symposium was organised to discuss Centre for Urban Studies, which authored appears in the bibliographies of numerous the state of London at the time, bringing the report, notes various policy buzzwords urban studies books and papers through together a wide range of presentations that that resemble some of the notions associated its association with the first coining of the form the basis for this volume. with the Blair-era Urban Task Force report. term ‘’ in the introduction by Whilst the book may hardly be consid- The scepticism surrounding notions such the sociologist Ruth Glass. However, this ered a complete survey of London in the as ‘mixed living’ and ’community planning’ singular reputation is a substantial mis- 1950s and early 1960s, it provides a series chime with the critique of the urban renais- representation of an important book, which of different analytical slants and specific sance literature presented by Loretta Lees has been out of print for too long. Not only case studies to explore the city. Ten chapters among others (2003). The book must also be is Ruth Glass’ introductory contribution an in- range from a historical account of the Nine- recognised for its emphasis on the impor- tense and brilliant portrait of London, which teenth Century London Labour Market, as tance of migration, and that such issues presents a series of observations that remain discussed by Eric Hobsbawm to a more con- cannot ‘be confined within the department relevant to the contemporary scene, but the temporary account of Polish London by Sheila of ‘minorities’ or ‘race relations’, but must be chapters that make up the remainder of the Patterson. In between, descriptions can be regarded as an integral part of the compre- book are packed with fascinating empirical found of Tall Flats in Pimlico, a collaborative hensive, comparative study of social stratifi- research and prescient comment on London. piece by the Centre for Urban Studies, Margot cation’. This demand that questions of race, London Aspects of Change is a book that is Jefferys’ Londoners in , and The racism and migration must be fully integrated relevant for those interested in the history of Structure of Greater London by John Wester- into the way we consider social difference in London and the development of urban stud- gaard – a piece that reflects advice given by the city and not relegated to distant niches, ies, but also one which contains information the Centre for Urban Studies in advance of remains relevant to contemporary research which should resound with those concerned a reassessment of local government, which and planning. about London today. would lead to the creation of the Greater London Aspects of Change belongs on the The volume originates from the Centre for London Council (GLC) in 1965. shelves of the modern urbanist in London and Urban Studies which was founded at Universi- Each of these chapters is an invalu- beyond, not just because of its association ty College London in 1958. This cross-discipli- able historical document and ought to be with gentrification but because the research nary group was responsible for a number of revisited at least on that basis alone. Polish remains pertinent, the thinking insightful, academic papers and policy reports seeking London for instance provides a detailed and the text lucid and vibrant. ‘to contribute to the systematic knowledge of description of the post-war Polish commu- Sam Barton, PhD student in the Geography towns, and in particular of British towns’. In nity’s position in London, providing a longer •Department at UCL.

4 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Update

Education Urban Design MA Urban Design (University of the West of Interview: What does England, Bristol) BScEcon Economics & Spanish (University of Urban Design mean Swansea) to me? Past experience Dan Black Sustainable Design Advisor, Building Research Establishment (BRE) Urban Design & Sustainability Consultant, Baker Associates (now PBA) Current position and work Design Lead, DIY Streets, Sustrans Director of db+a (Daniel Black and Associ- Specialisms ates). Currently leading academic consortia Ambitions Healthy, low carbon planning and design on how to make urban environments health- To integrate long-term external costs into Client support on integrated strategies ier and more resilient; working with UWE’s current decision-making, first nationally then Assessment methods: health, sustainability, WHO Centre for Healthy Urban Environments internationally. resilience, equality on integrated inclusive appraisal; working Corporate climate change adaptation with low carbon developer, CDP. Stakeholder mediation and facilitation

↑ No charge: GDP is dead! Long live common ↑ Lipstick on the gorilla: Pretty masterplans ↑ Economics of Urban Villages: The Duchy sense! covering up inherently unsustainable urban of Cornwall promoting alternative mainstream environments. delivery models – landownership is critical.

↑ Great Bow Yard: A new breed of developer? ↑ Ashley Vale Self-Build: Education + community ↑ UWE’s WHO Centre for Healthy Urban Where are they, RICS? + determination = beauty. (Credit: Ecomotive) Environments: Uwe’s WHO Centre – Quietly leading in health, sustainability and urban planning.

↑ LILAC: Mutual Home Ownership and/or ↑ The Quality Assurance Paradox: Regulation ↑ Vauban: No UK equivalent – 15 per cent car use, resident ownership of delivery process – the future raises the bar for the lowest common 75 per cent walking/ cycling, land ownership, and of sustainability? (Credit: White Design) denominator…and stifles the innovators. experienced local authority. (Credit: Steve Melia)

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 5 Update

400,000 £400,000

350,000 £350,000

300,000 £300,000

250,000 £250,000

200,000 £200,000 Normal house price

New dwellings per year 150,000 £150,000

100,000 £100,000

50,000 £50,000

0 0 2013 2010 1975 1970 1946 1955 1985 1965 1950 1980 1960 1995 1990 2005 2000

Various reports note a particular short- These are the problems that urban Unaffordable housing age of homes for social rent (1.7 million designers and planners have to contend in England: the crisis households on waiting lists), a fall in home- with at both the strategic and local scales ownership levels of 6 per cent since 2003, as they struggle to create high quality living in housing production and a recent sharp increase in private environments for new and existing residents. among younger households (14 per cent since They are only too aware that ‘housing is the John Punter’s Kevin Lynch 2008 for 25-35 year olds). These trends are most significant built form in the landscape’ Memorial Lecture examines its a response to increasing house prices and to use David Levitt’s words, and a critical consequences for urban design static or falling wage levels, so that buying factor in meeting human needs in the built a new home require an income eight times environment. higher than the average, whereas in 1994 it The problem of a desperate shortage of was four times the average. Private CURRENT GOVERNMENT POLICIES affordable homes is getting progressively have nearly doubled between 2001-11, with AND HOUSING FINANCE worse, especially in London and the South the vast majority having acquired a single The most striking feature of current housing East which is the focus of this paper. This property under ‘’ provisions that policy is the obfuscation of the definition of is where demand for housing is greatest, date back to 1986. They have enjoyed finan- affordable housing that was slipped into the and where more and more people are being cial returns equivalent to three times those of National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF). priced out of suitable accommodation. New stocks and shares, and provided opportuni- In a move worthy of George Orwell’s Ministry inner London have become a ties for widespread tax evasion (estimated of Truth, ‘affordable housing’ was redefined global reserve currency for the super-rich at £500m annually). Forty per cent of the to include not simply social rented housing, with dire consequences for Londoners at social housing budget is now going to private but also affordable rent of ‘no more than 80 large. landlords through Housing Benefit, and only per cent of the local market rent’ in housing five per cent is currently available for new provided by local authorities and housing THE NATURE OF THE HOUSING build. Meanwhile the cost of renting privately associations. Intermediate housing for sale CRISIS averages 40 per cent of household income, and rent was also included (based on shared The last forty years have seen a dramatic de- whereas social rent is based on a 30 per cent ownership and equity loans) along with other cline in housing production and an inexorable figure and owner occupation averages 20 per low-cost homes for sale and intermediate increase in house price, i.e. six fold between cent: current trends will deepen the inequity rent. The whole notion of ‘affordable’ housing 1983-2007. Successive governments have of this situation. has been rendered meaningless, and is prov- failed to address this decline in all forms of The graph of house building since 1945 ing impossible to monitor in any detail. housing supply (public, private, and housing shows the steep rise in house prices between The current Housing and Communities association) in a period when population 1998-2008, and that land prices escalated Agency (HCA) budget notes that £4.7 bil- increase has accelerated, in-migration has nearly three times as fast over the period lion is allocated for affordable housing, but increased, and household formation has 1983-2007. This created major problems for this is below 2008 levels of spending and shown unprecedented steady growth. Recent house builders who were expected to cover is about to be halved again in the 2015-18 reports put the required annual production of local authority infrastructure costs (roads, Comprehensive Spending Review. The second housing in England at least 50 per cent above schools, etc.) and to build significant largest HCA allocation is £1bn equity finance current levels, while KPMG/Shelter suggest amounts of affordable housing. As a result for ‘purpose built private rental housing’, that 243,000 homes should be built annually, private house builders have prioritised with a further £10bn in debt guarantees, as a figure not achieved since the mid-1970s margins over volume of production, and sig- the government seeks to attract large scale when council housing accounted for 40 per nificantly reduced their collective output over private to help to solve housing short- cent of production. the last forty years. ages. Another £1.5bn will go into ‘large site

6 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Update infrastructure projects’ and ‘local infrastruc- ture plans’. A further billion is allocated half to builders for stalled schemes, and the rest to brownfield schemes, custom-build and estate regeneration. On planning, the government has rightly placed much more emphasis on the comple- tion and adoption of local plans (only 57 per cent are currently adopted) and offered a New Homes Bonus to incentivise each house completion (equivalent to 6 years of council tax). The abolition of Regional Spatial Strate- gies and their replacement by a weaker ‘duty to cooperate’ with adjacent authorities was criticised even by the House Builders Federa- tion. Design policy has been edited down in the same way as the NPPF, but Design for London has resolved to rescue the best of existing guidance to maintain design stand- ards. Building for Life has been simplified and is no longer a DCLG indicator, and the down-sizing of CABE has removed its capacity to evaluate the design quality of new hous- ing and to promote best practice, including strategic urban design which is so essential to sub- for housing. High quality design remains as one of twelve core planning principles, but the capacity of local planners to implement it is being severely tested everywhere, not least by cuts in local government funding and thus staffing.

THE GARDEN CITIES INITIATIVE The Coalition Government announced a Garden Cities initiative in 2014 to create what ‘people most value, high quality design, appropriate infrastructure and accessible greenspace’. They commended the Town and Country Planning Association’s (TCPA) ten progressive principles but offered no further guidance other than ‘brownfield before greenfield’ and settlements of more than 15,000 homes. Garden Cities were to be local initiatives backed by local authorities and it was anticipated that three schemes might be supported. The initiative was given impetus by the Wolfson Economics Prize which sought ideas on ‘how to deliver a Garden City which is visionary, economically viable and popular’. The shortlist of winners included eight schemes by various architectural and urban design consultancies, and each one contained useful ideas as to how such set- tlements might be located, designed and developed for the 21st century. David Rudlin of URBED won the prize with his scheme for three suburban extensions to an existing town, each with a cluster of five neighbour- hoods linked by bus-rapid transit, bringing the population up to some 200,000 people. ↖ House Building since 1945 Roughly twice the land needed for develop- (Source KPMG/Shelter 2014) ↗ David Rudlin’s 2014 Wolfson ment would be acquired, but half would Economics Prize-winning make up a green reserve to protect the Entry: Uxcester Garden amenity of existing residents. At the heart of City, three extensions to an the proposals was a key TCPA principle cited existing city (hypothetical) by the government – that the anticipated → Oxford Civic Society proposals for Oxford’s uplift in land values would be captured for Regional Growth the development. In this hypothetical case – Harwell (Falk – land would be acquired at twenty times Rowland)

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 7 Update

On regenerating council estates there is evidence of a large scale loss of social rented units through demolition and replacement by new ‘affordable’ units, and by major increases of market housing. Significant increases in density are evident, along with substantial improvements in housing and environmental quality; gentrification is proceeding apace, and high proportions of overseas buyers are being recorded. Woodberry Down in Hackney is a good example. Meanwhile the Heygate Estate in Southwark has become controversial with the replacement of 1200 council by only 79 for social renting, while 500 ‘affordable rent’ units will be on offer in new apartments where prices start at £380,000 – affordable only to those with high incomes. In this case the economics of decanting, and replace- ment constitute the deliberate obfuscation of Community Infrastructure Levies (CIL), but the ‘Heygate diaspora’ with former ten- ants widely dispersed across London, and mainly to the outer eastern , is widely ↑ KPMG/Shelter proposals Spatial Plan to allocate a number of Garden acknowledged. for Stoke Harbour. Part of City schemes to solve local housing short- The London Housing Strategy has a proposed Hoo Peninsula ages in locations with high public transport robust evidence base, and is backed by a Garden City, North : Wolfson Runner Up accessibility. Two particularly interesting good design guide and improved internal proposals were for large numbers of low-cost space standards (10 per cent above Parker homes for sale without any requirements Morris). Private external amenity space is agricultural value (or about 15 per cent of its for affordable housing, one in freestanding required and linked to the internal design development value) to ensure a high quality small towns (NVB Architects), the other in of apartments, while the prevalence of a scheme. Rudlin intended to create a Garden a much larger city near Hemel Hempstead modern London vernacular is encouraged City Trust to develop, own and manage the (Leach and Critchley). In all cases the key to to create a human scale and an inhabited new city in collaboration with landown- the project was recouping the land values street. But gentrification and social cleansing ers, the community and local authority. The generated by the development to pay for the processes are overwhelming, and the sale of Housing Minister’s immediate rejection of the infrastructure. whole estates of low-cost private rental units winning entry as violating green belts and are now being reported, and major perpetrating was disingenuous THE LONDON HOUSING STRATEGY becoming more common. Overseas specu- in the extreme. Much can be learned about current housing lative purchases of large numbers of new Rudlin noted that many of his ideas development from a review of the London apartments are also reported, leaving largely had emerged from work done by URBED on Housing Strategy and its implementation, empty buildings as a consequence. The GLA the growth of Oxford, a city which figures though of course the economic growth of the defends this by arguing that these vital early prominently in the recent Centre for Cities city has been completely at odds with the sales ensure development viability, an argu- housing report on the growth needs of the relative stagnation of many other English cit- ment used to justify ‘buy to rent’ (post 1998) most expensive and fastest growing cities in ies. The Greater London Authority (GLA) and with similarly negative results for would-be England. Here the local Civic Society, with the Mayor have developed a housing strategy homeowners. The twenty New Homes Zones Nicholas Falk and Jon Rowland, has been that seeks to deliver 42,000 homes each year being designated will need to be carefully investigating and promoting a sub-regional in the capital (critics suggest that 60,000 monitored for their affordability and design growth strategy in the face of a housing wait- homes will be required). The projected tenure quality. ing list of 6,000 people, and an exceptionally split is 45 per cent private owner-occupied, generous that negates significant 25 per cent affordable (small units and DISTILLING THE KEY IDEAS FOR A peripheral growth. discounted rents), 17 per cent intermediate NATIONAL HOUSING STRATEGY Equally innovative and large in scale (shared ownership), and 12 per cent private The four recent housing reports – by the Cen- was the Wolfson Prize runner-up, Shelter’s rental. tre for Cities, Shelter/ KPMG, NHF and the Ly- proposal for a new city of 150,000 people on Recently revised Borough housing ons Review – have provided much of the data the north Kent marshes. Connected to the targets indicate that the poorer inner East used in this article and are essential reading, national rail system and with a green fringe London boroughs have eight of the ten most and there are some common proposals for linked to an extensive landscape network, ambitious targets for growth, and that these reform to note. All of the reports emphasise the net densities proposed were around include proposals for at least 140 residential the importance of recouping the uplift in land 60 dwellings per hectare. An emphasis towers (above 20 storeys). The Mayor has values provided by a to on modern methods of construction as an promised that 25 per cent of the housing built pay for infrastructure and affordable housing. employment base and the means for an will be affordable, but so far the average af- Even the Government appears to support this improved housing supply was also included. fordable rent has been 69 per cent of market in its Garden Cities proposal by endorsing In addition there was the concept of shared rents. In the London Opportunity Areas like the TCPA’s development principles. However returns among development partners, local Earl’s Court and -Battersea, the new it does nothing to reform the current system authority, residents, landowners and housing affordable proportion has been around 11-15 of land trading which simply makes hous- associations. per cent in many projects, with far less on ing much more expensive and more poorly Other proposals (Barton Willmore, Wei the prime sites. Only Kings Cross promises to serviced than it should be. As a smaller step Yang-Buro Happold) advocated a National deliver 50 per cent affordable homes. towards reform, the Lyons Review seeks

8 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Update to promote open-book valuations and to ensure a more transparent Land Registry that records all transactions (including options) and is publicly accessible. Both the Centre for Cities (CfC) and the Lyons Review want Compulsory Purchase Orders streamlined to create more possibilities of purchasing land at existing use values to encourage more voluntary agreements. Three of the reports want to widen the remit of Housing Associa- tions and to give them more control over who they house, and more capacity to borrow against assets; and the National Housing Federation (NHF) and Shelter/KPMG want to see the formation of a Housing Investment to boost funding for both housing and infrastructure. Shelter emphasises the need for more support to ensure the revival of small builders (as does Lyons), but the latter remains unconvinced that the larger house builders will significantly increase their vol- ume production. All of the reports recommend local land strategies, the designation of housing growth and new homes areas, emphasising the im- Autumn Statement was remarkable chiefly for ↑ The Heygate Diaspora: portance of collaboration between adjacent its proposals to shrink the role of the state in leaseholder displacement local planning authorities on sites, and wider relation to the gross domestic product to its by redevelopment February 2013 CPO Inquiry Evidence. infrastructure provision to improve connec- smallest size since the 1930s, and its housing Source: 35percent.org tions. The Lyons Review suggests a stronger proposals were predictably piecemeal. Any central government role through a re-tasked prospect of a coherent approach to resolving HCA and a New Homes Corporation, while the housing crisis is missing from all the ma- his anti-sprawl/pro-green belt myopia. Shelter/KPMG seeks to build on City deals jor political parties, as the Labour party lead- Without the multi-dimensional reforms and other potentially devolved powers, in- ership underplayed its own Lyons Review. suggested, the role for urban designers cluding some taxation. The CfC also encour- The TCPA’s recent manifesto for Rebuilding will be hugely circumscribed by the new ages collaboration between adjacent authori- Britain: Planning for a Better Future links the economic realities (in London at least) of sig- ties extending to infrastructure investment current crisis in housing and planning to the nificant over-development, the meaningless and Milton Keynes-type tariffs, while the need for a fairer social division of resources assertions of affordable housing components Lyons Review wants a comprehensive review and the necessity of a more sustainable and minimal provision of genuinely affordable of the CIL to ensure it captures the necessary future. It is remarkable for its fully-justified housing. These new developments are predi- funds for infrastructure. assertion that ‘we are not a poor nation but cated on opaque financial viability assess- Shelter talks of five garden cities and we are badly organised’, and that our discon- ments, delivering over-priced apartments seeks green belt swaps, while the CfC sees nected politics prevents us from taking the aimed at international investment markets many opportunities for new settlements necessary steps towards a positive approach and bonus-enriched City workers, and within green belts and seeks to evaluate to national development. culminating in phalanxes of under-occupied these sites on development priority not on The Government’s dismissal of all the dark buildings. The urban designer’s ideal designation. It also prioritises the densifica- positive thinking engendered by leading of meeting local residents’ needs through tion of existing cities. urban designers and planners in the Wolfson well-designed, affordable new regeneration Only Lyons gives serious attention to Prize entries was a classic demonstration of projects will be challenged as never before. planning practices, arguing for ‘use it or lose what Peter Hall described as the ‘land fetish’ John Punter, Emeritus Professor of Urban it’ permissions, the simplification of plan- that has bedevilled post-war planning since •Design, Cardiff University making, and ensuring that the provision of its 1947 inception. But all of these imagina- housing prioritises locals and first-time buy- tive design solutions were underpinned by a References ers. It wants to redefine affordability in rela- number of the fundamental reforms that are Centre for Cities (2014) Delivering tion to local incomes and more social rented necessary to resolve the current housing cri- Change: Building homes where we accommodation, and this should be a major sis, and to create a more rational programme need them policy priority. The NHF wants to ensure that of urban . Collectively Ellis H. & Henderson K. (2014) Rebuilding developers compete on the quality and con- they required dramatically lower raw land Britain: Planning for a Better Future, tent of their proposals, while Lyons mentions costs; a recoupment of increased land values London, Policy Press carbon neutrality, improved space standards to pay for community infrastructure; an Greater London Authority (2014) Homes and modern methods of manufacture as emphasis upon genuinely affordable housing for London: The London Housing necessary goals. for local people; objectively assessed sub- Strategy (Draft) regional regional housing growth plans; local KPMG/Shelter (2014) Building the Homes CONCLUSIONS public-private partnerships to share develop- we need, www.kpmg.co.uk These four major reports on housing have all ment profits with the community and to fund Lyons, M. (2014) The Lyons Housing found it difficult to get traction in the media green infrastructure; and, a stronger focus on Review: Mobilising across the nation and in public debate, and recent political sustainable public transport-serviced devel- to build the housing our children polling reveals that the housing crisis is not a opment at large. These fundamentals are all need, Labour Party significant issue in the 2015 election (al- based on the TCPA principles endorsed by the National Housing Forum (2014) Broken though 17 per cent of voters under 22 recog- Coalition’s Garden City Prospectus, but were Market, Broken Dreams nise it as a major concern). The Chancellor’s pointedly ignored by the Housing Minister in

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 9 International BUILDING MOMENTUM IN DETROIT Nicolo Cammelli describes the Lighter Quicker and Cheaper (LQC) revolution

18 July 2013, Detroit goes bankrupt: the Motor City has stopped its engines. In a city where people cannot afford to keep the lights on, where bars and cafes are shut and pawn shops are busy, where 80,000 vacant build- ings are derelict because it is too expensive to demolish them, people seem motivated to make a change. But who and what is fuelling this feeling? In November 2012 Project for Public Spaces (PPS), the non-profit place- making organisation set an Action Plan visioning the re-shaping of the city’s core, its downtown, and starting with the people. Images from PPS, (2013) – A Vision For Downtown Detroit Images from PPS, (2013) – A Placemaking Vision For VISION The vision is as simple as it is ambitious: transforming Detroit from a city dedicated to the car, to a city where pedestrians have more and more priority and where down- town Detroit becomes a place you drive to instead of one you drive through. Practically this means and temporary buildings as sheds, and shipping containers and tensile structures to encourage creative activities: a pop-up creative hub. It is already happening and creating interest, as well as a new sense of attachment and sense of place.

