The Apse Mosaic in Early Medieval Rome: Time, Network, and Repetition Erik Thunø Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06990-9 - The Apse Mosaic in Early Medieval Rome: Time, Network, and Repetition Erik Thunø Index More information

INDEX

Page numbers and Roman numerals appearing in italics refer to illustrations and plates

Aachen Augustine, 51 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 79 , 89 , 114 , 130 , dome mosaic, 161 , 162 –163 fi gs. 87–88 133 , 141 , 162 , 186 , 198 , 245n79 , inscription in Palatine Chapel 251n130 , 256n28 and 39 , 257n42 , (Pfalzkapelle), 160 – 161 262n102 , 263n107 Adoration of the Lamb. See Book of Augustus, Emperor, 135 , 139 Revelation Alcuin, 160 Baptism, 105 Alexandria, 194 of Christ, 102 Altar. See also Eucharist ; Relics Bawit, 95 , 106 , 246n85 , 255n21 as cornerstone, 143 Chapel no. 27 , 95 , 98 fi g. 60 as body and church, 143 Bede, 89 , 162 , 240n29 , 264n115 Ambrose of Milan, 64 , 90 , 157 , 238n5 Belting-Ihm, Christa, 106 , 221n5 , Ambrosius Autpertus, 74 , 78 , 149 , 168 , 240n29 , 249n109 , 267n7 242n46 , 242n48 , 260n78 , 265n131 Bethlehem, depiction of, 18 , 23 , 76 , 81 , Anachronic, 9 , 62 , 172 , 204 , 205 144 , 259n66 Anachronism, 9 , 10 , 62 as city of Gentiles, 76 versus anachronistic, 61 – 62 Bolgia, Claudia, 44 , 194 , 230n71 , 275n94 Andaloro, Maria, 5 , 219n17 , 249n109 Book of Revelation Angels, 18 , 20 , 23 , 64 , 80 , 86 , 87 , 94 , 103 , Adoration of the Lamb, 1 , 2 , 15 , 16 , 20 , 120 , 122 , 123 , 149 , 150 , 152 , 180 . See 23 , 121 , 254n12 also Book of Revelation Ecclesiological interpretation of, 74 – 80 Angheben, Marcello, 125 , 243n60 and 63 ; Four Living Creatures, 1 , 2 , 15 , 18 , 22 , 255n18 , 21 and 23 23 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 79 , 82 , 92 , 96 , 120 , Apocalypse. See Book of Revelation 121 , 122 , 124 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 161 , Apse mosaics 240n27 , 248n108 , 253n3 defi nition of, 217n1 Golden altar in front of throne of God, as a linked sequence, 9 , 11 , 12 146 –147 as a network, 4 , 11 , 12 , 180 , 184 , 185, 190 , Heavenly Jerusalem, 163 , 164 , 168 , 169 , 170 193 , 194 , 197 , 206 , 207 , 208 Sea of Glass, 121 as a series, 1 , 4 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 28 , 46 , 51 , Seven Golden Candlesticks, 15 , 18 , 61 , 178 , 190 , 196 , 198 , 204 , 212 125 , 126 Archetype, 9 , 10 , 199 , 202 , 204 , 205 Twenty-Four Elders, 1 , 2 , 15 , 18 , 22 , 72 , Arnulf, Arwed, 50 , 226n39 , 231n84 73 , 74 , 76 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 82 , 90 , 92 , 120 , Ascension, 94 , 96 , 102 , 104 , 246n85 and 86 , 121 , 123 , 124 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 161 , 167 , 247n96 , 254n14 239n25 , 239n26 , 253n3 , 265n124

317

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06990-9 - The Apse Mosaic in Early Medieval Rome: Time, Network, and Repetition Erik Thunø Index More information

