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Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Dipartimento Filosofia e Beni Culturali Corso Laurea Magistrale in Storia delle Arti e Conservazione dei Beni Artistici Curriculum Medievale e Bizantino Tesi di Laurea LA SCENA DEL DUELLO NEL MOSAICO PAVIMENTALE DI SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE A VERCELLI (XII SEC.) : PROPAGANDA ANTITURCA AI TEMPI DELLE CROCIATE Gönül Yektaş Biancat Relatore Prof. Simone Piazza Correlatori Prof.ssa Michela Agazzi Prof. Xavier Barral I Altet a.a. 2019 - 2020, Venezia PREFAZIONE Nella mia tesi, ho provato a presentare un'ipotesi esauriente relativa al mosaico enigmatico dell’antica basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Vercelli, noto come “duello” o “monomachia” o “Fel e Fol”. Nella prima parte della tesi, ho analizzato le dinamiche fondamentali del periodo storico in cui è stato realizzato il mosaico: le guerre, la politica e il commercio. Ho interpretato il mosaico come strumento di propaganda antiturca. In questo senso, includendo il simbolismo del nemico nello studio, ho cercato di dimostrare sia il legame del mosaico con i Turchi sia l'influenza non esplicita dei Turchi nella creazione di alcune immagini di difficile interpretazione nell'arte medievale europea. Nella seconda parte, ho proposto di decifrare le controverse iscrizioni descrittive sul mosaico sulla base dell'iconografia della Torah, dell'Antico e del Nuovo Testamento. Spero che questa prospettiva inusuale contribuisca a valutazioni differenti di altre opere d'arte del periodo medievale e stimoli nuovi studi avanzati. Sono davvero grata ai miei professori Xavier Barral I Altet e Simone Piazza per avermi dato la possibilità di lavorare su questo straordinario argomento. Vorrei anche ringraziare la Prof.ssa Agazzi per le sue critiche costruttive della tesi. Grazie al gentilissimo Riccardo Rossi, responsabile della biblioteca e dell’archivio del Museo Leone di Vercelli, per l’interesse, la disponibilità e la gentilezza dimostratemi. Ringrazio anche Lionello Tamai per il suo supporto nella lingua italiana. Inoltre, desidero ringraziare tutti i ricercatori e studiosi che hanno fatto luce sulla mia strada con le loro opere durante questo impegnativo lavoro. Voglio esprimere il mio ringraziamento speciale al mio caro marito Francesco Biancat per la sua pazienza e il suo sostegno. Dedico questa tesi alla mia amata madre, che ho perso nel 2019. Venezia, 2021 Gönül Yektaş Biancat i THE BATTLE SCENE ( 12TH CENT. ) OF THE MOSAIC FLOOR OF SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE IN VERCELLI THE ANTI-TURKISH PROPAGANDA AT THE TIME OF THE CRUSADES A Thesis Submitted to Ca 'Foscari University of Venice Department of Philosophy and Cultural Heritage Master's Degree in History of Arts and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Medieval and Byzantine Programme by Gönül Yektaş Biancat May, 2021 ABSTRACT The archaeological remains of the ancient basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, in Vercelli, include a mysterious floor mosaic known as the "duello" or "monomachia" (conflict / battle). The theme of this 12th-century work of art has been the subject of numerous either academic or non-academic debates over the past two centuries. Scholars and researchers have come up with various theories about the combatants in the mosaic and their mysterious descriptive writings, "Fel” and “Fol." However, this Middle Ages puzzle requires a more comprehensive answer. Foremost, to solve the problem, some pieces that are still missing need first to be discovered and identified. As an introductory problem, the meaning of the inscriptions lacks both a complete elaborate analysis and a single persuasive idea. As many recent studies have demonstrated, the battle scene is connected to the Second Crusade. Though it is common knowledge that the Second Crusade was initiated against the Turks, no one has adequately addressed this key single fact when explaining the mysterious enigma up to now. From this starting point, the thesis attempts to analyzes the mosaic with an iconographic and iconological method considering the conditions of its era, to come up with an alternative hypothesis. Keywords: Fel and Fol, duel iconography, the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore of Vercelli, floor mosaics, combat between the Crusaders and the Turks, iconographic propaganda, enemy symbolism. ii INDICE Introduzione .............................................................................................................. 1 Parte prima: Il periodo delle crociate: le forze belligeranti e il linguaggio simbolico 1. Le Crociate e i Turchi: il drago-lupo, il nemico dei cristiani .................... 29 2. I centri delle crociate: Clermont, Monferrato e Vercelli ........................... 