WHY PLACE-MAKING? Detroit cannot afford to fail again, wasting money that the city does not have, without receiving any significant benefits, so there is no space for risk, and its people cannot wait any longer. Hence, a design strategy was needed to provide lighter interventions, quicker and cheaper than before. For that reason, urban design is given the important task of re-configuring the parameters of a better life by capitalising on the creative en- ergy of the community, to generate new uses PLACE-ACTIVATION and revenue for places in transition. Place- With cities that are as large The Lighter, Quicker, Cheaper (LQC) strategy making literature argues that if vibrancy is as Detroit, a revitalization aims not to have side effects, but high-impact people, and citizenship is creative, it follows long-term improvements for public spaces that the more that citizens feel they are able is like a ship dragging an and the quality of everyday life. This place- to contribute to their public spaces, the more anchor on the bottom of the activation aims to change people’s awareness vibrant their communities will be. That is that Detroit can be their Rock City again as what Detroit is about: vibrancy. ocean. It takes so long to well as attract more partners and funding in transform such a massive the process. It is worth mentioning that LQC began before its economic crash of 2013. In space. We needed things 2012 Dan Gilbert, founder of Rock Ventures that cause an immediate and Quicken Loans – the second largest retail lender in the US – moved its headquarters influx of people; the only back to the city centre, purchasing dozens way to do that was a of tower blocks, as well as relocating 7,000 employees. This marked a turning point in Lighter, Quicker, Cheaper Detroit’s cycle of urbanisation and set an strategy example for several other small-to-medium businesses, which are progressively opting to move out from the suburbs to take up cheap

10 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 International

short-term long-term LQC STRATEGY Martius/Cadillac Close one traffic lane Martket Square with Square and adding a shared a permanent Market ↙ Temporary activities on surface and more Hall, food kiosks, a public spaces room for vendors and flower stall and an ↘ Character areas map activities outdoor bar

Kiosk + Summer Festival 2013. Concerts, film Images from PPS, (2013) – A Placemaking Vision For Downtown Detroit Images from PPS, (2013) – A Placemaking Vision For screening and family events (north )

short-term long-term

Add a beer garden (south lawn) with seats, lighting and shading, game tables and increased events

l o n g t e r m

s h o r t t e r m

vacant office units in the sleeping downtown • Guidelines for public and private space the States than in the UK. This represents a area. PPS started with a proto-LCQ strat- design and management big shift in urban regeneration and design, egy for the regeneration of two large areas: and some would argue that this approach Detroit River Front and Belle Isle, and the The City of Detroit has had financial sup- would suit a post-emergency scenario or success of the interventions boosted local port and sponsorship from the Detroit 300 hard-hit-places better. But Detroit seems to can-do attitudes, leading to the LCQ Action Conservancy – a non-profit organisation re- have all of the conditions to make this work. Plan shaping downtown over the following sponsible for constructing and managing the Very often funding appears to be the biggest months. The action plan is actually formed by new Campus Martius , as well as funding concern among decision-makers, where in short and long-term plans for ten charac- from Compuware, Ford Motor Company, Rock reality, simplicity and deliverability are effec- ter areas of the city centre. These plans are Ventures and Quicken Loans. tive principles in design: a kiosk in the right structured to include: So far what can we learn from this is that place, or the simple triangulation of compat- • Detailed building and space programmes the city is seeing real improvements, attract- ible uses can really make the difference in our for short and long-term uses ing investors that would not have otherwise experience of places; and it is just common • Concept drawings and layouts for all key been attracted and bringing new activi- sense. spaces ties. Designing with flexibility on different • Nicolo Cammelli, urban designer and planner, • Phasing and event programing time-scales, with people, and testing what Dar Group • Precedents and benchmarks, and works or not, appears to be more popular in

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 11 International DYNAMIC SKYLINE Anika Mittal Dhawan notes the role and significance of cranes in our cities

the urban skyline but also contribute in transforming it continuously, by creating new structures that signify the upward surge of a city. Cranes can thus be interpreted as signs of change, whether physical or economic. Skylines are symbolic of a city’s economic status. The more opulent, visually domineering and taller the skyline, the greater the economic status that it reflects. The number of cranes across the skyline of the city is thus directly proportionate to the amount of construction taking place, which in turn signifies the growth, progress and prosperity of a city. Moreover, they also aid in building the city’s identity. This is or was most visible in Dubai: at the peak of the building boom in 2006, Today the skyline of any city can be best and other permanent structures being the apocryphal statistic that Dubai had described as a silhouette of man-made broken down. But there are also some between 15 and 25 per cent of the world's objects set against the horizon. Iconic highly temporary structures that make up tower cranes was widely reported. Skyline and historical buildings along with the the skyline of any modern city – structures views in all directions were dotted with topography of a place, gives these skylines that are continuously appearing, cranes. With the economic slowdown, the a distinctive form and character of their disappearing, changing, shifting and city's forest of cranes thinned out and its own; this is why no two urban skylines thereby producing an alternative canvas. skyline is noticeably changing. Dubai's ever look the same. These temporary structures are not the fast-disappearing crane culture is very However, one aspect of urban skylines buildings themselves, but are a part of the noticeable, as only existing projects are that remains unnoticed is the fact that construction cycle – the crane machines. completed and the economic slowdown they are in a state of continuous change They are the one consistent feature of takes its toll. due to man-made interventions. The city’s any economically advancing human The Mayor of ’s skyline consists of two elements: those settlement, but also remain the most proposed 2013-2015 Balanced Budget that are relatively permanent, and others ignored and relegated aspect of skylines. specifically mentions cranes as a that are temporary. Cranes are huge, bulky and so a barometer of economic well-being and The urban skyline is in constant flux prominent aspect of any cityscape adding states: ‘this budget is being delivered as with permanent structures getting built another element to the skyline. They have San Francisco’s economy is recovering, been used in construction from times growing, and moving in the right immemorial, first introduced by the direction. And, San Franciscans are getting ancient Greeks, evolving over time and back to work! With 35 construction cranes taking on their current guise in the early across our skyline, you can see public and 20th century. However, it was only after private construction jobs being created – the introduction of the mobile crane and in fact an estimated 223,000 jobs will be the increased construction of created over the next ten years from City that they have become an indispensable projects alone’. construction tool. Recently, tower cranes On the other hand in the UK, the fall in have become a common fixture in any the number of cranes across the skyline developing skyline. They provide lifting is being looked at with alarm. In 2012, height and moving radii while occupying infrastructure experts at international less space. These are hard to miss, rising firm Pinsent Masons have been hundreds of feet into the air and spreading quoted saying: ‘the lack of cranes on UK across a wide area. skylines is symbolic of the sharp falls Cranes and their movement add drama in new commercial and public sector and mobility to the cities and their skyline. construction seen in the last year and the They keep moving, shifting, changing lack of positive UK infrastructure policy. It positions and angles, and because of their is also a sign that construction projects are multiple sizes, create a dynamic skyline. getting smaller’. Their long reaching arms form an ever- changing part of the modern cityscape. Cranes have not only become a part of

12 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 International

↙ Dublin city centre ↙↙ Dubai →↘

Looking at the UK in more detail, data shows that: • In the first six months of 2012, only 413 tower cranes were erected around the country, almost half as compared to the same period in 2011 • The figures for London are 200 cranes in the first six months of 2012 as compared to 366 for the same period in 2011. • The state of construction activity outside of London is even more worrisome: only 28 tower cranes were established across major UK cities in 2012 including Aberdeen (2), Birmingham (7), Edinburgh (8), (3), Manchester (8), and Leeds (0).

In India the market of tower cranes has been increasing due to investment in urban development and industrial infrastructure. The continuous growth of high-rise residential and commercial buildings, shopping malls and various other major infrastructure projects has translated into a 15 to 20 per cent growth in the tower cranes market, leading to approximately 150-200 cranes per year in 2013. With the focus of widespread infrastructure development, the skyline of our cities is expected to remain in a state of perpetual transformation with both these permanent and the temporary elements undergoing change. Anika Mittal Dhawan, Director, Mold Design •Studio

Reference Pinsent Masons, ‘Cranes disappearing from UK skylines’, http://www. pinsentmasons.com/en/media/press- releases/2012/cranes-disappearing- from-uk-skylines/

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 13 Topic

14 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Topic The relevance of the Garden City for the 21st Century

Whether or not garden cities are to become a It has been over 100 years since Letchworth ← (previously critical part of our urban landscape is likely to be Garden City, ’s radical, socialist known as Romford Garden Suburb). Photograph by determined in the next few weeks, ahead of the experiment in healthier living and working, was Colin Pullan general election on 15th May. conceived. Having seen in the USA how places It is widely accepted that we need to be building a could be better designed, he published his utopian minimum of 200,000 homes a year to keep up with manifesto, and sought backers to make it a reality. demand. Currently we are building far short of this, He found common cause with the architects Barry and the reality of the housing crisis is biting. It hurts Parker and Raymond Unwin, amongst others. economically, socially, and environmentally. To the Howard took a risk; the First Garden City Company economy, lack of homes in the places where we need was created, and the experiment was born. them holds back productive cities from attracting But social conditions, and placemaking the skilled workers that they need, while taking principles have moved on. While cities still face increasingly large chunks of monthly pay packets in social and environmental challenges, we are no mortgage repayments and rent. This has an impact longer looking for an alternative to Victorian on spending power, on people's wellbeing and on city squalor. The city is no longer a place that health. More people are unable to buy a house , can only be ‘fixed’ by decanting its population and the number of 20-34 year olds living with their into the countryside or to a hybrid of town and parents increased by 25 per cent between 1996 and countryside. was right: whatever the 2013 (ONS, 2014). Meanwhile, the housing benefit state of the city, there is value in often messy and bill is increasing, putting further pressure on public chaotic urban environments. Cities also tend to spending. The case is clear, and so is the answer: be more sustainable and efficient than non-urban build more houses in the areas where they are most areas. And considering the economic benefits of needed, to meet the demand and push down the agglomeration and density, should we really be cost of housing. trying to decentralise into the Garden City? Garden cities are seen as one possible solution Common sense dictates that the Garden City to this crisis. All the major political parties have should be just one part of a wider solution to made gestures towards their role in future housing address housing need. But to cite David Lock, provision, and this political consensus has been when promoting garden cities, be careful what pivotal so far in ensuring the continuation of the you wish for. Do political speechwriters know that debate about if and how garden cities, as well as the primary characteristic of a garden city is land other forms of development, can be used to deliver ownership on behalf of the local community, a houses where people really need them. The traction radical reformist concept? Even Unwin reflected of the debate has been secured by the 2014 Wolfson in his 1909 publication The Principles of Planning Economics Prize, which asked for garden city that the garden city may not appeal to everyone. It solutions that were visionary, economically viable is important that we step beyond both the historic and popular. The winners and runners-up were definition of the Garden City, to make it relevant to announced in September, and are represented in the 21st century, but also to be wary of it being used this issue. We aim to draw together the strands of as a branding tool by politicians and developers. that debate and push it forwards, with the urban The following articles seek to draw out designer at the heart of the fray. experiences from home and abroad to determine Interest in the garden city has been fervent what remains relevant from the garden city, and since the publication of the National Planning how it can be used to help, rather than to hinder Policy Framework in 2012. Paragraph 52 states: urban design and development. The wide variety ‘The supply of new homes can sometimes be of contributors brings together a number of best achieved through planning for larger perspectives, including those of politicians, urban scale development, such as new settlements or designers, academics, the winners and finalists of extensions to existing villages and towns that follow the Wolfson Economics Prize, and the custodians of the principles of Garden Cities’. Letchworth Garden City. We thank our contributors But why the renewed interest in a set of design for their insight. and planning principles dating from the 1900s? • What is it about the Garden City that was considered significant enough to warrant mention in national planning policy, ahead of all other initiatives? We should be thinking carefully about whether a return to placemaking principles that emerged from a need to address late Victorian poor living conditions is Colin Pullan, Urban Design• Director, Nathaniel the right approach. Today, the challenges faced by Lichfield and Partners, and cities are very different. Elli Thomas, researcher, Centre for Cities

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 15 Topic The Garden City Resurgence David Lock highlights the issues for urban designers

to act as midwife. Ebbsfleet is already planned to be a relatively high density urban agglomeration around the international railway station; it has been planned since the early 1990s; it is wholly in private ownership; already has outline planning permission; and a large chunk of it is proposed to be a franchised movie studio theme park. The term garden city is evidently elastic. In April 2014 the Department for Communities and Local Government’s Locally-Led Garden Cities was published, inviting proposals from local authorities. First up has been a ‘garden town’ – note the label change – declared at Bicester in Oxfordshire. Cherwell District Council say that ‘13,000 homes will be delivered in two phases. The first phase will be in line with the Local Plan, which outlined the delivery of 10,000 new homes at the north-west Bicester eco town, Graven Hill and south-west Bicester between 2014 and 2031. The remaining 3,000 homes will then be built after the end of the Local Plan timeframe from 2031 onwards. …new schools, infrastructure and 21,500 jobs will be created alongside the homes, as will improved transport links.’1 Whether a small new town, an international transport node, or a chunk of Bicester is a garden city as defined by the Town and Country Planning Association – the guardians of the idea – or is simply branding cover for smuggling large housing estates under the NIMBY wire, is an important point for urban designers, because it shapes the client role. If a modern garden city (or heaven help We do not know who wrote his speech, but us, garden town) follows the conventional model Prime Minister David Cameron started a garden since the 1970s, there will be a body of work to be city revival in February 2012, followed later by done by the local planning authority in justifying declarations from Deputy Prime Minister Nick its strategy and setting out its regulatory systems. Clegg (November 2012), and Shadow Chancellor There will then also be a body of work to be done Ed Balls (November 2013). So for those of us asking for the landowners, but not much interest in social for a blend of local urbanisation policies tailored cultural or local economic development or serious to local circumstances, rather than the default of place-making. Grants for drains and roads and unsustainable town cramming and ghastly urban housebuyers, but little else. edge-blobbed standard estates, the garden city Alternatively, the Labour-commissioned Lyon's revival was good news. Review of Housing points the way.2 The site of a But you have to be careful what you wish for. proposed garden city will be designated under the Are the words garden city being used merely as a New Towns Act and taken into public ownership at cuddly euphemism for Eco Town (so New Labour), existing-use-value-plus (to avoid the need for CPO). new settlement (so Thatcherite) or the literally A proper new town development corporation would more accurate words New Town (so statist)? Did then deliver the garden city using the rise in land the speechmakers even know that the primary values to pay for it. characteristic of a garden city is land ownership on Either way, what we have learned as urban behalf of the local community, not Arts and Crafts designers working on the scale of whole new towns, ↑ Life in a Modern worthy of a Kate Greenaway book of is that today's master plan is primarily that of the Garden City? Drawing by nursery rhymes? Did they realise that it is a radical framework of the public domain, with flexible codes Steve Peart after Kate reformist concept, not a method of enabling volume for the design and development of built projects. Greenaway, commissioned housebuilders to spew more standard product? It is the movement corridors we need; the balance by Will Cousins, David Lock Doubts increased when the Chancellor George of modes can change over time. The green frame of Associates, 2014 ↗ The TCPA design principles Osborne cheerfully declared that Ebbsfleet in landscape and ecology will embrace our built form for modern Garden Cities, North Kent was to be a garden city, with a short- (and obscure its worse excrescencies). Sustainable 2014 life grant-giving Urban Development Corporation drainage systems will provide the thread for major

16 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Topic public open spaces, like beads on a necklace. Established New Urbanist principles will contribute the core coding for detailed design work, with more locational-specific guidance to be added to form development briefs. But don’t be tricked by architects who still think that master plans are blueprints or total three dimensional designs of place. They aren't. Don’t be tricked by transport planners into squashing people up around bus stops, because every item in the economics of transport systems is a variable. And don't be tricked by the town crammers into using densities that might work for the rich, i.e. Kensington, Bath, Abode in Cambridge, or the designers’ icon suburb Hammerby in Stockholm. Listen to those who know about social and cultural development in building community. Go to Almere and Milton Keynes for references, good and bad, and then do it right for your place. Use self-build, small builders, and negotiate a relationship with the volume housebuilders so that they work for your clients, instead of for their standard business References • David Lock CBE, model. 1 ‘Government awards Bicester Garden Town Strategic Planning Adviser at David Lock Associates, and It may seem counterintuitive, but doors are status’, www.cherwell.gov.uk, 3 December 2014 Vice-President and Trustee opening for urban design as we move into 2015, not 2 www.insidehousing.co.uk/seven-things-the- of the Town and Country . • lyons-review-offers-housing/7006413.article Planning Association.

Fantasy oR Opportunity? Miles Gibson and Liz Mason examine the prospects for garden cities in the UK

Garden cities are back in the headlines. The to the financial model, particularly for the UK’s 32 Chancellor of the Exchequer has established a New Towns, some of which made substantial profits Garden City (Urban) Development Corporation for the Government as the investor. at Ebbsfleet; Eric Pickles has issued a prospectus Most of the principles historically underpinning inviting localities to come forward with proposals garden city development remain current in today’s for new garden cities; and Bicester has been political debate. But some interested parties have announced as the second new garden town to not necessarily adopted this definition wholesale receive Government attention; the Deputy Prime – indeed, we are already seeing a significant Minister has called for ten new garden cities; and number of proposals for large housing estates Sir Michael Lyons’ report on housing for the Labour which fail to understand that a garden city is an Party called for five New Towns, two of which would economic concept, not a horticultural one. This be in the South East. This level of political interest misunderstanding risks tarnishing a generally in the garden city concept has not been seen for popular and respected brand. decades. But are garden cities a fantasy or an Some argue that the garden city is also a social opportunity? concept, borne out of Victorian philanthropy (or paternalism perhaps). But even a modernised set of Defining the terms social aims can only be realised if there is enough The original garden cities, at Letchworth and money to pay for it – which is why the economics Welwyn, were designed as free-standing towns and finances of a garden city are our starting point. intended to provide a mix of homes, jobs and The same is true for urban design and architectural services in a pleasant environment. Garden City quality. A high quality environment adds economic Companies were set up to develop the land, manage value, but also costs – the trick is in finding money to the estate, and provide local services, which maintain quality in the long term. would be funded by charging rents that would rise over time as the value of the city grew. Since The fantasy the introduction of planning permission in 1947, The seductiveness of the garden city brand ‘planning gain’ from development has contributed enables politicians to offer a positive vision,

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 17 Topic

but some commentators argue that in practice of national framework, which at least permits the this vision will be impossible to deliver and is a right debate to happen locally, seems essential. politically convenient fantasy. The political upper hand currently lies with localism. Both the Prime The problems Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister have been Even if these political difficulties could be clear that new settlements will not be imposed upon overcome, there are those who argue that the local communities. Is it then realistic to expect local economics of a garden city make no sense either. authorities to put forward garden cities in response Garden cities are arguably a high-risk model, but to the Government’s prospectus? This risks too few their success depends on low-risk money from coming forward and – critically – not necessarily in long-term investors. It is difficult to reconcile these the most suitable locations, and begs the question differing levels of risk while remaining within a as to what is going to induce local communities to locally-led model; this is why many commentators agree to build new towns in their areas, given a rich call for the intervention of central government to history of opposition to development. reduce the (mostly planning) risks involved, usually Ebenezer Howard’s late Victorian garden through the imposition of an Urban Development city model was a reaction to the failings of the Corporation. The alternative is to reduce the risk industrial city, to poor sanitation and overcrowding. locally, but that option is less frequently explored. Thankfully, we now celebrate our cities, but There are other forms of risk, in particular the communities still react badly to the proposition of difficulty of coordinating infrastructure provision development; they seek to protect what they know for such a large development, which is often and love. Community engagement is an increasingly exacerbated by an unclear planning context. valued component of the development process. Infrastructure for large development sites must However, there is an inevitable discord between be planned on a strategic basis, particularly public and individual motivations. The net result given the likely finite funding. It is critical that is inaction. An additional challenge arises from available funding is prioritised towards the most increasingly powerful, articulate, and well-funded suitable locations. A reliable source of funding anti-development lobby groups, who typically run is needed, with clarity as to responsibilities for emotive campaigns to resist development – not delivery. Unfortunately, the one body which often something which Howard had to face. accepts that it should shoulder the infrastructure Local authorities are struggling to be effective in funding risks that others can’t – the state – simply planning to meet their objectively assessed housing cannot afford to do so in the current financial needs – not least because they operate within a environment. highly political environment. It is evident from the Proper local development plans and apolitical local plans that are stalling that some are struggling. delivery mechanisms could solve some of these Perhaps the most frustrating challenge is the issues. We have a well-established plan-led system, impact of electoral cycles on the planning system, but plans take years to prepare, especially when something that is particularly relevant as we cross-boundary issues are involved, which is more approach May 2015. For large developments that likely for garden cities. This is heightened even take many years to progress through the planning further given that authorities are likely to be at system, the uncertainty of the future political different stages of the plan-making process. landscape has serious ramifications for managing Development corporations are seen by some as a risk in long-term investments. Therefore, if the way to accelerate this process. Primary legislation identification of sites is to remain purely a local is already in place, and for Ebbsfleet, consultation issue, there is a clear risk that the garden city debate on secondary legislation has recently closed. Will ↑ A typical view in Letchworth. Image courtesy will remain a fantasy, and will take place to no the Ebbsfleet Development Corporation – and of the Letchworth Garden practical effect against a steadily worsening social, indeed any other development corporation – enjoy City Heritage Foundation economic and environmental backdrop. Some kind the same powers as were afforded to the New Town

18 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Topic

Corporations, including plan-making, and will The acceptability of garden cities is likely to they be in place for long enough? And how does the need a fundamental shift in public support for notion of a development corporation fit with the more housing; but there is some survey evidence notion of localism? that as house prices soar, this is beginning to occur. Garden cities often involve multiple land Awareness of the potential solutions is being built ownerships, which give rise to complex among the ‘priced out’ younger generations. considerations around land assembly and values. To consolidate this support, we need to Without control of the land, delivery will be at risk. acknowledge that garden cities are not the only But will any new development corporations have tool in the toolbox. If local communities are to be compulsory purchase powers, as was the case for convinced, we need to demonstrate that urban the New Towns? And how will compensation be capacity is being maximised (for example, through determined? Hope value, planning gain and human consolidating and strengthening city centres and rights law were not matters which Howard needed releasing surplus land for housing). This will help to to grapple with at Letchworth. show that garden cities – or strategic development – Then there is also the issue of the pace of are not a matter of choice, but the only choice left. housing delivery. House-building is driven by This should lead to a consensus that the UK’s maximising values around market cycles, and housing and affordability challenges, which all this inevitably leads to a lower annual output than political parties have identified, can only be met would, theoretically at least, be possible. How by accepting the need for strategic development, do we create the conditions to increase annual by whatever conceptual name. If so, we would be output, to properly address the current housing and well placed to start a debate about location, using a affordability crisis as quickly as possible? thorough assessment of objectively measured needs, and strategic decisions about the spatial pattern The opportunity of growth. The key objective should be to create a Such a long list of problems might imply that framework which facilitates sustainable patterns the fantasy hypothesis has the upper hand. But of development, exploits existing infrastructure, there is room for optimism. For the first time in is fit for purpose, and is capable of enduring in the perhaps 40 years, the leaders of all three political long-term. Within that framework there is a case parties have made positive statements about the for garden cities to be treated as key infrastructure, contribution to be made by garden cities to address and dealt with through the Nationally Significant economic growth and housing shortages. If it can be Infrastructure Projects process. translated into reality, the current level of political We need to exploit this unique political consensus focus might be an unprecedented opportunity. Polls by establishing a housing framework which show that the garden city concept is popular in transcends political administrations. Strategic, principle with the public: it sounds nice and people independent housing bodies could be created to would like to live in one. focus on identifying the need and distribution For investors, garden cities are a whole new class of housing and how this aligns with existing and of mixed-use, long-term strategic assets which (if planned infrastructure. properly de-risked) could represent a good source of Development corporations with long lives may longer term income, and could be very attractive to also assist, but they need to have broad powers for overseas investors interested in the British garden as long as is necessary to deliver the whole project, city brand. For developers, garden cities offer the particularly powers over land and infrastructure. A opportunity to increase output in markets which reliable funding mechanism needs to be identified otherwise might never become available at all. For to ensure that the funding is directed to the most house buyers and occupiers, there is the chance to appropriate, sustainable locations. We also need to move to modern new homes, purpose-built offices find a way to incentivise more housebuilding. and shops in pleasant environments. We must insist upon high quality design, And for the public sector, garden cities could especially in urban form and layout, without which make a major contribution to solve acute local the garden city brand is fatally undermined. Quality housing shortages in a way which is carefully of individual buildings is important, but good planned. That could change local political masterplanning is even more important, since this calculations in surprising ways if, in a given local is what will endure over time. Local communities authority, there are more winners than losers from should have the final say over style and character concentrating development in one place. Some through design codes. councils have already grasped this point, and are Finally, we must remember that garden cities formally proposing significant development on large are a mechanism for securing quality of life more sites in preference to small patches of incremental generally, not just more housing. They are our development elsewhere. There is also a continuing best chance of building communities, rather interest among policymakers in exploring how than incremental housing estates, with the right generated by strategic development could provision of services and jobs. In the end, it may be be used to compensate those who might lose out, that the modern economic arguments for garden or to mitigate any damage done (whether to green cities, rather than their historic social origins, are Liz Mason, Director fields or property prices), and to reward councils the more persuasive. We are optimistic that the •in CBRE’s Planning who ‘do the right thing’. Although public sector economic and political challenges of delivering service, with a focus on funds are hard to come by, HM Treasury does seem garden cities can be overcome, and that these great advising clients bringing prepared to operate on a commercial basis using new places to live represent an opportunity for us forward large strategic loans and guarantees (such as Help To Buy), which all. sites. Miles Gibson, Head of • UK Research at CBRE and provide it with a return in financial terms as well as former Director of the 2014 in economic terms. These mechanisms are not state Wolfson Economics Prize on hand-outs, but investments. garden cities.