318 INDEX

Borsook, Eve, 236n4 , 249n114 Chrysologus, Peter, 141 Bowersock, Glen W., 224n27 Church. See also Church of Rome ; Brenk, Beat, 26 , 135 , 147 , 191 , 228n58 , Ecclesia Romana 235n106 , 242n51 , 258n50 continuity of, 75 , 80 , 89 , 181 – 184 Brentano, Robert, 218n13 heavenly/celestial, 12 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 73 , Brown, Peter, 251n129 , 259n70 74 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 91 , 103 , 117 , 121 , 123 , 142 , 156 , 169 , 182 , 196 , 206 , Caesar, Emperor, 135 207 , 208 Caesarius of Arles, 103 of Jews and Gentiles, 69 – 74 , 88 , 90 , Capua Vetere, Church of S. Maria 93 , 181 Maggiore, 60 , 61 fi g. 39 of living stones, 119 , 159 – 164 , 168 , 169 , Cardin, Luca, 272n60 170 , 172 Charlemagne, Emperor, 57 , 114 , 262n94 , spiritual, 88 , 89 , 90 – 93 , 117 , 118 , 156 , 263n113 159 – 164 , 168 , 170 , 172 , 184 Charles the Bald, Emperor, 262n113 terrestrial, 81 , 117 , 121 , 128 , 129 , 145 , Christ 156 , 168 , 170 as all seeing, 141 , 142 thousand-year-reign of, 74 , 170 as Alpha and Omega, 96 , 248n99 spatial and temporal unity of, 181 , 183 birth of, 132 , 158 , 275n90 universal, 70 , 71, 128 , 144 , 180 , 183 , body of, 12 , 70 , 72 , 75 , 78 , 90 , 103 , 105 , 186 , 196 107 , 117 , 119 , 144 , 145 , 158 , 159 , Church of Rome, 5 , 32 , 69 , 172 , 181 , 191 , 160 , 161 , 171 , 172 , 180 , 183 , 204 , 205 254n12 , 270n35 . See also Church ; clipeate portrait of, 22 , 79 , 84 , 87 , 184 Ecclesia Romana amid clouds, 14 , 16 , 17 , 22 , 23 , 82 , 86 , Ciampini, Giovanni Giustino, 14 , 14 fi g. 93 , 94 , 100 – 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 170 , 3 , 17 fi g. 5 , 19 fi g. 7 , 30 fi g. 14 , 52 , 279n122 55 fi g. 34 , 161 , 163 fi g. 88 , 222n11 , as cornerstone, 69 , 71 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 93 , 234n98 , 262n87 105 , 117 , 128 , 129 , 142 , 143 , 144 , Civate, San Pietro al Monte, 164 , 159 , 160 , 162 , 163 , 168 , 180 , 244n69 , 166 fi g. 90 244n73 and 74 Claudian, 51 , 101 , 247n92 enthroned in heaven, 114 , 161 , 189 , Clipeate portrait, 22 , 84 245n78 , 248n99 Clouds, signifi cance of, 101 – 102 gaze of, 134 , 141 , 142 , 145 , 154 , 159 , Coelestine I, Pope, 48 198 , 257n47 Communio sanctorum , 4 , 75 , 172 , 180 , 181 , in gold, 1 , 14 , 16 , 100 , 105 , 107 , 111 , 131 , 182 , 183 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 196 , 197 , 158 , 167 , 250n123 198 , 205 , 207 , 208 as true and eternal light, 83 , 101 , 102 , Concordia apostolorum. See Ss. Peter 133 , 134 and Paul as living bread, 143 , 159 Constantine the Great, Emperor, 31 , 32 , as mediator, 78 , 84 , 86 , 89 , 90 , 117 , 128 , 135 , 139 fi g. 80 , 139 , 224n27 , 267n5 129 , 132 , 144 , 148 , 149 , 152 Constantinople, 38 as omnipresent, 96 , 130 , 141 , 197 Constantius II, Emperor, 31 , 35 as resurrected Logos and Church, 74 , Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 117 , 128 , 129 , Fayum mummy portrait, 154 fi g. 86 131 , 143 , 145 , 157 , 160 , 168 , 183 Copy. See also Icon, 6 , 56 , 126 as rising sun, 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , medieval conception of, 9 , 199 – 203 105 , 132 Council of Ephesus, 193 as ruler of time, 198 Council of Trullo, 84 as sacramental body, 158 , 159 , 160 , Crown, 3 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 27 , 66 , 198 , 205 67 , 69 , 73 , 79 , 108 , 124 , 128 , 152 , as sol invictus , 73 , 87 , 90 , 101 , 157 , 161 , 164 , 165 , 193 , 222n11 , 102 – 103 , 170 237n12 , 238n15 as sponsus , 36 Crypt, 43 , 44 , 51 , 59 , 60 , 156 , 169 , Christe, Yves, 74 , 96 , 97 , 240n31 , 245n83 , 194 , 229n65 , 230n70 and 71 , 265n128 and 131 235n105 , 274n79