119 Parte seconda: Analisi dei mosaici della basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore di Vercelli 3. L’opera musiva e i suoi modelli: il circuito della Via Francigena ........... 131 4. I guerrieri e le loro iscrizioni esplicative ................................................... 137 5. Le scritte sulle spade ................................................................................. 151 6. I simboli .................................................................................................... 155 7. Gli altri mosaici della basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore di Vercelli ....... 163 Conclusione ............................................................................................................... 177 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................ 180 iii INTRODUZIONE Vercelli, situata nel versante orientale della regione piemontese, è una città fondata dai Libici, tribù celtica, tra i centri più fiorenti della Penisola in età medievale. Sin dall’antichità la città è stata un nodo viario importante per le comunicazioni e gli scambi commerciali tra l’Italia ed il resto d’Europa. Nel Medio Evo essa diventò una tappa fondamentale della Via Francigena, utilizzata dai pellegrini che volevano raggiungere Roma. Tra gli importanti edifici che la impreziosiscono, vi è l'antica basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. La tradizione vorrebbe che qui sia sorto in epoca romana un tempio alla Dea Venere, ampliato ed abbellito dall'imperatore Constantino e da esso dedicato alla Madre di Dio. Ciò è ricordato dal vescovo di Vercelli Attone (924-950), in un sermone in cui loda il protovescovo della città, Sant'Eusebio. Quest'ultimo avrebbe posto in questo luogo la propria sede episcopale, dando vita alla prima cattedrale di Vercelli1. Fig. 1: Vista della città di Vercelli e della sua basilica a tre navate, Theatrum Statuum Sabaudiae (catasto del XVII secolo). 1 Giovanni SOMMO, Giovanni Antonio Ranza: delle antichità della chiesa maggiore di Santa Maria in Vercelli. Dissertazione sopra il mosaico d'una monomachia, Vercelli: Gruppo Archeologico Vercellese, 1979, p. 11. “Questa basilica, già tempio gentile, dal gran Constantino fu fatta, al dire d'Attone, riedificare al suo ritorno dalla Bretagna, e fu dedicata alla gran madre di Dio .Attone vescovo di Vercelli nell’anno 930, parlando della chiesa di Santa Maria Maggiore nel suo ritmico sermone per San. Eusebio dice Quam piae memoriae Constantinus erexerat a fundamentis”, cfr. Giovanni Gaspare de GREGORI, Istoria Della Vercellese Letteratura Ed Arti, Torino: Chirio e Mina, 1819, vol. 1, p. 122, (nota 2). 1 L'ultima forma nota della basilica in questione prima del suo demolizione nel 1777 risale probabilmente all'XI o XII secolo. Dalle fonti sappiamo che fu consacrata da papa Eugenio III nel 1148. Fig. 2 : Pianta dimostrativa della Basilica di S. Maria Maggiore. (Cfr. G. Chicco). 2 Fig. 3 : La Basilica di S. Maria Maggiore. (Cfr. Gaspare de Gregori). Come sappiamo dalle note fornite nel 1938 da Guiuseppe Chicco2, la chiesa era a tre navate, le laterali sormontate dai matronei, ed era dotata di un tiburio con cella campanaria. Sul davanti c’era un atrio o vestibolo. Il pavimento della basilica era tutto a mosaico. Nella seconda meta del XVII secolo, grazie ai beni lasciati in eredità dal canonico di Vercelli Marco Aurelio Cusano, la chiesa romanica venne rimaneggiata3. 2 G. CHICCO, Le antiche chiese di Santa Maria Maggiore, della SS. Trinità, di S. Nazario e la moderna Santa Maria Maggiore, in: Giornale La Sesia, 20 settembre 1938, (4.I.46). 3 Giovanni SOMMO, ibid. pp. 10-11. 3 Ma più tardi, nel 1777 per un motivo che non conosciamo nei dettagli, la basilica purtroppo venne demolita4. Attualmente, parte dei resti del pavimento dell'antica basilica sono esposti nel Museo Leone di Vercelli. Questi mosaici sono opere d'arte preziose che mostrano lo spirito artistico dell'XI e XII secolo e i cambiamenti dello stile nella regione. Non sappiamo chi siano gli artisti, ma possiamo dire, come dicono Evasio Comello e Giuseppe Ottolenghi, “questo stile dell'arte fu nuova senza dubbio”5. I mosaici con le figure vibranti ma austere che risaltano con semplici linee nere su fondo bianco, sono molto ricche di allegorie e di simbologie. Le scene che mancano di prospettiva hanno preso spunto dall'iconografia cristiana, da scritture sacre, narrazioni satiriche, raffigurazioni di mostri immaginari e dagli eventi quotidiani. Uno di questi pezzi è un mosaico che rappresenta una scena di duello, oggetto di dibattito tra studiosi da circa due secoli. Il mosaico, noto come “il duello” o “monomachia” o “Fel e Fol”, per via di iscrizioni ivi presenti con questi nomi (fig. 4), mostra due guerrieri con un'immagine vivida e dinamica. Il guerriero a sinistra (“FOL”), ha la carnagione bianca con capelli e barba lunghi, ha un vestito elegante con le maniche lunghe e dotato di una spada
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