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 19 Topic Dealing with the Housing Shortage Roberta Blackman-Woods sets out the Labour Party’s commitment to enabling and supporting garden cities

urgent need for improved infrastructure and the ever-increasing environmental pressures that we are facing. But this is not just about numbers. We need good quality homes and must renew our commitment to improving quality through design. While local planning authorities are currently expected to make use of design review to help to raise standards across an area, there are problems with the process as it operates currently, with little input into the process from the communities affected. At its best, design review can really add value by bringing a greater breadth and depth of experience and knowledge, and actively including all stakeholders at the earliest possible stage. We need a much stronger commitment to these principles if we are to create sustainable communities that people truly want to live in, and feel a part of, in the long term. Despite the reference made to garden cities in the 2012 National Planning Policy Framework, the current Government has missed many opportunities to give a renewed commitment to garden cities. The Infrastructure Bill, working its way through Parliament, is a typical example. Despite the Government having made much of so-called announcements of support for developments at Ebbsfleet, Northstowe and Bicester – which are actually re-announcements of existing schemes – measures to support the delivery of new garden cities are conspicuous in their absence from the bill. What is more, the Government has tried to paper over the problem by labelling any new housing development as a garden city despite the developments lacking any recognisable garden city features. New housing is, of course, to be welcomed but a development does not become a garden city just because the Government labels it as one. Fortunately, the Labour Party understands the need for much more to be done and tasked a review, led by Sir Michael Lyons, with formulating ↑ Letchworth, courtesy of It is now over 100 years since Ebenezer Howard proposals for the next Labour Government. Among Letchworth Garden City published his visionary book Garden Cities of Lyons’ proposals are updates to the New Towns Heritage Foundation Tomorrow. More than a century later, as we face legislation to spur delivery of garden cities by new ↑↑ Housing by Alison Brooks in Newhall, . Image our own housing crisis, it is more appropriate than Garden City Development Corporations; setting from the Architectural Review ever to consider Howard’s legacy and the role that out Treasury guarantees and financial incentives garden cities should play in meeting the need for to unlock sustainable garden city development new homes. His inclusive principles of affordable and deliver infrastructure; and, establishing housing, the creation of new jobs and sustainable New Homes Corporations to extend garden city lifestyles have stood the test of time, and we need to principles and powers to bring forward garden return planning to these visionary principles, give suburbs and the remodelling of cities and towns. local communities the tools that they need to shape The review anticipates that these measures could the places they live in, and update them to meet help to accelerate the delivery of as many as present day needs. 500,000 new homes. Evidence shows that we are building fewer than It is ideas like these which show the vision that is half the number of homes needed to keep up with needed to deliver a new generation of garden cities, demand. It is clear that to deliver new homes on without which we cannot hope to deal with our Roberta Blackman- •Woods, Shadow Minister for the necessary scale, we will need to go beyond housing shortage over the longer term, and provide Planning and Labour MP for piecemeal projects and enable comprehensively the homes we so desperately need. the City of Durham planned developments, which will also meet the •

20 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Topic The Art of Building a Garden City Katy Lock sets out a route-map for garden city principles in the 21st century

Over the past four years, the Town and Country about what garden cities really are and how to Planning Association (TCPA) has been leading a deliver them in the 21st century. campaign for a new generation of garden cities as part of a portfolio of solutions to meet the nation’s Delivery Principles housing needs. Over this period, the leaders of One of the key misconceptions about garden the three main political parties have announced cities is an assumption that what makes them their support for a new programme of garden unique is their design and layout. While there is cities in England. The 2012 National Planning no doubt that the concept of marrying town and Policy Framework made reference to garden city country, resulting in a pleasant and healthy living principles, and last year the Government invited environment, was a fundamental factor in their bids for new locally-led garden cities, while it success, what really sets the garden city model explores how to bring forward the long-planned apart is a specific set of delivery principles related strategic growth area at Ebbsfleet informed by to its financial model, land ownership and approach garden city principles. Back in November, it was to community participation and governance. also announced that two former eco-towns are The TCPA has taken the key aspects of design to receive support for accelerated development. and delivery that made the garden city concept Meanwhile, the 2014 Labour-commissioned Lyons such a success and updated them for 21st century. Housing Review recommended an immediate In our definition, a garden city is a holistically programme of new garden cities as part of a planned new settlement which enhances the natural package of measures to address the housing crisis. environment, and offers high quality affordable The role of large scale development is also housing and locally accessible work in beautiful, an issue of debate elsewhere in the UK, with the healthy and sociable communities. The garden RICS Scottish Housing Commission recently city principles are an indivisible and interlocking recommending a programme of New Towns in framework for their delivery, and include: , and MPs in discussing the role of • Land value capture for the benefit of the new garden cities in dealing with Cardiff’s housing community needs. Meanwhile, further public interest in garden • Strong vision, leadership and community cities has been generated by the Wolfson Economics engagement Prize 2014, which asked entrants ‘How would Community ownership of land and long-term • ↑ Howard Park, Letchworth you deliver a new garden city which is visionary, stewardship of assets Garden City. (Image by economically viable, and popular?’ Despite this • Mixed-tenure homes and housing types that are Letchworth Garden City interest, there is still widespread misunderstanding genuinely affordable Heritage Foundation)

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 21 Topic

Clarity on these issues is key to realising that a programme of garden cities is a once-in-a- generation opportunity to achieve inclusive, high- quality and climate-resilient places, and that garden city principles are more relevant now than ever.

Setting high standards The Government’s Locally-led garden cities prospectus made reference to the TCPA’s garden city principles, but did not require places seeking support to commit to these principles or demonstrate how they would be applied. The lack of legislative or policy requirements for new garden cities meant that it was left to the TCPA to define garden city standards, and to encourage local authorities and the private sector to meet these high ambitions. In 2014, the TCPA published Creating garden cities today: a practical guide on standards. This reiterates the high standards of the garden city model, exploring the indivisible and interlocking nature of its principles, explaining what they mean, and some of the tools available to achieve them. For urban designers, this includes thoughts on approaching the design of new garden cities.

Designing the garden city Ebenezer Howard was strongly influenced by William Morris, and the , and the early garden cities were consciously designed to be beautiful places that would lift the spirits of those who lived there. Howard and his design team at Letchworth thought deeply about how to create homes and places in which people could flourish. They wanted to create beautiful homes in attractive places that were aesthetically, culturally and environmentally rich and stimulating. It is therefore no surprise that the original • A wide range of local jobs in the garden city garden cities are places of enduring quality and within easy commuting distance of homes choice. They have met the and housing • Beautifully and imaginatively designed homes aspirations of successive generations and remain with gardens, combining the best of town and popular today. The 21st century garden city needs country to create healthy communities, including to be planned, designed, developed and managed opportunities to grow food to achieve the same long-term success and public • Development that enhances the natural appeal. environment, providing a comprehensive green Garden city designers should apply garden infrastructure network and net biodiversity city principles in new and exciting ways, making gains, and using zero-carbon and energy-positive the most of new technologies and technology to ensure climate resilience in construction and design. New garden cities • Strong cultural, recreational and shopping will not look like Welwyn or Letchworth, but we facilities in walkable, vibrant, sociable can still learn from the Arts and Crafts tradition, neighbourhoods including sensitivity to the heritage of local building • Integrated and accessible transport systems, design, a commitment to human scale, attention with walking, cycling and public transport to detail and craftsmanship, and an appreciation designed to be the most attractive forms of local of the relationship between natural environment transport. and wellbeing. New garden cities provide an opportunity for a contemporary demonstration of Another common misconception is that the garden progressive, innovative design and architecture, city approach implies low-density living and will which reflects the unique materials, designs and create unsustainable sprawl that encourages car landscape of their locality. use. In fact, there is no specified density for a It is already proving tempting for councils or ↑ Letchworth's 'Tomorrow's new garden city and a range of densities across developers to label projects as garden suburbs or Garden City' competition the development would be expected. The test is villages. But the garden city concept must not be aimed to encourage the extent to which the density applied allows taken in vain. That mistake has been made before. innovative low carbon for the realisation of the garden city principles, In the 1930s subsidised programmes design for a new including walkable neighbourhoods and healthy were delivered claiming to be designed ‘along development in the town. (Image by TCPA) communities. With a holistic approach to creating garden city lines’, but, much to the dismay of the ↑↑ Ashley Vale self-build, a new community, garden cities are the exact , created sprawling suburbs Bristol (Image by TCPA) opposite to sprawling, ‘bolt-on’ housing estates. with mock-Tudor detailing. We must also learn

22 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Topic lessons from the post-war New Towns programme. These direct successors of the garden city were intended as exemplars of quality development, with expert design and delivery teams in Development Corporations who put great emphasis on creating balanced communities and innovative use of architecture and design. But the loss of financial assets when the corporations were wound up took away resources for upkeep and renewal, meaning that today many look run-down and unappealing. To avoid the mistakes of the past, we must focus on the quality as well as the quantity of new places – and we must ensure that they are endowed with sufficient assets to secure long-term income for future maintenance. The garden city financial model demonstrates how this can be paid for. TCPA’s campaign has shown that modern garden cities should offer both the high social and environmental standards of the original garden cities, and the effective delivery mechanisms of the post-war New Towns, combining the best of both model, to be delivered as a series of worksheets ↑ Milton Keynes Parks Trust approaches and drawing on the lessons of what has on issues including delivering climate resilience, uses events such as World worked in the past and what has not. design and place-making, creating socially and Picnic to generate income for the upkeep of green The TCPA’s work on updating the New Towns Act culturally vibrant garden cities, finance, delivery infrastructure (Image by shows how the legislation could be modernised to and long-term stewardship, and the options for Caroline Brown, David Lock ensure long-term stewardship, and to make the New deciding where new garden cities should be located. Associates) Town Development Corporations fit for purpose The application of garden city principles is a in the 21st century. The TCPA’s recommendations creative enterprise, demanding both political will to update the legislation have been tabled as and the assembly of the very best cross-disciplinary amendments to the Infrastructure Bill and debated talent – from planners, urban designers, landscape in Parliament. architects and ecologists to energy engineers and artists. At the very least, the principles offer a What next for garden cities? framework for good planning, which has largely Local plan processes provide a major opportunity disappeared from English policy. They also offer to bring forward new communities using garden a foundation for in the construction of city principles, particularly where local authorities communities which, like the original garden cities, demand high standards in policy and tools such will secure a lasting legacy of quality and inclusion. as development briefs. However, in the absence However, in applying the principles, there of a strategic ‘larger than local’ approach, we will is a crucial, overarching need for effective not get the scale of development that we need preparation and coordination. Delivery requires in the places where it is needed most. Despite the Government to set out how these new places recent political interest, the question of how to will fit into the country’s wider economic, social deliver high quality and comprehensively planned and environmental development. This requires new communities – which can take over 30 years unprecedented cross-departmental coordination to deliver and transcend electoral cycles – has in everything from social housing investment to not yet been properly addressed at the national energy generation and use. Only with this kind of level. This is because it involves the difficult and forethought and enabling will new garden cities be politically sensitive issues of consent, land value able to deliver their outstanding benefits for future (and compensation) and ensuring high standards of generations. development within environmental limits. In the run-up to the general election, the The development at Ebbsfleet will be the first TCPA will be calling for the three leading political demonstration of how committed the Government parties to make a manifesto commitment to is to delivering genuine 21st century garden delivering beautiful, well-designed and inclusive cities. The recent response to the consultation on new communities, with affordable homes and new the Ebbsfleet Urban Development Corporation jobs in places where people wish to live and work. (UDC) indicates that garden city principles will Brave political leadership is needed and we hope not be embedded in the purpose and objectives that our campaign will help show central and local of the UDC. Instead, a vision with a set of design government how a step-change in delivery can be principles, leading to a set of design codes is to be achieved, working in partnership with the private developed. It is difficult to see how the principles sector, without losing focus on people and quality to of land value capture and long-term stewardship create places that will stand the test of time. could be included in design principles – a symptom Find out more about garden city principles and of retrofitting an existing development – but we the TCPA’s campaign at www.tcpa.org.uk/pages/ hope those involved will make the most of this garden-cities.html opportunity to deliver something better for future • generations. To assist those designing and delivering new Katy Lock, Garden Cities garden cities and places inspired by the principles, •and New Towns Advocate at the TCPA is working on a practical guide to the Town & Country Planning delivering the high standards of the garden city Association (TCPA)

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 23 Topic Designing Garden Cities for the 21st century Nicholas Falk and David Rudlin question the standalone garden city and suggest that cities ought to flex their belts

, along with tackling social problems such as isolation and worklessness. A city like Oxford, where house prices are now more than 15 times average incomes, also suffers from traffic congestion and flooding, which stiffens resistance to the further growth. Consequently the city’s economic expansion and sustainability, as well as its position in the world university league table, are all threatened if development continues to be dispersed, and if people have to live ever further from their work. The 21st century garden city therefore needs to tackle a very different set of issues to the one that Ebenezer Howard faced. We no longer need to build an alternative to the city because as URBED’s work over the years has shown, the city is the only place where current day problems can be addressed. We do however, need models for how to reform the city, and in some places like Oxford, to allow it to expand.

Why do we need to flex our belts? While growing cities at higher densities along transport corridors makes sense to most people, particularly those who have experienced the quality of life in European cities such as Freiburg or Copenhagen, it has become practically impossible to do so in the UK because of the way the planning system works. Green belt and the brownfield first Developing proposals for the fictional City of policy have served us well and should continue. Uxcester was a liberating experience. Like Ebenezer However, there are places where brownfield Howard more than a hundred years ago and many capacity is limited or in the wrong place (such utopians before, we could create a place freed as remote airfields) and where these policies are from the constraints of the real world. However, strangling towns, preventing growth or pushing as history has taught us, Utopias are dangerous. it into unsustainable locations, inflating house They are prone to misinterpretation and to prices and adding to congestion. When URBED being hijacked by people with less than altruistic worked on the original calculations to show what motivation. Since winning the Wolfson prize, could be accommodated on , it much of our work has been focussed on turning was always assumed that there would also be some the principles into something more practical. We housebuilding on green fields, but how this should started this by looking at Oxford as part of our take place was never agreed. The results are isolated submission, but we are now also talking to a range housing estates where cars are needed to get a of stakeholders interested in the idea of a garden pint of milk or meet a friend. Our proposal is for a city. This has thrown up three questions that we different approach to growth, one more akin to the need to address. American movement, with its focus on Transport Oriented Development. Why do we need a 21st century garden The arguments have been rehearsed out in city? debates following on from our Wolfson win, which It is over a century since Ebenezer Howard conjured argued for ‘taking a confident bite out of the up a vision of a network of garden cities connected green belt rather than nibbling at its edges’ and together by municipal railways financed through for ‘growing from the strong rootstock of existing the ‘unearned increment’ on land value uplift. places rather than the weak sapling of a new Since Letchworth was built, the world has changed settlement.’ These arguments have been backed up fundamentally, requiring twice as many homes to by research for the Centre for Cities which shows house the same population that travels to work or that some 1.4 million homes could be built in the the shops by car, and requires much more capital- areas where growth pressures are greatest by intensive infrastructure. The challenge of making taking just 5 per cent of the green belt, including ↑ Uxcester Garden City housing more affordable now has to be combined some of the least productive and attractive of green Neighbourhood with changing travel patterns and cutting energy fields. In our submission we stuck our neck out,

24 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Topic to the surprise of many of our fellow urbanists, by suggesting that we should not rule out building on this land. We should have the confidence to expand our cities, where necessary, and we should build confidently in the spirit of Edinburgh New Town or Bloomsbury. In doing this there is a great problem that is also a huge opportunity, namely the value of the land. The green fields closest to our cities are some of the most contested and therefore expensive pieces of land in the country. Once such inflated prices have been paid, quality development is impossible and there is nothing left to fund infrastructure. We will therefore not be able to expand our cities until the issue of land value is addressed. However, once it is, it potentially unlocks a huge source of funding to address the housing and infrastructure needs as well as tapping into large pots of money waiting to be invested in schemes that offer relatively secure returns. In our proposals for Oxford we showed how the population of the city could be doubled and a growth rate of 2 per cent per annum secured without eating into areas of natural beauty, or imposing on flood plains. Indeed, the developments could make use of planned transport improvements, such as the new railway station at Water Eaton or the planned joining up of the A40 and A34 to the north of Oxford. There is even enough in the form of 1 Self-sufficiency: Where development ↑ Oxford Uxcester Garden land value uplift to build a new tram out north along opportunities have the prospect of a degree City the Banbury Road to Kidlington, therefore taking of self-containment by being large enough to cars off the road and making cycling much easier support a secondary school and a local centre and safer. We used as models cities like Freiburg but (4-5,000 units) and with a strong public could also have drawn lessons from Oxford’s twin transport link to a larger city. city of Grenoble, which has built five tram lines over 2 Land value capture: Where landowners are the last few decades. prepared to invest a significant amount of the land value in infrastructure. In locations where How can we reshape urban Britain? development would otherwise be impossible, this To start with, we should not abandon the is not necessarily a bad deal for private owners brownfield first policy. Towns and cities should and could be particularly attractive for the public accommodate as much housing as possible within sector. their existing . In some places, this will 3 Public transport: Where development can be be 100 per cent of new housing; however, in many served by fast efficient public transport including places (most but not exclusively in the south) there a station and a tram or Bus Rapid Transport is insufficient urban capacity. In these cases we (BRT). need to plan for green field housing rather than 4 Social contract: Where a compact can be allow it to happen by default. The obstacles to this made with the existing community providing are bound up, not just with a natural resistance for a range of benefits, new open space, public or fear of change, but also with the entrenched transport and the relief of development interests of a whole property industry that makes pressures elsewhere. money from negotiating planning permissions 5 Sustainability charter: Where housing is able rather than building communities that last. John to be built within the performance specifications Calcutt, in his review of housing delivery, suggested set out in the Climate Change Act, namely an 80 the need for a new business model that broke away per cent reduction in CO2 emissions. from a dependence on trading land. The Labour- 6 Long term management: Where there is commissioned Lyons Review, despite 39 good scope to establish long-term management recommendations that covered many of these arrangements funded by a ground rent on the issues, left up in the air the key question of land and with the involvement of local value capture. Elsewhere there is talk about a Royal residents. Commission or a Garden City Act. The question is whether progress must wait This could all go so much more quickly with new until legislation is introduced at the national level. legislation and we must continue to press for it. If so, we risk a long period of inertia, while all However we can and should also be working within the problems just get worse. Our discussions in the existing system. These conditions are not Oxford and in other cities, as well as with a number impossible to achieve without legislation. They of landowners suggest that while legislation is could form a framework to allow local planning • Nicholas Falk and important, some progress is possible now provided authorities to resist unsustainable development and David Rudlin are directors of URBED and were joint that the following conditions can be met: instead to take the confident bite out of their green authors of the winning belt that we suggest. entry for the 2014 Wolfson • Economics Prize

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 25 Topic Building Blocks for the future Chris Wilford and Andy Von Bradsky discuss the principles behind their Wolfson Economics Prize submission

The Shelter submission, shortlisted and runner-up suggestive of the low-density, leafy neighbourhoods for the 2014 Wolfson Economics Prize on ‘How of Welwyn or Letchworth, which might help reduce to deliver a Garden City which is visionary, the force of local objections to any scheme, but the economically viable and popular’ was driven by the socio-economics of today, we suggest, point to an core agenda of providing more housing at lower entirely different picture of a garden city. cost. This was not just to address a crisis for the In order to achieve the required amount and pace poor, their traditional area of campaign, but a crisis of housing delivery, to secure a long term vision and for an ever increasing number of people on low and to create a management structure in perpetuity, we middle incomes who cannot afford to enter into need a different process to the current mechanism, home ownership and are trapped in an expensive with its piecemeal planning approach and slow and unregulated rental market of largely poor incremental growth of our towns and cities. existing stock. Although we need urban extensions too, the key The role that new large-scale development on differentiator with the stand-alone garden city the scale of the New Towns movement can play to concept is the chance of a clean slate, an integrated address this crisis is open to scrutiny, but can it masterplan, and a business model that guarantees deliver quality as well as quantity? delivery. The last government called them Eco-towns However, if the Government is serious about and developed a detailed brief around targets for large-scale development, we need a strategic ‘living a greener future’. North West Bicester Eco- national policy that would help to identify regional town, which PRP are currently helping to deliver, needs and obligations to deliver it. A dedicated has so far upheld most of the aspirations of that promoter would then, in the spirit of localism, programme. But it is the only project coming engage with the local agencies and local population forward on that basis; others are unviable and have on how best to plan the new community; the not been able to meet the same quality criteria. process would be open and transparent. This government is now calling for garden For the Wolfson Prize, Shelter invited PRP and cities, although there is no clear definition of what KPMG to share their knowledge and previous ↑ Garden City Masterplan a garden city for the 21st century is. The term is experience to develop a vision, create a masterplan

26 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Topic and a business model for the competition. Although a theoretical project, we chose to identify an actual site in order to confront and address barriers to development. The concept was developed with our in-house transport planners, landscape architects and masterplanning team, each contributing to detailed mapping of opportunities and constraints including transport infrastructure and environmental protection zones, to define a site of around 600 hectares on the Hoo Peninsular, Kent. We quantified areas of , scheduled accommodation types and infrastructure needs for an initial 15,000 home community, given the fictitious name of Stoke Harbour, to inform the financial modelling. In addition we identified further zones of development, as extensions to the initial settlement, which followed the line of the existing railway between the Isle of Grain and Hoo Junction, to create a new population of 150,000. The railway is an underused, single track freight line which unlocks the whole area in terms of connectivity, giving potential access to central London in 45 minutes. The competition stipulated that no public money should be used. The business model therefore allowed for a co-promoter willing to invest £5m- £7m upfront, with a 200-300 per cent return over a 3-4 year timescale. The potential high rate of return reflects working at risk prior to land assembly and planning security. The land owners in the financial plan (in the case of Stoke Harbour, 70 per cent of land is owned by the Church Commissioners) would, over time, achieve around 15 times the current land value, as and resilient urban form by embracing nature ↖ Landscape Strategy well as an annual income. rather than supressing it. Working with our ↖↖ Working with the water On the micro-scale, the team developed the landscape team to study landforms, flood plains, ↑ Green strategy layers building blocks for this new community which topography and valuable ecological corridors, would inform the way we think about urban we developed a grid system of blue, green and design, density and phasing. We developed our movement . The grid is warped to understanding of the future as well as the current reflect the local context. context. Not only were we seeking to accelerate We need to be planning for the next 100 the supply of housing, but we were also seeking to years, responding to flood risk, higher urban design desirable places which generate value, are temperatures and extreme weather conditions. The adaptable to demographic trends, and are resilient green grid concept within urban areas is integral to to technological and climate change. cooling effects in summer and better air quality. The integration of rain gardens in the public realm – dry The building blocks of development: and sculptural in summer, wet and active in winter 1. A true heart – not only mitigates against storm water flooding, In establishing the centre of the new development but also helps to recharge the water table, provides at Stoke Harbour we drew on the basic principles wildlife habitat, and brings residents closer to of settlement: we have the water’s edge as a nature as the townscape responds to seasonal destination; a proposed new station on an existing change. rail line offering connectivity to Rochester and London beyond; an existing employment zone 3. Public space as an opportunity, not a burden nearby; and the cross-roads, almost equidistant We need to move away from the current drive to between the existing, neighbouring villages, which allocate as much open space as possible to private would form a natural place for a market centre. householders in order to reduce the management The new settlement would be on slightly elevated responsibility and cost burden to the local ground, rising gently towards the Hoo Peninsula authority. Instead, we acknowledge that the garden ridge, out of the flood plain. This provides a natural city company will have a mandate to manage shared heart to the new master plan, with a series of local open spaces properly and a long-term fiscal interest neighbourhood centres clustered around it. to keep the neighbourhood parks and green streets attractive, well lit and safe places. 2. The urban weave of streets and squares The imagined at Stoke Harbour An additional 15,000 new homes would drastically should provide greater access to amenities and alter the ecological systems in an area, yet an social facilities to improve quality of life. Local integrated planning approach to the water cycle, centres contain not just a primary school, but also open space and built form can help manage this a care home, senior living accommodation and environmental impact, and create a more adaptive appropriate ancillary facilities such as chemists,

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 27 Topic

and generous parks and play areas. From these characteristics of urban form, open space and density a map emerges which is quite different from that of the early 20th century garden city. The town centre at Stoke Harbour will sustain densities of up to 120 dwellings per hectare, with housing blocks of five storeys and the potential for occasional point blocks as landmarks. The neighbourhood centres are planned around public squares or gardens with 70 dwellings per hectare close by, achieved through a mix of terraced town houses, mews development and three or four apartments. A higher density can be accommodated on the edges of linear parks to maximise views and generate enhanced values. The plots between local centres reduce to densities of 50 dwellings per hectare, using innovative courtyard house types, terraced housing and strategic blocks as ↑ The Garden City vision shops, GPs and so on, which are are designed to apartments. As development moves towards the be open and accessible to the wider community, fringe, the strategy of the masterplan is to blend it encouraging more interaction and integration to with the surrounding countryside at increasingly support an active and viable local square. lower densities, ideal for custom-build and higher The assumptions in the business model are that value private housing. the core developer secures the land acquisition, delivers the masterplanning and forward funds 5. More housing much faster at lower cost social infrastructure such as a primary school, We believe that the current private housebuilding small retail, health care and other social elements, industry is unable on its own to build enough investing an initial £51m with a 120 per cent houses each year, and a far broader mix of providers return over the duration of the build out. Physical will be required to increase housing output to the infrastructure, new roads, railway station, road and amount required to satisfy demand. Today there is rail upgrades would be paid for through a separate limited opportunity for alternative forms of housing Infrastructure LLP which has rights on diverse delivery to develop any significant numbers, due future rentals on the within to the competitive nature of land acquisition which the plan over 75 years. It would raise debt funding drives land values or land owner expectations ever which will break even after 45 years and begin higher, thereby putting land out of reach for many returning a profit per annum thereafter. smaller developers. The garden city company controls both land 4. Urban dwellings in the countryside value and who they invite to bid for sites. The types Whether for an increasingly ageing population, of developer that we envisage taking serviced plots more single parent families, or an increasing within each phase of the masterplan include: number of young families unable to afford a house • Self build or bespoke custom housing and garden, the need for more compact urban • Small housebuilders typologies is clear. Compact development enables • Large regional and national housebuilders cheaper housing, walkable neighbourhoods and • Private rental sector providers reduced car dependency, and leads to benefits in • Housing associations providing both affordable quality and efficiency. (social) and intermediate rent Adopting well designed and tightly-knit terraced • Owner occupier development groups (or housing, mews houses, multi-generational houses co-housing) and apartments with generous balconies and use of roof tops, with access to high quality shared open The accelerated build-out rates that can potentially space, all within walking distance of services and be achieved by maximising market absorption amenities, is key to understanding the character of through provision of a wide range of developers the 21st century garden city. relies on a segmentation of tenures and price The flats of the sixties and the new towns with points, as well as allowing development to begin their mismanaged estates have tarnished the idea of on a multi-nodal basis. The long-term investor living in the UK. Yet the professionally (typically an institutional investor) achieves a managed mansion blocks of our Victorian inner steady 7 per cent return over the duration of the cities have been cherished by the middle classes. project, say 20 to 40 years, absorbing fluctuations Multi-family dwellings are not the preserve of in the market and therefore able to sustain the price one and two bedroom flats alone, but can provide control. quality homes for families too. They are resource efficient, cost effective to build, easy to manage and 6. The Stoke Harbour Partnership inherently energy efficient as a built form. Once the core developers have moved on, long-term Buildings must, however, maintain a humane investors will form the Stoke Harbour Partnership scale of generally between three and five storeys, which benefits from income streams from the where eye contact between a parent on the upper community, such as local rates, ground rents and floor and child playing at ground floor is still service charges. The partnership ensures that the strong. With a higher proportion of apartments, Stoke Harbour building code is upheld, the green much more land can be made available for shared streets, parks and gardens are well maintained, and open green space, large trees, water management, the surrounding green belt is protected, but also

28 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Topic well used for market gardens, farming and leisure. Lastly, some ring-fenced assets will be allocated to a Community Trust, run by residents, to provide further educational and cultural support to the growing community.