INDEX 319

Dalmatia, 7 , 42 , 110 , 147 , 191 , Eucharist. See also Liturgy of the Eucharist 229n62 , 276n96 and relics, 156 – 158 , 159 Damasian epigrams, 172 – 181 , 174 –177 fi gs. as unifi er of faithful and martyrs, 159 94–97 , 266n1 and 2 , 267n7 , 268n12 Eusebius, 50 , 139 , 270n38 and 19 , 269n28 , 276n97 Eye of God, 134 , 140 , 141 for S. Agnes, 173 – 174 , 175 fi g. 95 architectural setting of, 175 , 178 Faustus of Auch, 50 versus apse inscriptions, 179 – 180 , Feast of All Saints, 193 , 254n13 184 , 187 Felix IV, Pope, 14 , 15 , 40 , 41 , 146 , 153 , 191 distribution of, 174 fi g. 94 , 178 Fellowship. See Communio sanctorum for Ss. Protus and Hyacinthus, 175 Filocalus, Furius Dionysius, 173 , 266n2 verbal standardization of, 178 First Letter to Peter 2: 4–7, 160 , 168 visual standardization of, 176 – 178 Flavius Ricimer, 33 Damasus, Pope, 172 – 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , Flavius Valila, 33 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 190 , 191 , 192 , Florence, Rabbula Gospels (Biblioteca 193 , 194 , 196 , 197 , 205 , 223n17 , Laurenziana, Cod. Plut. I. 56, fol. 225n36 , 238n17 , 266n1–3 , 267n9 , 13b), 95 , 97 fi g. 59 268n11 and 19 , 269n21 and 29 , Fondi, 33 270n33 and 35 , 271n43 and 45 , Fontaine, Jacques, 268n16 272n57 , 274n79 , 276n97 Formula, 4 , 9 , 13 , 38 , 39 , 45 , 52 , 57 , 58 , 60, Dassmann, Ernst, 246n87 61 – 62 , 63 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 179 , 196 , Davis-Weyer, Cecilia, 101 198 , 203 , 205 , 206 , 227n47 De Rossi, Giovanni Battista, 5 , 217n2 defi nition of, 3 , 28 Deshman, Robert, 84 and relics of saints, 46 , 51 Didi-Huberman, Georges, 9 , 10 , Four Evangelists, 15 , 22 , 23 , 144 220n30 Four Living Creatures. See Book of Diefenbach, Steffen, 177 , 178 , 180 , Revelation 268n12 and 19 , 269n29 , 270n35 , Fresco, as technique, 65 271n41 , 276n97 Frontal gaze, 81 , 136 , 138 , 154 , 159 Diocletian, Emperor, 41 , 42 of Christ, 134 , 141 Duchesne, Louis, 179 of pope, 152 Dura-Europos, 138 of saints, 65 – 66 , 82 , 117 Durandus, William, 162 Fulgentius, 142 Duval, Noël, 256n39 Gamble, Harry Y., 136n252 East Gelasius I, Pope, 155 , 253n8 orientation of church, 11 , 130 – 131 Gladigow, Burkhard, 257n48 as prayer direction, 129 – 132 God, hand of, 14 , 16 , 24 , 110 , 152 as region of light and life, 11 , 64 , 132 Golden letters. See Inscriptions in mosaic Ecclesia Romana , 5 , 62 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 96 , 105 , Goodson, Caroline, 47 fi g. 28 , 229n62 , 110 , 117 , 148 , 154 , 168 , 191 , 192 , 235n105 , 274n85 196 . See also Church ; Church Gregory III, Pope, 275n87 of Rome Gregory IV, Pope, 22 , 43 , 145 , 194 , as caput mundi , 181 276n101 , 276n101 , 278n121 as communio sanctorum , 181 , 182 , 188 , Gregory the Great, Pope, 84 , 133 , 145 , 155 , 193 , 205 184 , 223n17 , 261n90 primacy of, 32 , 35 , 70 , 180 , 181 , 183 , 186 , Gregory of Tours, 51 , 227n55 194 , 272n60 Guyon, Jean, 174 fi g. 94 , 176 fi g. 96 , 176 , Ecclesiological theophany, 107 177 fi g. 97 , 178 , 268n12 and 13 Ecclesius, 39 , 231n80 , 261n86 Ekphrasis, 51 , 135 , 175 , 179 , 231n84 , Hadrian I, Pope, 227n55 , 262n94 249n112 , 257n47 Hahn, Cynthia, 51 , 232n90 , 268n14 Elsner, Jas´, 135 , 136 , 237n7 Hellemo, Geir, 120 , 253n3 Ephesians 2:13–22, 70 – 72 , 88 , 90 , 160 , Hera, goddess, 137 168 , 180 Hierapolis, shrine of Atargatis, 136 , 141