The Challenge The challenges to achieving a development like Stoke Harbour are significant, but a key driver (and risk) behind the concept of Shelter’s Garden City is the early uptake and high build-out rate which underpins the cascade funding in the business plan and the relatively quick returns on investment. Interestingly, had problems selling homes in the early years and relied on rental tenants to fill houses which were initially bought by investors. Vauban, in Freiburg, Germany, another often quoted and highly sustainable development, also suffered slow starts at the outset because upheld – that is, control of quality and land value, ↑ Viking Park, a key public national funding for affordable housing had been along with the delivery of a truly mixed-tenure, space withdrawn. The city instead offered up plots to sustainable community with sufficient affordable Baugruppen (groups of private individuals who housing provision – people will want to live there. procure the design and construction of their homes By drawing on the very best of our urban housing Chris Wilford, Associate themselves). There are now over 150 Baugruppen typologies and trusting in the processes set out •Director, PRP architects and in Freiburg and the 2,000 dwellings erected so far above, we can respond to the pressures of higher specialist in sustainable represent an investment of €400 million, a sizeable density to deliver exciting compact neighbourhoods design and low carbon futures. injection into any business plan! without losing that important countryside Andy Von Bradsky, Chairman There will always be opportunity where housing connection. of PRP specialises in UK need is so great. If the garden city principles are • housing

Creating the Vision Patricia Willoughby describes a framework to ensure the garden city is sustainable ↓ Conceptual structure for a Garden City of 10,000 homes

Garden cities conjure up an enduring image of a town or a city in a parkland setting, with generous landscaped open spaces, a balanced mix of homes for rent and sale, jobs, good shops, schools, and other facilities in a community with a strong identity. In reality, however, the concept is not defined, either in terms of the scale of development or in its physical form. In this article, I draw upon our submission for the Wolfson Economics Prize 2014 in which we addressed a wider agenda of how garden cities could be ‘visionary, economically viable and popular’. In particular, I focus on the ‘visionary’ and urban design aspects of garden cities; but our fundamental belief is that what distinguishes a garden city from other forms of development is not its urban design qualities, nor its architectural style, but the focus on a holistic approach embracing social, economic and environmental considerations to create a balanced community in a genuinely high quality physical environment. The expectation is that a garden city will be exemplary in its conception and execution, but essential to this process are: • finding a way to capture the increase in land value and re-invest these profits in the physical fabric and in the community; and

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 29 Topic

its citizens. If this is to be achieved, the garden city must have a strong town centre; this should re-create the complexity of conventional towns and cities where land uses have developed organically and are mixed both horizontally and vertically. This can be achieved through a combination of good master planning and effective management of the garden city estate, both of which encourage diversity and activity. Our proposed governance and financial structures allow for the town and neighbourhood centres to be owned and managed by the community, via a trust, thereby allowing greater control over and all profits to be ploughed back into the community.

3 A Generous Landscape Framework The landscape framework should be truly outstanding, delivering a generous, lavish and extensive network of green and blue open spaces. These should surround and permeate the heart of the garden city, combining beauty with functionality. Areas of existing woodland, hedgerows, field boundaries, lakes, streams, etc. should form the basis of the strategy and should be retained and enhanced. Woodland planting should enclose the settlement and green wedges should penetrate the urban areas. Throughout the development, community squares and gardens should provide the focal point for new homes. The quantity of open space should be far in excess of conventional local authority standards and should cater for different age groups, be usable at different times of the day (thereby increasing surveillance ↑ Artist’s impression of • governance arrangements which ensure and reducing fear of ) and support a healthy the town centre and the community ownership and secure the long-term living agenda. stewardship of assets. Orchards and allotments should be included to provide opportunities for local food production. Matters of governance, finance and delivery are Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) outside the scope of this article, but the vision for should underpin the network of green and blue the garden city must be created with these wider spaces reducing the risk of flooding, assisting with objectives in mind. sustainable water management and providing rich In terms of the physical form of the settlement, habitats for wildlife. Enhancing the landscape four place-making principles go to the heart of a around the garden city would reduce its impact garden city and define its structure: on the open countryside. Major roads and streets should be laid out as attractive tree-lined 1 The Walkable Neighbourhood and there should be additional tree- This should be the basic building block of the planting in gardens; as far as possible, all existing garden city. It represents a scale and form of mature trees should be incorporated into the development with which we can connect and is landscape of the garden city. based on a distance that can be covered on foot. We recommend a 500m radius but, provided that 4 A Permeable Street Network the overall principle is adhered to, this could be The garden city should be clearly designed with increased or decreased to respect physical features. a permeable and durable street network which Within each neighbourhood there should be a mix prioritises movement on foot, cycle and public of land uses and a compact built form to ensure safe transport over the use of the car; this supports a and attractive pedestrian corridors. healthy lifestyle and a low carbon economy. An In our submission to the Wolfson Economics extensive network of footpaths and cycle routes Prize 2014 we prepared a conceptual master plan to (on- and off-road) and bus routes should link the illustrate how these principles might be applied to residential neighbourhoods with the town centre, a garden city of some 10,000 dwellings and 10,000 employment areas and with each other. Streets, jobs. The overall structure is based on a series of squares and open spaces should be well-connected interconnected walkable neighbourhoods. so that people can move around quickly and easily, and spend time in parks, gardens and play 2 A Strong Town Centre and Neighbourhood areas. The street network should form part of the Centres landscape structure with each level of the hierarchy In an age of networked places, we do not see having a clearly defined design rationale. self-containment as a realistic or even desirable Within this overall structure, the sense of place objective. The garden city, however, should supply within the garden city will be significantly enhanced most of the day-to-day needs and some of the by more general place-making principles: higher order goods and services required by

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← The Landscape Framework Plan

• Creating a strong character and distinctive identity: the garden city should draw on the Genuine, participatory and local area, its natural and built environment, its heritage and natural assets to create a framework collaborative working should be for new development fostering a sense of legacy the hallmark of a garden city, its and natural evolution. • Building at a human scale: within the garden promoters, builders and citizens city, people should be able to relate to the buildings around them and feel comfortable with their height, bulk and mass; yet it must be Resources should, as far as possible, be contained a sufficiently dense environment to reduce land and re-used within the city and dependence on take, frame and enliven streets, increase options imports should be actively managed. A philosophy for public transport, reduce carbon emissions which embraces water, waste, energy, transport and and allow energy efficiency. the operating profits that emanate from the related • Insisting on high quality architecture and infrastructure will help residents to live sustainable, public realm: the garden city should foster an low carbon, resource efficient and healthy lives. innate sense of pride amongst its residents. The Finally, a community engagement strategy for quality of the architecture should be exemplary the garden city must be a founding principle of its and carefully controlled by judicious use of planning, design, implementation and stewardship. development briefs, design guides and design It should start early; be extensive, meaningful codes which will set the benchmark for civic and collaborative; and demonstrate a genuine buildings. Architectural styles can be varied to commitment to partnership working. Genuine, reflect the local vernacular or a more modern participatory and collaborative working should interpretation can be specified. As most be the hallmark of a garden city, its promoters, buildings will last for more than 100 years, builders and citizens. It is their legacy that will be investment in quality at this stage will reap compared with the successes of the early garden dividends in years to come. Buildings should be city pioneers. adaptable and sustainable. •

Together, these principles will create a Patricia Willoughby, •Planning Partner at Wei framework for sustainability, future-proofing the Yang & Partners, urban garden city against climate change and paving the design and town planning way for new technologies. Sustainability will be consultants. Wei Yang & embedded in: Partners and Peter Freeman the layout of the site and the mix of land uses with Shared Intelligence, • Buro Happold and Gardiner the construction and operation of buildings • & Theobald were finalists in • the way that utilities are provided the Wolfson Economics Prize • the way that the community is managed. 2014.

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 31 Topic International Interpretations of the Garden City Ideal Mike Devereux outlines the lessons for place-making

Ebenezer Howard set out on his peaceful path public sector to French garden cities was key to to real reform (1898) as a direct response to the their success. The momentum came from Henri worst economic and physical excesses of the Sellier, who established the École des Hautes Etudes capitalist free-for-all that had manifested itself Urbaines (EHEU, now the Institut d’Urbanisme de in 19th century urban England. The ensuing ) and who was president of the Office Public urban aesthetic might best be described, using d’Habitations à Bon Marché (HBM) de la Seine the words of DH Lawrence in Ugliness (1919), as (Public Office for Affordable Housing in the Seine ‘pseudo-cottagey’ but it has left its DNA on almost Region Greater Paris in 1921). Sellier set out a every suburban built in England plan for 15 garden cities around Paris, all of which subsequently. It became synonymous with clean were built. Sellier moved away from a repetitive and healthy living and, as a social experiment, landscape of low-density cottages to a mix of high- quickly attracted global attention. An impressive density housing blocks interspersed by individual array of international architects, planners and houses. At Stains, north of Paris, 1220 apartments politicians (even Lenin is alleged to have visited and 456 houses were built between 1921-33, all Letchworth in 1907) came to see for themselves. by the public sector and all set in a deliberately What they took away, they adapted to their own landscaped environment with community services cultures and circumstances. (shops, schools, health, etc.) integrated into the This article takes a glimpse at selected masterplan. The architects, Gonnot and Albenque, interpretations of garden cities overseas and argues paid particular attention to detailing the housing that looking abroad can help to inform new garden and the clear references to arts and crafts and cities at Ebbsfleet, Bicester and elsewhere in Britain cottage styles can been identified. At Suresnes, to adapt Howard’s vision to 21st century Britain. where he was also mayor, Sellier paid similar attention to detail and over 2,500 dwellings were Europe built around a town centre that included churches, Mainland Europe had seen its fair share of 19th schools, a 1,200 seat theatre and shops, and which century urban squalor. Model company towns still operates as a successful garden city today. such as Siedlung Eisenheim (Germany) and Le Sellier’s garden cities depended on Paris to keep Creusot (France) were responses to this, but only their inhabitants in work. As such they certainly had a small impact on the problem. It was the did not conform to Howard’s self-sufficiency model publication of Georges Benoit-Levy’s La Cité Jardin but, being not-for-profit and with strong public ↑ Chatenay-Malabry Garden in 1904 that introduced France to the garden city, sector support they successfully adapted his model City: terraced landscape and after World War One, began to bring this into to fit the practicalities of the time. Their social mix, setting for apartments play on a large scale. The strategic approach of the human scale, sense of community combined with

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attention to architectural detail and integration into a peaceful landscape aesthetic has helped them fare far better than the later grands ensembles. Elsewhere in France, a similar public sector role in Lyon and Marseille saw the model applied there, as well as Reims where the public sector housing body Le Foyer Rémois (HBM) implemented a strategic scale plan drawn up by Major General George B. Ford of the US Army after World War One. It established a dozen garden cities separated by green belts and each containing industry and housing organised into villages around a Maison Commune. Continuity of management by Le Foyer Rémois, which still run the villages, has allowed for organic, controlled development over time, keeping the original ideals alive. Meanwhile in Germany, strong public sector involvement combined with an emerging strategic approach to urban planning (Raumordnung) drove initiatives such as Ernst May’s expansion of Frankfurt-am-Main (1926-32) by the creation of 14 new garden settlements. One of these, Römerstadt, benefitted in particular from strong control over could lead on it. The result is a high quality urban land rights, which allowed for strategic planning environment catering for all sectors in society, vision; the Frankfurt Housing Association could based on the idea of nature’s inherent aesthetic, use this control to accommodate Howard’s idea to with architecture playing a supporting role. May’s modernist vision of new materials and new Tapiola has grown to be a working town, not just technical innovations, all carefully placed into a a dormitory that so many other garden cities have well-crafted Stadtlandschaft (city-landscape). In turned out to be. general, this strategic insertion of garden cities into existing urban centres proved a success in Germany. Further Afield The garden city vision was not confined to It was not only in Europe that garden cities proved Western Europe. At Zlin, in what is now the Czech an attractive label for attempts to design a way Republic, ’s interpretation of Howard’s out of urban chaos. Colonial influences spread work incorporated the modernist materials and the the idea further. In Australia, the large supply of aesthetic of the central factory into the housing and land had left cities free to expand as they wanted. community services, set in a generous parkscape. Urban form often followed a conventional grid, Perhaps Europe’s most successful interpretation and urban living conditions, even in industrial of the garden city is at Tapiola near Helsinki in areas, were somewhat better than in many UK . It also demonstrates the adaptability cities. Some of the more expensive suburbs, such as of the idea to modern times, and the success of Garden City in , interpreted the trends ↖ The English ‘Arts and involving stakeholders. Here a private not-for-profit of European planning through landscaped cities. Crafts’ influence can be organisation (Asuntosäätiö) was set up in 1951 by It was in , though, built in 1911, that the easily identified at Stains, six social organisations including trade unions. It landscaped city showed it was capable of being north of Paris was headed by Heikki von Hertzen, who set out to built on a scale large enough to house 358,000 ↑ Suresnes Garden City create an ideal garden city to be both economically inhabitants. Planned by and included a 1200 seat community theatre viable and beautiful. It benefitted in particular from his wife Marion, the scheme uses its natural setting ↑↑ Chatenay-Malabry an inter-disciplinary approach when the planners to superimpose a polycentric urban diagram of Garden City: post office and involved insisted that no one professional group radiating avenues and manicured landscapes. It residential accommodation

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 33 Topic

set in large natural spaces. These garden cities, 20 years on from Howard’s experience, now needed to accommodate the car. From this was born the Radburn layout, which separated cars from people in a planned landscape. , and Marjorie Sewell-Cautley designed Radburn, as an autonomous self-contained community with residents paying a local tax to manage the town – not unlike the self-sustaining governance in Letchworth. The community is thriving today, and its influence can be seen in the successful Radburn extension of Letchworth itself. Although other examples of garden cities influenced developments can be found in the USA, and particularly in the greenbelt towns designed to help economic recovery after the Depression (Greendale, Wisconsin) the surplus of land in the country has tended to see suburbanisation as a solution to urban planning problems since World War Two rather than garden cities. No global tour of the garden city would be ↑ Lomas de Chapultepec, complete without a visit to Asia. Japanese officials : a English urban Much of what has been done were amongst the first to visit Letchworth, seeing aesthetic in central America garden cities as an approach that would allow (courtesy of Jonathan abroad in the name of the Garden Bassindale) them to retain rural populations who were rapidly City movement... has involved migrating to cities. Once back home, they drew sacrificing some of the original up plans to bring infrastructure to rural areas, intending to entice the population to stay, but concept instead inadvertently facilitating the creation of dormitory suburbs. At Den-en-Chou (1923), private developers took up the idea and built a town for took the strength of the federal state to bring all 29,000 people, compromising Howard’s social parties and the land together, but the resulting built ideals in favour of capitalist principles. Even with form would please those who see garden cities as its own building code, the town is finding it hard to landscaped cities, even if they owe little to Howard’s control economic forces as landscaped elements are original social principles. replaced by solid walls demarcating ownership. The English colonial influence is also noticeable It is in Asia that most of today’s garden cities are at Pinelands (Western Cape) in (1919). being built. Putrajaya in Malaysia, a typical example, Designed by Albert Thompson who had worked is more of a green city than a garden city, the phrase at Letchworth, it has now become an exclusive having taken on far looser connotations than was landscaped suburb with tightly controlled planning intended by Howard. It is now a valuable marketing regulations to ensure its conservation. This turn to statement rather than a social experiment. China exclusive garden suburbs is all too often prevalent is responding to its own urban industrial problems in Central and South America and marks a clear with ‘garden cities’ such as Tianfu (Chengdu) shift from Howard’s original social ideals. Unwin where work began in 2011, and which is expected and Parker, the original Letchworth architects, to house 2 million people by 2030. It is easy to be designed a garden city in Sao Paolo which today is dismissive of these garden cities, but the modern no more than a leafy suburb, with protected status interpretation is not without merit; they are on helping to maintain its high property values. Lomas publically owned land, surrounded by greenbelt, de Chapultepec (1928) and Colonia Hipodromo de with good public transport connections and at high la in Mexico City are two such examples of densities that are more sustainable than Howard’s similar gentrification. Erich Zeyen’s plan for Ciudad original plans could have achieved. Jardin Lomas del Palomar (1929) in Argentina, Howard had the first but not the last word on which included social facilities as well as housing garden cities. Much of what has been done abroad and was designed to a human scale, has more in the name of the garden city movement has had successfully stood the test of time, most clearly due some degree of success, but in pretty much every to its social mix and good community involvement case this has involved sacrificing some of the in decision-making – two lessons to be taken from original concept. In their different ways, however, the South American experience. the more successful of these iterations all display a The USA also experimented with garden city strong, well informed, integrated urban planning ideas. Early work in creating landscaped estates and design philosophy that puts place-making (such as Forest Hills, New York) gave way to a above profit and that adapts well to prevailing serious ideological debate that brought about the circumstances. The result has not been unpleasant creation of the Regional Planning Association of and perhaps worth the sacrifice. • • Mike Devereux, Senior America (RPAA), which made a strong case for Lecturer and Programme needing strategic integrated planning if garden Leader in the Department of Architecture and the Built cities were to work. Having created the 3,500 Environment, University of km Appalachian Trail (1923) the RPAA expanded the West of England, Bristol. its ideas to include a network of regional cities

34 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Topic from model to reference Anca Duguet and Émilie Jarousseau explore the French interpretation of the garden city

Ebenezer Howard's vision of self-sustaining The variety of land opportunities around Paris communities, away from large cities and integrated resulted in these garden cities having very different with the surrounding countryside, has inspired sizes and urban compositions. Some of these garden many interpretations around the world – and cities became real opportunities for new urban and particularly in the Paris region. A century later, architectural experiences. Today these thirty garden garden cities continue to be a valuable reference cities are part of the Paris and tool in France for planners seeking to meet the some of them have been extensively renovated. As needs of the present day, such as French sustainable well as their heritage value, they are also perceived as neighbourhoods. an ideal model of urbanity in their mix of densities, functional diversity, and adoption of cohabitation. An Urban and Social Ideal In the Paris region, in contrast to the early English Key lessons, one century later garden cities, the cités-jardins (garden cities) Garden Cities, An Ideal to be Pursued was a are in effect garden suburbs, built very close to symposium organized in April 2013 by the Institute the capital. They were intended to improve Paris’ of Development and Urbanism of Ile-de-France suburbs through new development, in contrast (IAU Ile-de-France) in partnership with the Town to the English garden city, which sought to move and Country Planning Association (TCPA), the people out of cities. They were built between International Federation of Housing and Planning 1920 and 1939, in order to tackle poor housing (IFHP), and the Confederation Francaise pour conditions and respond to a vital housing need. l'Habitation, l'Urbanisme, l'Amenagement du Considered in a comprehensive and concerted Territoire et l'Environnement (COFHUAT). One manner, they are an embodiment of the first social hundred years after the first garden cities, this housing policy, led by the politician and social conference was an opportunity to measure the ↑ Most garden cities were reformist Henri Sellier, and were primarily built by topicality of the subject in both the French and built within 10km of Paris, and public institutions. British contexts. some much closer

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demand, while in France, they are seen as a strong basis for creating a socially and environmentally sustainable built environment. The sharing of experiences in Britain and France encouraged all present at the symposium to develop their expertise regarding garden cities and the needs that they must meet today. The key conclusions drawn were: • The need to plan future garden cities or sustainable neighbourhoods as part of a real long-term strategy • To develop governance as well as legal structures that work for new communities • The need to continue the debate on dwelling quality as well as quantity, and • To pursue expertise on sustainable densities, an issue which was hotly debated during the symposium.

New answers to new questions The symposium looked back at France’s history of garden cities and their legacy. The conclusions Britain: the meeting of town and of the discussions, however, are of value for country how France is to move forward in meeting new The two large garden cities (Letchworth, Welwyn) needs. The more recent focus in French planning are stand-alone small towns of 30,000 inhabitants and development has been towards sustainable • On former agricultural land far from neighbourhoods, advocated through a number of metropolitan areas policies since 2008 as a fundamental way in which • Based on Ebenezer Howard’s three magnets France can meet its critical housing need while model saving land and energy resources. Since then, • Individual houses rather than flats several support programmes for sustainable urban • Low densities, an agricultural belt and gardens development have been created: • Rail services on main line to London. • Eco-quartiers Ile-de-France: an urban and social Launched in 2008 by the Ministry of Sustainable vision Development, eco-quartiers were one of the 30 garden cities forming neighbourhoods of various responses to a government commitment to sizes, from 100 up to 4,000 dwellings sustainable development. Local authorities were • Built close to Paris in suburbs invited to bid for funding for new developments • Based on Sellier’s social housing model that were innovative in their approach and • Collective dwellings make up almost three process, or their attitude towards living quarters of homes environment, preservation of resources and • Higher densities climate change adaptation. Out of more than 500 • A poor public transport service, not always applications, 37 eco-quartiers were designated adapted. between 2009 and 2011 (including six in Ile- de-France). In 2013, the title was granted to 13 The differences in approaches became more completed projects (including three in Ile-de- marked after the Second World War. In Britain, France) and 32 were considered work in progress garden cities gave way to New Towns, while in the (including four in Ile-de-France). Paris region, the villes nouvelles of the late 1960s • An EcoCités programme was launched in 2009 were inspired by the British New Towns but also by the Ministry of Sustainable Development came to be viewed against the post war French as a scheme for larger developments, aimed at errors, the large housing developments (grands existing cities with awards for developments ensembles). Through these developments, the that apply the main principles of sustainable garden city on both sides of the Channel came to development alongside ambitious demographic be viewed more nostalgically, although the English targets. The challenge is to improve and garden cities came to be associated with middle- transform the entire country through the class commuter land, while the French cités-jardins development of brownfield or underutilised still primarily consisted of social housing with only sites. Today 19 large territories have committed very slight and recent gentrification. to the scheme, including three major operations Based on discussions at the symposium, it in Ile-de-France. became apparent that the experiences and issues • The Nouveaux quartiers urbains (NQU) is a faced in France and Britain today are converging specific scheme launched in Ile-de-France in once more. A housing shortage in both countries order to encourage the creation of innovative requires a commitment to housing building, and exemplary neighbourhoods. The regional as does the need for sustainable and mixed use council has launched three calls for projects, and developments. Garden cities are being turned to so far 24 schemes have been approved. Projects ↑ The location of sustainable as a reference point for meeting current needs; in must meet numerous criteria that implement the neighbourhoods in the Ile- Britain, their appeal forms the basis of a consensus sustainable principles of the Schema Directeur, de-France Region around a possible new way of meeting housing or regional strategic plan for Ile-de-France,

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which plans for development up until 2030. These criteria include a strong relationship with the surroundings, environmental quality, quality and quantity of housing, a mixture of urban functions, compactness, and new management practices. The scheme takes forward local planning concepts and practices, while bringing stakeholders together, and supporting local projects through specific grants.

Through these policy tools to support sustainable neighbourhoods at both national and regional levels, there are now more than 30 sustainable neighbourhoods in the Paris region alone. These exemplary projects use experimental approaches that support the further development of policy, improve residents’ quality of life and find new ways to meet the challenges of the 21st century. To illustrate the various approaches being adopted under the French sustainable neighbourhoods policy, two case studies are described here.

Eco-quartier Clause Bois-Badeau, Brétigny Clause Bois-Badeau is a new neighbourhood within Bretigny, a 35km from Paris. It was approved for development in 2009 and is still in the process of being labelled as an eco-quartier (the designation validates its environmental credentials). The project will create a new neighbourhood of 2,400 houses, with a seven hectare park at its heart opening onto a large natural area, close to the railway station and facing the Orge Valley. Its environmental credentials include bioclimatic architecture, biomass district heating, and zero discharge of storm water. The design supports a mixture of uses and housing types, with an emphasis on street hierarchy and a richness of public spaces and natural areas. ↑ The Sorbiers House, the The original garden cities were old mansion (1912) of the owner of the Clause Seed • 42 ha (4 ha on brownfield and 38 ha on conceived in a very different Company. At the heart of the farmland) new Clause Bois-Badeau • 2 comprehensive development zones (Zones demographic, social, economic and eco-quartier, this symbolic d’aménagement concerté – ZAC) political context to today’s Paris place has been transformed 2,400 dwellings: 30 per cent affordable homes, into public facilities. Image • courtesy of Infime. 50 per cent home ownership ↑↑ Eco-quartier Fluvial, the • 55 dwellings per hectare average (between 35 While eco-quartier Clause-Bois Badeau projects make the most of its and 75) is primarily a housing development serving proximity to the River Seine, • 50 per cent public space, including the large park commuters, Fluvial’s proximity to Paris means with views and access to the 56,000m² public facilities and office space. that it has more space for employment, and higher , and will be adapted • to flood risk. Image courtesy densities to meet the increased demand of space of Philippon-kalt architectes. A neighbourhood on the Seine close to the capital, especially since the majority of Eco-quartier Fluvial, just 5km from Paris, was housing types are multi-family residential. approved in 2009 and was awarded eco-quartier • 22 hectares of brownfield land status in 2011. It is part of a large redevelopment • 1,000 housing units in the ZAC area (30 per cent project which includes large-scale projects in affordable homes) neighbouring towns. This new neighbourhood is • 1,000 new jobs a redevelopment of a highly restricted brownfield • 77 dwellings per hectare on average (between 56 site. It is an innovative development, using a and 130) participatory process in which residents are • 55,000 m² public facilities and office space. involved in all phases of the project. This process has led to a design that includes shared common Future opportunities spaces, the use of district heat networks and The original garden cities were conceived in a photovoltaic panels, and waste disposal by water very different demographic, social, economic and transportation. It is predominantly a car-free political context to today’s Paris. Responding to neighbourhood, with sustainable transport the housing crisis in Ile-de-France is one of the supported by shared parking places, a new main objectives of the Schéma Directeur (regional pedestrian and bus bridge, a car-sharing service structure plan) for the Paris region and its 12 and incentives for bicycle usage. million inhabitants, and should over the next 15-20

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years, double the annual housing construction The danger that we face now in moving forwards rate (from 35,000 to 70,000 homes per year), with sustainable neighbourhoods relates in part to with a particular emphasis on new energy sources. their media coverage. Just as in Britain, the many The Schéma Directeur aims to widely promote connotations that have been ascribed to the ‘garden construction in already urbanised areas, to city’ label confuse and obscure the key underlying address urban sprawl. Densification is widely principles, so that the sustainable neighbourhood promoted, especially on brownfield land and may be confused with other concepts introduced underutilised areas, as well as in areas well over the years, such as participative design or served by public transportation, both existing agricultural projects. Combined, these various and planned. It has three key concepts for criteria represent a modern version of the densification: intensity, compactness, and multi- aspirations and social equity that were at work at polarity, or the provision of multiple centres. The the beginning of the last century. It is perhaps an implementation of these objectives by municipal indication of the concept’s success that we now and provincial governments is supported by feel that the ecological requirement has been met, publications with practical advice, including some but we could become less idealistic as a result. by the île-de-France Institute for Urban Planning In moving forward, the challenge is to adapt our (IAU IDF). garden city and sustainable neighbourhood heritage Anca Duguet, Sustainable neighbourhoods offer us a mixed in order to achieve a balance between quantity and •architect and planner on picture of the legacy of the garden city in France. quality alongside the need for . territorial development Today, they represent most of the new residential • issues organised the 2013 projects that meet sustainability criteria: energy References Symposium ‘Garden cities, an ideal to be pursued’. efficient buildings, green and generous public ‘Garden Cities, an ideal to be pursued’: http://www. Emilie Jarousseau is an spaces, more natural sewage treatment, diversity IAU-IDF.fr/detail/Etude/Les-CITES-Jardins-UN- working on of functions, and consultation with residents. ideal-a-poursuivre.html regional and urban heritage They are often recognized as a laboratory for Schéma directeur de la région Ile-de-France: http:// management. Both are the future, providing chances to experiment www.iledefrance.fr/iledefrance2030 members of the IAU île-de- France, the Institute for in creating a city that merges urban and rural See also the chapter on France by T. Vilmin in Loew Urban Planning in the Paris environments, and articulating key ecological, S. 2012 Urban DesignPractice: An International region. social and economic issues. Review, London: RIBA Publishing

Letchworth then and now David Ames reviews Howard’s experiment after a century of development

Garden cities are at the forefront of the debate He describes six magnificent boulevards, a about how today’s growth needs can be delivered, circular centre of about 5.5 acres laid out as gardens appearing in every conference, debate and policy surrounded by larger public buildings. Throughout discussion. The reality of the garden city model the garden city would be ‘varied architecture and is often misunderstood, but the importance of design which the houses and group of houses Letchworth Garden City and the future potential display’. At the heart of his garden city ideal, of Ebenezer Howard’s experiment should not be though, was a model of community governance and underestimated. economic self-sufficiency. Today, we have lost some of these principles. Garden city principles The National Planning Policy Framework refers The garden city began with Ebenezer Howard’s to the garden city, but does not seek to define it, 1898 publication Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real leaving that task to the TCPA, as Katy Lock sets out Reform. Howard was neither planner nor architect, elsewhere in this issue. but a parliamentary reporter who lobbied, debated At the heart of these principles are ‘beautifully and discussed an alternative to the poor living and imaginatively designed homes with gardens; conditions found in late Victorian urban England. combining the very best of town and country living The book is not a series of design codes or to create healthy homes in vibrant communities; master plans, but a simple model illustrated in a land value capture for the benefit of the community; very clear manner. Howard states that in the garden strong vision, leadership and community city, ‘town and country must be married, and out of engagement; and community ownership of land and this joyous union will spring a new hope, a new life, long-term stewardship of assets’. a new civilisation’. These, combined with integrated transport, a

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← Aerial view of Letchworth ↓ The original plans for Letchworth.

strong local jobs offer, generous green space and allotments and with many examples of deliberately housing for all, should be part of a new generation landlocked areas to the back of houses, which were of garden cities. also used for food growing, public open space and to create natural environments for wildlife. The Letchworth Garden City story Although slower than projected, the greater Letchworth Garden City was seen as an experiment proportion of the first phase was implemented by Howard. His vision was that of a social city; by the end of the First World War, by which time a group of planned garden cities around a main Letchworth had a population of 10,000 residents. conurbation, each surrounded by a protected belt The population doubled to approximately 20,000 of open land and strong links into the central city. by 1939. Letchworth was the first attempt to make this a Letchworth was entirely privately funded, led reality. by the management and shareholders of First Howard was able to secure private funding and Garden City Limited. Ebenezer Howard was its first buy the land for Letchworth Garden City at an managing director and , who would astonishingly fast pace. His book was published later found the Royal Town Planning Institute, its in 1898, and in 1903 Letchworth Garden City was secretary. launched, with the greater bulk of land required Residential and commercial land was sold on to deliver this vision acquired. Arts and Crafts a leasehold basis, with the company retaining architects Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker were the freehold. This was part of a long-term view commissioned and a master plan produced. advocated by Howard to enable the capture of At that time, there were serious urban issues enhanced land value and rent for the benefit of the of poor air quality, living conditions and a lack of local community, as well as maintaining an element access to the countryside. The Unwin and Parker master plan addressed all of these issues, planning it in line with Howard’s request for the ‘very latest of modern requirements’ by taking a very simple approach of clear areas for each use, while ensuring that all residents were able to walk to their work, providing a centrally located railway station and links to recreation facilities and the countryside. The architecture took on the Arts and Crafts style of the era. Buildings, set within tree lined boulevards, utilised built form and structural planting to create strong vistas; groups of buildings incorporated subtle differences to avoid a bland appearance; and the use of focal points, generally by the built form, were effective measures to ensure high quality of place. The joy of the detailed, but relatively simple Arts and Crafts design, sits comfortably within this context. Buildings are often set adjacent to central green areas, which could be utilised for amenity or

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challenged by private speculators, but were secured in perpetuity by the creation of the Letchworth Garden City Corporation, following an Act of Parliament in 1962. In 1995, the Corporation was disbanded in favour of the Trust envisaged by Ebenezer Howard, known as the Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation. Today the LGCHF is a self-funded charity and a community benefit organisation, whose activities are determined by a core of six charitable commitments.

Letchworth Garden City Today It was not until the 1970s that the originally intended population of 32,000 was met. Today Letchworth is a home for approximately 33,000 people and provides approximately 15,000 jobs, half of which are filled by local people. The Heritage Foundation is responsible for the continued maintenance of Letchworth in accordance with its founding principles. At the heart of this is the continued governance and re-investment model, which is unique to any substantial town in the UK. Our community governance model, in line with Howard’s principles, includes 30 local governors, chosen by way of local election, nomination by local groups and societies or selection. The governors elect a board of trustees, which is the main decision making body for the organisation and also includes a representative from the district and county councils. We receive a yearly income, the greater proportion of which is rent from our property portfolio located in Letchworth. This rent is utilised for the continued management and stewardship of the garden city and also meeting our charitable commitments. This means that the town benefits from an art deco style cinema, local treatment centre, local arts centre, museum, the International Garden Cities Exhibition, tourist information centre, community hub, family farm, local minibus service and a comprehensive grants programme which helps local communities and helps preserve the built environment. No statutory services are provided by the Heritage Foundation, as these continue to be provided by the relevant public authorities. The key principles of community Letchworth contains a substantial number of ownership and land value capture beautifully designed Arts and Crafts dwellings. Many are heritage assets on their own merit, but model were challenged by private groups of buildings are also cumulatively of value. speculators, but were secured in We are able to exercise a level of protection perpetuity by the creation of the found in few places in the UK with a Scheme of Management, by way of covenants attached to the Letchworth Garden City Corporation freehold, meaning that any alterations which affect the external appearance of the building require our prior approval. This is in addition to the statutory of control over the town. planning process. This Scheme has helped to By the end of the Second World War, a strong protect important features, particularly windows, local community incorporating a range of workers doors and front gardens and ensured that other and their families were able to enjoy the core garden key urban design characteristics such as strong city principles set out by Ebenezer Howard and the structural planting are preserved. ↑ An early street scene in the Garden City design principles advocated by Unwin and Parker. ↑↑ Early cottage plans for The post Second World War era was a time of Current issues the Pixmore Estate significant change. Welwyn Garden City, then only Many of the early dwellings are solid wall All black and white partly built, was designated a New Town in the 1946 construction and there can be issues regarding photographs and original New Towns Act and a Development Corporation was energy efficiency. New systems and alternatives are drawings, credit to Garden City Collection. Other images created in place of Second Garden City Limited. being explored, with partners such as the Building to Letchworth Garden City In Letchworth, the key principles of community Research Establishment, that will not compromise Heritage Foundation. ownership and land value capture model were the appearance of buildings.

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Letchworth benefits from many large gardens and we are partnering with the Royal Horticultural Society to show how these gardens can be effectively used for food, bio-diversity and leisure. In response to the significant need for housing within North Hertfordshire District and the socio economic position of Letchworth, there is an extensive debate as to whether the town should grow. Consultation on this issue highlighted that the local community continues to be keen to engage in difficult decisions, and the greater proportion felt additional housing was required to meet emerging housing need. Concern was expressed as to where this should be delivered and whether an increase of approximately 1,500 dwellings would be damaging. Key considerations included garden city principles, social and transport infrastructure, socio-economic issues and the desire to preserve Letchworth as a sustainable town, which provides housing and employment. Following this debate it was agreed that should the local planning authority require land in Letchworth to meet its housing needs, we would be supportive of such an allocation. We would retain control over the delivery and ownership of any development and ensure that any future development would help to meet local need, and the increase in land value is reinvested for the benefit of the local community, as set out in Howard’s original principles.

Future garden cities In the period up to the Second World War, the influence of garden city design and living had grown across the UK, with garden city design principles found in suburbs across the country, assisted by publications such as Unwin’s 1909 Town Planning in Practice. Garden cities and suburbs directly influenced by those early pioneering days at Letchworth Garden a comprehensive master planned approach that ↑ Modern housing in City can be found in every continent. There are promotes innovation and has support from local Letchworth ↑↑ Broadway Gardens, at more than 100 examples, including Canberra, New and national government, ensuring certainty for all the heart of the Garden City Delhi, suburbs of main European cities such as partners. Paris and Brussels, and a series of New Deal towns There is an assumption that the type of in the USA. Letchworth and the first phases of architectural design found in Letchworth and Welwyn are the only complete examples of garden Welwyn, which has been hugely successful, must be cities in the UK. applied in new garden cities. That is not the case, Sir Patrick Abercrombie was a leading member particularly as the ethos in those early years was of the Garden City Association. The 1944 Greater one of pioneering innovation. London Plan and the post-war New Towns were In order to advance the debate, we have clearly influenced by the social city model, albeit launched an International Garden Cities Institute. at a larger scale, to meet the requirements of a Under the founding presidency of Lord Salisbury, massive re-building programme. whose family played a key role in the early years Today, there is again significant debate about of Letchworth and Welwyn, the Institute will be the garden city. We have met with representatives sharing experiences from many garden cities of all three main political parties and hosted worldwide in order to understand where this model conferences and debates on the issue of garden has been successful, where it has failed and how cities as part of the solution to today’s growth it can fit in as part of today’s growth agenda. This requirements. will also enable the recognition of Letchworth Along with the TCPA, we are seeking to protect Garden City and help to ensure that the original garden city principles in their application to new core principles of land value capture, community settlements. In particular, these should include a governance and creating great places to live and community governance model, land value capture work are protected. for the benefit of the local community, and strong • urban design principles. • David Ames, member of Howard stated that garden cities should the Leadership Team and Head of Heritage & Strategic meet modern requirements, which today would Planning for Letchworth mean incorporating low-carbon sustainable Garden City Heritage solutions to housing and employment as part of Foundation.

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 41 Topic What is so difficult about creating a Garden Suburb? Mette McLarney offers the developer’s perspective on the difficulties faced in the creation of garden suburbs

The primary role of the masterplanner and urban commercial activities nearby, and contains modest designer, whatever their other responsibilities, facilities of its own. A garden city, on the other is to add value to a development and to achieve hand, is typically accepted to be independent of the planning consent while meeting or exceeding neighbouring city, autonomous and self contained, the targets set by the developer. These targets surrounded by countryside, with its own industrial, include specific profit margins. Developers are commercial and agricultural uses, and acting as often answerable to shareholders who expect a satellite to the neighbouring city. Many of the to see dividends from their investments year on principles discussed here would apply to both year. Before starting my own practice, I worked garden cities and suburbs; in practice, the greater for 14 years as Masterplanner and Group Chief viability of the suburb makes it a more useful point Architect for Countryside Properties PLC, an of discussion. award winning national housebuilder, and gained Hereafter I will discuss some of the difficulties an understanding of the commercial reality of that face developers when creating garden suburbs, designing and delivering large-scale residential which in practice can be any form of large-scale developments. These insights may be helpful to strategic development that adds to an existing fellow design professionals, particularly in the settlement. This broad way of understanding a context of the garden city debate. garden suburb leads to the first key thing that the residential property developer's design team needs Garden suburbs to agree on, that is what the principles of garden There is a strong argument (clearly expressed by suburbs actually are. URBED in their winning entry to the Wolfson Prize) that we should be talking about garden suburbs, Design rules as developer-led strategic extensions to existing The Town and Country Planning Association's towns and cities, rather than standalone garden Creating Garden Cities and Suburbs Today (TCPA, cities. In practice, too, an urban extension is likely 2014) sets out the principles of garden cities and to be more commercially viable, owing to the ability suburbs alongside guidelines for local authorities to use existing infrastructure and facilities rather and developers to follow. However, it is light on than create an entire settlement from scratch. The specific design principles, and these are the very broadly accepted definition of a garden suburb rules that need to be established and agreed at the ↑ A traditional street scene is an expansion of an existing settlement with start of a project. from Maldon built hundreds additional accommodation and extending into One place to start would be Hampstead Garden of years ago the countryside, which depends on industrial and Suburb, the first and most famous garden suburb,

42 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Topic created in 1906. Henrietta Barnett commissioned Letchworth’s original architect Raymond Unwin to produce a masterplan addressing the following rules which, building upon the aesthetic of Letchworth and Welwyn, clearly articulate her vision for its design: 1. Cottages and houses should be built at an average density of eight dwellings per acre (20 dwellings per hectare). 2. Streets should be 40 feet (13.2m) wide and the facades of houses should be at least 50 feet (16.5m) from each other with gardens in between. 3. Plots should not be separated by walls, but by hedges or trees or fences. unfortunately, these elements are now major design 4. All streets should be lined with trees whose drivers of many new residential developments, colours should harmonise with those of the which was certainly not the case one hundred years hedges. ago. Bigger garages, wide grass verges and front 5. Woods and public gardens should be free for all gardens, affordable housing space standards and residents regardless of the amount of rent they garden sizes all take up space. With the percentage paid. of affordable housing required for new residential 6. Houses should be designed in such a way that developments being higher now than it has been they should not spoil each other’s view or beauty. in the last two decades, the effect on densities has been significant. This is particularly problematic Barnett's vision is clear and specific; it is exactly where the affordable housing mix required is for the sort of brief that developers would welcome. three, four and five bedroomed houses, because Unfortunately, local authorities engaging in they take up space, pushing down densities. strategic residential masterplanning, despite their use of guidance and numerous checklists, rarely The nostalgia element offer clear and specific briefs. Low density residential developments are not Unwin followed his brief, laying down a strong always what the developer wishes to produce, and structure in his plan and setting out some design with good reason. However, in order to highlight rules of his own: a dense centre; diversified the next major difficulty, let us suppose that the residential areas; marking of entrances and closes; developer is happy to build fewer properties, at a notion of limits; a hierarchy of spaces; an axis; a lower densities, to create a new garden suburb. The landmark; morphologically differentiated districts, plan is efficient, and meets all the requirements and picturesque buildings. for a garden suburb. It is named ‘Model Garden Could Unwin and Barnett's design rules be what Suburb for 2015+’. Yet the local authority feels it is developers are looking for? They offer a good too regimented; too efficient. The density is fine; it example of what design rules should look like. The is policy compliant; the parks, landscape and tree- key lesson, however, is that both developer and lined avenues look beautiful. Except that it doesn't local authority discuss and agree clearly on a set of really look like a real village. rules at the outset of the project. Indeed it doesn't – because it is a pre-planned garden suburb, not a medieval village that grew Understanding density organically from a market centre. How do we One major challenge faced in garden suburbs is reconcile this nostalgic desire to have new the issue of density, which is usually laid out at the residential developments look as though they outline planning stage of the design. The developer were built hundreds of years ago, even though needs to know the capacity of the site, and whether they aren't, with the current requirement to create the optimal mix of house types can be achieved. garden suburbs for the 21st century? The design That mix is usually provided by sales and marketing rules have become confused and contradictory. teams following their market research, based on In the UK, we interpret nostalgia through the eventual sales price per dwelling type. The organic-style street layouts. In the USA, nostalgia density and mix then become two of the designer’s is interpreted in quite a different way, through a targets. Density, however, can be measured in formal pattern. Towns are built on grids, unless both gross density and net density, and if the topography dictates otherwise. In Los Angeles, for distinction is overlooked, the capacity of a site can example, the road network is a formal grid with be significantly misunderstood. Understanding loose edges, like a section of woven cloth that has and communicating these definitions across to all been distorted and pulled about at the edges. In stakeholders, particularly the local authority is of Beverly Hills, the landscape pulls apart the grid, crucial importance. making it appear more organic. This could be an Barnett's vision for Hampstead stipulated a answer to the layout dilemma; allowing layouts density of 20 dwellings per hectare, a far lower to be responsive to topography, but in a planned figure than is usually used today. This has become way. It demonstrates one way that consensus one of the difficulties that developers face regarding can be achieved: the creation of a garden suburb garden suburbs, particularly since developers today and its associated characteristics, appropriate have to deal with higher demands for space than for its location, as well as drawing details and ↑ Plan of Los Angeles in 1906, needing to accommodate cars, garages, material references from the surrounding showing the formal grid refuse vehicles and refuse storage. This has had a historic settlements. Indeed, Unwin’s plan for which is also distorted by huge impact on density as well as urban design, and had the same concept topography

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 43 Topic

at the point of sale than the future value of the properties. If the upfront commercial value of a garden suburb was the same as a traditional suburb, it might nevertheless carry a lifestyle value of living, pushing up sustainable property values. There is no value for the developer, though, only for the homeowner. The long-term value of development is an important point for local authorities to recognise and understand, and it is particularly important in terms of long-term maintenance of the parks, play areas and tree-lined avenues in the garden suburbs. These open spaces must be managed and maintained by the local authority or a management company. The local authority may require a sum of money from the developer to pay for this and will only take ownership of the land when ↑ A modern Los Angeles ‘a dense centre, diversified residential areas… it is completed to a pre-agreed level. Often the street scene morphologically differentiated districts’. local authority will only adopt the open spaces if their preferred, low-cost, easy-to-replace The value of design range of materials and plants are used. Some Although architects, urban designers and local authorities will not adopt trees at all. If the masterplanners are commissioned to design developer wants to build a park or play area using residential developments, a reality that is not high quality materials and innovative design, they often faced up to is that the developer is not as risk the possibility that the local authority will not interested in design as we might think; at least, adopt the areas. The alternative is to have these to the developer, the beginning and ending of its areas managed and maintained by a management value is in how well it performs commercially. The company. The benefit is that the developer has more role of the design professional is to ensure that the design and specification freedom. The drawback is design meets all planning policy and legislative the cost, which must be borne by the householder. requirements, as well as full integration with the With sometimes 40 per cent affordable homes on work of all other members of the consultant team. a site, this is often not a viable proposition. So who That is a basic expectation. pays for the garden in a garden suburb? Most likely Today, designers are faced with meeting a it will be the homeowner. The more gardens, parks plethora of requirements, checklists, policies, and open spaces in a development, the higher the standards and regulations. There are many people cost of private housing. involved in getting a planning application ready for submission and many documents to produce. Aesthetic What developers really want out of this process is Finally, with the garden suburb, developers face a profitable design. The design professional is thus the picturesque architecture problem. Developers required to generate a number of different design want to build what they understand their customers scenarios, with schedules, and the information want to buy. If that is picturesque architecture, required to measure their value. then that is what they will build. If contemporary In order to solve this difficulty faced by the architecture is what the customers want, that is design professional, we have developed software what they will build instead. Hampstead Garden systems to link our masterplans to any number Suburb designers were heavily influenced by the of schedules, which provides the developer with Arts and Crafts Movement and, although this is the data needed. Each dwelling on the masterplan a very popular style for developers, that same contains a database of information such as the quality of craftsmanship and materials in large area of the dwelling, the number of bedrooms, scale residential developments today is not a bathrooms, parking spaces, build cost, projected priority. Instead we tend to see standard house- sales value and even the number of bricks. In fact, types built from standard materials, with facades we can put any data into the database. If the design that mimic some of the features of that period but changes – perhaps we need to create a new tree- not the proportions. The effect is rarely successful, lined avenue – the schedules automatically update but research continues to show demand for these and we can issue a revised plan and schedule very homes. From the developer's perspective, it is the quickly. The developer then has the information market who choose their style, however poorly needed to re-run the financial portrait of the conceived we might believe it to be. project and can make an informed decision about It is easy to be idealistic about development and the proposed new avenue. With this information I wish that developers valued other factors in design. hope to be able to assess all our project data over The reality is that they run complex businesses, time and come up with a verifiable value for urban and the sooner we are all honest about their key design. It will be interesting to see if the commercial concerns, the sooner we can all work together value of residential areas designed on garden effectively. Design professionals must better suburb principles turn out to be any different to understand their developer client’s business, and those that are not. not just the local authority’s aspirations. Urban designers are the professionals who bridge that Management issues – who pays for the gap, and help both parties to achieve their aims, Mette McLarney garden in a garden suburb? aspirations and targets. •chartered architect, founder • and Director of Bluepencil The challenge with management is that most Designs. developers are more interested in values achieved

44 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Topic Capturing the value of the Garden City