320 INDEX

Hierarchy, in apse composition, 1 , 2 , 3 , 67 , John the Evangelist, 20 , 23 , 42 , 67 , 81 , 83 , 68 , 69 , 85 , 110 , 147 , 148 , 154 , 183 , 114 , 265n128 243n60 and 63 Jordan River, 14 , 15 , 17 , 102, 105 Honorius I, Pope, 24 , 25 , 26 , 45 , 59 , 110 , Jounel, Pierre, 275n87 111 , 153 , 173 , 174 , 210 , 223n17 , 233n94 , 261n88 Kantorowicz, Ernst H., 84 Honorius III, Pope, 55 , 226n43 , 245n78 Kessler, Herbert L., 185 , 278n18 Hoogewerff, Godfried Joannes, 278n121 Kinney, Dale, 79 , 120 , 253n3 Krautheimer, Richard, 6 , 7 , 16 , 31 , 32 , 44 Icon, 8 , 12 , 114 , 117 , 134 , 145 , 149 , 152 fi g. 25 , 49 fi g. 30 , 218n13 , 219n15 , copies of, 9 – 10 , 201 – 203 , 237n7 , 242n51 , 225n28 , 278n13 , 278n21 260n81 , 278n19 Kubler, George, 9 , 10 , 11 , 61 , versus narrative, 8 , 81 – 82 219n21 , 220n24 Idolatry, 133 Incarnation, 12 , 75 , 84 , 92 , 102 , 104 , Lactantius, 101 , 102 , 131 , 247n92 106 , 112 , 117 , 132 , 149 , 158 , 193 , Lamb 198 , 208 enthroned, 15 , 18 , 23 , 73 , 74 , 79 , 84 , 87 , Innocent I, Pope, 33 120 , 121 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 167 , 184 , Innocent II, Pope, 35 242n55 , 243n63 Innocent III, Pope, 35 on rock with four rivers, 86 , 143 – 144 , Inscriptions in mosaic. See also Rome, 239n23 , 248n99 churches ; Damasian epigrams Lambs, procession/frieze of, 15 , 16 , 22 , 34 , in apse mosaics, 29 – 38 76 , 143 , 144 , 145 on apsidal arches, 29 Last Judgment, 75 , 104 , 170 versus Damasian epigrams, 179 – 180 , 187 Lateran. See Rome, churches, San Giovanni in golden letters, 47 – 51 in Laterano and incarnation, 117 Lehmann, Thomas, 230n74 on inner facade walls, 29 , 47 Leo I, Pope, 89 , 245n78 and literacy, 184 – 185 , 187 Leo III, Pope, 52 , 57 , 215 , 219n17 , 235n105 , as pictorial signifi er, 111 – 117 , 249n109 , 265n124 184 – 187 ; 32 Leo IV, Pope, 246n86 on triumphal arches, 29 , 32 Letters verbal standardization of, 179 as icons, 113 – 114 visual connotations of, 185 – 186 as Christ’s fl esh, 114 visual standardization of, 179 Light. See also Christ ; Mosaic Iser, Wolfgang, 66 , 81 , 237n8 in contrast to darkness, 20 , 26 , 56 , Istria, 20 , 42 , 191 , 229n62 , 276n96 99 – 103 , 105 , 108 , 109 , 111 , 112 , 114 , 131 , 132 , 161 , 179 , 213 Jerome, 103 , 114 , 141 , 162 , 170 , from the East, 11 , 64 , 131 – 132 , 133 251n130 , 266n3 and eye, 133 , 139 , 140 – 141 , 142 Jerusalem. See also Rome, churches, in paradise, 64 – 65 , 109 , 117 S. Prassede ; Book of Revelation as enacting reciprocal mode of Anastasis Rotunda, 199 , vision, 142 200 fi g. 101 , 203 and Resurrection, 99 – 103 , 104 , 111 , as city of Jews, 76 132 , 170 depiction of, 18 , 23 , 76 , 81 , 144 , 259n66 Light verbs, 50 , 179 , 269n25 John 1: 1–14, 83 , 101 , 112 Liturgy of the Eucharist, 12 , 119 – 132 John I, Pope, 231n80 Common Preface, 120 , 122 , 129 , John III, Pope, 233n94 255n23 John IV, Pope, 7 , 23 , 24 , 41 , 42 , 153 , orientation of celebrant, 130 – 131 191 , 239n22 prayers of intercession, 131 , 155 John VII, Pope, 260n80 reading of saints’ lives, 155 – 156 John the Baptist, 20 , 23 , 42 , 81 , 83 , 105 , 155 , Sursum Corda , 120 , 129 , 130 , 256n28 168 , 228n60 Triple Sanctus , 120 , 121 , 124 , 129 , John the Deacon, 261n90 254n9 , 255n21