It is easy to be critical of the rhetoric that surrounds the Garden City, but these insights into the theory and the practice of the concept suggest that there is value to be had, if only to enable change. We should take the best elements and adapt them for our contemporary needs. Stripping aside the rhetoric, and the popularity that politicians crave from the public, there is some potential for the ultimate aim of the garden city in reforming how places are managed, governed and created for their residents. None of the writers shied away from key issues of land value capture, devolution of powers to communities and the almost prohibitive social and enabling infrastructure costs of attempting to start afresh. As Katy Lock of the TCPA put it, it is not the design and layout of garden cities that make them unique, but ‘a specific set of delivery principles related to its financial model, land ownership and approach to community participation and governance’. This underpins a strategic way of Patricia Willoughby has set out how the garden ↑ Contemporary urban delivering a significant amount of new housing city can be walkable, with a strong town centre, design in Letchworth Garden alongside infrastructure, and capturing land value a landscape framework and permeable street City. Photograph by Colin Pullan for residents. Strategic planning can reap dividends networks. To Chris Wilford and Andy von Bradsky, for quality urban design. it allows for a town centre and neighbourhoods, a The contributions from Émilie Jarousseau planned system of streets, squares and ecological and Anca Duguet of the IAU île-de-France and networks, and for an environment that balances Mike Devereux of UWE are invaluable in their sustainable densities with access to green space. recognition of the export of the garden city idea. In collating this issue, we were aware of We can usefully draw upon two key lessons: firstly, who our key audience were: those architects, the recognition that ideas exchange is crucial. As masterplanners and urban designers, working Mike Devereux emphasised, the Tianfu Garden City, in the UK, who will be responsible for designing designed for 2 million residents is on publically new garden cities. While the contributions cover owned land, with good transport infrastructure issues that extend beyond urban design, they also and at sustainable densities. There is no one demonstrate how crucial a broad agenda is to garden city model; we can take those elements understand and to be able to implement garden which serve our purposes and reject those which cities. This debate illustrates how the urban do not. If garden cities are to be adopted, it should designer sits at the intersection of concerns in be done reflectively, rather than rigidly. Secondly, the built environment, and as Mette McLarney the garden city has developed in France into a emphasised, we should seek to better understand successful enabling mechanism for the delivery the full range of perspectives involved in the of sustainable homes and communities on a large creation of cities. David Ames reminded us that scale, prioritising environmental credentials in garden cities, once a radical concept, embody a way that has not been achieved in the UK. The many design principles that are now mainstream strength of the French model as a delivery vehicle thought. However, the underpinning social issues and the sustainability agenda that underpins it, of land ownership and stewardship remain to be make it a useful precedent for UK practice. addressed. As highlighted by David Lock, Nicholas As Nicholas Falk and David Rudlin have Falk and David Rudlin, addressing these issues emphasised, by building garden cities close to with a long-term strategic approach to enable land our cities, there are benefits to be reaped: people value capture, can help the provision of physical are able to live closer to their jobs, with more and social infrastructure that might otherwise be sustainable lifestyles, and infrastructure costs sidelined in the development process. Recognising are reduced. This means that we need to ‘flex our the potential of these models, and being willing belts’ on the issue of green belt: as the Centre for to intervene early enough in the process is key to Cities have emphasized, by building on just 60 per capturing the most valuable elements of the garden cent of the green belt within a 25-minute walk of city and making them a part of our future places. Colin Pullan, Urban • Design• Director, Nathaniel train stations in our ten least affordable cities, at Lichfield and Partners, and suburban densities, we could deliver 1.4 million Elli Thomas, researcher, new homes. Centre for Cities

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 45 Book Reviews

The Hidden Potential landscape feature of zero-carbon neighbour- Perth, , Melbourne, Brisbane and hoods, but without being reused locally. Use Darwin, their pragmatic application of regu- of Sustainable of solid, sewage and organic waste for energy lar street-grids was distorted only to negoti- Neighbourhoods, generation is the main plank for local energy ate challenging topographies. The growth of Lessons from Low Carbon balance. Unlike with energy, no reduction of cities was reflected by similar contemporary waste by consumers is assumed in this equa- growth but not such systematic morpholo- Communities tion. The Social Agenda is rather succinct gies, in , Glasgow and Manchester, Harrison Fraker, Island Press, and most of the examples are inhabited by and the Australians now seem more richly 2013, £25, ISBN 987-1-61091-408-6 middle-income people. Resilience amount- liveable. ing to energy self-reliance at the neighbour- It seems impossible to summarise the hood level is seen as a bonus. These criteria contents of this well-presented book, struc- This book presents comparative research of are applied to the evaluation of an American tured around ‘context’, ‘place’, ‘community’, four well-known European low carbon com- example, West Village, an extension of the ‘practice’, ‘perspectives’ and ‘the next twenty munities: Bo01 Malmo; Hammarby Sjostad, University of Davis campus, a five years’. Contributors discuss the widest Stockholm (Sweden); Kronsberg, Hannover; model of US sustainable development. range of local and global concerns with eyes and Vauban, Freiburg (Germany). It is based In his concluding chapter, Fraker relates on the planet, on the street and on how we on Fraker's long-standing teaching and his work to 's ‘12 percent should equip ourselves and future genera- research on sustainable communities with his solution’ as discussed in Urbanism in the tions to contribute to making better places. students mainly at the University of California Age of Climate Change 2010. Fraker is I was engaged by most of the contribu- Berkeley. His work concentrates on low to convinced that private developers will apply tions, including: being reminded by Kim zero-carbon neighbourhoods using energy these urban design principles out of self- Dovey of the international impact of the 1985 efficiency, lowering energy demand, renew- interest to both new build and retrofitting temporary pedestrian greening of Swanston able energy supply and waste to energy as a schemes. A far cry from what international Street, Melbourne (images only challenged 'whole system approach'. developers seem to be producing in the for impact by those of the ); Rob This study is very systematic, carried out UK. Nevertheless, the book is useful as a Adams’ reminder that urban design should over 15 years and using actual data whenever checklist of issues for designing sustainable provide a ‘base platform’ for undergraduate available, as well as LEED ratings for each neighbourhoods. training in ‘architecture, planning, landscape neighbourhood. Great effort has been put Judith Ryser architecture, social and environmental sci- into the presentation with maps and graphs, • ence’; Evan Jones, pursuing a joined-up ap- unfortunately often too small to be legible. proach to ‘sustainable ’ The comparative chapter concentrates in Perth with its pattern of disconnected on nine aspects. Process and Plan relies on Urban Voices : Celebrating urban sprawl; Danny O’Hare pressing the strong leaders and multidisciplinary design urban design in Australia case for true, mixed use inner suburbs; Cath- teams cooperating with private developers erin Bull for championing landscape urban and energy suppliers. Transportation favours John Byrne, Bill Chandler, Bruce designers; John Byrne for showing the value public transport, cycling and walking to Echberg (eds), Urban Design of good social housing, and for quoting Hugh reduce car use and possibly car ownership. Forum Incorporated, 2013, Stretton’s defence of the public servant: Urban Form postulates block structure and ISBN 978-0-646-90406-1 ‘Since planners can’t in fact be neutral they mixed use, albeit at rather low densities, and might as well work for whatever they believe with orientation subordinate to formalistic Life can be tough in Australia, but this book, to be right and good… if educators had not design (possibly an inheritance from the prompted by the 100th Urban Design Forum, cared about enlightenment, if author's training with post-modernists like directs a sunshine burst of enthusiasm officers had not cared to define health, if Peter Eisenman and Michael Graves). Ample and energy to the coalition-torn UK. Urban welfare administrators had felt neutral about green space and its contribution to healthy design exchange between Australia and UK neglect or starvation, if economists had been living are seen as an integral part of zero-car- has long benefitted both, but on openness personally indifferent to unemployment or bon neighbourhoods. Energy is divided into and application, we have more to learn. productivity, then the world would be even decentralised renewable supply and demand Through its range of views and examples, this nastier than it is’1; and Juris Greste, Wendy reduction due to greater energy efficiency of book should prompt reflection here for all Morris and Chip Kaufman for so effectively buildings, real-time feedback and consumer urbanists. being, critically and practically, themselves. education. Water conservation applies Australian urbanism started with British The book is permeated by different views mostly to storm-water treatment becoming a land-surveyors. In , then in Hobart, on the professionalisation of urban design.

46 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Book Reviews

Please Australia, remember your talent for buses run on time, and the electronic real- wisdoms radically. This book focuses on his innovative, cross-disciplinary working; surely time information at bus stops is very helpful, urban design projects which stretch across now is not the time for another silo? Buy and when it works, which is not always… If the three periods starting with his pre-World enjoy this book – it includes a disc of issues book had explained and celebrated these War 2 work. These included projects for new 1-101 of Urban Design Forum, and, UDG why improvements in a comprehensible language small towns as part of the Fascist govern- not commission a similar UK volume! for the man and woman in the street, it would ment programme for the reclamation of the Richard Hayward have been welcome. Pontine Marshes near . Their layout and •1 Stretton H. (1970) Ideas for Australian Cities, Brought up on Jan Gehl and William the forms of the most important buildings Georgian House, Melbourne Whyte, I would also grumble a bit about the are clearly part of the modern movement actual street hardware. The bus stops, or with a rational disposition of parallel blocks information totems, give no guidance as to according to orientation, yet broken by public where passengers should queue, so that peo- buildings and squares. In all of his projects, Interconnect: Improving ple stand anarchically all over the pavement. Muratori develops the theme of public the Journey Experience The bus shelters look elegant but provide arcades which refer to well-known Venetian little shelter, and have no seats, only a rail to and Florentine examples. Centro and City ID, 2014, uncomfortably lean your backside against. A second period (1949-1952) focuses on ISBN 978-0992811501 Both the book and this hardware are unbuilt post-war reconstruction projects for examples of designed products where the cities, and a number of major social hous- We learned about legibility at Kevin Lynch’s design input is very evident, but which don’t ing schemes built in and around Rome. knee, and the importance of towns and cities work as well as they should. It is what gets These adopted a formal language, clearly having a legible structure, so that we can find designers viewed with scepticism. influenced by Scandinavian practice, with our way around. But add layers of multiple Joe Holyoak free-standing blocks of varying heights. There bus, metro and train routes, and old-fash- • are some parallels with contemporary British ioned Lynchian legibility is not necessarily experience such as the earliest Roehampton enough on its own. So we have invented the and pre-Park Hill Sheffield schemes. modern art called wayfinding. Saverio Muratori: Muratori’s third phase (1950-63) is per- This book is about one particular way- Il progetto della citta – haps the most interesting. While teaching finding programme, pioneered recently in at Venice and Rome he worked on intensive Birmingham and the , called A Legacy in Urban Design detailed studies of these cities to produce Interconnect. It focusses on how informa- Marco Maretto, Franco Angeli, ‘working histories’. These were used as the tion about modes and options of transport , 2012, €18.50, ISBN basis for a prize-winning (but not realised) is communicated to the traveller – on maps 978-88-204-0808-4 project for a new town of 40,000 people and timetables, on paper, on smart phones, on the edge of the Venetian lagoon. Three on bus stops. The book is highly design-con- projects were presented; each one was varia- scious, with clever graphics, typography, and This paperback of 144 pages is noteworthy tion on how the historic fabric of Venice could page layouts. What a pity, and how ironic, for two reasons. Unusually, it is published in evolve in a new location to meet 20th century that it is so illegible! Italian (the language of the author) with an needs. The purpose of the book is unclear – English translation on opposite pages. We Apart from minor infelicities, the transla- probably promotional material by Intercon- therefore for the first time have in English tion is fluent. Maretto, based in Parma, repre- nect’s creators, Centro and City ID, although an introduction to the work of an architect, sents the third generation of Muratoriani ; it is not explained what these two bodies urbanist, educator and theoretician, who was his late father Paolo was a student of and are. It is written in an opaque language, with the subject in 2013 of six conferences in Italy worked with Muratori, and published notable assertive sloganising such as ‘A new data, and one in Delft, coinciding with the Interna- studies of Venice and . This work is of design and production platform will underpin tional Seminar on Urban Form’s (ISUF) annual great value to the urban design community the development of Interconnect’. Would this conference in 2012. by introducing an important body of work to perhaps be the platform where we catch the Saverio Muratori (1910-1973) has been an English speaking audience. It reminds us delivery vehicles? neglected in English language histories of the importance of urban design in defin- As someone who uses Centro’s connected of architecture and urban design. In his ing the context for architectural projects bus, metro and rail system every week, I architecture, Muratori was a post-modernist ‘in those vaster architectural compositions think the system is pretty good, and a great avant le mot with 1950s buildings which chal- which are our cities’. improvement on what it was before. The lenged the modern movement’s conventional • Ivor Samuels Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 47 Book Reviews

Explorations in Urban that through design the ills of society can be with residents than later ones. One of the cured. greatest assets that these estates have that Design. An urban design The bias of the research team – arguably should grab the attention of current decision- research primer the result of the influence of the professional makers is their potential additional housing context in which it operates – affects its ap- capacity. Loosely-planned layouts resulted in Matthew Carmona (ed), Ashgate proach and outcomes. It would be fascinat- copious open space, both underused pockets Publishing Ltd, 2014, £30, ISBN ing to attend a debate between some of the and windy tracts of grassland that could ac- 978140946251 (pbk) teams represented in the book originating in commodate thousands of new homes across different academic environments and with the country, a panacea to the current housing The Bartlett School of Planning at University fairly opposing points of view. The Bartlett’s undersupply perhaps? The caveat is that the College London should be congratulated for new Master’s course in Interdisciplinary Ur- residents must be persuaded of the benefits having such a wide range of research teams ban Design should provide this forum. of new houses blocking their views of green- covering subjects related to urban design. That the book is well illustrated and ery and the housing developers being encour- Matthew Carmona, who edited this book, properly designed gives it an advantage over aged to see them as a good investment, has achieved an amazing feat in managing many other research texts and the publish- rather than revert to the easier to market to organise the 26 different themes devel- ers should be praised for such a high quality greenfield sites on the urban fringe. Crook- oped by people in widely different contexts, presentation which will help the book achieve ston recommends targeted TLC as a way to and give them coherence. This is done by its objectives. encourage both parties to embrace the idea, grouping them into five categories that do Sebastian Loew by upgrading facilities and environments and not correspond to disciplines, but might be • adding new community benefits to overcome recognised by practitioners: philosophical the residual stigma to potential residents of approaches, process investigations, physical being on a council estate – something that explorations, propositional experiments, and Garden Suburbs of didn’t stop half of these council homes now performance enquiries. Furthermore, one Tomorrow? A New Future being owner-occupied under the Right-to-Buy important objective of the publication is to scheme. stimulate further research; thus every chap- for the Cottage Estates Intelligent going with the grain and ter ends with Tips for Researchers, a series Martin Crookston, Routledge capable of being delivered is a way forward. of bullet points with mainly methodological 2014, £65, Likewise is winning hearts and minds by cele- recommendations. It is intended not as a ISBN 978-0-415-85893-9 brating corporation suburbia, as did the book text to be read from beginning to end, but as Dumroamin which resurrected the image of a window on and a compendium of current the by-pass semi, to overcome the habitual research at the Bartlett. Half of we British are suburbanites, and a stigmatization of the estates in the media and In his introductory chapter, Carmona third of our suburbs are the subject of this property trade. Good examples like Wythen- observes that urban design is a ‘mongrel dis- well-considered and earnest work by Martin shawe and Hume show that tarnished images cipline’ that draws theories from a mixture of Crookston, former member of the Urban Task can be changed and residents can become disciplines and practices, and is seen either Force 1999. Three million people live in these proud of their areas as good places to live as a positive integrative force or an ill-defined largely forgotten garden suburbs built in a and bring up families, not places to flee from and vague amalgam. Therein lie some of the sustained housing programme by councils at the first opportunity. Urban designers like pitfalls of much of the research presented in throughout Britain in the first half of the last pictures and coloured plans in their books the book, which strays into fields that tend century, and influenced by the Garden City and may find the monochrome illustra- to be out of the control of the urban design Movement and the call to build Homes for tions underwhelming. I warmed to the book practitioner. This does not mean that the Heroes after the wars. Martin Crookston has as I followed Crookston’s progress around research should not take place – some of worn out the shoe leather in rediscover- Britain’s estates and imagined him striding it is very interesting indeed – but the links ing these underappreciated assets through resolutely up another windblown street, as I between it and urban design practice need to analysing a representative cross section of oft did, wondering ‘now which estate is this be reinforced. Carmona is aware of the gulf what he terms ‘lazy assets’ and coming to one again?’ in understanding and emphasises inter alia some thoughtful conclusions of what should Malcolm Moor the importance of clear language and avoid- happen next. • ance of jargon. Not all of the teams seem Many findings are unsurprising: small cot- to have followed his advice and some risk tage estates are generally better than larger slipping into physical determinism, assuming estates, earlier ones tend to be more popular

48 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Book Reviews

Site Design for Multifamily The second part of the book looks at with the built environment. Clearly in places projects in detail. First a number of success- where this potential has been overlooked and Housing: Creating Livable, ful projects are analysed. The lessons learned water systems have been disregarded, regu- Connected Neighborhoods are then applied as retrofits to less successful lar seasonal events provide stark evidence ones. Again not all of the suggestions would of the failure to plan and design with water. Nico Larco, Kristin Kelsey and meet with approval in Europe. This sec- The root of this failure is often, and certainly Amanda West, Island Press, 2014, tion is concluded with a rather long Project historically, about professional silos, where £25, ISBN 978-1610915472 Checklist. technical experts have not understood each The last section is also well-organised other, or worked effectively together and at This well-presented book is divided into and examines how Codes can be used to the right stages of a project. six sections which can be assembled into further the ideas promoted, with an appendix The booklet shows how water sensitive three groups. The book is clearly laid out, further detailing these codes. This appen- urban design could work for single homes, well-illustrated and carefully written, but dix is full and comprehensive, but a better blocks of flats, neighbourhoods, commercial the overall style seems too simplistic for organisation would have allowed a compari- areas, and whole cities, plus the motivations the professional, and its coverage is not son of the various codes and enabled the for those involved in commissioning, design- extensive enough to be a reference book. It is users to find the best approach for their own ing, delivering, managing and living in new reminiscent of many of the guides and stud- circumstances. development. ies produced by the UK government in the Richard Cole It is a compelling read, perhaps a little 1960s and none the worse for that. Reading • too simplistic in its graphics, and with some the book in the context of the sad state of the spelling errors, but it could easily be recom- British housing system, it is difficult to see mended to community groups in neighbour- which mechanism could be used to exploit Water Sensitive Urban hood planning decision-making. What is the recommendations made by the authors. Design in the UK. Ideas missing for this reader is any indication of Much will rely on the persuasive skills of de- costs associated with the ideas, which in this signers and the convictions of local authori- for built environment period of limited funding for doing things ties. It was ever thus. practitioners differently, seems a missed chance to show The first part starts with a ‘How to use’ that some things can have high impacts for section and a short introduction to each of AECOM, CIRIA, London 2013. Free low costs, or even low impacts for low costs. the ten design elements being discussed. download only. It would also be useful to have built examples Each section opens with a summary and rec- ISBN 978-0-86017-726-5 cited where this approach has been done be- ommendations. There follows an analysis of fore, such as the space-efficient blue-green existing conditions and of today’s challenges. This attractive UDG-supported booklet, roof on the supermarket harvesting rainwa- These are followed by recommendations, produced by CIRIA with other funders and ter to supply its adjacent car wash. This is which use examples of current good practice partners, promotes the role of water sensitive especially important when decisions involve to overcome the challenges. urban design in the UK. Water sensitive urban a local on-site water management role. Visit Some of the suggestions, made from an design is described as both an opportunity www.wsud.co.uk to download a copy, as it American perspective, seem to conflict with and a process to create beautiful and resil- will undoubtedly prove useful for new ideas, Secured by Design principles; the recom- ient places. The relationship between water persuading others of how to work together, mendations and examples are relevant to and urban areas needs to be given far higher or in discussions with local residents. the UK but not all can be transferred without priority in planning our settlements, espe- Louise Thomas modification. This is especially true of the cially if we are to provide integrated solutions • section regarding street design where the to flood risk management, sustainable water emphasis on the definition of uses and the use and supply, and improved water quality formal separation of different users seems in watercourses. to be at variance with current European ef- This highly illustrated booklet is aimed forts to create shared surface areas. A point at encouraging the skills and creativity of of common concern is the growth of gated practitioners to bring wider benefits to com- communities. The section headed Bicycles munities. There is, of course, great harmony is interesting, but how long would a freely to be found between water, the environment available air pump survive on some British and communities, and this could be unlocked housing estates? by better integrating water management

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 49 Practice Index

Practice Index Allies & Morrison: Atkins plc BOYLE + SUMMERS Urban Practitioners Euston Tower, 286 Euston Road, Canute Chambers Directory of practices, corporate 85 Southwark Street, London SE1 0HX London NW1 3AT Canute Road organisations and urban design T 020 7921 0100 T 020 7121 2000 Southampton S014 3AB courses subscribing to this index. C Anthony Rifkin C Paul Reynolds T 02380 63 1432/ 07824 698033 The following pages provide a service E [email protected] E [email protected] C Richard Summers to potential clients when they are W www.urbanpractitioners.co.uk W www.atkinsglobal.co.uk E [email protected] looking for specialist urban design Specialist competition winning urban Interdisciplinary practice that offers a W www.boyleandsummers.co.uk advice, and to those considering regeneration practice combining range of built environment specialists Space-shapers, place-makers, taking an urban design course. economic and urban design skills. working together to deliver quality street designers and development Projects include West Ealing and places for everybody to enjoy. promoters. Value generators, team Those wishing to be included in future East End. workers and site finders. Strategists, issues should contact the UDG, Barton Willmore pragmatists, specialists and 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Amec Foster Wheeler Partnership generalists. Visioneers, urbanists, T 020 7250 0892 Environment & READING architects and masterplanners. C Kathleen Lucey Infrastructure UK Ltd Beansheaf Farmhouse, Bourne Close, E [email protected] Gables House Kenilworth Road, Calcot, Reading, Berks RG31 7BW BPUD Ltd W www.udg.org.uk Leamington Spa, Warwicks CV32 6JX T 0118 943 0000 155 Hurdsfield Road, Macclesfield T 01926 439 000 C James de Havilland, Nick Sweet and Cheshire SK10 2QX ADAM Urbanism C David Thompson, Technical Director Dominic Scott T 01625 262924 Old Hyde House E [email protected] MANCHESTER C Bob Phillips 75 Hyde Street W www.amecfw.com. Tower 12, 18/22 Bridge Street E [email protected] Winchester SO23 7DW Masterplanning, urban design, Spinningfields W www.bpud.co.uk T 01962 843843 development planning and Manchester M3 3BZ A multi-disciplinary town planning C Hugh Petter, Robert Adam landscape within broad-based T 0161 817 4900 and urban design consultancy E [email protected] multidisciplinary environmental and C Dan Mitchell dedicated to the delivery of high [email protected] engineering consultancy. E masterplanning@bartonwillmore. quality development solutions W www.adamurbanism.com co.uk working with public, private and World-renowned for progressive, Applied_ W www.bartonwillmore.co.uk community organisations. classical design covering town 26-27 Great Sutton Street Concept through to implementation and country houses, housing London EC1V ODS on complex sites, comprehensive Broadway Malyan development, urban masterplans, T 020 7017 8488 design guides, urban regeneration, 3 Weybridge Business Park commercial development and public C Richard Simon brownfield sites, and major urban Addlestone Road, Weybridge, buildings. E [email protected] expansions. Surrey KT15 2BW W www.applied-espi.com T 01932 845599 Alan Baxter & Associates Applied develops globally renowned The Bell Cornwell C Jeff Nottage 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ wayfinding strategies and systems. Partnership E [email protected] T 020 7250 1555 Experts in dealing with complex Oakview House, Station Road, Hook, W www.broadwaymalyan.com C Alan Baxter information and environments, Hampshire RG27 9TP We are an international E [email protected] combining editorial and design T 01256 766673 interdisciplinary practice which W www.alanbaxter.co.uk aptitude that keeps the end user at C Simon Avery believes in the value of place- An engineering and urban design the fore. Applied add value through E [email protected] making-led masterplans that are practice. Particularly concerned with well-researched and intelligent W www.bell-cornwell.co.uk rooted in local context. the thoughtful integration of buildings, analysis of city legibility and a Specialists in Masterplanning and the infrastructure and movement, and the creative approach to information. coordination of major development Brock Carmichael creation of places. proposals. Advisors on development Architects AREA plan representations, planning 19 Old Hall Street, Liverpool L3 9JQ Albonico Sack Metacity Grange, Linlithgow applications and appeals. T 0151 242 6222 Architects & Urban West Lothian EH49 7RH C Michael Cosser Designers T 01506 843247 Bidwells E [email protected] 56 Gwigwi Mrwebi Street C Karen Cadell/ Julia Neil Bidwell House, Trumpington Road Masterplans and development Market Theatre Precinct E [email protected] Cambridge CB2 9LD briefs. Mixed use and brownfield Newtown, Johannesburg W www.area.uk.com T 01223 559404 regeneration projects. Design in South Africa Making places imaginatively to C Philip Ayres historic and sensitive settings. T +27 11 492 0633 deliver the successful, sustainable E [email protected] Integrated landscape design. C Monica Albonico and humane environments of the W www.bidwells.co.uk E [email protected] future. Planning, Landscape and Urban Building Design Partnership W www.asmarch.com Design consultancy, specialising 16 Brewhouse Yard, Clerkenwell, A multi-disciplinary practice Arnold Linden in Masterplanning, Townscape London EC1V 4LJ specialising in large scale, green Chartered Architect Assessment, Landscape and Visual T 020 7812 8000 field, urban regeneration and 31 Waterlow Court, Heath Close Impact Assessment. C Andrew Tindsley upgrading strategies, as well as Hampstead Way E [email protected] residential, special and educational London NW11 7DT Boyer Planning W www.bdp.co.uk projects. T 020 8455 9286 Crowthorne House, Nine Mile Ride BDP offers town planning, C Arnold Linden Wokingham, Berkshire RG40 3GZ Masterplanning, urban design, Allen Pyke Associates Integrated regeneration through the T 01344 753220 landscape, regeneration and The Factory 2 Acre Road, participation in the creative process C Steve Punter sustainability studies, and has teams Kingston-upon-Thames KT2 6EF of the community and the public E [email protected]. based in London, Manchester and T 020 8549 3434 at large, of streets, buildings and W www.boyerplanning.co.uk Belfast. C David Allen/ Vanessa Ross places. Offices in Wokingham, Colchester, E [email protected] Cardiff, Twickenham and London. Burns + Nice W www.allenpyke.co.uk Assael Architecture Planning and urban design 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Innovative, responsive, committed, Studio 13, 50 Carnwath Road consultants offering a wide range of T 020 7253 0808 competitive, process. Priorities: London SW6 3FG services to support sites throughout C Marie Burns/ Stephen Nice people, spaces, movement, culture. T 020 7736 7744 the development process: from E [email protected] Places: regenerate, infill, extend C Russell Pedley appraisals to planning applications W www.burnsnice.com create. E [email protected] and appeals. Urban design, landscape W www.assael.co.uk architecture, environmental and Architects and urban designers transport planning. Masterplanning, covering mixed use, hotel, leisure design and public consultation for and residential, including urban community-led work. frameworks and masterplanning projects.