INDEX 321

Living stones, 119 , 160 – 164 Nagel, Alexander, 9 , 10 , 62 and mosaic, 162 – 163 , 168 – 169 Nelson, Robert S., 257n47 and Heavenly Jerusalem, 163 – 164 , Network, 4 , 11 , 12 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 184 , 168 – 169 , 170 185 , 190 , 193 , 194 , 197 , 205 , 206 , Living Writing, 113 , 251n129 207 , 208 London, Lindisfarne Gospels (British Inter-textual, 178 , 268n14 Library, Cotton MS Nero D. iv, Inter-visual, 4 , 178 , 268n14 fol. 211r), 112 , 113 fi g. 67 of martyrs, 105 , 177 , 190 , 193 , 197 Louis the Pious, Emperor, 263n113 New Haven, relief of Atargatis and Hadid Löx, Markus, 267n9 (Yale University Art Gallery), 138 , Lucan, 51 140 fi g. 81 Lucian, 136 , 137 , 138 New York (Pierpont Morgan Library), Ms. Lucius I, Pope, 43 , 274n80 M. 644, fol. 222v, 164 , 165 fi g. 89 Nicetas of Remesiana, 184 Mackie, Gillian, 228n61 , 229n62 Nicholas IV, Pope, 37 Maguire, Henry, 223n19 , 238n15 Nilgen, Ursula, 120 , 226n42 , Mark, Pope, 22 , 43 , 44 , 67 , 110 , 194 , 207 255n20 , 255n23 Markus, Robert, 181 , 182 , 188 , 270n37 Nola, 33 Marin, Emilio, 229n62 Basilica Nova, 48 , 144 , 184 Mary Nordhagen, Per Jonas, 16 , 221n7 , 279n122 as Ecclesia sponsa , 36 as generator of light, 60 Oakeshott, Walter F., 5 humble service of, 78 , 149 , 158 , 193 , 194 O’Reilly, Jennifer, 88 as intercessor, 78 , 87 , 105 , 131 , 132 , 147 , Ovid, 50 , 173 , 185 156 , 158 , 193 , 196 as Mother of God, 20 , 60 , 76 , 105 , 108 , Palombara Sabina, icon, 202 , 202 fi g. 104 128 , 148 , 154 , 158 , 193 , 275n90 Panvinio, Onofrio, 32 Orans , 87 , 94 , 105 , 131 , 158 , 246n86 Paradise, 76 , 144 , 146 , 149 as queen, 149 in apse mosaics, 64 , 65 , 102 , 108 , 109 , as role model, 193 117 , 153 , 158 as titular saint, 39 Paris, Godescalc Lectionary (BN, MS. nouv. Materiality, defi nition of, 11 – 12 acq. lat. 1203, 2v-3r), 114 , 115 –116 Mathews, Thomas F., 82 , 97 , fi gs. 68–69 244n68 , 246n89 Paris, Metz Sacramentary (BN, lat. Matthiae, Guglielmo, 5 , 16 , 230n66 , 243n61 1141, fol. 5r–6r), 121 , 123 –125 fi gs. Maximus of Turin, 103 , 141 , 159 71–73 Melchisedech, 124 Paris, Soissons Gospels (BN, lat. 8850, fol. Metallum , 15 , 18 , 231n79 , 269n25 1v), 221 , 122 fi g. 70 signifi cance of, 50 Parousia , 74 , 93 – 94 Milan, golden altar of Sant’Ambrogio, 136 Paschal I, Pope, 2 , 3 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 43 , fi g. 77 , 157 58 , 60 , 72 , 76 , 78 , 126 , 146 , 148 , Miller, Patricia Cox, 51 , 108 , 232n89 152 , 154 , 164 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 196 , Mission to the Apostles, 51 207 , 274n82, 83, and 85 , 276n101 , Morey, Charles Rufus, 247n91 279n121 Mosaic Paulinus of Nola, 33 , 48 , 50 , 79 , 144 , 146 , as light source, 1 , 3 , 11 , 17 , 26 , 28 , 50 , 157 , 184 , 185 , 226n39 56 , 64 , 65 , 107 – 109 , 111 , 114 , 117 , Pelagius II, Pope, 14 , 55 , 56 , 109 , 118 , 132 , 133 , 142 , 144 , 161 , 179 , 213 – 214 , 233n95 187 , 236n4 Pelikan, Jaroslav, 75 and living stones, 162 – 163 , 168 – 169 Pencheva, Bissera, 249n112 substance of, 65 Performative mode, 199 , 277n111 technique, 64 – 65 , 236n3 Philo of Alexandria, 247n97 Munich, Uta book cover (Bayerische Phoebus, 20 , 109 , 131 , 247n92 Staatsbibliothek, Ms. Clm. 13601), Poeschke, Joachim, 219n17 , 245n80 137 fi g. 78 Poilpré, Anne-Orange, 254n11 and 12