50 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Practice Index

Capita Property and Clarke Klein & Chaudhuri David Lock Associates Ltd FaulknerBrowns Infrastructure Architects 50 North Thirteenth Street, Dobson House, Northumbrian Way, Alexandra Court, 36 Church Street 22 Bloomsbury Street, Central Milton Keynes, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 6QW Great Baddow, Chelmsford London WC1B 3QJ Milton Keynes MK9 3BP T 0191 268 3007 CM2 7HY T 020 7637 9719 T 01908 666276 C Ben Sykes T 01245 361611 C Wendy Clarke C Will Cousins E [email protected] C Richard Maloney E [email protected] E [email protected] W www.faulknerbrowns.co.uk E [email protected] Small design-led practice focusing W www.davidlock.com Formed in 1962, FaulknerBrowns is W www.capita.co.uk/property on custom solutions for architectural, Strategic planning studies, a regionally-based architectural Masterplans, urban design, urban planning or urban design projects. area development frameworks, design practice with a national regeneration, historic buildings, Exploring the potential for innovative development briefs, design and international reputation. project management, planning, EIA, urban design. guidelines, Masterplanning, From a workload based initially on and design. implementation strategies, education, library and sports and Clifton Emery Design environmental statements. leisure buildings, the practice’s Carter Jonas 3 Silverdown Office Park current workload also extends Berger House, 36-38 Berkeley Square Fair Oak Close, Exeter Define across a number of sectors including London W1J 5AE Devon EX5 2UX Unit 6, 133-137 Newhall Street masterplanning, offices, healthcare, T 020 7016 0720 T 01392 368866 Birmingham B3 1SF commercial mixed use, industrial C Rebecca Sanders C Neil Emery or Daniel Clifton T 0121 237 1901 and residential, for both private and E [email protected] E [email protected] C Andy Williams public sector clients. W www.carterjonas.co.uk/our- W www.cliftonemerydesign.co.uk E [email protected] services/planning-development.aspx Clifton Emery Design are W www.wearedefine.com Feria Urbanism Multidisciplinary practice working placemaking specialists. We offer a Define specialises in the promotion, Second Floor Studio, 11 Fernside Road throughout the UK, specialising in multidisciplinary and collaborative shaping and assessment of Bournemouth, Dorset BH9 2LA urban design and masterplanning, approach to creating inspiring places development. Our work focuses on T 01202 548676 place-making, new settlements and pride ourselves on the quality strategic planning, masterplanning, C Richard Eastham and urban extensions, urban and deliverability of our proposals. urban design codes, EIA, TVIA, estate E [email protected] regeneration, sustainability With expertise in urban design, strategies, public realm design, W www.feria-urbanism.eu and community consultation. masterplanning, architecture and consultation strategies, urban design Expertise in urban planning, Complemented by in-house we help to audits and expert witness. masterplanning and public architecture, planning, development, balance the competing needs of participation. Specialisms include investment, property and minerals development, ensuring schemes are DHA Planning & Urban design for the night time economy, teams. inspiring, environmentally aware, Design urban design skills training and local technically sound and commercially Eclipse House, Eclipse Park, community engagement. CH2M Hill astute. Sittingbourne Road, Maidstone, Elms House, 43 Brook Green Kent ME14 3EN Fletcher Priest Architects Hammersmith, London W6 7EF Colour Urban Design Limited T 01622 776226 Middlesex House T 020 3479 8000 Milburn House, Dean Street, C Matthew Woodhead 34/42 Street C Robert Schmidt / Duncan Whatmore Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 1LE E [email protected] London W1T 4JE E [email protected] T 0191 242 4224 W dhaplanning.co.uk T 020 7034 2200 W www.ch2m.com London office Planning and Urban Design F 020 7637 5347 Global leader in full-service master 60 Lombard Street Consultancy offering a full range C Jonathan Kendall planning & site optimisation, London EC3V 9EA of Urban Design services including E [email protected] urban design, and programme T 020 7387 8560 Masterplanning, development briefs W www.fletcherpreist.com management services for public & C Peter Owens and design statements. Work ranges from city-scale private clients. We are committed to E [email protected] masterplans (Stratford City, Riga) to delivering innovative, practical and W www.colour-udl.com Doyle Town Planning & architectural commissions for high- sustainable solutions. Office also in London. Design Urban Design profile professional clients. oriented projects with full client 86-90 Paul Street Chapman Taylor LLP participation. Public spaces, London EC2A 4NE FPCR Environment 10 Eastbourne Terrace, regeneration, development, T 020 3305 7476 & Design Ltd London W2 6LG Masterplanning, residential, C Michael Doyle Lockington Hall, Lockington T 020 7371 3000 education and healthcare. E [email protected] Derby DE74 2RH E [email protected] W www.michael-doyle.com T 01509 672772 W www.chapmantaylor.com Conroy Crowe Kelly Urban design and masterplanning C Tim Jackson MANCHESTER Architects & Urban practice specialising in placemaking E [email protected] Bass Warehouse, 4 Castle Street Designers at the interface with transport W www.fpcr.co.uk Castlefield, Manchester M3 4LZ 65 Merrion Square, Dublin 2 infrastructures, city and city centre Integrated design and T 0161 828 6500 T 00 353 1 661 3990 design, historic quarters, new environmental practice. Specialists E [email protected] C Clare Burke settlements and extensions. in Masterplanning, urban and mixed Chapman Taylor is an international E [email protected] use regeneration, development firm of architects and urban W www.cck.ie FarrellS frameworks, EIAs and public designers specialising in mixed Architecture, urban design, 7 Hatton Street, London NW8 8PL inquiries. use city centre regeneration and Masterplanning, village studies. T 020 7258 3433 transport projects throughout the Mixed use residential developments C Max Farrell Framework Architecture world. Offices in , Brussels, with a strong identity and sense of E [email protected] and Urban Design , Düsseldorf, Kiev, , place. W www.terryfarrell.com 3 Marine Studios, Burton Lane, Milan, Moscow, New Delhi, Paris, Architectural, urban design, planning Burton Waters, Lincoln LN1 2WN Prague, Sao Paulo, Shanghai and David Huskisson Associates and Masterplanning services. T 01522 535383 . 17 Upper Grosvenor Road, New buildings, refurbishment, C Gregg Wilson Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2DU conference/exhibition centres and E [email protected] CITY ID T 01892 527828 visitor attractions. W www.frameworklincoln.co.uk 23 Trenchard Street C Nicola Brown Architecture and urban design. A Bristol BS1 5AN E [email protected] commitment to the broader built T 0117 917 7000 W www.dha-landscape.co.uk environment and the particular C Mike Rawlinson Landscape consultancy offering dynamic of a place and the design E [email protected] Masterplanning, streetscape opportunities presented. W cityid.co.uk and urban park design, estate Place branding and marketing vision restoration, environmental impact Masterplanning, urban design, assessments. public realm strategies, way finding and legibility strategies, information design and graphics.

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 51 Practice Index

Garsdale Design Limited Hawkins\Brown John Thompson & Partners Lavigne Lonsdale Ltd High Branthwaites, Frostrow, 60 Bastwick Street, London EC1V 3TN 23-25 Great Sutton Street 38 Belgrave Crescent, Camden Sedbergh, Cumbria, LA10 5JR T 020 7336 8030 London ECIV 0DN Bath BA1 5JU T 015396 20875 C David Bickle T 020 7017 1780 T 01225 421539 C Derrick Hartley E [email protected] C Marcus Adams TRURO E [email protected] W www.hawkinsbrown.co.uk E [email protected] 55 Lemon Street, Truro W www.garsdaledesign.co.uk Multi-disciplinary architecture and Edinburgh Cornwall TR1 2PE GDL provides Masterplanning and urban design practice specialising in 2nd Floor Venue studios, 15-21 T 01872 273118 urban design, architecture and mixed use regeneration, educational Calton Road, Edinburgh EH8 8DL C Martyn Lonsdale heritage services developed through Masterplanning, sustainable rural T 0131 272 2762 E [email protected] 25 years wide ranging experience in development frameworks, transport C Alan Stewart W www.lavigne.co.uk the UK and Middle East. infrastructure and public urban realm E [email protected] We are an integrated practice of design. W www.jtp.co.uk masterplanners, Urban Designers, Gillespies Addressing the problems of physical, Landscape Architects and Product Environment by Design HOK international Ltd social and economic regeneration Designers. Experienced in large GLASGOW Qube, 90 Whitfield Street through collaborative interdisciplinary scale, mixed use and residential 21 Carlton Court, Glasgow G5 9JP London W1T 4EZ community based planning. Masterplanning, health, education, T 0141 420 8200 T 020 7636 2006 regeneration, housing, parks, public C Brian M Evans C Tim Gale Jon Rowland Urban Design realm and streetscape design. E [email protected] E [email protected] 65 Hurst Rise Road, Oxford OX2 9HE MANCHESTER W www.hok.com T 01865 863642 LDA Design T 0161 928 7715 HOK delivers design of the highest C Jon Rowland 14-17 Wells Mews, London W1T 3HF C Jim Gibson quality. It is one of Europe’s leading E [email protected] T 020 7467 1470 E [email protected] architectural practices, offering W www.jrud.co.uk C Vaughan Anderson OXFORD experienced people in a diverse Urban design, urban regeneration, [email protected] T 01865 326789 range of building types, skills and development frameworks, site W www.lda-design.co.uk C Paul F Taylor markets. appraisals, town centre studies, GLASGOW E [email protected] design guidance, public participation Sovereign House, W www.gillespies.co.uk HTA Design LLP and Masterplanning. 158 West Regent Street Urban design, landscape 106-110 Kentish Town Road Glasgow G2 4RL architecture, architecture, planning, London NW1 9PX Kay Elliott T 0141 2229780 environmental assessment, T 020 7485 8555 5-7 Meadfoot Road, Torquay C Kirstin Taylor planning supervisors and project C Simon Bayliss Devon TQ1 2JP E [email protected] management. E [email protected] T 01803 213553 Offices also in Oxford, Peterborough W www.hta.co.uk C Mark Jones & Exeter Globe Consultants Ltd HTA Design LLP is a multi-disciplinary E [email protected] Multidisciplinary firm covering all 26 Westgate, Lincoln LN1 3BD practice of architecture, landscape W www.kayelliott.co.uk aspects of Masterplanning, urban T 01522 546483 design, planning, urban design, International studio with 30 year regeneration, public realm design, C Lynette Swinburne sustainability, graphic design and history of imaginative architects and environmental impact and community [email protected] communications based in London urban designers, creating buildings involvement. W www.globelimited.co.uk and Edinburgh, specialising in and places that enhance their Provides urban design, planning, regeneration. Offices in London & surroundings and add financial value. Levitt Bernstein economic and cultural development Edinburgh. Associates Ltd services across the UK and Land Use Consultants 1 Kingsland Passage, London E8 2BB internationally, specialising in Hyland Edgar Driver 43 Chalton Street, London NW1 1JD T 020 7275 7676 sustainable development solutions, One Wessex Way, Colden Common, T 020 7383 5784 C Glyn Tully masterplanning and regeneration. Winchester, Hants SO21 1WG C Adrian Wikeley E [email protected] T 01962 711 600 E [email protected] W www.levittbernstein.co.uk GM Design Associates Ltd C John Hyland GLASGOW Urban design, Masterplanning, full 22 Lodge Road, Coleraine E [email protected] 37 Otago Street, Glasgow G12 8JJ architectural service, lottery grant Co. Londonderry BT52 1NB W www.heduk.com T 0141 334 9595 bid advice, interior design, urban Northern Ireland Innovative problem solving, driven C Martin Tabor renewal consultancy and landscape T 028 703 56138 by cost efficiency and sustainability, E [email protected] design. C Bill Gamble combined with imagination and W www.landuse.co.uk E [email protected] coherent aesthetic of the highest Urban regeneration, landscape LHC Urban Design W www.g-m-design.com quality. design, masterplanning, sustainable Design Studio, Emperor Way, Exeter Architecture, town and country development, environmental Business Park, Exeter, Devon EX1 3QS planning, urban design, landscape IBI Taylor Young planning, environmental assessment, T 01392 444334 architecture, development Chadsworth House, Wilmslow Road, landscape planning and C John Baulch frameworks and briefs, feasibility Handforth, Cheshire SK9 3HP management. Offices also in Bristol E [email protected] studies, sustainability appraisals, T 01625 542200 and Edinburgh. W www.lhc.net public participation and community C Stephen Gleave Urban designers, architects and engagement. E [email protected] Landscape Projects landscape architects, providing an Liverpool 31 Blackfriars Road, Salford integrated approach to strategic Hankinson Duckett T 0151 702 6500 Manchester M3 7AQ visioning, regeneration, urban Associates W www.tayloryoung.co.uk T 0161 839 8336 renewal, Masterplanning and The Stables, Howberry Park, Benson Urban design, planning and C Neil Swanson public realm projects. Creative, Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BA development. Town studies, housing, E [email protected] knowledgeable, practical, T 01491 838 175 commercial, distribution, health and W www.landscapeprojects.co.uk passionate. C Brian Duckett transportation. Specialist in urban We work at the boundary between E [email protected] design training. architecture, urban and landscape Liz Lake Associates W www.hda-enviro.co.uk design, seeking innovative, sensitive Western House, Chapel Hill An approach which adds value IDP GROUP design and creative thinking. Offices Stansted Mountfitchet through innovative solutions. 27 Spon Street in Manchester & London. Essex CM24 8AG Development planning, new Coventry CV1 3BA T 01279 647044 settlements, environmental T 024 7652 7600 Lanpro Services C Matt Lee assessment, re-use of redundant C Luke Hillson 4 St Mary’s House E [email protected] buildings. E [email protected] Duke Street, Norwich NR3 1QA W www.lizlake.com www.weareidp.com T 01603 631 319 Urban fringe/brownfield sites where We are IDP. We enhance daily life C Jun Lee an holistic approach to urban design, through architecture. We use design E [email protected] landscape, and ecological issues creativity, logic, collaboration and W www.lanproservices.co.uk can provide robust design solutions. pragmatism to realise places and Multi-disciplinary consultancy space. Ideas, delivered. providing specialist advice in the fields of town planning, masterplanning, urban design, project management and monitoring, landscape architecture and interior design.

52 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Practice Index

LSI Architects LLP New Masterplanning Limited PD Lane Associates +Plus Urban Design Ltd The Old Drill Hall, 23 A Cattle Market 2nd Floor, 107 Bournemouth Road, 1 Church Road, Greystones Spaceworks, Benton Park Road Street, Norwich NR1 3DY Poole, Dorset BH14 9HR County Wicklow, Ireland Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7LX T 01603 660711 T 01202 742228 T 00 353 1287 6697 T 0844 800 6660 C David Thompson C Andy Ward C Malcolm Lane C Richard Charge, Tony Wyatt [email protected] E [email protected] E [email protected] E [email protected] W www.lsiarchitects.co.uk W www.newMasterplanning.com W www.pdlane.ie W www.plusud.co.uk Large scale Masterplanning and Our skills combine strategic planning Urban design, architecture and Specialist practice providing strate- visualisation in sectors such as with detailed implementation, planning consultancy, specialising gic masterplanning, urban design health, education and business, and design flair with economic rigour, in Masterplanning, development guidance, analysis, character new sustainable settlements. independent thinking with a frameworks, site layouts, assessment and independent design partnership approach. applications, appeals, project co- advisory expertise. Malcolm Moor Urban Design ordination. 27 Ock Mill Close, Abingdon Nicholas Pearson PM DEVEREUX Oxon OX14 1SP Associates Pegasus Group 200 Upper Richmond Road, T 01235 550122 30 Brock Street, Bath BA1 2LN Pegasus House London SW15 2SH C Malcolm Moor T 01225 445548 Querns Business Centre T 020 8780 1800 E [email protected] C Simon Kale Whitworth Road, Cirencester GL7 1RT C Alex Johnson W www.moorud.com E [email protected] T 01285 641717 E [email protected] Master planning of new communities, W www.npaconsult.co.uk C Michael Carr W www.pmdevereux.com urban design, residential, urban Masterplanning, public realm E [email protected] Adding value through innovative, capacity and ecofitting studies, design, streetscape analysis, W www.pegasuspg.co.uk ambitious solutions in complex urban design involvement with major concept and detail designs. Also full Masterplanning, detailed layout environments. international projects. landscape architecture service, EIA, and architectural design, design green infrastructure, ecology and and access statements, design Pod Melville Dunbar Associates biodiversity, codes, sustainable design, 99 Galgate,Barnard Castle Studio 2, Griggs Business Centre and management. development briefs, development Co Durham DL12 8ES West Street, Coggeshall, Essex CO6 1NT frameworks, expert witness, T 0845 872 7288 T 01376 562828 NJBA A + U community involvement and C Andy Dolby C Melville Dunbar 34 Upper Baggot Street sustainability appraisal. Part of the E [email protected] E [email protected] Dublin 4, IRE – D4, Ireland multidisciplinary Pegasus Group. Newcastle W www.melvilledunbarassociates.com T 00 353 1 678 8068 G27 Toffee Factory Architecture, urban design, planning, C Noel J Brady Philip Cave Associates Lower Steenbergs Yard Masterplanning, new towns, urban E [email protected] 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 2DF regeneration, conservation studies, W www.12publishers.com/njba.htm T 020 7250 0077 C Craig Van Bedaf design guides, townscape studies, Integrated landscapes, urban C Philip Cave W www.designbypod.co.uk design briefs. design, town centres and squares, E [email protected] Masterplanning, site appraisal, strategic design and planning. W www.philipcave.com layout and architectural design. Metropolis Planning and Design-led practice with innovative Development frameworks, urban Design Node Urban Design yet practical solutions to regeneration, design codes, briefs 4 Underwood Row, London N1 7LQ 33 Holmfield Road environmental opportunities in urban and design and access statements. T 020 7324 2662 Leicester LE2 1SE regeneration. Specialist expertise in C Greg Cooper T 0116 2708742 landscape architecture. Pollard Thomas Edwards E [email protected] C Nigel Wakefield Architects W ww.metropolispd.com E [email protected] Phil Jones Associates Diespeker Wharf, 38 Graham Street, Metropolitan urban design solutions W www.nodeurbandesign.com Seven House, High Street London N1 8JX drawn from a multi-disciplinary An innovative team of urban design, Longbridge, Birmingham B31 2UQ T 020 7336 7777 studio of urban designers, architects, landscape and heritage consultants T 0121 475 0234 C Robin Saha-Choudhury planners and heritage architects. who believe that good design adds C Nigel Millington Andrew Beharrell value. Providing sustainable urban E [email protected] E [email protected] Mouchel design and masterplan solutions W www.philjonesassociates.co.uk/ W www.ptea.co.uk 209-215 Blackfriars Road at all scales of development with a One of the UK’s leading independent Masterplanners, urban designers, London SE1 8NL focus on the creation of a sense of transport specialists offering the developers, architects, listed building T 020 7803 2600 place. expertise to deliver high quality, and conservation area designers; C Ludovic Pittie viable developments which are specialising in mixed use E [email protected] Novell Tullett design-led and compliant with urban high density regeneration. W www.mouchel.com The Old Mess Room design best practice. Integrated urban design, transport Home Farm Project Centre Ltd and engineering consultancy, Barrow Gurney BS48 3RW Plainview Planning Level 4, Westgate House changing the urban landscape in a T 01275 462476 5 Strand Court, Bath Road Westgate, London W5 1YY positive manner, creating places for C Simon Lindsley Cheltenham GL53 7LW T 020 7421 8222 sustainable living. E [email protected] T 01242 501 003 C David Moores W www.novelltullett.co.uk C Adam Rabone E [email protected] Nathaniel Lichfield & Urban design, landscape E [email protected] W www.projectcentre.co.uk Partners Ltd architecture and environmental W www.plainview.co.uk Landscape architecture, public realm 14 Regent’s Wharf, All Saints Street, planning. design, urban regeneration, street London N1 9RL PLANIT i.e. LLP lighting design, planning supervision, T 020 7837 4477 Paul Drew Design Ltd The Planit Group, 2 Back Grafton Street traffic and transportation, parking C Nick Thompson 23-25 Great Sutton Street Altrincham, Cheshire WA14 1DY and highway design. E [email protected] London EC1V 0DN T 0161 928 9281 W www.nlpplanning.com T 020 7017 1785 C Peter Swift PRP Architects Also at Newcastle upon Tyne and C Paul Drew E [email protected] 10 Lindsey Street, Cardiff E [email protected] W www.planit-ie.com London EC1A 9HP Urban design, Masterplanning, W www.pauldrewdesign.co.uk Public realm solutions informed by T 020 7653 1200 heritage/conservation, visual Masterplanning, urban design, robust urban design. We create C Andy von Bradsky appraisal, regeneration, daylight/ residential and mixed use design. quality spaces for people to live, E [email protected] sunlight assessments, public realm Creative use of design codes and work, play and enjoy. Architects, planners, urban strategies. other briefing material. designers and landscape architects, specialising in housing, urban regeneration, health, education and leisure projects.