322 INDEX

Pope Romano, Serena, 5 , 219n17 , 249n109 as corner- or keystone, 184 Rome as mediator, 152 – 156 , 170 Arch of Constantine, 111 , 112 fi g. 66 , with model of church, 3 , 14 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 250n121 23 , 24 , 27 , 39 , 52 , 56 , 108 , 152 , Arch of Septimius Severus, 224n22 , 261n86 250n121 , 272n63 monogram of, 183 – 184 Arch of Titus, 186 , 250n121 , 272n63 with square halo, 20 , 22 , 27 , 153 , 261n88 Basilica of Maxentius, 135 as temporal and spatial bridge, 81 , Column of Trajan, 186 fi g. 98 , 186 154 – 155 Forum Pacis , 40 Porecˇ, Basilica Eufrasiana, 20 , 21 fi g. 9 , 39 , Gold glass (Vatican Museums), 70 261n86 and 88 , 275n90 fi g. 41 , 70 Primasius, 104 , 168 , 239n25 , 240n29 Head of Constantine (Capitoline Prototype (artifact), 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 28 , 33 , 190 , Museums), 135 , 139 fi g. 80 199 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 278n121 Pantheon, 193 , 250n121 Prudentius, 110 , 146 , 147 Temple of Mars Ultor, 135 Temples of Venus and Rome, 135 , Rancière, Jacques, 9 , 62 , 172 138 fi g. 79 Ravenna, 38 Rome, catacombs Monastery of S. Andrew, 231n80 , Domitilla, 57 – 58 , 83 , 83 fi g. 48 249n114 Via Nomentana, 57 , 173 Orthodox Baptistery, 126 , 127 fi g. 75 Ss. Pietro e Marcellino, 189 fi g. 99 , 189 , Ravenna, churches 190 , 248n99 , 273n72 San Apollinare in Classe, 56 , 56 fi g. 35 , Praetextatus, 43 96 , 219n19 Priscilla, 43 , 192 San Apollinare Nuovo, 78 , 78 fi g. 45 San Sebastiano, 70 , 71 fi g. 42 , 238n17 S. Maria Maggiore, 231n80 Rome, churches S. Stephen, 231n80 S. Agata dei Goti, 29 , 33 San Vitale, 39 , 39 fi g. 21 , 82 , S. Agnese fuori le Mura, Plate VI , 3 , 261n86 and 88 4 fi g. 2 , 6 , 7 , 24 , 25 –26 fi gs. 11–12 , Relics of martyrs 28 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 49 fi g. 30 , 50 , 55 , 59 , in altar, 156 – 158 67 , 68 , 68 fi g. 40 , 72 , 81 , 82 , 109 , 110 , as generators of light, 51 , 108 111 , 114 , 129 , 131 , 132 , 143 , 145 , as “limbs” of Christ, 159 146 , 147 , 152 , 153 , 156 , 157 , 159 , as links between earth and heaven, 182 175 , 175 fi g. 95 , 178 , 179 , 182 , 188 , as living, spiritual objects, 51 192 , 196 , 197 , 203 , 226n40 , 231n79 , as temporal bridges, 182 231n80 , 234n98 , 236n3 , 261n88 , translation of, 46 , 57 , 58 , 164 , 188 269n23–26 , 269n28 Repetition S. Anastasia, 33 , 231n80 versus copying, 199 – 205 S. Andrea in Catabarbara, 29 , as mode, 204 30 fi g. 14 , 33 versus repetitious, 198 – 199 S. Cecilia in Trastevere, Plate XI , Plate and time, 199 , 204 – 205 XVI , Plate XXIII , 3 , 6 , 7 , 16 , 18 fi g. Resurrection 6 , 18 , 19 fi gs. 7–8 , 19 , 22 , 23 , 28 , 43 , of Christ, 74 – 75 , 99 , 100 , 102 – 105 , 132 , 45 –47 fi gs. 26–28 , 58, 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 157 , 159 , 170 67 , 68 , 69 , 73 , 76 , 78 , 81 , 85 , 86 fi g. of mankind, 75 , 102 , 104 , 145 51 , 86 , 94 , 100 , 103 , 104 , 107 , 108 , of martyrs, 67 , 74 , 108 , 111 109 , 110 , 111 , 120 , 123 , 127 , 131 , and phoenix, 67 , 102 , 111 , 238n5 , 144 , 147 , 148 fi g. 82 , 148 , 152 , 156 , 248n101 157 , 159 , 183 , 193 , 196 , 203 , 239n23 , Reutter, Ursula, 274n81 269n25–26 , 274n79–80 , 274n85 Revival, 11 San Clemente, 34 , 35 fi g. 17 , 35 , 128 , Carolingian, 7 , 16 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 28 , 126 , 204 , 246n86 194 , 208 , 219n15 Ss. Cosmas and Damian, Plate IV–V , Plate Roberts, Michael, 231n83 XIII , Plate XV , Plate XXII , 3 , 6 , 7 , 13 ,

INDEX 323

14 fi g. 3 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 23 , S. Maria Maggiore, 3 , 32 fi g. 16 , 32 , 37, 28 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 40 , 40 fi g. 22 , 38 fi g. 20 , 49 , 60 , 128 , 186 , 193 , 41 fi g. 23 , 41 , 49 , 50 , 55 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 218n11 , 275n90 64 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 73 , 78 , 82 , 84 , 85 fi g. Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo, 57 , 58 –59 fi gs. 49 , 85 , 86 , 93 , 94 , 96 , 98 , 100 , 101 37–38 , 58 , 249n109 fi g. 63 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104, 105 , 107 , Old Saint Peter’s, 31 fi g. 15 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 120 , 121 , 125 , 126 , 36 fi g. 18 , 91 , 92 –93 fi gs. 55–56 , 130 , 131 , 133 , 143 , 146 , 147 , 153 , 155 , 202 , 203 , 229n65 , 231n80 , 254n11 156 , 157 , 159 , 179 , 191 , 192 , 196 , San Paolo fuori le Mura, 3 , 16 –17 fi gs. 203 , 204 , 207 , 219n17 , 221n5 , 221n7 , 4–5 , 16 , 32 , 73 , 74 , 78 , 79 , 86 – 87 , 90 , 231n83 , 234n98 , 239n23 , 245n80 , 91 fi g. 54 , 91 , 92 , 128 , 203 , 244n76 , 248n101 , 259n66–67 , 269n23–25 , 245n79 , 278n121 276n96 , 278n121 , 279n122 San Pietro in Vincoli, 33 , 225n35 S. Croce in Gerusalemme, 32 , 225n29 S. Prassede, Plates I-III , 1 , 2 fi g. 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , San Crysogono, 33 , 225n35 7 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 28 , 43 , 44 S. Eusebio, 33 , 225n35 fi g. 25 , 50 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , San Giovanni in Laterano (The 73 , 78 , 79 –80 fi gs. 46–47 , 84 , 85 fi g. Lateran), 35 , 41 , 130 , 203 , 257n45 , 50 , 86 , 87 fi g. 52 , 94 , 100 , 102 , 103 , 278n121–122 104 , 107 , 108 , 110 , 120 , 121 , 125 , Baptistery, 3 , 23 , 24 , 42 fi g. 24 , 105 , 126 , 127 , 131 , 144 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 186 , 223n21 152 , 156 , 157 , 159 , 164 , 166 –167 Palace, 52 fi gs. 91–92 , 167 – 169 , 183 , 184 , 192 , Sala del Concilio , 52 , 53 –54 fi gs. 193 , 196 , 203 , 239n23 , 259n66 , 31–32 , 214; 269n25–26 , 274n79–80 and n82–83 Aula Leonina , 52 , 54 –55 fi gs. 33–34 , S. Pudenziana, 29 , 30 fi g. 13 , 32 , 33 , 214 – 215 72 , 82 , 96 – 97 , 110 , 128 , 192 , 204 , Sancta Sanctorum Christ icon, 201 fi g. 218n11 , 246n89–90 103 , 201 , 203 S. Sabina, Plate XXIV , 47 , 95 , 99 fi g. San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, Plate XIV , 14 , 61 , 186 25 , 26, 55 , 56 , 58 , 109 , 110 , 175 , 179 , S. Stefano Rotondo, 48 , 199 , 200 fi g. 213 – 14 , 269n23–25 102 , 203 San Lorenzo in Damaso, 32 , 225n29 Ss. Primus and Felicianus Chapel, Plate San Marco, Plate XII , Plate XVIII , 3 , 7 , XXV , 48 , 56 , 58 , 214 22 , 23 fi g. 10 , 34 , 37 , 43 , 48 fi g. 29 , S. Susanna, 57 fi g. 36 , 57 , 58 , 215 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 79 , 84 , 86 , 242n55 88 fi g. 53 , 99 , 100 fi g. 62 , 103 , 104 , San Venanzio Chapel, Plates VII-VIII , 108 , 110 , 120 , 127 , 131 , 144 , 145 , Plates XIX-XXI , 3 , 6 , 7 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 147 , 148 , 149 fi g. 83 , 152 , 156 , 157 , 41 , 42 fi g. 24 , 42 , 58 , 60 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 159 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 192 , 196 , 204 , 69 , 73 , 76 , 77 fi gs. 43–44 , 86 , 94 , 95 , 229n63 , 230n71 , 239n23 , 250n124 , 96 , 104 , 108 , 120 , 131 , 143 , 144 , 146 , 259n66–67 , 269n25 , 274n79–80 , 147 , 153 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 191 , 276n101 , 279n121 196 , 207 , 226n40 , 228n60 , 237n11 , S. Maria ad martyres (Pantheon), 193 , 246n85 , 250n124 , 274n80 , 276n96 275n87 and 91 S. Maria in Domnica, Plates IX–X , Plate St. Gall (Stiftbibliothek, Cod. 51, fol. 267), XVII , 3 , 6 , 7 , 19 , 20 , 26 , 27 , 27 , 28 , 94 , 95 fi g. 57 39 , 46 , 60 , 62 , 65 , 68 , 69, 72 , 80 , Saints 81 , 83 , 84 , 105 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 111 , collective body of, 4 , 172 , 178 , 180 , 182 , 128 , 129 , 131 , 132 , 143 , 145 , 147 , 190 , 194 , 198 148 , 149 , 152 , 154 , 158 , 183 , 193 , hierarchy of, 1 , 2 , 3 , 67 – 68 , 69 , 147 , 148 , 194 , 196 , 203 , 243n55 , 269n23 , 154 , 183 269n25–26 as intercessors, 59 , 146 , 154 , 158 , 170 , S. Maria in Trastevere, 35 , 37 fi g. 19 , 182 , 184 37 , 128; Madonna della Clemenza, as Roman citizens, 69 , 181 , 238n17 150 , 151 fi g. 85 , 152 as “spatial icons,” 12