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 53 Practice Index

Randall Thorp Scott Brownrigg Ltd Sheppard Robson Stride Treglown Canada House, 3 Chepstow Street, St Catherines Court, 46-48 Portsmouth 77 Parkway, Camden Town, Promenade House, The Promenade Manchester M1 5FW Road, Guildford GU2 4DU London NW1 7PU Clifton Down, Bristol BS8 3NE T 0161 228 7721 T 01483 568 686 T 020 7504 1700 T 0117 974 3271 C Pauline Randall C Alex Baker C Charles Scott C Graham Stephens E [email protected] E [email protected] E [email protected] [email protected] W www.randallthorp.co.uk W www.scottbrownrigg.com W www.sheppardrobson.com W www.stridetreglown.com/ Masterplanning for new Integrated service of architecture, Manchester developments and settlements, urban design, planning, 27th Floor, City Tower, Piccadilly Plaza Stuart Turner Associates infrastructure design and urban Masterplanning, involved in several Manchester M1 4BD 12 Ledbury, Great Linford, renewal, design guides and design mixed use schemes regenerating T 0161 233 8900 Milton Keynes MK14 5DS briefing, public participation. inner city and brownfield sites. Planners, urban designers and T 01908 678672 architects. Strategic planning, urban C Stuart Turner Random Greenway Scott Tallon Walker regeneration, development planning, E [email protected] Architects Architects town centre renewal, new settlement W www.studiost.co.uk Soper Hall, Harestone Valley Road 19 Merrion Square, Dublin 2 planning. Architecture, urban design and Caterham Surrey CR3 6HY T 00 353 1 669 3000 environmental planning, the T 01883 346 441 C Philip Jackson Signet Urban Design design of new settlements, urban C R Greenway E [email protected] Rowe House, 10 East Parade regeneration and site development E rg@randomgreenwayarchitects. W www.stwarchitects.com Harrogate HG1 5LT studies. co.uk Award winning international practice T 01423 857510 Architecture, planning and urban covering all aspects of architecture, C Richard Walshaw studio | REAL design. New build, regeneration, urban design and planning. E [email protected] Oxford Centre for Innovation refurbishment and restoration. W www.signetplanning.com New Road, Oxford OX1 1BY Scott Worsfold Associates A team of talented urban T 01865 261461 Richard Coleman The Studio, 22 Ringwood Road design professionals providing C Roger Evans Citydesigner Longham, Dorset BH22 9AN masterplanning, detailed layout E [email protected] 14 Lower Grosvenor Place, T 01202 580902 and architectural design, design W www.studioreal.co.uk London SW1W 0EX C Gary Worsfold / Alister Scott and access statements, design Urban regeneration, quarter T 020 7630 4880 E [email protected] / alister@ codes and development frameworks frameworks and design briefs, town C Lakshmi Varma sw-arch.com throughout the UK. centre strategies, movement in towns, E [email protected] W www.garyworsfoldarchitecture. Masterplanning and development Advice on architectural quality, co.uk Smeeden Foreman ltd economics. urban design, and conservation, An award winning practice of Somerset House, Low Moor Lane historic buildings and townscape. chartered architects, urban Scotton, Knaresborough HG5 9JB Terra Firma Consultancy Environmental statements, listed designers and experts in T 01423 863369 Cedar Court, 5 College Street buildings/area consent applications. conservation, all with exceptional C Mark Smeeden Petersfield GU31 4AE graphic skills and an enviable record E [email protected] T 01730 262040 RICHARDS PARTINGTON in planning consents. W www.smeedenforeman.co.uk C Lionel Fanshawe ARCHITECTS Ecology, landscape architecture E contact@terrafirmaconsultancy. Unit G, Reliance Wharf, Shaffrey Associates and urban design. Environmental com Hertford Road, London N1 5EW 29 Lower Ormond Quay, Dublin 1 assessment, detailed design, W www.terrafirmaconsultancy.com T 020 7241 7770 T 00 353 1872 5602 contract packages and site Independent landscape architectural C Richard Partington C Gráinne Shaffrey supervision. practice with considerable urban E [email protected] E [email protected] design experience at all scales from W www.rparchitects.co.uk W www.shaffrey.ie Soltys: Brewster Consulting EIA to project delivery throughout UK Urban design, housing, retail, Urban conservation and design, with 4 Stangate House, Stanwell Road and overseas. education, sustainability and a particular commitment to the Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan CF64 2AA commercial projects that take regeneration of historic urban T 029 2040 8476 THrive a responsible approach to the centres, small towns and villages, C Simon Brewster Building 300, The Grange environment and resources. including new development. E [email protected] Romsey Road, Michelmersh W www.soltysbrewster.co.uk Romsey SO51 0AE Richard Reid & Associates Sheils Flynn Ltd Urban design, masterplans, T 01794 367703 Whitely Farm, Ide Hill, Bank House High Street, Docking, design strategies, visual impact, C Gary Rider Sevenoaks TN14 6BS Kings Lynn PE31 8NH environmental assessment, E [email protected] T 01732 741417 T 01485 518304 regeneration of urban space, W www.thrivearchitects.co.uk C Richard Reid C Eoghan Sheils landscape design and project Award winning multi-disciplinary E [email protected] E [email protected] management. practice encompassing architecture, W www.richardreid.co.uk W www.sheilsflynn.com urban design, masterplanning, Award winning town centre spacehub design coding, regeneration, RPS regeneration schemes, urban Grimsby Street Studio, development frameworks, Bristol, Cambridge, London, Newark, strategies and design guidance. 20a Grimsby Street sustainable design/planning and Southampton & Swindon Specialists in community consultation London E2 6ES construction. Residential and T 0800 587 9939 and team facilitation. T 020 7739 6699 retirement care specialists. E [email protected] C Giles Charlton W www.rpsgroup.com Shepheard Epstein Hunter E [email protected] Tibbalds Planning & Urban Part of the RPS Group providing a Phoenix Yard, 65 King’s Cross Road, W www.spacehubdesign.com Design wide range of urban design services London WC1X 9LW spacehub is a young design 19 Maltings Place, 169 Tower Bridge including Masterplanning and T 020 7841 7500 studio, specialising in public realm, Road, London SE1 3JB development frameworks, design C Steven Pidwill landscape, ecology and urban T 020 7089 2121 guides and statements. E [email protected] design. We are passionate and C Katja Stille W www.seh.co.uk committed to creative thinking and E [email protected] SAVILLS (L&P) LIMITED SEH is a user-friendly, award- collaborative working. W www.tibbalds.co.uk 33 Margaret Street winning architects firm, known for Multi-disciplinary practice of urban London W1G 0JD its work in regeneration, education, Spawforths designers, architects and planners. T 020 3320 8242 housing, Masterplanning, mixed use Junction 41 Business Court, East Provides expertise from concept W www.savills.com and healthcare projects. Ardsley, Leeds WF3 2AB to implementation in regeneration, SOUTHAMPTON T 01924 873873 masterplanning, urban design and 2 Charlotte Place, C Adrian Spawforth design management to public and Southampton SO14 0TB E [email protected] private sector clients. T 02380 713900 W www.spawforths.co.uk C Peter Frankum Urbanism with planners and E [email protected] architects specialising in Offices throughout the World Masterplanning, community Savills Urban Design creates value engagement, visioning and from places and places of value. development frameworks. Masterplanning, urban design, design coding, urban design advice, planning, commercial guidance.

54 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 Practice Index / Education Index

Townscape Solutions Urban Innovations West Waddy ADP LLP Education Index 208 Lightwoods Hill, Smethwick 1st Floor, Wellington Buildings, The Malthouse, 60 East St. Helen West Midlands B67 5EH 2 Wellington Street, Belfast BT16HT Street, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 5EB ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY T 0121 429 6111 T 028 9043 5060 T 01235 523139 Department of Engineering & Built C Kenny Brown C Tony Stevens/ Agnes Brown C Philip Waddy Environment, Marconi Building E [email protected] E [email protected] E [email protected] Rivermead Campus, Bishop Hall Lane W www.townscapesolutions.co.uk W www.urbaninnovations.co.uk W westwaddy-adp.co.uk Chelmsford CM1 1SQ Specialist urban design practice The partnership provides not only Experienced and multi-disciplinary T 01245 683 3952 offering a wide range of services feasibility studies and assists in site team of urban designers, architects C Dr Dellé Odeleye including masterplans, site layouts, assembly for complex projects but and town planners offering a full E [email protected] design briefs, design and access also full architectural services for range of urban design services. W Full time: statements, expert witness and 3D major projects. www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/ illustrations. White Consultants home/prospectus/pg/Urban_ URBED (Urbanism Enterprise House, 127-129 Bute Street Design.html TP bennett LLP Environment & Design) Cardiff CF10 5LE Part time: One America Street, London SE1 0NE Manchester T 029 2043 7841 www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/ T 020 7208 2029 10 Little Lever Street, C Simon White home/prospectus/pg/_urban_ C Peter Davis Manchester M1 1HR E [email protected] design.html E [email protected] T 0161 200 5500 W www.whiteconsultants.co.uk MSc in Urban Design, Post Grad W www.tpbennett.com C John Sampson A holistic approach to urban Diploma or Certificate in Urban Development planning, urban E [email protected] regeneration, design guidance, Design. The emphasis is on design, conservation and W www.urbed.coop public realm and open space sustainable urban design and Masterplanning – making places LONDON strategies and town centre studies cultural approaches to place- and adding value through creative, The Building Centre for the public, private and community shaping. The course is based upon progressive, dynamic and joyful 26 Store Street, London WC1E 7BT sectors. key requirements in the ’Recognised exploration. C Nicholas Falk Practitioner in Urban Design’ T 07811 266538 WYG Planning & designation. It can be taken full time Turley Sustainable Urbanism, Environment (1 year) or part time (2 years). 10th Floor, 1 New York Street Masterplanning, Urban Design, 100 St. John Street Manchester M1 4HD Retrofitting, Consultation, Capacity London EC1M 4EH Cardiff University T 0161 233 7676 Building, Research, Town Centres T 020 7250 7500 Welsh School of Architecture and C Jaimie Ferguson – Director of Urban and Regeneration. C Colin James School of City & Regional Planning Design & Masterplanning E [email protected] Glamorgan Building E [email protected] URBEN W www.wyg.com King Edward VII Avenue W www.turley.co.uk 33a Wadeson Street Offices throughout the UK Cardiff CF10 3WA Offices also in Belfast, Birmingham, London E2 9DR Creative urban design and T 029 2087 5972/029 2087 5961 Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, T 0203 005 4859 masterplanning with a contextual C Allison Dutoit, Marga Munar Bauza Leeds, London and Southampton. T 0845 054 2992 approach to place-making and a E [email protected] Integrated urban design, C Elizabeth Reynolds concern for environmental, social [email protected] masterplanning, sustainability E [email protected] and economic sustainability. W www.cardiff.ac.uk/cplan/ma_ and heritage services provided E [email protected] urbandesign at all project stages and scales Yellow Book Ltd One year full-time and two year part- of development. Services include URS Infrastructure & 39/2 Gardner’s Crescent time MA in Urban Design. visioning, townscape analysis, Environment Edinburgh EH3 8DG design guides and public realm 6-8 Greencoat Place T 0131 229 0179 Edinburgh School of resolution. London SW1P 1PL C John Lord Architecture and T 020 7798 5137 E [email protected] Landscape Architecture Tweed Nuttall Warburton C Ben Castell W www.yellowbookltd.com ECA University of Edinburgh Chapel House, City Road E [email protected] Place-making, urban regeneration Lauriston Place, Edinburgh EH3 9DF Chester CH1 3AE W www.ursglobal.com and economic development involving T 0131 651 5786 T 01244 310388 Also at Birmingham, Leeds, creative and cultural industries, C Dr Ola Uduku C John Tweed Manchester and Plymouth tourism and labour market research. E [email protected] E [email protected] Urban design, planning, landscape, W www.ed.ac.uk/studying/ W www.tnw-architecture.co.uk economic and architectural postgraduate/degrees Architecture and urban design, design expertise supported by Jointly run with Heriot Watt University, Masterplanning. Urban waterside comprehensive multidisciplinary this M.Sc in Urban Strategies and environments. Community teamwork skills. Design focuses on urban design enablers. Visual impact assessments. practice and theory from a cultural, Vincent and Gorbing Ltd and socio-economic, case-study Urban Design Futures Sterling Court, Norton Road, perspective. Engaging students 34/1 Henderson Row Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2JY in ’live’ urban projects, as part of Edinburgh EH3 5DN T 01438 316331 the programme’s ’action research’ T 0131 557 8944 C Richard Lewis pedagogy, it also offers research C Selby Richardson E urban.designers@vincent-gorbing. expertise in African and Latin E [email protected] co.uk American urban design and planning W www.urbandesignfutures.co.uk W www.vincent-gorbing.co.uk processes. Innovative urban design, planning Masterplanning, design statements, and landscape practice specialising character assessments, development THE GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART in Masterplanning, new settlements, briefs, residential layouts and urban Mackintosh School of Architecture urban regeneration, town and village capacity exercises. 167 Renfrew Street, Glasgow G3 6RQ studies. T 0141 353 4500 Wei Yang & Partners C Joanna Crotch Urban Initiatives Studio 4 Devonshire Street E [email protected] Exmouth House, 3-11 Pine Street London W1W 5DT W www.gsa.ac.uk/study/graduate- London EC1R 0JH T 020 3102 8565 degrees/architectural-studies/ T 0203 567 0716 C Dr Wei Yang Master of Architecture in: Urban C Hugo Nowell E [email protected] Design and Creative Urban Practices; E [email protected] W www.weiyangandpartners.co.uk Urban Building; Computer Aided W www.uistudio.co.uk Independent multi-disciplinary Architectural Design; and, Energy & Urban design, transportation, company driven by a commitment to Environmental Studies. The MArch regeneration, development planning. shape more sustainable and liveable programme is research and project cities. Specialising in low-carbon city driven with a multi-disciplinary input development strategies, sustainable that begins begins with a series of large-scale new settlement master core lectures and seminars that plans, urban regeneration, urban is balanced by literature enquiry and public realm design, mixed to enable students to develop a use urban complex design and multi-disciplinary perspective as a community building strategies. grounding for shared discourse.

Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 — 55 Education Index

Leeds Metropolitan University College London University of Huddersfield University of Strathclyde University Development Planning Unit School of Art, Design & Architecture Department of Architecture School of Architecture Landscape 34 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9EZ Queen Street Studios Urban Design Studies Unit & Design, Broadcasting Place, T 020 7679 1111 Huddersfield HD1 3DH Level 3, James Weir Building Arts Building, Woodhouse Lane, C Giulia Carabelli T 01484 472939 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ Leeds LS2 9EN E [email protected] C Dr Lucy Montague T 0141 548 4219 T 0113 812 1717 The MSc Building and Urban E [email protected] C Ombretta Romice C Edwin Knighton Design in Development programme W www.hud.ac.uk/courses/2015-16/ E [email protected] E [email protected] combines cultural, social, economic, full-time/postgraduate/urban- W www.udsu-strath.com W www.leedsmet.ac.uk/courses/la political and spatial analysis in the design-ma/ The Postgraduate Course in Urban Master of Arts in Urban Design effort to present a critical response MA in Urban Design. This new masters Design is offered in CPD,Diploma and consists of one year full time or to the growing complexities within provides a course of study that MSc modes. The course is design two years part time or individual the design and production of urban enable graduates to effectively centred and includes input from a programme of study. Shorter realms. participate and intervene in the variety of related disciplines. programmes lead to Post Graduate urban design process. Diploma/Certificate. Project based University College London University of the West of course focusing on the creation of Bartlett School of Planning University of Northampton England, Bristol sustainable environments through 22 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0QB The University of Northampton Faculty of the Built Environment, interdisciplinary design. T 020 7679 4797 Park Campus, Boughton Green Road Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, C Filipa Wunderlich Northampton NN2 7AL Bristol BS16 1QY London South Bank E [email protected] T 01604 735500 C Janet Askew University W www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/planning/ E sabine.coadyschaebitz@ T 0117 328 3508 Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences programmes northampton.ac.uk MA/Postgraduate Diploma course in 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA The MSc/Dipl Urban Design & City C Sabine Coady Schaebitz Urban Design. Part time two days per C Bob Jarvis Planning has a unique focus on the W www.northampton.ac.uk/study/ fortnight for two years, or individual T 020 7815 7353 interface between urban design & courses/courses-by-subject/social- programme of study. Project-based MA Urban Design (one year full city planning. Students learn to think sciences/integrated-urbanism-msc course addressing urban design time/two years part time) or PG Cert in critical, creative and analytical MSc Integrated Urbanism: Eight issues, abilities and environments. Planning based course including ways across the different scales of Urban Design and Urbanism units on place and performance, the city – from strategic to local -and Modules plus Master Thesis to University of Westminster sustainable cities as well as project across urban design, planning, real explore the complexities of creating 35 Marylebone Road, London NW1 5LS based work and EU study visit. Part of estate and sustainability. and managing people-friendly T 020 7911 5000 ext 66553 RTPI accredited programme. sustainable urban environments. C Bill Erickson University College London E [email protected] Newcastle University Bartlett School of Planning University of Nottingham MA or Diploma Course in Urban Department of Architecture, Planning 14 Upper Woburn Place Department of Architecture and Built Design for postgraduate architects, and Landscape, Claremont Tower London WC1H 0NN Environment, University Park town planners, landscape architects University of Newcastle, Newcastle T 020 7679 4797 Nottingham NG7 2RD and related disciplines. One year full upon Tyne NE1 7RU C Matthew Carmona T 0115 9513110 time or two years part time. T 0191 222 6006 E [email protected] C Dr Amy Tang C Georgia Giannopoulou W www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/planning/ E [email protected] E [email protected] programmes/postgraduate/ W www.nottingham.ac.uk/pgstudy/ W www.ncl.ac.uk/apl/study/ mresInter-disciplinary-urban- courses/architecture-and-built- postgraduate/taught/ design environment/sustainable-urban- urbandesign/index.htm The MRes Inter-disciplinary Urban design-march.aspx The MA in Urban Design brings Design cuts across urban design Master of Architecture (MArch) together cross-disciplinary expertise programmes at The Bartlett, allowing in Sustainable Urban Design is other Contributors striking a balance between methods students to construct their study a research and project-based and approaches in environmental in a flexible manner and explore programme which aims to assist the design and the social sciences in urban design as a critical arena for enhancement of the quality of our Richard Cole architect and the creation of the built environment. advanced research and practice. cities by bringing innovative design • To view the course blog: The course operates as a stand- with research in sustainability. planner, formerly Director of www.nclurbandesign.org alone high level masters or as Planning and Architecture of the preparation for a PhD. University of Portsmouth Commission for New Towns Nottingham Trent School of Architecture Richard Hayward, Emeritus University University of Dundee Eldon Building, Winston Churchill •Professor of Architecture and Urban Burton Street, Nottingham NG1 4BU Town and Regional Planning Avenue, Portsmouth PO1 2DJ Design, University of Greenwich T 0115 848 6033 Tower Building, Perth Road T 02392 842 090 Joe Holyoak, architect and C Stefan Kruczkowski Dundee DD1 4HN C Dr Fabiano Lemes •urban designer E [email protected] T 01382 385246 / 01382 385048 E [email protected] Robert Huxford is the Director of W www.ntu.ac.uk/apps/pss/ C Dr Mohammad Radfar / Dr Deepak W www.port.ac.uk/courses/ •the Urban Design Group course_finder/108169-1/6/pgcert_ Gopinath architecture-property-and- Sebastian Loew, architect and planning_urban_design_and_ E [email protected] / surveying/ma-urban-design/ •planner, writer and consultant sustainable_development.aspx [email protected] The MA Urban Design course Malcolm Moor, architect and NTU offers postgraduate W www.dundee.ac.uk/postgraduate/ provides the opportunity to •independent consultant in urban opportunities in urban design with courses/advanced_sustainable_ debate the potential role of design design; co-editor of Urban Design a particular focus on residential led professionals in the generation of urban_design_msc.htm Futures development. Modules are available The MSc Advanced Sustainable sustainable cities. One year full time Judith Ryser, researcher, as either stand-alone CPD learning Urban Design (RTPI accredited) is a and two years part time. • or as part of postgraduate awards. unique multidisciplinary practice-led journalist, writer and urban affairs Modules include Built for Life(TM) programme set in an international University of Sheffield consultant to Fundacion Metropoli, and Garden Cities and Suburbs. context (EU study visit) and engaging School of Architecture, The Arts Tower, Madrid Our courses are designed for those with such themes as landscape Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN Ivor Samuels, Honorary Senior working full-time with a one-day a urbanism, placemaking across T 0114 222 0341 •Research Fellow, Urban Morphology month teaching format. cultures and sustainability evaluation C Florian Kossak Research Group, School of as integrated knowledge spheres in E [email protected] Geography, University of Birmingham Oxford Brookes University the creation of sustainable places. W www.shef.ac.uk/architecture/ Louise Thomas, independent Joint Centre for Urban Design study/pgschool/taught_masters/ •urban designer Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP maud C Georgia Butina-Watson, Alan Reeve One year full time MA in Urban Neither the Urban Design Group nor T 01865 483403 Design for postgraduate architects, the editors are responsible for views Diploma in Urban Design, six months landscape architects and town expressed or statements made by full time or 18 months part time. MA planners. The programme has a individuals writing in Urban Design one year full-time or two years part- strong design focus, integrates time. participation and related design We welcome articles from our processes, and includes international readers. If you wish to contribute and regional applications. to future issues, please contact the editors.

56 — Urban Design – Spring 2015 – Issue 134 EndpieceNews Accord and discord

On a wet Tuesday evening in December my partner Polly and I went to the Lamp Tavern, a tiny back street pub in the industrial dis- trict of Highgate, on the next block from the river Rea. My multi-instrumentalist cousin Mike Adcock was playing a gig in the back room with his band Flying Down Trio (Get it? I had to have it explained). The gig was one in a series of Improvised and Experimental Mu- sic that runs every second Tuesday, of which I had previously been unaware. The audience numbered seven, so perhaps a lot of other people are also unaware of these esoteric events happening in an unlikely place. It reminded me that one of the great vir- tues of cities is their ability, through number and diversity, to support minority interests (though in this case the support barely extended to covering the band’s petrol costs from Cheltenham and back). I think I learned this from Jane Jacobs’ second book that gets overlooked a bit, The Economy of Cities, in which she had some insightful things to say about the resilience of Birmingham’s diverse economy, in comparison to Manchester. The music at the Lamp was eccentric and fasci- nating, with the percussionist in particular extracting varied and delightful sounds from the array of metal objects suspended and standing in front of him, as well as from hitting and bowing the Robin Day stackable chair that he (sometimes) sat on. Mike began the first set on accordion, playing a beautiful Italian instrument that he bought last year in Birmingham, from a place that also illustrates this same urban virtue. You would never find the Birmingham Ac- cordion Centre without a map, and perhaps not with one. It is hidden away in an obscure rhombus of land bounded by three railway lines and a canal. (You can see it as you ar- rive on a train from Euston, but you wouldn’t know it). An anonymous-looking 1840s house with shuttered windows and originally part of related incidents. I know this works as I was dispersed groups of musicians. A wonder- a railway station that has long disappeared, in the park earlier in the afternoon and as ful day – I stayed until the very end, when it is full of accordions. There is a fascinating soon as the music was turned on, approxi- in the dusk a mallet struck the giant gong, workshop where accordions are mended, mately 6-7 males left within minutes from suspended from a tree. from which a harmonic wheeze occasionally that location’. Joe Holyoak escapes as an instrument is operated on. I feel ambivalent about this initiative, • One kilometre away, a different inner quite apart from the fact that loitering with city music is heard in the new Eastside Park, your mates is a perfectly proper activity for opened last year. I was forwarded an email young people in a park, and always has been. from West Midlands Police to the security Playing music over loudspeakers in a park manager at Millennium Point, which adjoins can be pleasant: a bit Soviet maybe, but it the park. Eastside Park, designed in the can add to the gaiety of the place. But using modern French manner by Patel Taylor and music to drive people away from a park does Alain Provost, has proved very popular but injury to the integrity of both music and land- has had some problems of anti-social behav- scape. When I was last there, it sounded like iour. Policing and private security has been Bruckner: but who are the most deterrent stepped up, but the email describes another composers? I would like to know. I fear one of initiative. It reads ‘….. Jennens Court (Unite them might be Karlheinz Stockhausen, whose Students) has provided the funding and fitted British premiere of Sternklang in Cannon Hill loudspeakers, playing classical music to stop Park on midsummer’s day 1992 I remember ↑ The Birmingham Accordion any form of loitering on top of Fox Street and vividly, with the white-suited composer Centre we are seeing a noticeable difference in ASB strolling around the park supervising his ↑↑ Eastside Park 4

1976—2015

FROM INNER CITIES TO URBAN RENAISSANCE 28 / 04 In 2015 URBED celebrates 40 years of practice through a series of events THE FIRST that explore key projects, key cities and key changes in the United Kingdom’s REGENERATION urban renaissance journey. AREA? Moving from innovative early work in Covent Garden or Bradford’s Little Germany to larger schemes in Manchester, Brighton and beyond, the seven Covent Garden, London events will reflect on what was, assess what is and dream of what could be. Venue: Wallacespace – Covent Garden Date: 17.30 - 28th April 2015 All the events are free to attend, however booking is necessary. Chair: John Worthington Please visit www.urbed.coop/events to book your place. Key: Charles Landry

20 / 05 05 / 06 14 / 07 RESCUING HOW TO LOSE YOUR RETHINKING THE INDUSTRIAL RING ROAD AND FIND MASTERPLAN? QUARTERS? YOUR CITY CENTRE? Little Germany, Bradford Highbury Initiative, Birmingham New England Quarter, Brighton

Venue: Bradford Design Exchange Venue: AoU Congress* - Birmingham Venue: Jurys Inn - Brighton Date: 17.30 - 20th May 2015 Date: 5th June 2015 Date: 17.30 - 14th July 2015 Chair: David Rudlin Chair: Nicholas Falk Chair: David Rudlin Key: Marc Cole Key: Sir Albert Bore Key: Pam Alexander

16 / 09 12 / 10 11 / 11 A SUSTAINABLE HOW TO PROMOTE WHATEVER HAPPENED URBAN NEIGHBOUR- QUALITY HOUSING? TO ENTERPRISE HOOD? DEVELOPMENT? Hulme, Manchester Cambridge Bankside BID, London

Venue: Z-Arts Centre - Hulme Venue: Trumpington Meadows School Venue: 15Hatfields - Southwark Date: 17.30 - 16th September 2015 Date: 16.00 - 12th October 2015 Date: 17.30 - 11th November 2015 Chair: David Rudlin Chair: Nicholas Falk Chair: Nicholas Falk Key: Anne Power Key: Dame Kate Barker Key: John Burton, USM

* This event is open to Academy of Urbanism Congress attendees only.

20150316_UDG_Advert.indd 1 3/23/2015 1:32:27 PM