324 INDEX

Saints, individuals. See also Relics of martyrs Venantius, 23 , 24 , 42 , 67 , 110 , 191 Abdon, 44 , 194 , 274n79 Zeno, 3 , 43 , 67, 274n79 Agapitus, 43 , 192 , 194 , 274n80 Saqquara, 106 Agatha, 17 , 43 , 66 , 67 , 193 Schaefer, Mary M., 265n128 , 275n88 Agnes, 22 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 43 , 60 , 66 , 67 , 68 Script as image, 111 , 113 , 114 , 173 , 179 , fi g. 40 , 69 , 110 , 111 , 132 , 143 , 155 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 157 , 173 , 192 , 194 , 237n11 , 238n5 , Second Coming, 93 – 98 , 102 , 104 , 121 , 132 , 262n100 , 264n122 170 , 240n31 , 247n96 Amantius, 274n79 Sergius I, Pope, 221n7 , 234n98 , 255n18 Anastasius the Fuller, 42 , 66 Simplicius, Pope, 33 Andrea, 33 Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine Antiochianus, 42 , 66 , 67 apse mosaic, 106 , 107 fi g. 65 Asterius, 42 , 67 , 237n11 Christ icon, 135 fi g. 76 Cecilia, 17 , 43 , 66 , 67 , 110 , 155 , 193 Virgin and Child icon, 149 – 150 , 150 Cornelius, 155 fi g. 84 Cosmas and Damian, 14 , 15 , 40 – 41 , 59 , Sixtus II, Pope. 274n79 66 , 67 , 110 , 147 , 155 , 157 , 191 , 192 , Sixtus III, Pope, 32 , 60 196 , 228n58 Spieser, Jean-Michel, 97 , 246n90 Cyprian, 155 Splendor, 3 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 37 , Domnius, 23 , 42 , 67 38 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 60 , 108 , 111 , 114 , 173 , Felicisssimus, 22 , 43 , 67 , 182 , 192 , 174 , 179 , 227n53 194 , 274n80 Stuttgart, Psalter (Württembergische Felicitas, 57 , 155 , 215 Landesbibliothek, Cod. Bibl., Felix, 48 fol. 111r), 94 , 96 fi g. 58 Gabinus, 57 Substitutional mode, 199 , 202 , 277n111 Gaianus, 42 , 66 , 67 Suetonius, 139 Gaius, 57 Sulpicius Severus, 157 Hippolytus, 56 , 233n95 Sun, as all-seeing eye, 139 , 141 Lawrence, 55 , 213 , 233n95 Sutri, 202 Marcellinus, 155 Svizzeretto, Floriana, 260n81 Mark the Evangelist, 22 , 43 , 148 , Syllogae , 31 , 47 , 195 , 269n28 194 , 275n74 Symmachus, Pope, 24 , 67 , 110 , 153 , 223n17 , Martin, 50 , 51 228n58 , 231n80 Maurus, 42 , 67 , 274n80 Maximus, 43 Temporality Paulinianus, 42 , 66 , 67 as “double faced,” 10 , 191 Peter and Paul, as “ontological,” 9 , 198 , 205 as go-betweens, 69 Terry, Ann, 223n19 as ecclesiological symbols, 69 Tesserae, as living stones, 161 – 162 in concordia , 69 , 70 fi g. 41 , 71 fi g. 42 , 81 , Theodore I, Pope, 23 , 48 , 56 , 57 , 67 , 128 , 143 , 181 153 , 214 as “new stars,” 181 , 191 Theoderic I, King, 191 Prassede, 3 , 43 , 66 , 67 , 110 , 146 , 192 , Theophany, 96 , 101 , 102 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 274n80 and 83 108 , 118 , 246n85 , 249n109 Pudenziana, 3 , 43 , 66 , 67 , 110 , 192 , Theophilus Presbyter, 237n6 264n122 , 274n80 and 83 Thessaloniki, 38 Sennen, 44 , 194 , 274n79 Hosios David, 106 fi g. 64 , 106 Septimius, 42 , 67 Time Sixtus, 155 chronological/historical, 11 , 62 , 205 , 207 Stephen, 51 , 56 , 155 , 230n66 as continuous present, 4 , 10 , 11 , 117 , 198 , Susanna, 57 , 215 199 , 204 , 205 , 207 Tellius, 42 , 67 God’s, 11 , 197 , 198 , 204 , 206 , 208 Theodore of Amasea, 14 , 41 , 66 , 67 , 191 as linear succession/chronology, 4 , 9 , Tiburtius, 43 , 189 , 274n79 10 , 11 , 12 , 61 , 172 , 191 , 198 , 199 , Valerian, 17 , 43 , 66 , 67 204 , 205

INDEX 325

as permanence, 61 , 65 , 172 Victorinus of Pettau, 132 , 170 , 240n29 as pure present/eternity, 62 , 172 Victricius of Rouen, 271n45 as simultaneity, 198 Vienna, Stefansbursa (Kunsthistorisches Tituli Museum), 169 fi g. 93 , 169 as verses, 33 , 185 Viewer participation, 12 , 66 as churches, 43 Virgil, 173 , 185 , 272n58 Tivoli Virgin saints, 18 , 67 , 76 , 78 , 81 , 123 , 128 , Church of San Silvestro, 124 , 126 fi g. 74 192 , 193 , 196 , 254n13 , 274n80 Tomei, Alessandro, 227n49–50 Vision, of the Invisible, 73 – 74 , 106 , Traditio legis , 32 , 35 , 223n21 , 224n26 120 , 133 – 134 , 142 , 161 , Transfi guration, 58 , 106 241n109 , 257n42 Trevignano Romano, 202 Visser, Margaret, 223n17 Tronzo, William, 91 , 245n79 Viterbo, 202 Tyconius, 74 , 103 , 240n29 Vitruvius, 134 Twenty-Four Elders. See Book of Revelation Warburg, Aby, 10 , 220n30 Urban I, Pope, 43 Warland, Rainer, 239n22 Wolf, Gerhard, 277n111 Venantius Fortunatus, 50 , 60 , 76 Wood, Christopher S., 9 , 10 , 62 Venice, San Marco, 194 Writing, as distinct from pictures, 186 – 187